418:, as much as $ 20 billion worth of feed ingredients are purchased each year. These products range from grain mixes to orange rinds and beet pulps. The feed industry is one of the most competitive businesses in the agricultural sector and is by far the largest purchaser of U.S. corn, feed grains, and soybean meal. Tens of thousands of farmers with feed mills on their own farms are able to compete with huge conglomerates with national distribution. Feed crops generated $ 23.2 billion in cash receipts on U.S. farms in 2001. At the same time, farmers spent a total of $ 24.5 billion on feed that year.
843:
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25:
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407:, fermentation products, and other ingredients that are purchased from premix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, farmers who use their own grain can formulate their own rations and be assured that their animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins, although they are still subject to the
122:
272:. Grass and crop residues are the most important source of animal feed globally. Grains account for 11% of the total dry matter consume by livestock at global level and oilseed crops by-products such as soybean cakes account for 5%. The amount of grain used to produce the same unit of meat varies substantially between species and production systems. According to
191:
Animal wellbeing is highly dependent on feed that reflects a well balanced nutrition. Some modern agricultural practices, such as fattening cows on grains or in feed lots, have detrimental effects on the environment and animals. For example, increased corn or other grain in feed for cows, makes their
221:
leading to skyrocketing demand and prices for manufactured animal feed, causing farmers to sell large portions of their herds. Additionally agriculture for producing animal feed puts pressure on land use: feed crops need land that otherwise might be used for human food and can be one of the driving
433:
With progressing climate change and reoccuring droughts, extensive rangeland agriculture increasingly suffers of forage shortage. Innovative approaches to substitute forage include the harvesting and processing of shrubs into animal feed. This has been extensively researched and applied in
Namibia,
635:
In agriculture today, the nutritional needs of farm animals are well understood and may be satisfied through natural forage and fodder alone, or augmented by direct supplementation of nutrients in concentrated, controlled form. The nutritional quality of feed is influenced not only by the nutrient
769:
are thought to better absorb, digest, and use mineral chelates than inorganic minerals or simple salts. In theory lower concentrations of these minerals can be used in animal feeds. In addition, animals fed chelated sources of essential trace minerals excrete lower amounts in their faeces, and so
623:
Package and label: Manufacturers determine the best way to ship the product. If it is prepared for retail, it will be "bagged and tagged," or placed into a bag with a label that includes the product's purpose, ingredients and instructions. If the product is prepared for commercial use, it will be
479:, commonly known as mad cow disease, the United States and Canada banned a range of animal tissues from cattle feed. Feed bans in United States (2009) Canada (2007) expanded on this, prohibiting the use of potentially infectious tissue in all animal and pet food and fertilizers.
276:, ruminants require an average of 2.8 kg of grains to produce 1 kg of meat while monogastrics require 3.2. These figures vary between 0.1 for extensive ruminant systems to 9.4 in beef feedlots, and from 0.1 in backyard chicken production to 4 in industrial pig production.
1640:
Stein, H. H., L. L. Berger, J. K. Drackley, G. C. Fahey Jr, D. C. Hernot and C. M. Parsons. 2008. Nutritional properties and feeding values of soybeans and their coproducts. Soybeans chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. AOCS Press, Urbana, IL. pp.
642:
provide a mechanism through which these nutrient deficiencies can be resolved, improving animal rate of growth, health, and well-being. Many farm animals have a diet largely consisting of grain-based ingredients because of the higher costs of quality feed.
745:, and general ill-thrift. From the 1950s to the 1990s most trace mineral supplementation of animal diets was in the form of inorganic minerals, and these largely eradicated associated deficiency diseases in farm animals. The role in
1246:
Mupangwa, Johnfisher; Lutaaya, Emmanuel; Shipandeni, Maria
Ndakula Tautiko; Kahumba, Absalom; Charamba, Vonai; Shiningavamwe, Katrina Lugambo (2023), Fanadzo, Morris; Dunjana, Nothando; Mupambwa, Hupenyu Allan; Dube, Ernest (eds.),
680:
is jargon for metalloorganic compounds added to animal feed. The compounds provide sources of various metals that improve the health or marketability of the animal. Typical metals salts are derived from
616:
work side by side with scientists to formulate nutritionally sound and balanced diets for livestock, poultry, aquaculture and pets. This is a complex process, as every species has different nutritional
363:
is fodder that is blended from various raw materials and additives. These blends are formulated according to the specific requirements of the target animal. They are manufactured by feed compounders as
1423:
737:
quality in mammals, enzyme structure and functions, and appetite. Deficiency of trace minerals affect many metabolic processes and so may be manifested by different symptoms, such as poor growth and
609:: Feed mills receive raw ingredients from suppliers. Upon arrival, the ingredients are weighed, tested and analyzed for various nutrients and to ensure their quality and safety.
256:" refers particularly to foods or forages given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes
1437:
202:, while other feeding practices can improve animal impacts. For example, feeding cows certain kinds of seaweed, reduces their production of methane, reducing the
1669:
296:
of both, averaging about half of the global maize trade and 40% of the global soya trade in the years leading up the 2012 drought. Other feed grains include
203:
1410:
824:, insects might be able to supplement livestock feed. They can transform low-value organic wastes, are nutritious and have low environmental impacts.
1544:
1054:
1438:"Greater bioavailability of chelated compared with inorganic zinc in broiler chicks in the presence or absence of elevated calcium and phosphorus"
1289:
721:, and are essential for optimum health, growth and productivity. For example, supplementary minerals help ensure good growth, bone development,
176:, and is frequently the main cost of the raising or keeping of animals. Farms typically try to reduce cost for this food, by growing their own,
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1681:
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400:
403:, which may also be sold separately. Premixes are composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives,
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extraction. Some, but not all, soybean meal contains ground soybean hulls. Soybean meal is heat-treated during production, to
1367:
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content, but also by many other factors such as feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, and effect on intestinal health.
217:, which can negatively effect their economic viability. For example, a 2017 drought in Senegal reduced the availability of
89:
1690:
1002:
61:
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415:
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highlights that organic forms of Zn are retained better than inorganic sources and so may provide greater benefit in
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is used to define crops, annual or biennial, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as a whole crop.
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68:
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Mottet, Anne; de Haan, Cees; Falcucci, Alessandra; Tempio, Giuseppe; Opio, Carolyn; Gerber, Pierre (2017-09-01).
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46:
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Mix ingredients: Once the formula is determined, the mill mixes the ingredients to create a finished product.
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Equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of a horse's diet by weight should be forages, such as hay
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57:
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Rojas-Downing, M. Melissa; Nejadhashemi, A. Pouyan; Harrigan, Timothy; Woznicki, Sean A. (2017-01-01).
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can also be fed on grain and use even less than poultry. The two most important feed grains are
35:
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376:. The main ingredients used in commercially prepared feed are the feed grains, which include
815:
1255:, Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 239–265,
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1233:
861:
8:
1436:
Richards, James D.; Fisher, Paula M.; Evans, Joseph L.; Wedekind, Karen J. (2015-06-25).
1253:
Towards
Sustainable Food Production in Africa: Best Management Practices and Technologies
1169:"Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate"
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requirements for different species of animals at different life stages. According to the
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1602:"Techno-Economic Analysis of Extruding-Expelling of Soybeans to Produce Oil and Meal"
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In 2011, around 734.5 million tons of feed were produced annually around the world.
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more acidic weakening their immune systems and making cows a more likely vector for
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1581:. Little Rock, AR: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. p. 1
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268:, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and
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1141:
Mottet, A.; de Haan, C.; Falcucci, A.; Tempio, G.; Opio, C.; Gerber, P. (2022).
701:. The objective of supplementation with trace minerals is to avoid a variety of
336:
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https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf
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refers to the process of producing animal feed from raw agricultural products.
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When an environmental crisis strikes farmers or herders, such as a drought or
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crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for
1535:"Making the case for using insects as food for both humans and livestock"
1303:"Feed Bans BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) | Prion Diseases | CDC"
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driven by climate change, farmers often have to shift to more expensive
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1122:. Bulletin 762-00, Ohio State University. Accessed February 9, 2007.
1030:"Seaweed-fed cows could solve livestock industry's methane problems"
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animals, or supplementing expensive feeds with substitutes, such as
24:
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1081:"Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation"
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era, was the first attempt in that country to regulate the use of
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is a byproduct of beer making that is widely used as animal feed.
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126:
1568:
Purcell, Larry C.; Salmeron, Montserrat; Ashlock, Lanny (2000).
1290:"World Feed Panorama: Once again, industry increases its volume"
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1055:"How climate change is plunging Senegal's herders into poverty"
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are important sources of fodder. Scraps fed to pigs are called
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that is used as a basis for local fodder production in
Namibia
705:. Trace minerals carry out key functions in relation to many
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is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by
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produced by manufacturing is formulated to meet specific
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has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as
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Infographic: A look at the global feed production 2012
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876:) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1475:van Huis, Arnold; Gasco, Laura (13 January 2023).
896:of soybeans, which would otherwise interfere with
822:uses ~33% of the world's agricultural cropland use
331:. Material remaining from milling oil crops like
1702:
1599:
1600:Cheng, Ming-Hsun; Rosentrater, Kurt A. (2019).
1113:
1474:
1340:
1325:
1249:"Utilising Encroacher Bush in Animal Feeding"
1175:. Food Security Governance in Latin America.
1650:Soybean Feed Industry Guide. 2010. 1st Ed.
1578:Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook - MP197
1343:Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops
1328:Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops
315:Traditional sources of animal feed include
1477:"Insects as feed for livestock production"
770:there is less environmental contamination.
550:and carried to the animals, especially as
133:" (fattened on grains) prior to slaughter.
1617:
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1405:
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806:species used as animal feed, either for
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120:
1411:Nutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle
1359:Forage evaluation in ruminant nutrition
172:. Animal feed is an important input to
1703:
1355:
347:, and those fed to chicken are called
1400:
1345:. NY, NY: Marcel Dekker. p. 583.
1330:. NY, NY: Marcel Dekker. p. 595.
1205:
475:In 1997, in response to outbreaks of
204:greenhouse gases from meat production
1667:Animal feed legislation and guidance
1547:from the original on 28 January 2023
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880:meal. Soybean meal is produced as a
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601:(AFIA), there are four basic steps:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1120:"Horse Nutrition - Feeding factors"
856:and animal feeds, principally as a
499:watches as his cattle graze in the
434:using waste biomass resulting from
13:
1236:, University of California, Davis.
1144:More fuel for the food/feed debate
741:, reproductive failures, impaired
599:American Feed Industry Association
416:American Feed Industry Association
14:
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1660:
1532:
1151:
1125:
1047:
1003:"The Bio-Hazard of Corn Fed Beef"
564:has a broad definition, the term
462:Animal Drug Availability Act 1996
129:in Texas, USA, where cattle are "
834:This section is an excerpt from
780:This section is an excerpt from
657:This section is an excerpt from
578:This section is an excerpt from
512:This section is an excerpt from
477:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
23:
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399:Compound feed may also include
34:needs additional citations for
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1199:
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1022:
995:
795:larvae produced as animal feed
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1:
1442:Open Access Animal Physiology
988:
820:As livestock feed production
749:and reproductive diseases of
186:spent grain from beer brewing
156:. There are two basic types:
1292:, Feed Strategy, 31-01-2012.
1261:10.1007/978-981-99-2427-1_14
904:
659:Chelates in animal nutrition
630:
7:
1570:"Chapter 19: Soybean Facts"
1424:Requirements of Beef Cattle
1409:Merck Manual October 2014,
961:
651:
10:
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1679:FAO Feed Safety guidelines
1619:10.3390/agriculture9050087
1531:News report on the study:
1426:, Accessed March 18, 2015.
1413:, Accessed March 18, 2015.
860:, but also as a source of
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673:in the absence of chelate.
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1422:Merck Manual March 2012,
1384:"How Feed is Made – AFIA"
1185:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001
1098:10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001
530:. Historically, the term
482:
409:Veterinary Feed Directive
233:
1691:Feed - Biosecurity Guide
215:manufactured animal feed
16:Food for various animals
1501:10.1126/science.adc9165
1356:Givens, D. Ian (2000).
1206:J. P. (2 August 2012).
1085:Climate Risk Management
678:Chelates in animal feed
164:. Used alone, the word
1341:Fageria, N.K. (1997).
1326:Fageria, N.K. (1997).
1234:A Guide to Feed Mixing
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319:and the byproducts of
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669:Structure of typical
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317:household food scraps
312:, among many others.
247:
238:Further information:
168:more often refers to
124:
1173:Global Food Security
1059:The New Humanitarian
862:metabolizable energy
464:, passed during the
353:Brewer's spent grain
294:the largest exporter
230:and climate change.
152:, in the course of
43:improve this article
1493:2023Sci...379..138V
1455:10.2147/OAAP.S83845
1362:. CABI. p. 1.
707:metabolic processes
703:deficiency diseases
323:industries such as
1684:2010-12-02 at the
1672:2010-12-13 at the
894:trypsin inhibitors
858:protein supplement
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755:disease prevention
709:, most notably as
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612:Create a formula:
587:Feed manufacturing
580:Feed manufacturing
509:
458:
455:total mixed ration
436:woody encroachment
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174:animal agriculture
135:
1487:(6628): 138–139.
1369:978-0-85199-344-7
1270:978-981-99-2427-1
1008:Mother Earth News
898:protein digestion
793:Black soldier fly
647:Major ingredients
501:Ngorongoro crater
414:According to the
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58:"Animal feed"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
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20:
1646:
1636:
1609:
1605:
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1583:. Retrieved
1577:
1563:
1549:. Retrieved
1538:
1533:Yirka, Bob.
1484:
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1470:
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1391:. Retrieved
1388:www.afia.org
1387:
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1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1288:Peter Best,
1284:
1274:, retrieved
1252:
1241:
1232:R. A. Zinn,
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1211:
1201:
1176:
1172:
1147:. Rome: FAO.
1143:
1115:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1061:. 2018-10-10
1058:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1036:. 2017-04-21
1033:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1011:. 2006-12-01
1006:
997:
951:Poultry feed
850:Soybean meal
846:Soybean meal
836:Soybean meal
810:, including
798:
751:dairy cattle
676:
638:
634:
605:Receive raw
585:
565:
561:
540:crop residue
531:
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72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1711:Animal feed
1606:Agriculture
1551:17 February
1307:www.cdc.gov
1091:: 145–163.
983:Pellet mill
946:Pig farming
886:soybean oil
852:is used in
816:as pet food
812:aquaculture
607:ingredients
573:Manufacture
566:forage crop
405:antibiotics
278:Farmed fish
194:microbiomes
138:Animal feed
1705:Categories
1461:2019-12-20
1448:: 97–110.
1393:2021-08-18
1312:2016-09-30
1276:2023-10-13
1219:2022-07-23
1065:2020-11-26
1040:2020-11-27
1015:2020-11-27
989:References
978:Hammermill
882:co-product
757:, notably
725:in birds,
723:feathering
292:is by far
288:, and the
182:food waste
69:newspapers
1628:2077-0472
1612:(5): 87.
1525:255749691
1509:0036-8075
1193:2211-9124
1107:2212-0963
936:Fish feed
911:Bird feed
905:By animal
868:(i.e. 60
808:livestock
763:lameness.
747:fertility
711:cofactors
695:manganese
671:metal ion
631:Nutrition
528:livestock
495:from the
366:meal type
150:livestock
144:given to
1682:Archived
1670:Archived
1641:613-660.
1545:Archived
1540:phys.org
1517:36634163
968:Appetein
962:See also
941:Pet food
926:Dog food
916:Cat food
890:denature
872:or 27.2
759:mastitis
739:appetite
719:hormones
652:Chelates
505:Tanzania
493:herdsman
401:premixes
382:soybeans
374:crumbles
131:finished
1585:2 March
1489:Bibcode
1481:Science
1179:: 1–8.
878:soybean
775:Insects
767:Animals
715:enzymes
536:pasture
525:grazing
466:Clinton
460:The US
445:History
425:Milled
386:sorghum
370:pellets
333:peanuts
329:brewing
325:milling
286:soybean
270:legumes
199:E. coli
178:grazing
127:feedlot
83:scholar
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973:FEFANA
866:bushel
804:insect
697:, and
687:copper
683:cobalt
591:Fodder
562:forage
556:silage
548:fodder
544:cereal
532:forage
521:Forage
514:Forage
483:Forage
394:barley
392:, and
339:, and
308:, and
306:barley
266:silage
254:Fodder
240:Fodder
234:Fodder
170:fodder
162:forage
158:fodder
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1573:(PDF)
1521:S2CID
814:, or
298:wheat
282:maize
262:straw
184:like
90:JSTOR
76:books
1624:ISSN
1587:2016
1553:2023
1513:PMID
1505:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1265:ISBN
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1103:ISSN
892:the
870:lbs.
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733:and
731:skin
727:hoof
717:and
713:for
699:zinc
691:iron
390:oats
378:corn
345:slop
341:corn
327:and
310:rice
302:oats
284:and
166:feed
160:and
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