267:
General anaesthesia is preferred for ocular surgeries in anxious adults, psychiatric patients, infants and children. It is also indicated in perforating ocular injuries and major surgeries like exenteration. During the surgery, it has to be ensured that no carbon dioxide retention occurs. If this
258:
and orbicularis can be paralysed using a combination of surface anaesthesia, facial anaesthesia and retrobulbar block. The advantage is that it produces less post-operative restlessness. It has less post-operative lung complications and less bleeding.
166:
in 1884. Here, 2% xylocaine is introduced into the muscle cone behind the eyeball. The injection is usually given through the inferior fornix of the skin of the outer part of the lower lid when the eye is in primary gaze. The
103:, which supplies the orbicularis oculi muscle, is blocked in addition for intraocular surgeries. Topical anaesthesia is known to cause endothelial and epithelial toxicity, allergy and surface keratopathy.
132:
near the condyloid process. The needle is inserted at this point and about 4 ml of local anaesthetic is injected while withdrawing the needle. Pain at the injection site may occur if O' Brien's block is
122:. Anaesthetic is injected just above the eyebrow and below the inferior orbital margin, through a point about 2 cm behind the lateral orbital margin in level with the outer canthus of the eye.
430:
215:
This technique was first applied by Davis. In peribulbar block, local anaesthetic is injected to the peripheral spaces of the orbit. The anaesthetic diffuses into the muscle cone and
28:. Local anaesthesia is more preferred because it is economical, easy to perform and the risk involved is less. Local anaesthesia has a rapid onset of action and provides a dilated
47:
has evidences of use of anaesthesia for ocular surgeries. Inhalational anaesthesia was used for this purpose. Egyptian surgeons used carotid compression to produce transient
272:
swells up and ocular contents may prolapse as soon as the eye is opened. The advantages of general anaesthesia is that it produces complete akinesia, controlled
118: : In van Lint's block, the peripheral branches of facial nerve are blocked. This technique causes akinesia of orbicularis oculi muscle without associated
357:
434:
917:
912:
1118:
512:
219:, causing global and orbicularis akinesia and anaesthesia. After injection, orbital compression is applied for around 15 minutes.
325:
801:
1048:
1041:
276:
and safe operating environment. It is the safest option for bilateral surgery. The complications of general anaesthesia are
187:, which is outside the muscle cone, is not usually paralyzed. The complications of retrobulbar block are globe perforation,
139: : The superior branch of the facial nerve is blocked by injecting the anaesthetic solution at the inferior margin of
871:
751:
480:
451:
79:. One drop of xylocaine instilled four times after every 4 minutes will produce conjunctival and corneal anaesthesia.
694:
669:
183:
are anesthetized in retrobulbar block. As a result, global akinesia, anaesthesia and analgesia are produced. The
111:
There are four types of facial block : van Lint's block, Atkinson block, O' Brien block and
Nadbath block.
1150:
945:
361:
1108:
1103:
935:
52:
1113:
992:
962:
866:
505:
741:
564:
128: : It is also known as facial nerve trunk block. The block is done at the level of the neck of the
1160:
1140:
714:
1236:
796:
731:
586:
1231:
1031:
1093:
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902:
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498:
184:
485:
972:
950:
836:
781:
1190:
1155:
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1262:
704:
273:
168:
150:
33:
490:
8:
1257:
1215:
1088:
1021:
997:
897:
806:
235:
96:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1036:
654:
289:
25:
17:
195:
and extraocular muscle palsy. Retrobulbar anaesthesia is contraindicated in posterior
1205:
1195:
746:
709:
645:
522:
402:
329:
64:
21:
1175:
1073:
861:
851:
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239:
176:
172:
119:
1130:
1058:
987:
881:
791:
724:
684:
618:
598:
593:
554:
454:. American Association for Pediatric ophthalmology and Strabismus. Archived from
44:
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967:
907:
876:
841:
699:
581:
301:
180:
140:
1251:
771:
679:
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547:
831:
631:
608:
455:
277:
231:
204:
163:
100:
60:
406:
250:, retinal detachment surgery etc. can be done under regional anaesthesia.
1185:
1145:
776:
542:
285:
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192:
188:
88:
387:
1170:
1165:
1007:
1002:
977:
247:
243:
196:
84:
955:
689:
92:
80:
76:
328:. World Federation of Societies of Anaesthetologists. Archived from
982:
129:
48:
811:
269:
255:
95:
etc. may also be used in place of xylocaine. Cataract surgery by
56:
573:
216:
200:
63:
used cocaine for retrobulbar block. In 1914, van Lint achieved
51:
during eye surgery to reduce the perception of pain. In 1884,
719:
149: : In Nadbath block, the facial nerve is blocked at the
29:
520:
526:
75:
Surface anaesthesia is given by instillation of 2.5 ml
99:is frequently performed under surface anaesthesia.
1249:
431:"Local and Regional Anaesthesia for Eye surgery"
70:
222:
355:
506:
481:Anaesthesia for adults having ocular surgery
452:"Anaesthesia for adults having eye surgery"
351:
349:
347:
153:. The patient is likely to experience pain.
913:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
513:
499:
388:"A review of Anaesthesia in Ophthalmology"
360:. The University of Sydney. Archived from
486:Ocular Local Anaesthetics in Doctor.co.uk
319:
317:
1119:Optical coherence tomography angiography
446:
444:
425:
423:
344:
918:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
1250:
802:Manual small incision cataract surgery
314:
262:
162:This technique was first practiced by
16:Ocular surgery may be performed under
1049:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
1042:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
494:
441:
420:
381:
379:
737:Phakic intraocular lens implantation
323:
157:
872:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
385:
326:"Local anaesthesia for eye surgery"
210:
59:for ocular surgery. The same year,
13:
376:
14:
1274:
695:Intrastromal corneal ring segment
474:
670:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
106:
1151:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
946:Corneal collagen cross-linking
1:
1109:Indocyanine green angiography
1104:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
936:Anterior chamber paracentesis
358:"Anaesthesia for eye surgery"
307:
288:, respiratory depression and
71:Topical (Surface) anaesthesia
67:akinesia by local injection.
1114:Optical coherence tomography
993:Phototherapeutic keratectomy
867:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
227:Nearly all ocular surgeries
223:Regional (local) anaesthesia
7:
742:Photorefractive keratectomy
295:
10:
1279:
1161:Dilated fundus examination
1141:A-scan ultrasound biometry
715:Laser thermal keratoplasty
538:Anesthesia for eye surgery
39:
1224:
1204:
1129:
1057:
1020:
928:
898:Whole eye transplantation
890:
850:
822:
797:Intraocular lens scaffold
760:
732:Limbal relaxing incisions
653:
644:
617:
587:East Asian blepharoplasty
572:
563:
533:
395:Singapore Medical Journal
433:. NYSORA. Archived from
1094:Fluorescein angiography
941:Boston keratoprosthesis
903:Corneal transplantation
675:Conductive keratoplasty
185:superior oblique muscle
973:Intravitreal injection
837:Laser photocoagulation
782:Glued intraocular lens
1191:Slit-lamp examination
1156:Color perception test
1079:Electronystagmography
627:Dacryocystorhinostomy
1032:Harada–Ito procedure
705:Laser blended vision
458:on 23 September 2012
356:Calobrizi, Cousins.
274:intraocular pressure
191:injury, retrobulbar
151:stylomastoid foramen
34:intraocular pressure
1216:Plaque radiotherapy
1089:Electroretinography
807:Phacoemulsification
364:on 27 December 2019
263:General anaesthesia
236:cataract extraction
97:phacoemulsification
1099:Fundus photography
1084:Electrooculography
1069:Corneal topography
1037:Strabismus surgery
332:on 25 October 2012
290:cardiac arrhythmia
26:general anesthesia
1245:
1244:
1196:Visual field test
1016:
1015:
747:Radial keratotomy
710:Laser eye surgery
640:
639:
386:Yap, E.Y (1993).
324:Pittmann, James.
158:Retrobulbar block
1270:
1176:Ocular tonometry
1074:Electrodiagnosis
862:Cyclodestruction
787:Hydrodelineation
651:
650:
604:Hughes procedure
570:
569:
515:
508:
501:
492:
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468:
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383:
374:
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371:
369:
353:
342:
341:
339:
337:
321:
240:glaucoma surgery
211:Peribulbar block
177:oculomotor nerve
173:ciliary ganglion
137:Atkinson's block
126:O' Brien's block
120:facial paralysis
116:van Lint's block
1278:
1277:
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1207:
1200:
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1125:
1060:
1053:
1023:
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988:Photodisruption
924:
891:Transplantation
886:
882:Trabeculoplasty
853:
846:
824:
818:
792:Hydrodissection
763:
756:
725:Contoura Vision
685:Epikeratophakia
656:
636:
619:Lacrimal system
613:
599:Eyelid revision
594:Epicanthoplasty
559:
555:Eye examination
529:
519:
477:
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461:
459:
450:
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109:
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45:Susruta Samhita
42:
12:
11:
5:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1243:
1242:
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1239:
1237:Cryoextraction
1234:
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1210:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
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1188:
1183:
1181:Ophthalmoscopy
1178:
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1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
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968:Gundersen flap
965:
960:
959:
958:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
923:
922:
921:
920:
915:
910:
908:Corneal button
900:
894:
892:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
877:Trabeculectomy
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
848:
847:
845:
844:
842:Scleral buckle
839:
834:
828:
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819:
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815:
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804:
799:
794:
789:
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766:
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755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
728:
727:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:Keratomileusis
697:
692:
687:
682:
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659:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
635:
634:
629:
623:
621:
615:
614:
612:
611:
606:
601:
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582:Blepharoplasty
578:
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552:
551:
550:
540:
534:
531:
530:
525:involving the
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476:
475:External links
473:
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440:
437:on 2012-08-16.
419:
401:(3): 233–236.
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309:
306:
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302:Ocular surgery
297:
294:
264:
261:
224:
221:
212:
209:
181:abducens nerve
169:ciliary nerves
159:
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155:
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144:
141:zygomatic bone
134:
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108:
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72:
69:
41:
38:
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772:Capsulorhexis
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680:Corneal inlay
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665:Alpins method
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548:Oculoplastics
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199:, high axial
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147:Nadbath block
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37:
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27:
23:
19:
963:Evisceration
832:Ignipuncture
632:Punctoplasty
609:Tarsorrhaphy
537:
460:. Retrieved
456:the original
435:the original
410:. Retrieved
398:
394:
366:. Retrieved
362:the original
334:. Retrieved
330:the original
278:laryngospasm
268:occurs, the
266:
232:keratoplasty
228:
226:
214:
205:enophthalmos
164:Herman Knapp
161:
146:
136:
125:
115:
110:
107:Facial block
101:Facial nerve
74:
61:Herman Knapp
43:
15:
1263:Eye surgery
1186:Retinoscopy
1146:Amsler grid
1133:examination
1022:Extraocular
951:Enucleation
777:Capsulotomy
543:Eye surgery
286:hypercarbia
282:hypotension
252:Conjunctiva
193:haemorrhage
189:optic nerve
89:bupivacaine
65:orbicularis
53:Karl Koller
1258:Anesthesia
1252:Categories
1171:Gonioscopy
1166:Funduscopy
1008:Vitrectomy
1003:Sclerotomy
978:Iridectomy
655:Refractive
523:procedures
521:Tests and
308:References
248:strabismus
244:iridectomy
197:staphyloma
85:tetracaine
1206:Radiation
998:Pterygium
956:Conformer
690:Epi-LASIK
462:20 August
412:20 August
368:20 August
336:20 August
93:lidocaine
81:Paracaine
77:xylocaine
32:with low
1232:Couching
983:Peritomy
852:Glaucoma
762:Cataract
296:See also
133:applied.
130:mandible
49:ischemia
1225:History
1208:therapy
1061:imaging
1059:Medical
1024:muscles
854:surgery
825:surgery
823:Retinal
812:Prechop
764:surgery
657:surgery
574:Eyelids
407:8266180
270:choroid
217:eyelids
57:cocaine
40:History
18:topical
565:Adnexa
405:
201:myopia
929:Other
752:SMILE
720:LASIK
646:Globe
391:(PDF)
256:globe
55:used
30:pupil
22:local
527:eyes
464:2012
414:2012
403:PMID
370:2012
338:2012
203:and
179:and
1131:Eye
242:,
229:viz
24:or
1254::
443:^
422:^
399:34
397:.
393:.
378:^
346:^
316:^
292:.
284:,
280:,
254:,
246:,
238:,
234:,
207:.
175:,
171:,
91:,
87:,
83:,
36:.
20:,
514:e
507:t
500:v
466:.
416:.
372:.
340:.
143:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.