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1723:
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that sat in the middle of these canals. These innovative grates allowed for very small fish to enter the pond and prevented bigger and mature fish from leaving. Harvesting timing and methods were usually determined by the behavior of the fish. For example, during migration seasons for fishes such as milkfish and mullet that migrate to the ocean to spawn, keepers of the fishpond would set out nets on the pond side of the grates and watch as the fishes trapped themselves as they tried to reach the sea.
982:
17:
855:
775:
79:). An inventory in the early 1900s found 360 loko i‘a in the islands and identified 99 active ponds with an estimated annual production total of about 680,000 pounds, including 486,000 pounds of ‘ama‘ama and 194,000 pounds of ‘awa. Loko i‘a were extensive operating systems that produced an average of 400–600 pounds per acre per year, a significant amount considering the minimal amount of fishpond 'input' and maintenance effort apparent by that time."
133:
directly enter the taro patch-fishponds from the sea through newly created artificial estuary. Fish in these ponds thrived and were able to survive the transition from seawater to freshwater. They also helped the taro in these ponds by feeding on insects and ripe leaf stems of taro. The taro would help prevent silt by catching it before it would go downstream into the ocean. Planting between the wetland areas would also help provide
1462:
148:
According to B.A. Costa-Pierce, seawater ponds were the "ultimate aquaculture achievement of native
Hawaiians and a valuable contribution to native engineering and subsistence food production." These ponds were constructed by a seawall, usually made of coral or lava rocks, with lengths of these walls
144:
Brackish water ponds (loko pu'unone) were seen very close to the ocean and excavated by hand from natural bodies of water that have been stranded by sea-level change, or by creating an earth embankment with mud, sand, and coral. This made a wall that separated the pond from the ocean. However, these
140:
Loko wai are other freshwater ponds that are seen inland and usually were excavated by hand from natural depressions like lakes or ponds and were supplied from naturally created water supplies (i.e., streams, rivers, springs, etc.). These ponds contained native species of freshwater prawn and fishes
132:
Taro fishponds (loko i'a kalo) were usually seen inland and were used to cultivate Taro as well as grow fish, such as mullet, silver perch, Hawaiian gobies, Freshwater prawn, and green algae. Taro fish ponds were usually located close to the sea and contained surplus of fish. Fish were also able to
153:
was gathered and used as a natural cement to hold and strengthen the walls. These ponds were very diverse, usually containing about 22 species of marine life. One of the most important features of these ponds were canals that was connected directly to the sea and had a grate made of wood and ferns
71:"The full-scale development of loko i‘a (fishponds) from mauka (the mountains) to makai (the ocean) dates back over half a millennium. Cultivation and propagation centered on many different fresh and salt-water plants and animals, with the primary species being the prized ‘ama‘ama (
128:
There were four basic types of fishponds developed within the Ahupua'a known in ancient Hawaii. The four types of fishponds were freshwater taro fishponds (loko i'a kalo), other freshwater ponds (loko wai), brackish water ponds (loko pu'unone), and seawater ponds (loko kuapa).
48:. While other cultures in places like Egypt and China also used the practice, Hawaii's aquaculture was very advanced considering the much smaller size of the area of Hawaii compared to other aquacultural societies. Hawaiian fishponds were typically shallow areas of a
145:
ponds were still connected to the ocean via small canals which would allow seawater fished to enter the fishpond during the rising tide. These brackish-water ponds were very productive and was filled with many different types of species.
141:
that migrate from the sea and into freshwater (i.e., mullet, milkfish. etc.). Fishes in these ponds were often harvested when spawning fish moved seaward, usually during full moons in the spring.
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2500:
930:
96:; much in the way cattle ranchers cultivate grass for their cattle. The porous lava walls let in seawater (or sometimes fresh or brackish water, as in the case of the
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Several fishponds have been restored in recent years. Although fishponds were developed on most islands, the largest number were found in Keʻehi Lagoon,
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These fishponds have been found to increase overall fish stocks in nearby waters, serving as a nursery that protects fish from predators.
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2199:
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120:'s arrival, there were at least 360 fishponds producing 2,000,000 pounds (900,000 kg) of fish per year.
108:), but prevent the fish from escaping. Fishponds were located next to the mouth of a stream, so by opening a
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2014:
1968:
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661:, University of Hawaiʻi Leeward Community College: XanEdu Custom Publishing, pp. 234–235,
116:
that had passed through inland, terraced pondfields and returned to the stream. At the time of
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92:
The
Hawaiian fishpond was primarily a grazing area in which the fishpond-keeper cultivated
1722:
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8:
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2004:
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182:. Few remain today, although Molokaʻi offers the best opportunities to view a Hawaiian
117:
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331:
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37:
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66:) thrive in such ponds, and Hawaiians developed methods to make them easy to catch.
3747:
3516:
3268:
3156:
2907:
2478:
1920:
1842:
1692:
1639:
1231:
570:"Restoring Indigenous aquaculture heals both ecosystems and communities in Hawai'i"
464:
415:
323:
25:
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1973:
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2174:
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1978:
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335:
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63:
45:
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2009:
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1291:
1211:
1181:
1016:
981:
675:
280:
167:
163:
134:
1585:
1416:
227:("Threshold of Heʻeia") is rehabilitating the roughly 600-to–800-year-old
3574:
3325:
3211:
3042:
2976:
2816:
2209:
2096:
2053:
2037:
1950:
1812:
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1306:
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1021:
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275:
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109:
29:
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1930:
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1754:
1528:
1346:
1341:
1321:
1261:
1186:
1031:
476:
427:
218:
327:
44:), the most advanced fish-husbandry among the original peoples of the
3839:
3808:
3584:
3569:
3414:
3305:
3032:
2618:
2194:
1837:
1478:
1356:
1236:
1206:
1191:
1141:
545:"In Poipu, Kauai, a Historic Hawaiian village is Coming Back to Life"
350:"LOKO I'A "A Manual on Hawaiian Fishpond Restoration and Management""
285:
33:
1867:
784:
468:
419:
191:
Three different styles of fish ponds are being reconstructed at the
62:) built out from the shore. Several species of edible fish (such as
1935:
1877:
1847:
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1441:
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1371:
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16:
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1251:
1166:
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1121:
753:
179:
600:
Ancient
Hawaiian fishponds: can restoration succeed on Molokaʻi?
3849:
1892:
1817:
1789:
1451:
1436:
1311:
1136:
3844:
1421:
1366:
1098:
924:
763:
256:
244:
105:
93:
719:
252:
214:
171:
53:
49:
931:
The Cod
Fisheries: The History of an International Economy
85:"A Manual on Hawaiian Fishpond Restoration and Management"
3645:
Agricultural Trade
Development and Assistance Act of 1954
2609:
1872:
1827:
243:, an ancient village on the south shore of the island of
149:
ranging from 46 to 1,920 meters (151 to 6,299 ft).
1461:
174:
prior to it being filled for housing development), and
3685:
3680:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
239:
covering 88 acres (36 ha) of brackish water. The
2565:
Early history of food regulation in the United States
312:"Water Needs for Sustainable Taro Culture in Hawai'i"
178:
on Oʻahu, and along nearly the entire south shore of
2508:
2036:
864:
657:
Losch, Tracie Kuʻuipo; Kamahele, Momi, eds. (2008),
112:
the pondkeeper provided the fish with water rich in
3655:
642:, Honolulu, HI: Mutual Publishing, pp. 73–76,
357:
College of
Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
616:
3869:
221:. On Oʻahu, the private non-profit organization
443:
441:
439:
437:
384:Losch, Tracie Kuʻuipo; Kamahele, Momi (2008).
222:
200:
183:
57:
2494:
1601:
800:
691:
656:
383:
705:
567:
536:
447:
398:
217:- using a mixture of volunteers and skilled
2604:Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains
1658:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1615:
640:Ancient Sites of Maui, Molokai'i and Lana'i
434:
2592:List of food plants native to the Americas
2501:
2487:
1608:
1594:
807:
793:
698:
684:
491:"A Brief Geography of the Maunalua Region"
392:
3665:Children's Act for Responsible Employment
193:Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park
3613:National Agricultural Statistics Service
15:
3650:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
3608:United States Department of Agriculture
2570:Indentured servitude in British America
614:
379:
377:
3870:
873:
2482:
2035:
1625:
1589:
1097:
872:
814:
788:
679:
637:
623:, Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press,
247:, has a fishpond within the 13-acre
123:
726:Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge
716:Kanaha Pond State Wildlife Sanctuary
542:
374:
309:
305:
303:
301:
3618:United States Census of Agriculture
24:Before contact with Europeans, the
13:
3819:United Food and Commercial Workers
3723:Agricultural workers mental health
1626:
942:Munster pilchard fishery 1570–1750
14:
3909:
3590:Pacific Northwest oyster industry
2082:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1941:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
298:
3888:Aquaculture in the United States
2651:
2510:Agriculture in the United States
1721:
1460:
980:
853:
773:
137:, medicines and other products.
3804:Farm Labor Organizing Committee
1057:Morecambe Bay cockling disaster
450:"Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii"
401:"Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii"
209:also known as Koʻieʻ - i.e. in
2355:Federated States of Micronesia
1072:Steveston Fisherman's Memorial
659:Hawaiʻi: Center of the Pacific
619:The Works of the People of Old
561:
543:Hitt, Christine (2018-09-26).
511:
483:
386:Hawaiʻi: Center of the Pacific
342:
157:
1:
947:Pearling in Western Australia
937:Migratory Fishery of Labrador
591:
3824:Woman's Land Army of America
2553:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2538:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
1067:Moray Firth fishing disaster
900:Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture
568:Keona Blanks (5 June 2024).
251:(5.3 ha) that includes
7:
2599:Native American in Virginia
2155:Fish diseases and parasites
962:Scottish east coast fishery
952:S'Argamassa Roman fish farm
915:Fishery Protection Squadron
615:Kamakau, Samuel M. (1992),
523:Historic Hawai'i Foundation
448:Costa-Pierce, B.A. (1987).
399:Costa-Pierce, B.A. (1987).
269:
202:ʻAoʻao O Na Loko Iʻa O Maui
87:CTAHR University of Hawai'i
20:Alekoko "Menehune" fishpond
10:
3914:
3705:Taylor Grazing Act of 1934
3695:Packers and Stockyards Act
3560:Southwestern United States
2649:
2228:Microalgal bacterial flocs
1077:Stotfield fishing disaster
388:. Copley Custom Textbooks.
3832:
3784:
3758:
3738:Genetically modified food
3713:
3675:Food Security Act of 1985
3630:
3598:
3552:
3523:Northern Mariana Islands
2982:genetically modified food
2780:
2760:Connecticut shade tobacco
2660:
2516:
2322:
2251:
2208:
2130:
2052:
2048:
2031:
1992:
1949:
1906:
1798:
1730:
1719:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1547:
1469:
1458:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1040:
989:
978:
885:
881:
868:
851:
820:
771:
711:
316:Research Extension Series
170:(known as the largest on
2092:Integrated multi-trophic
1552:List of fishing villages
967:Traditional fishing boat
706:Fishponds of Maui County
597:Farber, Joseph M (1997)
291:
2062:Aquaculture engineering
1616:Fishing industry topics
1052:1959 Escuminac disaster
972:Yorkshire coast fishery
310:Penn, David C. (1993).
223:
201:
184:
58:
41:
32:through development of
3700:Pure Food and Drug Act
997:Bering Sea Arbitration
81:
21:
3898:Agriculture in Hawaii
3771:California nut crimes
2783:or territory-specific
2000:World fish production
1504:Newfoundland outports
235:-style) enclosure in
231:, which is a walled (
197:Big Island of Hawaiʻi
69:
19:
2781:State, commonwealth,
603:Cornell University.
361:University of Hawaii
52:surrounded by a low
3814:United Farm Workers
3660:Capper–Volstead Act
3640:Agricultural policy
1853:Fish protein powder
910:Fishing in Cornwall
732:Kalepolepo Fishpond
638:James, Van (2001),
249:archaeological site
241:Kāneiolouma Complex
207:Kalepolepo Fishpond
98:"Menehune" fishpond
3893:History of fishing
2548:Columbian exchange
2005:Fishing by country
1648:Commercial fishing
1027:Pacific Salmon War
895:History of fishing
875:History of fishing
124:Types of fishponds
118:Captain James Cook
22:
3865:
3864:
3690:Grain Futures Act
3565:Black Dirt Region
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2269:Freshwater prawns
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
1750:Fish preservation
1673:Midwater trawling
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1382:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1062:Eyemouth disaster
862:
861:
835:Kahaluu Fish Pond
815:Fishponds of Oahu
782:
781:
750:Molokai Fishponds
668:978-1-58152-579-3
609:978-0-9659782-0-0
519:"Paepae o He'eia"
199:. The non-profit
28:people practiced
3905:
3766:Adulterated food
3748:Ogallala Aquifer
2655:
2526:African-American
2503:
2496:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2400:Papua New Guinea
2380:Marshall Islands
2050:
2049:
2042:farmed fisheries
2033:
2032:
1921:Shrimp marketing
1843:Fish hydrolysate
1725:
1640:Fishing industry
1636:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1464:
1114:Fishing villages
1110:
1109:
1101:fishing villages
1095:
1094:
984:
883:
882:
870:
869:
866:
865:
857:
809:
802:
795:
786:
785:
777:
744:Loko o Mokuhinia
700:
693:
686:
677:
676:
671:
652:
633:
622:
585:
584:
582:
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565:
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405:
396:
390:
389:
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372:
371:
369:
367:
354:
346:
340:
339:
307:
263:sporting arena.
226:
204:
187:
88:
61:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3828:
3799:Convict leasing
3794:Bracero Program
3780:
3754:
3715:
3709:
3632:
3626:
3600:
3594:
3548:
3451:Virgin Islands
3381:South Carolina
2782:
2776:
2656:
2647:
2636:Native American
2587:New World crops
2531:Black land loss
2512:
2507:
2477:
2464:
2410:Solomon Islands
2318:
2247:
2233:Photobioreactor
2204:
2126:
2044:
2019:
1988:
1945:
1916:Live fish trade
1902:
1794:
1732:Fish processing
1726:
1717:
1708:Fishing vessels
1678:Bottom trawling
1630:
1617:
1614:
1584:
1571:
1543:
1514:Póvoa de Varzim
1465:
1456:
1242:Kaunolu Village
1104:
1103:and communities
1081:
1045:
1043:
1036:
985:
976:
877:
863:
858:
849:
840:Kaʻelepulu Pond
830:Huilua Fishpond
825:Heʻeia Fishpond
816:
813:
783:
778:
769:
707:
704:
669:
650:
631:
594:
589:
588:
578:
576:
566:
562:
553:
551:
549:Hawaii Magazine
541:
537:
527:
525:
517:
516:
512:
502:
500:
498:Malama Maunalua
493:
489:
488:
484:
469:10.2307/1310688
452:
446:
435:
420:10.2307/1310688
403:
397:
393:
382:
375:
365:
363:
352:
348:
347:
343:
308:
299:
294:
272:
229:Heʻeia Fishpond
224:Paepae o Heʻeia
160:
151:Coralline algae
126:
90:
83:
12:
11:
5:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Hawaii culture
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3776:Cattle raiding
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3733:Farmer suicide
3730:
3728:Climate change
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3476:West Virginia
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3281:North Carolina
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3218:New Hampshire
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3108:Massachusetts
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:Louisiana wine
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Christmas tree
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:United States
2437:
2435:United Kingdom
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:Antimicrobials
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Best practices
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1993:Area fisheries
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:English Market
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1908:Fish marketing
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Salmon cannery
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1653:Fish slaughter
1650:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1628:Wild fisheries
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
987:
986:
979:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
889:
879:
878:
860:
859:
852:
850:
848:
847:
845:Molii Fishpond
842:
837:
832:
827:
821:
818:
817:
812:
811:
804:
797:
789:
780:
779:
772:
770:
768:
767:
757:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
712:
709:
708:
703:
702:
695:
688:
680:
674:
673:
667:
654:
648:
635:
629:
612:
593:
590:
587:
586:
560:
535:
510:
482:
463:(5): 320–331.
433:
414:(5): 320–331.
391:
373:
341:
296:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
271:
268:
159:
156:
125:
122:
68:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3910:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:organizations
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:South Dakota
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:Rhode Island
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:North Dakota
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:Three Sisters
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Cattle drives
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Marine shrimp
2282:
2280:
2279:Hirudiculture
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:Other species
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2200:US hatcheries
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Fish stocking
2173:
2171:
2170:Fish hatchery
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2122:Recirculating
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Inland saline
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Copper alloys
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Fishing banks
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Fish emulsion
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Cod liver oil
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1800:Fish products
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Filleted fish
1763:
1761:
1758:
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1042:Disasters and
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957:Scania Market
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920:Fishing stage
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760:Naha Fishpond
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738:Ka Iwi o Pele
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27:
18:
3743:Water supply
3338:Pennsylvania
3153:Mississippi
2678:Blackcurrant
2580:Pennsylvania
2537:
2447:
2415:South Africa
2304:Sea cucumber
2259:Brine shrimp
2238:Raceway pond
2180:Spawning bed
2160:Fish farming
2132:Fish farming
1969:Maine Avenue
1959:Billingsgate
1951:Fish markets
1926:Chasse-marée
1898:Surströmming
1888:Shrimp paste
1813:Fish as food
1745:Factory ship
1740:Fish factory
1352:Portmahomack
1292:Old Perlican
1182:Dunmore East
1017:Newlyn riots
929:
905:Chasse-marée
899:
658:
639:
618:
599:
577:. Retrieved
573:
563:
552:. Retrieved
548:
538:
528:December 22,
526:. Retrieved
522:
513:
503:December 22,
501:. Retrieved
497:
485:
460:
456:
411:
407:
394:
385:
366:December 22,
364:. Retrieved
356:
344:
319:
315:
281:Fish farming
265:
232:
190:
176:Kāneʻohe Bay
168:Maunalua Bay
164:Pearl Harbor
161:
147:
143:
139:
135:green manure
131:
127:
91:
84:
82:
75:) and ‘awa (
70:
23:
3716:environment
3599:Government
3575:Cotton Belt
3461:Washington
3350:Puerto Rico
3260:New Mexico
3228:New Jersey
3075:aquaculture
2898:Connecticut
2807:aquaculture
2420:South Korea
2390:New Zealand
2309:Sea sponges
2210:Algaculture
2097:Mariculture
2054:Aquaculture
2038:Aquaculture
2015:Other areas
1785:Smoked fish
1780:Salted fish
1713:Power block
1688:Gillnetting
1489:Hạ Long Bay
1471:Communities
1317:Peggys Cove
1227:Hondarribia
1177:Cullercoats
1157:Catalan Bay
1147:Bolungarvík
1022:Oyster Wars
1012:Lobster War
322:: 132–134.
276:Clam garden
219:stonemasons
158:Restoration
110:sluice gate
56:rock wall (
30:aquaculture
3872:Categories
3855:Dude ranch
3714:Health and
3580:Fruit Belt
3401:Tennessee
3143:Minnesota
3061:Louisiana
2854:California
2661:Industries
2624:Sheep wars
2375:Madagascar
2350:East Timor
2323:By country
2223:Microalgae
2218:Giant kelp
2140:Broodstock
2067:Aquaponics
1931:Fishmonger
1858:Fish sauce
1760:Dried fish
1755:Slurry ice
1693:Longlining
1387:Saint Malo
1347:Portavogie
1342:Port Isaac
1322:Pittenweem
1262:Marsaxlokk
1032:Turbot War
592:References
554:2024-03-05
457:BioScience
408:BioScience
328:10125/4294
59:loko kuapa
34:fish ponds
3883:Hawaiiana
3840:Corn maze
3809:H-2A visa
3670:Farm bill
3585:Rice Belt
3570:Corn Belt
3553:By region
3487:Wisconsin
3436:Virginia
3312:Oklahoma
3193:Nebraska
3163:Missouri
3123:Michigan
3000:Illinois
2914:Delaware
2838:Arkansas
2619:Range war
2365:Indonesia
2330:Australia
2195:Tailwater
2165:Fish feed
1838:Fish meal
1479:Atlit Yam
1417:Suðureyri
1407:Steveston
1357:Portofino
1237:Huanchaco
1207:Gilleleje
1192:Elantxobe
1142:Bethsaida
1099:Historic
1044:memorials
1007:Crab Wars
990:Conflicts
336:0271-9916
286:Stew pond
255:patches,
114:nutrients
50:reef flat
3633:politics
3527:cannabis
3517:cannabis
3503:Wyoming
3465:cannabis
3455:Cannabis
3440:cannabis
3425:cannabis
3421:Vermont
3370:cannabis
3355:Cannabis
3331:cannabis
3264:cannabis
3249:cannabis
3244:New York
3232:cannabis
3207:cannabis
3182:cannabis
3178:Montana
3167:cannabis
3132:cherries
3127:cannabis
3112:cannabis
3097:cannabis
3092:Maryland
3080:cannabis
3050:Kentucky
3004:cannabis
2951:Georgia
2918:cannabis
2903:cannabis
2891:cannabis
2881:Colorado
2864:cannabis
2832:cannabis
2823:Arizona
2812:cannabis
2683:Cannabis
2641:Colonial
2575:Virginia
2370:Kiribati
2299:Scallops
2107:Offshore
1936:Fishwife
1878:Lutefisk
1848:Fish oil
1828:Fish roe
1703:Dredging
1698:Trolling
1663:Trawling
1557:Glossary
1539:more ...
1519:Sørvágur
1499:Makassan
1442:Vernazza
1402:Staithes
1392:Sayulita
1372:Sa Riera
1337:Polperro
1332:Po Toi O
1327:Plentzia
1297:Ondarroa
1282:Newhaven
1267:Moskenes
1257:Lekeitio
1222:Gümüşlük
1217:Guéthary
1172:Clovelly
1152:Cadgwith
1132:Ardglass
1127:Algajola
1002:Cod Wars
754:Molokaʻi
574:Mongabay
270:See also
261:makahiki
259:, and a
180:Molokaʻi
77:milkfish
42:loko iʻa
38:Hawaiian
26:Hawaiian
3631:Law and
3322:Oregon
3203:Nevada
3039:Kansas
3016:Indiana
2930:Florida
2869:walnuts
2859:almonds
2790:Alabama
2755:Tobacco
2740:Spinach
2730:Poultry
2631:Slavery
2518:History
2460:Vanuatu
2314:Turtles
2294:Oysters
2289:Octopus
2274:Geoduck
2243:Seaweed
2190:Tilapia
2145:Catfish
2117:Raceway
2112:Organic
1984:Tsukiji
1883:Rakfisk
1863:Gravlax
1808:Seafood
1790:Kippers
1770:Gibbing
1683:Seining
1567:Outline
1524:Tlingit
1494:Lofoten
1432:Trinity
1427:Tilting
1412:Súðavík
1377:St Abbs
1362:Red Bay
1287:Nyksund
1277:Mutriku
1272:Mundaka
1252:Lamorna
1202:Getaria
1167:Ciboure
1162:Chorkor
1122:Akwidaa
887:History
477:1310688
428:1310688
195:on the
46:Pacific
3850:Cowboy
3533:Texas
3360:Coffee
3071:Maine
2967:coffee
2962:Hawaii
2940:tomato
2802:Alaska
2710:Cotton
2695:Cherry
2668:Banana
2448:Hawaii
2443:Alaska
2430:Tuvalu
2335:Canada
2185:Salmon
1979:Scania
1964:Fulton
1893:Surimi
1868:Hákarl
1818:Caviar
1452:Zumaia
1437:Udappu
1312:Pasaia
1247:Ladner
1232:Hovden
1197:Findon
1137:Bermeo
764:Lānaʻi
746:(Maui)
740:(Maui)
734:(Maui)
728:(Maui)
665:
646:
627:
607:
579:7 June
475:
426:
334:
245:Kauaʻi
237:Heʻeia
106:Kauaʻi
102:Līhuʻe
73:mullet
64:mullet
3845:Ranch
3833:Other
3786:Labor
3759:Crime
3513:Guam
3492:dairy
3411:Utah
3302:Ohio
3269:chile
2989:Idaho
2972:sugar
2945:mango
2767:Wheat
2745:Sugar
2720:Dairy
2715:Cider
2453:Maine
2425:Tonga
2405:Samoa
2395:Palau
2385:Nauru
2345:China
2340:Chile
2264:Coral
2150:Cobia
1562:Index
1422:Tai O
1397:Sigri
1367:Reine
925:Garum
494:(PDF)
473:JSTOR
453:(PDF)
424:JSTOR
404:(PDF)
353:(PDF)
292:Notes
257:heiau
233:kuapa
211:Kīhei
172:Oʻahu
100:near
94:algae
3542:wine
3537:rice
3507:wine
3497:wine
3480:wine
3470:wine
3445:wine
3430:wine
3415:wine
3405:wine
3395:wine
3385:wine
3375:wine
3343:wine
3326:wine
3316:wine
3306:wine
3296:wine
3286:wine
3274:wine
3254:wine
3237:wine
3222:wine
3212:wine
3197:wine
3187:wine
3172:wine
3157:wine
3147:wine
3137:wine
3117:wine
3102:wine
3085:wine
3055:wine
3043:wine
3033:wine
3028:Iowa
3021:wine
3009:wine
2994:wine
2977:wine
2955:wine
2935:wine
2923:wine
2908:wine
2886:wine
2874:wine
2847:wine
2842:rice
2827:wine
2817:wine
2795:wine
2772:Wine
2735:Rice
2705:Corn
2688:Hemp
2614:Wine
2360:Fiji
2040:and
1534:Vezo
1529:Uros
1484:Bhoi
1307:Orio
1212:Grip
720:Maui
663:ISBN
644:ISBN
625:ISBN
605:ISBN
581:2024
530:2020
505:2020
368:2020
332:ISSN
253:taro
215:Maui
185:loko
54:lava
2750:Tea
2725:Hop
2673:Bee
1873:Lox
1302:Ona
465:doi
416:doi
324:hdl
320:140
213:on
3874::
1187:Ea
572:.
547:.
521:.
496:.
471:.
461:37
459:.
455:.
436:^
422:.
412:37
410:.
406:.
376:^
359:.
355:.
330:.
318:.
314:.
300:^
188:.
166:,
104:,
40::
2502:e
2495:t
2488:v
1609:e
1602:t
1595:v
808:e
801:t
794:v
766:)
762:(
756:)
752:(
722:)
718:(
699:e
692:t
685:v
672:.
653:.
634:.
611:.
583:.
557:.
532:.
507:.
479:.
467::
430:.
418::
370:.
338:.
326::
36:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
