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58:
996:, and the third group being the wives and children of the warriors remained in Thrace. The first group under Mouzalon deserted almost as soon as it crossed into Anatolia — the deserters indiscriminately plundering Byzantine holdings — such that by July 1302, Mouzalon would only have under him a troop of 2,000 soldiers, perhaps half of which were Alans. Soon, a 5,000 strong army of light cavalry appeared between Nicaea and Nikomedia. These were led by Osman, the Turkish emir of
981:(a Christian Iranic people) crossed the empire's northern frontier. The Alans, last having fought for the empire in the late 11th century, were fleeing from the Mongol hordes and sought employment in the imperial army. Andronikos seized on this opportunity and hired them as supplemental mercenaries for two planned campaigns into Anatolia. In the spring of 1302, they were supplied with money, provisions, and horses. They would be divided into three groups: One led by the
729:. The military victories of Philanthropenos and Tarchaneiotes against the Turks were largely dependent on a considerable contingent of Cretan escapees, or exiles from Venetian-occupied Crete, headed by Hortatzis, whom Michael VIII had repatriated to Byzantium through a treaty agreement with the Venetians ratified in 1277. Andronikos II had resettled those Cretans in the region of Meander river, the southeastern Asia Minor frontier of Byzantium with the Turks.
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desert, and even though there was no notable opposition to this plan the decrepit imperial administration in
Anatolia and the ever worsening population flight prevented this from ever being realized. With the ever worsening Anatolian situation the remaining population felt abandoned by Constantinople and occasionally individuals took matters into their own hands. In 1303, amidst the flight of the soldiers, an officer named
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699:
1248:, and spent much of his time repudiating clergymen for their earthly possessions; eventually he sought to confiscate property from some of the wealthier churches and monasteries. Many clergymen responded with overt hostility, going as far as pelting him with stones as he walked the streets of Constantinople. Athanasius ceased to appear in public without a bodyguard.
1008:. But once there, without fighting a battle, the native Byzantine divisions would begin to desert and the Alans would likewise request permission to abandon the campaign. Michael convinced them to stay another 3 months and sent a request to Constantinople for more funds. After the three months, the Alans refused to stay any longer and departed for Thracian
1004:. Mouzalon would meet Osman on the plains near Mount Bapheus. Mouzalon was defeated and the empire's northwestern Anatolian holdings were ravaged only accelerating the already severe refugee crisis. In April 1302, Michael IX departed for Anatolia with a mixed army of Alans and other troops. His army remained intact until it reached Magnesia on
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Turks, he was eventually captured in battle but escaped and fled back to Thrace. Having evidently proven himself he was then commissioned by
Michael IX who gave him 1,000 peasants to fight the Catalans and Turks who were now in the empire's European holdings. This motley troop however only achieved the plunder of the environs of Thessalonica.
925:
Philanthropenos's army. The victories of
Alexios Philanthropenos, in comparison to the central government's otherwise ineffective handling of the Turkish threat combined with high taxation, meant that Alexios would become regarded as the foremost leader, with particular loyalty stemming from his Cretan soldiers. The soldiers from
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In 1320, as a result of heightened taxation and more rigorous policies of collection, Andronikos II was able to raise a total of 1 million
Hyperpyra for the budgetary year of 1321. He intended to use the money to expand his army to some 3000 horsemen, and to recreate the Byzantine Navy by building 20
1043:
The economic destitution which plagued the reign of
Andronikos II caused him to undertake drastic measures to cut state spending. These cuts included the native army, which was reduced to a near-token force and largely superseded, first by foreign mercenary companies and then by militias. As shown by
1251:
When in the summer of 1293 Andronikos returned from a visit to his swiftly-dwindling
Anatolian holdings, he was met by a delegation of leading clergyman who demanded the deposition of Athanasius. Andronikos was unwilling, but the strength of the opposition eventually forced him to comply. Meanwhile,
1227:
To try and mend this schism, Gregory called for a church synod to which he invited both the
Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch, asking them to rescind their previous pro-unionist declaration. The Patriarch of Antioch refused, then abdicated from his office and fled to Syria. Gregory also extracted
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named “Pigherd”. He gathered 300 peasants in Thrace wanting to campaign against the Turks in
Anatolia. But the empire feared this would lead to a general insurrection and so he was Imprisoned. 9 months later, John fled from jail and together with Anatolian refugees campaigned in the east against the
1024:
In 1303, the situation in
Anatolia worsened to a point that Andronikos considered the most drastic of reforms that being to take all the lands from churches, monasteries, single monks and the imperial entourage and assign it to soldiers. This would have created more soldiers with more reasons not to
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John's reforms in
Anatolia were marked by success, revitalizing the army and even constructing a small fleet. However he faced opposition from the large landowners of Anatolia who his policies were principally aimed against as well as the Church who condemned him for being a supporter of the deposed
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holdings, under attack since the 1260s, became the foremost concern of Andronikos; his attention would shift largely away from the west and towards the east. Andronikos frequently toured Anatolia to raise the population's morale and restored many fortresses there, yet this could not stem the massive
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to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy. In spite of some successes, the Catalans were unable to secure lasting gains. Being more ruthless and savage than the enemy they intended to subdue, they quarreled with Michael IX and eventually turned on their Byzantine employers after the murder of Roger
1047:
For a time the Byzantine navy was completely disbanded, leaving the empire reliant on Genoese and Venetian forces who charged exorbitantly for their service. Many discharged Byzantine sailors and shipbuilders found employment with the Turkomans, who had just reached the western Anatolian coast and
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received a salary, but being "settled" in Anatolia probably also held land. It is not known, though, on what conditions they would have received this land. Reluctantly, amid massive popular support, Philanthropenos, in late 1295, accepted the challenge towards Andronikos II. Frightened, Andronikos
889:
The military policy of Andronikos II was fundamentally shaped by the financial constraints of the empire he inherited from Michael VIII. The treasury was empty, and the grand designs of Michael were simply no longer achievable. Nonetheless, Andronikos attempted to continue his father's military
898:
The Serbian frontier of the empire was said to have been embroiled in intermittent war for over a decade since 1282. Andronikos sent an army there in 1298, though its inability to fight a "guerrilla war" made the Emperor sign a peace with Serbia in the following year, sending his five-year-old
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established an emergency defense and drew to him a following who were “as enemies of his enemies and friends of his friends”. Andronikos was incapable of aiding or stopping Kotertzes or a certain Attaleiates who with popular support seized Magnesia in 1304. Another curiosity was a certain
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with Venice between 1296 and 1302. While the Genoese settled with the Venetians in 1299, Andronikos II continued the war in hopes of gaining something from it. By the end of the war in 1302, virtually nothing was changed except the loss of resources desperately needed on other fronts.
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coast. He was an effective general and would score a series of victories in 1294 and 1295 against the Meander Valley Turks. It was said that so many prisoners were taken as to lower the price of a Turkish slave beneath even that of a sheep. Other Turks surrendered and formed a part of
943:
Following Philanthropenos, John Tarchaneiotes, a first cousin of Andronikos and an Arsenite, was sent to Anatolia. John was a general, but he was meant not to achieve quick victories but reform the military and economy of the region. It is said that many soldiers had lost their
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and a loyalist of Andronikos, bribed the Cretans to blind and capture Alexios. The Cretans would never be heard of again—though John VI mentions a mysterious village in Thrace said to have been settled by an "army from Crete" before he arrived on the political scene in 1320.
572:
Upon his ascension to the throne, Andronikos II faced numerous challenges on every front. Financially, his fathers policies were unsustainable, and in 1285 he was forced to dismantle the imperial fleet. This action increased the Empire's maritime dependence on
590:, while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue (in nominal coins) that it had previously. Seeking to increase revenue, Andronikos II raised taxes and reduced tax exemptions, exacerbating the economies already precarious positions.
367:
from 1282 to 1328. His reign marked the beginning of the recently restored empire's final decline. The Turks conquered most of Byzantium's remaining Anatolian territories, and Andronikos spent the last years of his reign fighting his
1379:
Andronikos II also had at least three other daughters, illegitimate only in the sense that they married outside their clan. 3 out of 4 daughters of the king married Mongol khans, showcasing the reality of that time.
1235:
A few years later Gregory II was forced to resign, as some of his writings were deemed to be heretical. His replacement, chosen by Andronikos in order to distract from an ever-worsening political situation, was an
1016:. Once this came out, his army and many of Magnesia's inhabitants followed suit in a scramble for safety. The Alans were eventually convinced to return their horses and weapons to Andronikos and left the empire.
1232:, that she would never ask that her deceased husband Michael VIII receive a Christian burial. Though this Synod did much to satisfy the Orthodox Clergy, it failed to do the same with the Arsenites.
1048:
sought to build up their own naval forces. The resulting new fleets contributed greatly to the exploding problem of Turkic piracy in the Aegean Sea, ravaging trade routes and coastal lands alike.
564:
The siege was successful, however an epidemic spread which killed Michael Tarchaneiotes and much of the force. The remaining army had no choice but to abandon the town and withdraw from Thessaly.
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holdings, while others had increased theirs through bribery of their superiors and stopped serving as soldiers. John sought to end this corruption and would reassess property holdings around the
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attempted to capture Andronikos II under the guise of sending him military support. In 1328 Andronikos III entered Constantinople in triumph and Andronikos II was forced to abdicate.
1216:, a movement which was anti-union but otherwise had little common ground with the emperor. Its name was derived from the former Patriarch Arsenios, who was removed from office after
1052:
ships. This plan, militarily ambitious though still insufficient for the needs of the empire, was disrupted by Andronikos II's impending civil war with his grandson Andronikos III.
522:. Made sole emperor by Michael's death in 1282, Andronikos immediately repudiated the union, but was unable to resolve the related schism within the Orthodox clergy until 1310.
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flows of refugees coming into the empire's European holdings. In 1293, Alexios Philanthropenos was appointed to command and govern all armies in Anatolia, barring the
862:. The conflict ended with yet another dynastic marriage, between Michael IX's daughter Theodora and the Bulgarian emperor. The dissolute behavior of Michael IX's son
1044:
the failed campaign of Andronikos's co-emperor Michael IX, these inexperienced militiamen made countering the Turkish advance a difficult and dangerous undertaking.
679:, thus seeking to eliminate Western agitation for a restoration of the Latin Empire. Another marriage alliance attempted to resolve the potential conflict with
1224:. The Arsenites held that the captive John was the rightful Byzantine Emperor and that the Patriarchs John XI, Joseph I, and now Gregory II were illegitimate.
630:. The fleet departed after some raiding in the area. Like the campaign in Thessaly, the war further stretched imperial resources with little to show for it.
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and joined Andronikos II there. Tarchaneiotes's reforms would be swiftly abandoned under the combined pressure of high clerical and landowner opposition.
1031:
985:
518:, but he was not crowned until 8 November 1272. During their joint rule, he was compelled to support his father's unpopular Church union with the
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Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996).
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offered Philanthropenos to become Caesar, though Alexios acted too slowly, and soon his support waned. Libadarios, the Governor of
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376:. The war ended in Andronikos' forced abdication in 1328, after which he retired to a monastery for the remainder of his life.
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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For the sake of comparison, it has to be noted that the Hyperpyron from 1320 was worth half as much as the undebased
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246:
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led to a rift in the family, and after Michael IX's death in 1320, Andronikos II disowned his grandson, prompting a
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After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous
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Agelarakis, P.A. (2012), "Cretans in Byzantine foreign policy and military affairs following the Fourth Crusade",
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in which he excommunicated the clergymen who had denounced him, hiding it in a pillar in the northern gallery of
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Crisis in Byzantium: The Filioque Controversy in the Patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (1283–1289)
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led a force to the town where they were met by the fleet under the command of Alexios Raoul and the
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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
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618:. Simultaneously, a Genoese fleet accompanied by Byzantine soldiers approached the capital of the
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resigned his office and died the following year, and was replaced by a Cypriot who took the name
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that raged, with interruptions, until 1328. The conflict precipitated Bulgarian involvement, and
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547:, and this attempt was another of many by the Byzantines in an effort to reclaim the region. The
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of his father he also removed many of his church appointments, including the pro-unionist
1179:
535:
In 1283, the first military action of Andronikos II's reign occurred, against the town of
8:
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Patriarch Arsenios. The enmity faced by Tarchaneiotes boiled over when a small number of
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soldiers laid accusations of rebellion against John before the anti-Arsenite bishop of
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2390:. Middle Ages series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 67–68.
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in 1326, and by the end of Andronikos II's reign much of Bithynia was in the hands of
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In an effort to improve the treasury's position, Andronikos II devalued the Byzantine
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Andronikos was acclaimed co-emperor in 1261, after his father Michael VIII recovered
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2736:Η εσωτερική πολιτική του Ανδρονίκου Β΄ Παλαιολόγου (1282–1328). Διοίκηση - Οικονομία
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through diplomacy. After the death of his first wife, Anne of Hungary, he married
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626:. The army at Ioannina retreated north at the approach of the prince of Achaia,
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1306: – 1335). Constantine was forced to become a monk by his nephew
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This article is about the Byzantine emperor. For the emperor of Trebizond, see
2804:(in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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Andronikos II died as a monk at Constantinople in 1332, and was buried in the
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Constantinople and the Latins: The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328
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Constantinople and the Latins: the foreign policy of Andronicus II, 1282-1328
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Andronikos II Palaiologos sought to resolve some of the problems facing the
610:. This alliance reawakened Byzantine fears which had been dormant since the
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965:. With these treason charges pending in around 1300, Tarchaneiotes fled to
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on their road to Latin occupied southern Greece. There they conquered the
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Irene Palaiologina (wife of John II Doukas), Sebastokratorissa of Thessaly
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2415:. Harvard historical studies. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
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717:, Andronikos II was faced with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier in
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de Flor in 1305. Together with a party of willing Turks they devastated
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2659:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 976.
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855:, who defeated Michael IX and conquered much of northeastern Thrace in
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414: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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As a result of its alliance with Genoa, the empire was drawn into a
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2559:(in German). Munich & Dusseldorf: Econ GmbH. pp. 296–299.
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Andronikos II also attempted to marry off his son and co-emperor
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614:. A Byzantine army was dispatched to Epirus, and in 1292 sieged
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2783:(Rev. ed.). Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
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Melvani, N., (2018) 'The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors',
2367:, 21436. Παλαιολόγος, Ἀνδρόνικος II. Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός.
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1260:. It was only found a few years later, causing much uproar.
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On 8 November 1273 Andronikos II married as his first wife
687:, as Andronikos II married off his five-year-old daughter
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The late Byzantine army: arms and society, 1204 - 1453
721:, despite the successful, but short, governorships of
606:, entered into an alliance with the Despot of Epirus
2506:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 67–85.
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The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453
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The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204-1453
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577:, which was obligated to aid the Empire as per the
350:
1343:Bartholomaios Palaiologos (born 1289), died young.
1314:Anna died in 1281, and in 1284 Andronikos married
1186:depicting Andronikos II alongside Christ, AD 1301.
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2597:Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century
2584:. Cambridge at the University Press. p. 922.
1287:(17 April 1277 – 12 October 1320).
4964:
1410:A daughter known as Despina Khatun, who married
992:, another under Michael IX would march south to
664:, putting an end to the Montferrat claim to the
2582:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. II
2534:. Stanford University Press. pp. 841–843.
2478:. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). 1878. p. 23.
1220:Michael VIII for having blinded and imprisoned
5023:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
2801:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
1362:Theodora Palaiologina (born 1295), died young.
352:Andrónikos Doúkās Ángelos Komnēnós Palaiologos
341:Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος
279:Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνὸς Παλαιολόγος
4860:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow
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1375:Isaakios Palaiologos (born 1299), died young.
2821:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
2594:
2532:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
792:continued to penetrate Byzantine territory.
255:Simonis (Simonida Nemanjić), Queen of Serbia
4622:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate
2673:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
4701:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
4352:
4338:
2971:
2957:
2759:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453
910:
713:In spite of the resolution of problems in
56:
2818:
2776:
2762:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2738:. Κέντρο Βυζαντινών Ερευνών Θεσσαλονίκη.
2529:
2143:Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)
1714:George Palaiologos (megas hetaireiarches)
1560:Andronikos Palaiologos (governor-general)
530:
491:Andronikos was born on 25 March 1259, at
474:Learn how and when to remove this message
4955:who are independently notable are shown.
4855:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia
4727:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond
2643:
2622:
2599:. Oxford University Press. p. 212.
2501:
2451:
2385:
1178:
851:The Empire's problems were exploited by
847:of Andronikos II, kneeling before Christ
838:
731:
697:
4742:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
4597:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
2687:
2554:
890:policies to the best of his abilities.
526:Continuing the policies of Michael VIII
14:
4965:
4896:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya
4696:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus
2162:
2158:
2146:
2050:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1809:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1575:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1453:Ancestors of Andronikos II Palaiologos
1355:(1294 – after 1336), who married King
1174:
4706:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress
4670:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
4333:
2952:
2752:
2734:Κοντογιαννοπούλου, Αναστασία (2004).
2711:
2410:
2261:
2258:
2248:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2206:
2203:
2193:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2140:
2130:
2118:
2108:
2104:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2038:
2035:
2025:
2008:
1998:
1994:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1950:
1940:
1936:
1908:
1898:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1853:
1843:
1827:
1817:
1813:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1711:
1701:
1697:
1671:
1661:
1645:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1593:
1583:
1579:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1535:
1525:
1521:
1509:
1506:
1496:
1480:16. Michael Palaiologos (grandson of
1479:
1475:
938:
752:, the Byzantine government hired the
662:Yolanda (renamed Irene) of Montferrat
543:. At the time, Thessaly was ruled by
495:. He was the eldest surviving son of
355:; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332),
272:Andronikos Doukas Angelos Palaiologos
5018:Children of Michael VIII Palaiologos
4845:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus
2663:
2629:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2525:
2523:
2462:
2460:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
1648:Andronikos Komnenos (son of John II)
567:
412:adding citations to reliable sources
383:
4711:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
1201:. The new, anti-unionist Patriarch
1067:Estimate of State Budget for 1321
27:Byzantine emperor from 1282 to 1328
24:
2588:
2490:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
2181:28. Isaac Angelos (c. 1155 – 1203)
1244:. The new Patriarch was intensely
884:
593:
49:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
5039:
5013:Founders of Christian monasteries
2838:
2520:
2457:
2370:
1347:Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat
1228:a public avowal from the Empress
247:Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat
62:Miniature from the manuscript of
4998:Byzantine emperors who abdicated
2844:
2321:
1646:19. Maria Komnene, (daughter of
1038:
388:
4993:14th-century Byzantine emperors
4988:13th-century Byzantine emperors
2797:
2777:Papadakis, Aristeides (1997) .
2573:
2548:
2364:
1252:Athanasius personally penned a
820:after 1296, Germiyan conquered
399:needs additional citations for
4555:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
2694:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2595:Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2014).
2495:
2482:
2429:
2404:
1794:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
1434:Panagia Olympiotissa Monastery
1422:
1019:
853:Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
361:Andronicus II Palaeologus
333:Andronikos II Palaiologos
13:
1:
4502:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos
2823:. Stanford University Press.
2819:Treadgold, Warren T. (1997).
2616:
2557:Byzanz: Verfall und Untergang
2555:Norwich, John Julius (1998).
1330:
1300:
1280:, with whom he had two sons:
881:(now the Fenari Isa Mosque).
856:
651:
486:
2719:. Harvard University Press.
2580:Previté-Orton, C.W. (1962).
2009:25. (paternal granddaughter
1885:Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera
1740:Alexios Palaiologos (despot)
1388:, Khan of Persia, and later
972:
872:Michael Asen III of Bulgaria
706:depicting Andronikos II and
608:Nikephoros I Kommenos Doukas
7:
2697:. Oxford University Press.
2411:Laiou, Angeliki E. (1972).
2314:
1444:
740:entering Constantinople by
736:The Catalan Company led by
423:"Andronikos II Palaiologos"
374:First Palaiologan Civil War
351:
227:
10:
5044:
5028:Sons of Byzantine emperors
4814:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4691:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4571:Irene Komnene Palaiologina
4244:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4195:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4082:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2861:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2623:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
2530:Treadgold, Warren (1997).
2502:Bartusis, Mark C. (1992).
2386:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
2337:List of Byzantine emperors
2160:
2152:
2044:
1930:
1926:
1803:
1691:
1683:
1569:
1469:
1465:
1308:Andronikos III Palaiologos
1212:Andronikos also faced the
864:Andronikos III Palaiologos
824:in 1328, Saruhan captured
278:
117:Andronikos III Palaiologos
32:Andronikos II of Trebizond
29:
5008:Burials at Lips Monastery
4949:
4922:
4888:
4832:
4786:
4758:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4750:
4719:
4683:
4630:
4602:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4589:
4563:
4542:
4526:
4510:
4494:
4478:
4462:
4372:
4320:
4252:
4217:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4185:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4010:Constantine IX Monomachos
3698:
3595:
3478:
3305:
3143:
2991:
2937:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2859:
2851:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2242:
2220:
2212:
2204:14. John Komnenos Angelos
2187:
2168:
2164:
2124:
2106:
2098:
2074:
2056:
2052:
2019:
1996:
1988:
1960:
1938:
1934:
1911:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1892:
1870:
1862:
1837:
1815:
1811:
1775:
1757:
1749:
1721:
1699:
1695:
1655:
1633:
1625:
1600:
1581:
1577:
1541:
1523:
1515:
1490:
1473:
1384:Irene, who first married
1320:William VII of Montferrat
1263:
1240:hermit who took the name
977:In late 1301, a group of
893:
638:
340:
320:
310:
300:
288:
271:
266:
262:
220:
206:
176:
146:
142:
132:
122:
112:
101:
91:
81:
74:
55:
46:
42:Andronikos II Palaiologos
41:
18:Andronicus II Palaeologus
4840:Andronikos V Palaiologos
4576:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4180:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2347:
1674:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1190:As Andronikos broke the
1107:20ships x 5000hyp x 4/3
1077:(millions of hyperpyra)
988:to fight the Turks near
677:Catherine I of Courtenay
633:
505:John III Doukas Vatatzes
497:Michael VIII Palaiologos
305:Michael VIII Palaiologos
106:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4902:Constantine Palaiologos
4804:Theodore II Palaiologos
4643:Constantine Palaiologos
4607:Constantine Palaiologos
4581:John Doukas Palaiologos
4035:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3669:Tiberius II Constantine
2656:Encyclopædia Britannica
2475:Encyclopædia Britannica
2329:Byzantine Empire portal
2036:6. John Doukas Vatatzes
1316:Yolanda (renamed Irene)
1291:Constantine Palaiologos
911:Alexios Philanthropenos
723:Alexios Philanthropenos
666:Kingdom of Thessalonica
379:
239:Constantine Palaiologos
5003:Eastern Orthodox monks
4930:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4809:Andronikos Palaiologos
4768:Theodore I Palaiologos
4658:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4638:Michael IX Palaiologos
4550:Andronikos Palaiologos
4470:Nikephoros Palaiologos
4190:Michael IX Palaiologos
2665:Fine, John Van Antwerp
2469:"Andronicus II."
1594:18. Theodoros Dasiotes
1507:8. Alexios Palaiologos
1285:Michael IX Palaiologos
1187:
848:
745:
710:
673:Michael IX Palaiologos
531:Expedition to Thessaly
235:Michael IX Palaiologos
127:Michael IX Palaiologos
4953:male-line descendants
4819:Demetrios Palaiologos
4799:John VIII Palaiologos
4763:Manuel II Palaiologos
4665:Demetrios Palaiologos
4284:Thessalonian emperors
4278:Trapezuntine emperors
4239:John VIII Palaiologos
4234:Manuel II Palaiologos
4205:John VI Kantakouzenos
4121:Andronikos I Komnenos
3958:Constantine Lekapenos
2986:and empresses regnant
2650:"Andronicus II"
1979:Isaac Doukas Vatatzes
1366:Demetrios Palaiologos
1182:
842:
804:and his son and heir
742:José Moreno Carbonero
735:
701:
675:to the Latin Empress
556:megas stratopedarches
552:Michael Tarchaneiotes
501:Theodora Palaiologina
315:Theodora Palaiologina
251:Demetrios Palaiologos
215:Yolande of Montferrat
4908:Fernando Palaiologos
4794:John VII Palaiologos
4653:Theodore Palaiologos
4617:Eudokia Palaiologina
4612:Theodore Palaiologos
4222:John VII Palaiologos
4170:Theodore II Laskaris
4030:Constantine X Doukas
3970:Nikephoros II Phokas
2853:at Wikimedia Commons
2492:, 42 (2) pp. 237-260
1353:Simonis Palaiologina
1322:, with whom he had:
1274:Stephen V of Hungary
1138:fodder & horses
1096:3000 x 144hyp x 4/3
983:Megas Hetaireiarches
952:—a process known as
408:improve this article
138:1261 (as co-emperor)
4983:Palaiologos dynasty
4914:Andreas Palaiologos
4865:Andreas Palaiologos
4850:Helena Palaiologina
4778:Zampia Palaiologina
4773:Michael Palaiologos
4737:Michael Palaiologos
4534:Alexios Palaiologos
4153:Theodore I Laskaris
4138:Alexios III Angelos
4116:Alexios II Komnenos
4040:Romanos IV Diogenes
3995:Romanos III Argyros
3941:Romanos I Lekapenos
2259:7. Eudokia Angelina
2011:Constantine Angelos
1854:11. Eirene Angelina
1830:Alexios III Angelos
1399:Maria, who married
1278:Elizabeth the Cuman
1175:Early church policy
1085:500 x 144hyp x 4/3
1068:
1000:and founder of the
628:Florent of Hainault
579:Treaty of Nymphaeum
4870:Manuel Palaiologos
4824:Thomas Palaiologos
4732:John V Palaiologos
4518:George Palaiologos
4486:George Palaiologos
4272:Britannic emperors
4266:Palmyrene emperors
4200:John V Palaiologos
4143:Alexios IV Angelos
4092:Constantine Doukas
4087:Alexios I Komnenos
4075:Constantine Doukas
4058:Michael VII Doukas
4020:Michael VI Bringas
3586:Romulus Augustulus
3209:Trebonianus Gallus
3202:Herennius Etruscus
2984:Byzantine emperors
2713:Laiou, Angeliki E.
2689:Kazhdan, Alexander
1482:George Palaiologos
1429:Ardenica Monastery
1188:
1066:
1059:from the reign of
939:John Tarchaneiotes
849:
760:(adventurers from
746:
727:John Tarchaneiotes
711:
85:11 December 1282 –
4960:
4959:
4940:Paleologus-Pesaro
4660:
4431:(1390; 1403–1408)
4327:
4326:
4165:John III Vatatzes
4111:Manuel I Komnenos
3850:Michael I Rangabe
3694:
3693:
3536:Petronius Maximus
3135:Severus Alexander
3103:Septimius Severus
2947:
2946:
2938:Succeeded by
2903:Byzantine emperor
2849:Media related to
2704:978-0-19-504652-6
2680:978-0-472-08260-5
2636:978-0-8122-1620-2
2606:978-0-198-70826-1
2422:978-0-674-16535-9
2397:978-0-8122-1620-2
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
1172:
1171:
1149:Catalan Campaign
1032:John Choiroboskos
986:Theodore Mouzalon
790:Anatolian beyliks
773:, Macedonia, and
750:Battle of Bapheus
568:Financial actions
484:
483:
476:
458:
365:Byzantine emperor
349:
330:
329:
284:
283:
76:Byzantine emperor
64:George Pachymeres
16:(Redirected from
5035:
4935:Asen Palaiologos
4875:Hass Murad Pasha
4675:John Palaiologos
4656:
4648:John Palaiologos
4366:Byzantine Empire
4354:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4175:John IV Laskaris
4148:Alexios V Doukas
4133:Isaac II Angelos
4099:John II Komnenos
4025:Isaac I Komnenos
3985:Constantine VIII
3975:John I Tzimiskes
3702:Byzantine Empire
3476:
3475:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2893:Preceded by
2883:
2882:13 February 1332
2876:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2834:
2815:
2794:
2773:
2754:Nicol, Donald M.
2749:
2730:
2708:
2684:
2660:
2652:
2640:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2439:, pp. 32, 41-78.
2437:Cretika Chronika
2433:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2342:Rabban Bar Sauma
2331:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2233:29. daughter of
1617:9. Irene Komnene
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1439:Zograf monastery
1335:
1332:
1327:John Palaiologos
1318:, a daughter of
1305:
1302:
1075:Estimated total
1069:
1065:
861:
858:
658:Byzantine Empire
612:Sicilian Vespers
604:Charles of Anjou
503:, grandniece of
479:
472:
468:
465:
459:
457:
416:
392:
384:
354:
344:
342:
280:
264:
263:
243:John Palaiologos
231:
191:Byzantine Empire
183:
180:13 February 1332
157:Empire of Nicaea
60:
39:
38:
21:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5032:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4945:
4918:
4889:15th generation
4884:
4833:14th generation
4828:
4787:13th generation
4782:
4751:12th generation
4746:
4720:11th generation
4715:
4684:10th generation
4679:
4626:
4585:
4559:
4538:
4522:
4506:
4490:
4474:
4458:
4368:
4358:
4328:
4323:
4316:
4260:Gallic emperors
4248:
3936:Constantine VII
3717:Constantine III
3704:
3701:
3690:
3599:
3591:
3530:Valentinian III
3518:Constantius III
3512:Priscus Attalus
3496:Constantine III
3482:
3474:
3364:Valerius Valens
3309:
3301:
3147:
3139:
3098:Didius Julianus
3078:Marcus Aurelius
2995:
2987:
2977:
2943:
2927:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2862:
2841:
2831:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2746:
2727:
2705:
2681:
2637:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2384:
2371:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2312:
1447:
1425:
1333:
1303:
1270:Anna of Hungary
1266:
1218:excommunicating
1214:Arsenite Schism
1177:
1157:Civil Expenses
1072:Budgetary Item
1041:
1022:
975:
941:
913:
896:
887:
885:Military policy
859:
788:Meanwhile, the
779:Duchy of Athens
754:Catalan Company
654:
641:
636:
596:
594:War with Epirus
570:
549:protovestiarios
533:
528:
489:
480:
469:
463:
460:
417:
415:
405:
393:
382:
273:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
225:
224:
213:
211:Anna of Hungary
193:
185:
181:
159:
151:
97:8 November 1272
86:
70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4923:Cadet branches
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4631:9th generation
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4590:8th generation
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4564:7th generation
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4543:6th generation
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4527:5th generation
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4511:4th generation
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4495:3rd generation
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4479:2nd generation
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4463:1st generation
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4453:Constantine XI
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4398:
4395:Andronikos III
4392:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4219:
4214:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4096:
4084:
4079:
4055:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4015:Theodora (III)
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3938:
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3928:
3923:
3911:
3906:
3894:
3882:
3877:
3865:
3847:
3842:
3837:
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3830:Constantine VI
3827:
3822:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3794:Theodosius III
3791:
3786:
3781:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3739:Constantine IV
3736:
3731:
3719:
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3688:
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3614:
3609:
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3601:
3597:Eastern Empire
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3480:Western Empire
3473:
3472:
3465:
3453:Magnus Maximus
3449:
3447:Valentinian II
3444:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3379:Constantius II
3376:
3374:Constantine II
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Antoninus Pius
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2996:27 BC – AD 235
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2941:Andronikos III
2939:
2936:
2930:Andronikos III
2899:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:Regnal titles
2885:
2884:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2840:
2839:External links
2837:
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2810:
2795:
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2774:
2768:
2750:
2744:
2731:
2725:
2709:
2703:
2691:, ed. (1991).
2685:
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2647:, ed. (1911).
2645:Chisholm, Hugh
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1953:Basil Vatatzes
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1414:, Khan of the
1408:
1403:, Khan of the
1397:
1390:John II Doukas
1377:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1357:Stefan Milutin
1350:
1344:
1341:
1312:
1311:
1288:
1272:, daughter of
1265:
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1127:Navy supplies
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1021:
1018:
1002:Ottoman Empire
974:
971:
950:Meander Valley
940:
937:
912:
909:
905:Stefan Milutin
903:as a bride to
895:
892:
886:
883:
879:Lips Monastery
860: 1305–07
693:Stefan Milutin
653:
650:
640:
637:
635:
632:
595:
592:
569:
566:
559:John Synadenos
532:
529:
527:
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512:Constantinople
488:
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464:September 2022
396:
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325:Greek Orthodox
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275:Medieval Greek
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187:Constantinople
184:(aged 72)
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26:
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4454:
4451:
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4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:Andronikos IV
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4383:Andronikos II
4381:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4319:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
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4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4220:
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4215:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
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4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
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4160:
4159:
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4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4097:
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4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4065:
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4059:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3897:Theodora (II)
3895:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3851:
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3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:Constantine V
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Anastasius II
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3751:
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3745:
3740:
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3729:
3728:
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3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3684:
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3680:
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3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Theodosius II
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:
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3525:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:
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3497:
3493:
3491:
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3487:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3470:
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3463:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Valentinian I
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:Constantine I
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Constantius I
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
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3290:
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3285:
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3278:
3275:
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3260:
3258:
3255:
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3251:
3246:
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3230:
3228:
3225:
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3216:
3215:
3210:
3207:
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3191:
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3181:
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3124:
3119:
3116:
3114:
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3009:
3006:
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2926:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:25 March 1259
2874:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2830:0-8047-2630-2
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2811:3-7001-3003-1
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2790:9780881411768
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2769:9780521439916
2765:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:960-7856-15-5
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2726:0-674-16535-7
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2566:3-430-17163-6
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2541:9782036274082
2537:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2515:
2513:0-8122-1620-2
2509:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:Chisholm 1911
2448:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1368:(1297–1343),
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:3500 x 10hyp
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1129:3080 x 10hyp
1126:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:3500 x 20hyp
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:Fiscal policy
1036:
1033:
1028:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:
980:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
951:
947:
936:
933:
928:
923:
918:
915:The empire's
908:
906:
902:
891:
882:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
854:
846:
841:
837:
835:
831:
828:in 1313, and
827:
823:
819:
816:-region with
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Ottoman Turks
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
766:Roger de Flor
763:
759:
755:
751:
743:
739:
738:Roger de Flor
734:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
705:
700:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
649:
646:
645:pointless war
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
591:
589:
588:
582:
580:
576:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
478:
475:
467:
456:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425: –
424:
420:
419:Find sources:
413:
409:
403:
402:
397:This section
395:
391:
386:
385:
377:
375:
371:
366:
363:, reigned as
362:
358:
353:
347:
338:
334:
326:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
293:
291:
287:
276:
270:
265:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
230:
229:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:25 March 1259
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4601:
4435:Andronikos V
4414:
4406:
4382:
4377:Michael VIII
4227:Andronikos V
4225:
4208:
4184:
4156:
4124:
4102:
4090:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4049:
4043:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3917:
3900:
3888:
3871:
3859:
3853:
3840:Nikephoros I
3815:
3814:
3808:
3775:
3772:Justinian II
3767:Tiberius III
3757:Justinian II
3748:
3742:
3725:
3677:
3649:Anastasius I
3640:
3584:
3580:Julius Nepos
3572:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3442:Theodosius I
3429:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3359:Maximinus II
3346:
3248:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3121:
3083:Lucius Verus
2933:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2912:Michael VIII
2909:
2901:
2896:Michael VIII
2879:
2872:
2864:
2820:
2799:
2779:
2758:
2735:
2716:
2692:
2669:
2654:
2625:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2556:
2550:
2531:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2473:
2436:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2387:
1910:
1405:Golden Horde
1378:
1369:
1349:(1291–1338).
1337:
1313:
1294:
1267:
1258:Hagia Sophia
1250:
1234:
1226:
1211:
1192:church union
1189:
1144:0.035M hyp.
1139:
1133:0.031M hyp.
1128:
1117:
1106:
1100:0.288M hyp.
1095:
1089:0.096M hyp.
1084:
1076:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1023:
982:
976:
967:Thessaloniki
963:Philadelphia
958:
953:
945:
942:
914:
897:
888:
876:
850:
818:Paleokastron
796:fell to the
787:
747:
712:
670:
655:
642:
597:
585:
583:
571:
563:
534:
516:Latin Empire
509:
490:
470:
461:
451:
444:
437:
430:
418:
406:Please help
401:verification
398:
370:own grandson
360:
332:
331:
226:
182:(1332-02-13)
134:Proclamation
67:
47:
36:
4978:1332 deaths
4973:1259 births
4880:Mesih Pasha
4455:(1449–1453)
4449:(1425–1448)
4443:(1391–1425)
4437:(1403–1407)
4425:(1376–1379)
4418:(1353–1357)
4410:(1347–1354)
4403:(1341–1391)
4397:(1328–1341)
4391:(1295–1320)
4385:(1282–1328)
4379:(1259–1282)
4362:Palaiologoi
4286:(1224–1242)
4280:(1204–1461)
4069:Konstantios
3946:Christopher
3919:Constantine
3909:Michael III
3890:Constantine
3873:Constantine
3855:Theophylact
3784:Philippicus
3734:Constans II
3659:Justinian I
3555:Severus III
3503:Constans II
3257:Claudius II
3233:Silbannacus
3180:Gordian III
3155:Maximinus I
3123:Diadumenian
2934:(1325–1328)
2925:(1294–1320)
2916:(1272–1282)
2866:Palaiologos
1423:Foundations
1392:, ruler of
1334: 1286
1304: 1278
1254:church bull
1160:0.33M hyp.
1152:0.05M hyp.
1122:0.07M hyp.
1083:Bodyguards
1020:Desperation
545:John Doukas
295:Palaiologos
102:Predecessor
87:24 May 1328
4967:Categories
4389:Michael IX
4063:Andronikos
4051:Nikephoros
4000:Michael IV
3965:Romanos II
3885:Theophilos
3880:Michael II
3861:Staurakios
3845:Staurakios
3817:Nikephoros
3810:Artabasdos
3722:Heraclonas
3679:Theodosius
3637:Basiliscus
3397:Nepotianus
3390:Magnentius
3384:Constans I
3337:Severus II
3317:Diocletian
3262:Quintillus
3227:Aemilianus
3220:Volusianus
3165:Gordian II
3130:Elagabalus
2993:Principate
2921:Michael IX
2617:References
1359:of Serbia.
1242:Athanasius
1207:Gregory II
1184:Chrysobull
1168:1.0M hyp.
1111:0.1M hyp.
1010:Kallipolis
1006:the Hermos
845:hyperpyron
812:conquered
758:Almogavars
719:Asia Minor
708:Michael IX
652:Asia Minor
600:Charles II
587:hyperpyron
487:Early life
434:newspapers
123:Co-emperor
93:Coronation
4447:John VIII
4441:Manuel II
4305:Classical
4290:Empresses
4274:(286–296)
4268:(267–273)
4262:(260–274)
4005:Michael V
3931:Alexander
3744:Heraclius
3712:Heraclius
3664:Justin II
3574:Glycerius
3561:Anthemius
3431:Procopius
3369:Martinian
3348:Maxentius
3277:Florianus
3250:Saloninus
3245:Gallienus
3214:Hostilian
3190:Philip II
3160:Gordian I
3108:Caracalla
3043:Vespasian
3038:Vitellius
2907:1272–1328
2756:(1993) .
1416:Ilkhanate
1196:Patriarch
1094:Soldiers
1027:Kotertzes
990:Nicomedia
973:The Alans
954:exisosis.
932:Neokastra
917:Anatolian
899:daughter
868:civil war
836:in 1310.
832:captured
764:) led by
762:Catalonia
704:basilikon
695:in 1298.
685:Macedonia
620:Despotate
602:, son of
598:In 1291,
537:Demetrias
514:from the
357:Latinized
346:romanized
113:Successor
4429:John VII
4300:Usurpers
4295:Augustae
4253:See also
4158:Nicholas
3980:Basil II
3777:Tiberius
3762:Leontius
3750:Tiberius
3727:Tiberius
3705:610–1453
3700:Eastern/
3654:Justin I
3607:Arcadius
3567:Olybrius
3549:Majorian
3490:Honorius
3469:Eugenius
3404:Vetranio
3354:Licinius
3327:Galerius
3322:Maximian
3307:Dominate
3297:Numerian
3267:Aurelian
3240:Valerian
3185:Philip I
3175:Balbinus
3170:Pupienus
3118:Macrinus
3093:Pertinax
3088:Commodus
3053:Domitian
3018:Claudius
3013:Caligula
3008:Tiberius
3003:Augustus
2715:(1972).
2667:(1994).
2315:See also
1445:Ancestry
1394:Thessaly
1370:despotēs
1338:despotēs
1336:–1308),
1296:despotes
1238:Athonite
1230:Theodora
1203:Joseph I
1105:Oarsmen
1061:Basil II
1014:Pergamon
998:Bithynia
994:Magnesia
830:Aydinids
826:Magnesia
810:Karasids
775:Thessaly
691:to King
616:Ioannina
541:Thessaly
321:Religion
196:Istanbul
68:Historia
4416:Matthew
4408:John VI
4364:of the
4310:Eastern
4210:Matthew
4104:Alexios
3952:Stephen
3914:Basil I
3799:Leo III
3674:Maurice
3617:Marcian
3600:395–610
3524:Joannes
3483:395–480
3437:Gratian
3310:284–610
3292:Carinus
3272:Tacitus
3148:235–285
3068:Hadrian
2868:dynasty
1412:Öljaitü
1246:ascetic
1222:John IV
1199:John XI
1057:Nomisma
959:Pronoia
946:Pronoia
901:Simonis
802:Osman I
744:(1888).
702:Silver
689:Simonis
448:scholar
372:in the
348::
290:Dynasty
228:more...
207:Spouses
108:(alone)
4401:John V
4072:&
4048:&
3955:&
3926:Leo VI
3902:Thekla
3858:&
3825:Leo IV
3747:&
3686:Phocas
3642:Marcus
3627:Leo II
3543:Avitus
3460:Victor
3425:Valens
3415:Jovian
3410:Julian
3282:Probus
3217:&
3197:Decius
3145:Crisis
3063:Trajan
2878:
2827:
2808:
2787:
2766:
2742:
2723:
2701:
2677:
2633:
2603:
2563:
2538:
2510:
2419:
2394:
1386:Ghazan
1264:Family
1165:Total
922:Ionian
894:Serbia
834:Smyrna
783:Thebes
771:Thrace
715:Europe
681:Serbia
639:Aegean
520:Papacy
493:Nicaea
450:
443:
436:
429:
421:
311:Mother
301:Father
200:Turkey
170:Turkey
153:Nicaea
4951:Only
3868:Leo V
3835:Irene
3622:Leo I
3287:Carus
3058:Nerva
3048:Titus
3028:Galba
2980:Roman
2910:with
2880:Died:
2873:Born:
2348:Notes
1401:Toqta
979:Alans
927:Crete
843:Gold
822:Simav
814:Mysia
806:Orhan
794:Prusa
634:Morea
575:Genoa
455:JSTOR
441:books
337:Greek
267:Names
222:Issue
194:(now
166:Bursa
162:İznik
160:(now
82:Reign
4360:The
4224:(w.
4207:(w.
4155:(w.
4126:John
4123:(w.
4101:(w.
4089:(w.
4060:(w.
4042:(w.
3943:(w.
3916:(w.
3899:(w.
3887:(w.
3870:(w.
3852:(w.
3813:(w.
3774:(w.
3741:(w.
3724:(w.
3676:(w.
3639:(w.
3632:Zeno
3499:(w.
3456:(w.
3247:(w.
3211:(w.
3199:(w.
3187:(w.
3120:(w.
3113:Geta
3033:Otho
3023:Nero
2982:and
2825:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2536:ISBN
2508:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2392:ISBN
1977:12.
1951:24.
1883:23.
1828:22.
1738:10.
1712:20.
1276:and
781:and
725:and
624:Arta
499:and
427:news
380:Life
177:Died
147:Born
4942:(?)
4910:(?)
4904:(?)
4898:(?)
4045:Leo
3990:Zoe
3236:(?)
2365:PLP
2141:3.
1909:1.
1792:5.
1672:2.
1558:4.
756:of
683:in
539:in
410:by
359:as
4969::
4066:,
3949:,
2653:.
2522:^
2472:.
2459:^
2444:^
2372:^
2355:^
1331:c.
1301:c.
1293:,
1209:.
1063:.
907:.
857:c.
808:.
785:.
668:.
622:,
581:.
561:.
507:.
343:,
339::
277::
198:,
189:,
168:,
164:,
155:,
66:'
4661:)
4655:(
4353:e
4346:t
4339:v
4230:)
4213:)
4161:)
4129:)
4107:)
4095:)
4078:)
4054:)
3961:)
3922:)
3905:)
3893:)
3876:)
3864:)
3821:)
3780:)
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