Prehistoric Britain

1646: 2279:. Certainly by the Roman period there is substantial place and personal name evidence which suggests that this was so; Tacitus also states in his Agricola that the British language differed little from that of the Gauls. Among these people were skilled craftsmen who had begun producing intricately patterned gold jewellery, in addition to tools and weapons of both bronze and iron. It is disputed whether Iron Age Britons were "Celts", with some academics such as John Collis and Simon James actively opposing the idea of 'Celtic Britain', since the term was only applied at this time to a tribe in Gaul. However, place names and tribal names from the later part of the period suggest that a 2141: 2303: 1981:

However, more widespread studies have suggested that there was less of a division between Western and Eastern parts of Britain with less Anglo-Saxon migration. Looking from a more Europe-wide standpoint, researchers at Stanford University have found overlapping cultural and genetic evidence that supports the theory that migration was at least partially responsible for the Neolithic Revolution in Northern Europe (including Britain). The science of genetic anthropology is changing very fast and a clear picture across the whole of human occupation of Britain has yet to emerge.

1819:, as it is called, introduced a more settled way of life and ultimately led to societies becoming divided into differing groups of farmers, artisans and leaders. Forest clearances were undertaken to provide room for cereal cultivation and animal herds. Native cattle and pigs were reared whilst sheep and goats were later introduced from the continent, as were the wheats and barleys grown in Britain. However, only a few actual settlement sites are known in Britain, unlike the continent. Cave occupation was common at this time. 1382:, which was dated in 2009 to be 33,000 years old. The distribution of finds shows that humans in this period preferred the uplands of Wales and northern and western England to the flatter areas of eastern England. Their stone tools are similar to those of the same age found in Belgium and far north-east France, and very different from those in north-west France. At a time when Britain was not an island, hunter gatherers may have followed migrating herds of reindeer from Belgium and north-east France across the giant 1552: 2342: 1438: 1132:

between 780,000 and 990,000 years old. The evidence is that the early humans were there towards the end of an interglacial during that date range. There are two candidate interglacials - one between 970,000 and 935,000 years ago and the second from 865,000 and 815,000 years ago. Numerous footprints dating to more than 800,000 years ago were found on the beach at Happisburgh in 2013 of a mixed group of adult males, females and children. However there are no human fossils found.

1292:(and equally that of much of northern Europe) is thus a long record of abandonment and colonisation, and a very short record of residency. The sad but inevitable conclusion of this must be that Britain has little role to play in any understanding of long-term human evolution and its cultural history is largely a broken record dependent on external introductions and insular developments that ultimately lead nowhere. Britain, therefore, was an island of the living dead. 1797: 1090: 1206: 352: 6925: 2222: 84: 1477:, 100 miles (161 km) east. This is interpreted as meaning that the early inhabitants of Britain were highly mobile, roaming over wide distances and carrying 'toolkits' of flint blades with them rather than heavy, unworked flint nodules, or else improvising tools extemporaneously. The possibility that groups also travelled to meet and exchange goods or sent out dedicated expeditions to source flint has also been suggested. 186: 43: 2321:, although the siting of some earthworks on the sides of hills undermined their defensive value, hence "hill forts" may represent increasing communal areas or even 'elite areas'. However some hillside constructions may simply have been cow enclosures. Although the first had been built about 1500 BC, hillfort building peaked during the later Iron Age. There are around 3,300 structures that can be classed as 1332: 1999: 248: 1886: 2290:, whose own works are lost, was quoted by later classical authors as calling the people "Pretanoi", which is cognate with "Britanni" and is apparently Celtic in origin. The term "Celtic" continues to be used by linguists to describe the family that includes many of the ancient languages of Western Europe and modern British languages such as 1328:

were too sparse at that time. Until c.60,000 years ago there is no evidence of human occupation in Britain, probably due to inhospitable cold in some periods, Britain being cut off as an island in others, and the neighbouring areas of north-west Europe being unoccupied by hominins at times when Britain was both accessible and hospitable.

2195:

ancestry. During 1,000–875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, making up around half the ancestry of subsequent Iron Age people in this area, but not in northern Britain. The "evidence suggests that, rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic

1811:

of farming and a sedentary lifestyle is increasingly giving way to a more complex view of the changes and continuities in practices that can be observed from the Mesolithic period onwards. For example, the development of Neolithic monumental architecture, apparently venerating the dead, may represent

1201:

48 kilometres south of Happisburgh. They were in the lower Bytham river, and not the Thames which had now moved further south. Pakefield had mild winters and warm summers with average July temperatures of between 18 and 23 degrees C. There were wet winters and drier summers. Animal bones found in the

1850:

and dated to 3807 BC. Leaf-shaped arrowheads, round-based pottery types and the beginnings of polished axe production are common indicators of the period. Evidence of the use of cow's milk comes from analysis of pottery contents found beside the Sweet Track. According to archaeological evidence

962:

in Wales. Britain was unoccupied by humans between 180,000 and 60,000 years ago, when Neanderthals returned. By 40,000 years ago they had become extinct and modern humans had reached Britain. But even their occupations were brief and intermittent due to a climate which swung between low temperatures

2152:

from the continent, or whether a Beaker cultural "package" of goods and behaviour (which eventually spread across most of Western Europe) diffused to Britain's existing inhabitants through trade across tribal boundaries. A 2017 study suggests a major genetic shift in late Neolithic/early Bronze Age

1327:

The next glaciation closed in and by about 180,000 years ago Britain no longer had humans. About 130,000 years ago there was an interglacial period even warmer than today, which lasted 15,000 years. There were lions, elephants hyenas and hippos as well as deer. There were no humans. Possibly humans

1153:

Summer temperatures at Happisburgh were an average of 16-17 degrees C and average winter temperatures were slightly colder than present day temperatures, around freezing point or just below. Conditions were comparable to present-day southern Scandinavia. It is not established how early humans at

1131:

of 450,000 years ago. Paleo magnetic analysis shows that the sediments in which the stone tools were found have a reversed polarity- which means they are at least 780,000 years old. Plant remains as well as the presence of extinct species of vole, mammoth, red deer, horse and elk indicate a date

1980:

DNA, varying from 10 to 100% across the country, being higher in the east. This was considered to show a large degree of population replacement during the Anglo-Saxon invasion and a nearly complete masking over of whatever population movement (or lack of it) went before in these two countries.

1346:

This period is often divided into three subperiods: the Early Upper Palaeolithic (before the main glacial period), the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic (the main glacial period) and the Late Upper Palaeolithic (after the main glacial period). There was limited Neanderthal occupation of Britain in

2294:

without controversy. The dispute essentially revolves around how the word "Celtic" is defined; it is clear from the archaeological and historical record that Iron Age Britain did have much in common with Iron Age Gaul, but there were also many differences. Many leading academics, such as

2196:

structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between Britain and mainland Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of traders, intermarriage, and small scale movements of family groups". The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early

2817:

Parfitt, Simon A.; Ashton, Nick M.; Lewis, Simon G.; Abel, Richard L.; Coope, G. Russell; Field, Mike H.; Gale, Rowena; Hoare, Peter G.; Larkin, Nigel R.; Lewis, Mark D.; Karloukovski, Vassil; Maher, Barbara A.; Peglar, Sylvia M.; Preece, Richard C.; Whittaker, John E. (8 July 2010).

3601:

Federico Sánchez-Quinto; Hannes Schroeder; Oscar Ramirez; María C. Ávila-Arcos; Marc Pybus; Iñigo Olalde; Amhed M.V. Velazquez; María Encina Prada Marcos; Julio Manuel Vidal Encinas; Jaume Bertranpetit; Ludovic Orlando; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; Carles Lalueza-Fox (June 2012).

1180:

Reconstructing this ancient environment has provided clues to the route first visitors took to arrive at what was then a peninsula of the Eurasian continent. Archaeologists have found a string of early sites located close to the route of a now lost watercourse named the

2397:

The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw increasing sophistication in British life. About 100 BC, iron bars began to be used as currency, while internal trade and trade with continental Europe flourished, largely due to Britain's extensive mineral reserves.

1014:

was marked by an even greater population turnover, this time displacing more than 90% of Britain's neolithic ancestry in the process. This is documented by recent ancient DNA studies which demonstrate that the immigrants had large amounts of Bronze-Age Eurasian

1308:

support Levallois technology being a European rather than African introduction. The more advanced flint technology permitted more efficient hunting and therefore made Britain a more worthwhile place to remain until the following period of cooling known as the

3212:

Walker, M., Johnsen, S., Rasmussen, S. O., Popp, T., Steffensen, J.-P., Gibbard, P., Hoek, W., Lowe, J., Andrews, J., Bjo¨ rck, S., Cwynar, L. C., Hughen, K., Kershaw, P., Kromer, B., Litt, T., Lowe, D. J., Nakagawa, T., Newnham, R., and Schwander, J. 2009.

1769:

show that it had been wounded by hunters and escaped on three occasions, indicating hunting during the Mesolithic. A few Neolithic monuments overlie Mesolithic sites but little continuity can be demonstrated. Farming of crops and domestic animals was

1637:

was domesticated because of its benefits during hunting, and the wetland environments created by the warmer weather would have been a rich source of fish and game. Wheat of a variety grown in the Middle East was present on the Isle of Wight at the

3040:

Higham, T; Compton, T; Stringer, C; Jacobi, R; Shapiro, B; Trinkaus, E; Chandler, B; Groening, F; Collins, C; Hillson, S; O'Higgins, P; FitzGerald, C; Fagan, M (2011), "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe",

2124:

containing cremated individuals appearing in the archaeological record, with deposition of metal objects such as daggers. People of this period were also largely responsible for building many famous prehistoric sites such as the later phases of

2137:. They ate cattle, sheep, pigs and deer as well as shellfish and birds. They carried out salt manufacture. The wetlands were a source of wildfowl and reeds. There was ritual deposition of offerings in the wetlands and in holes in the ground. 1760:

Though the Mesolithic environment was bounteous, the rising population and the ancient Britons' success in exploiting it eventually led to local exhaustion of many natural resources. The remains of a Mesolithic elk found caught in a bog at

1753:, about 10,000 years ago. It has also been found in other Mesolithic remains in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France and Spain. Members of U5 may have been one of the most common haplogroups in Europe, before the 4356:

Alonso, Santos, Carlos Flores, Vicente Cabrera, Antonio Alonso, Pablo Martín, Cristina Albarrán, Neskuts Izagirre, Concepción de la Rúa and Oscar García. 2005. The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape.

2373:

expanded around 50 BC. They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43, although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed. A Gaulish tribe known as the

974:

existed between Britain and Ireland, however this conjecture began to be refuted by a consensus within the academic community starting in 1983, and since 2006 the idea of a land bridge has been disproven based upon conclusive

1705:

as nomadic is now being replaced with a more complex picture of seasonal occupation or, in some cases, permanent occupation. Travel distances seem to have become shorter, typically with movement between high and low ground.

1154:

Happisburgh would have been able to deal with the cold winters. It is possible that they migrated southwards during the winter but the distances are large. No evidence has been found for the use of fire during that period.

2160:) which some scholars think may indicate an invasion (or at least a migration) into Southern Great Britain c. the 12th century BC. This disruption was felt far beyond Britain, even beyond Europe, as most of the great 1276:

in Kent. The period has produced a rich and widespread distribution of sites by Palaeolithic standards, although uncertainty over the relationship between the Clactonian and Acheulean industries is still unresolved.

1417:

in Britain), although further extremes of cold right before the final thaw may have caused them to leave again and then return repeatedly. The environment during this ice age period would have been largely treeless

1774:

in Britain around 4500 BC, at least partly because of the need for reliable food sources. The climate had been warming since the later Mesolithic and continued to improve, replacing the earlier pine forests with

2448:

also wrote of Britain in about 50 BC after his two military expeditions to the island in 55 and 54 BC. The failed invasion during 54 BC is thought to be an attempt to conquer at least the southeast of Britain.

2393:

developed especially advanced pottery-making skills. The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements (oppida) large enough to be called towns.

1956:

and were genetically more similar to Beaker-associated people from the Lower Rhine area. The study argues that more than 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the coming of the Beaker people.

1862:

Pollen analysis shows that woodland was decreasing and grassland increasing, with a major decline of elms. The winters were typically 3 degrees colder than at present but the summers some 2.5 degrees warmer.

1700:

was discovered at the Star Carr site. A group of 25 pits, aligned with a watercourse, laid out in straight lines, up to 500 metres long, has been found at Linmere, Bedfordshire. The older view of Mesolithic

2409:

As the Roman Empire expanded northwards, Rome began to take interest in Britain. This may have been caused by an influx of refugees from Roman occupied Europe, or Britain's large mineral reserves. See

1506:

were also hunted, including rhino and hyena. From the limited evidence available, burial seemed to involve skinning and dismembering a corpse with the bones placed in caves. This suggests a practice of

1465:

ivory. These were fashioned into tools but also jewellery and rods of uncertain purpose. Flint seems to have been brought into areas with limited local resources; the stone tools found in the caves of

1656:

It is likely that these environmental changes were accompanied by social changes. Humans spread and reached the far north of Scotland during this period. Sites from the British Mesolithic include the

1280:

Britain was populated only intermittently, and even during periods of occupation may have reproduced below replacement level and needed immigration from elsewhere to maintain numbers. According to

1582:

were thought to have finally been submerged around 6500 to 6000 BC, but recent evidence suggests that the bridge may have lasted until between 5800 and 5400 BC, and possibly as late as 3800 BC.

1625:(wild cattle), which would have required different hunting techniques. Tools changed to incorporate barbs which could snag the flesh of an animal, making it harder for it to escape alive. Tiny 2264:

could clear forest land more efficiently for agriculture. There was a landscape of arable, pasture and managed woodland. There were many enclosed settlements and land ownership was important.

983:

existed between Britain and Ireland up until 16,000 years ago, but this had melted by around 14,000 years ago. Britain was at this time still joined to the Continent by a land bridge known as

3336: 1050:

that was in abundant supply. Although the main evidence for the period is archaeological, available genetic evidence is increasing, and views of British prehistory are evolving accordingly.

2187:

study, Patterson et al. (2021) uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the 500-year period 1,300–800 BC. The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from

1177:

and thence around the huge north-facing bay into which the Thames and Bytham also flowed. Humans in Happisburgh were in a great valley downstream from the joining of the two great rivers.

270: 4544: 1082:

episodes greatly affecting human settlement in the region. Providing dating for this distant period is difficult and contentious. The inhabitants of the region at this time were bands of

1393:, between about 26,500 and 19,000–20,000 years ago, drove humans out of Britain, and there is no evidence of occupation for around 18,000 years after c.33,000 years BP. Sites such as 3374: 1574:

people occupied Britain by around 9,000 BC, and it has been occupied ever since. By 8000 BC temperatures were higher than today, and birch woodlands spread rapidly, but there was a

2204:

rose swiftly in early Iron Age Britain, a thousand years before it became widespread in mainland Europe; suggesting milk became a very important foodstuff in Britain at this time.

4659: 3215:"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" 3091: 3001:"Late Neanderthal occupation in North-West Europe: rediscovery, investigation and dating of a last glacial sediment sequence at the site of La Cotte de Saint Brelade, Jersey" 2577: 2070:

began. By around 1600 BC the southwest of Britain was experiencing a trade boom as British tin was exported across Europe, evidence of ports being found in Southern Devon at

4771: 4555:

Britain BC Episode 1, the first episode of the film of Dr. Francis Pryor, a known expert on the Bronze Age, about British civilization, flourishing long before the Romans.

2153:

Britain, so that more than 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the coming of a people genetically related to the Beaker people of the lower-Rhine area.

4891: 4731: 1074:(Old Stone Age) Britain is the period of the earliest known occupation of Britain by humans. This huge period saw many changes in the environment, encompassing several 7243: 4896: 1409:

12,000 years BP, provide evidence suggesting that humans returned to Britain towards the end of this ice age during a warm period from 14,700 to 12,900 years ago (the

793: 7221: 4801: 4741: 771: 2200:

into Britain". There was much less migration into Britain during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. The study also found that

7248: 4736: 2751: 1976:

and from subsequent migrations. The percentage in Britain is smaller at around 11%. Initial studies suggested that this situation is different with the paternal

798: 6796: 4876: 874: 4751: 4704: 4629: 4609: 991:

this causeway of dry land would have become a series of estuaries, inlets and islands by 7000 BC, and by 6200 BC, it would have become completely submerged.

4756: 4726: 4746: 6290: 1260:

is likely to have driven humans out of Britain altogether and the region does not appear to have been occupied again until the ice receded during the

3718: 3352: 4929: 3951: 3405: 2736: 2671: 2603: 1897:

in Wiltshire, southern England, c. 2400 BC. The Neolithic saw the construction of a wide variety of monuments in the landscape, many of which were

2402:

was developed, based on continental types but bearing the names of local chieftains. This was used in southeast England, but not in areas such as

6687: 6428: 6024: 3772: 2515: 3257:

Kobashi, T.; et al. (2007). "Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8,200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice".

1842: — are, however, indicators of some nucleated settlement in Britain. Evidence of growing mastery over the environment is embodied in the 1457:

industry, with leaf-shaped points probably used as arrowheads. It produced more refined flint tools but also made use of bone, antler, shell,

2903:

by Rob Dinnis & Chris Stringer published by the Natural History Museum, London 2013. Reprinted with updates 2023. ISBN 978 0 565 09337 2

6643: 6152: 3921: 3382: 1374:

in 1927, which was re-dated in 2011 to between 41,000 and 44,000 years old. The most famous example from this period is the burial of the "

1355:, so seasonal migration between Britain and the continent is unlikely, but the main occupation may have been in the now submerged area of 4846: 4709: 7231: 2325:

or similar "defended enclosures" within Britain. By about 350 BC many hillforts went out of use and the remaining ones were reinforced.

1822:

The construction of the earliest earthwork sites in Britain began during the early Neolithic (c. 4400 BC – 3300 BC) in the form of

781: 7330: 6789: 6475: 5926: 867: 3743: 3919: 1570:

hunter gatherers, but this came to an end when there was a final downturn in temperature which lasted from around 9,400 to 9,200 BC.

4058: 1745:. This distribution and the age of the haplogroup indicate that individuals belonging to U5 were among the first people to resettle 2055:

arrived in Britain. Over the next thousand years, bronze gradually replaced stone as the main material for tool and weapon making.

2954: 1870:

monuments close to earlier barrows and the growth and abandonment of causewayed enclosures, as well as the building of impressive

1127:

were present in Britain over 800,000 years ago. The archaeological site at Happisburgh lies underneath glacial sediments from the

148: 1051: 2329:

was quoted as writing that the Britons were renowned wheat farmers. Large farmsteads produced food in industrial quantities and

2032:, notably the Iberian peninsula, the Netherlands and Central Europe. Beaker techniques brought to Britain the skill of refining 120: 7293: 7149: 4581: 4289:

Pearson, Mike; Cleal, Ros; Marshall, Peter; Needham, Stuart; Pollard, Josh; Richards, Colin; Ruggles, Clive; Sheridan, Alison;

1034:

inhabitants of Britain is known; therefore, the history, culture and way of life of pre-Roman Britain are known mainly through

845: 698: 1633:

appear in the archaeological record, although some flint blade types remained similar to their Palaeolithic predecessors. The

6782: 4403: 4398:

Miles, David. 2016. "The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic Revolution Transformed Britain". London Thames & Hudson Ltd.

4338: 4243: 4189: 4159: 3931: 3310: 2148:

There has been debate amongst archaeologists as to whether the "Beaker people" were a race of people who migrated to Britain

860: 334: 6992: 537: 7185: 7041: 4922: 2500: 1812:

more comprehensive social and ideological changes involving new interpretations of time, ancestry, community and identity.

1605:

that had previously sustained humans. Those animals were replaced in people's diets by pig and less social animals such as

733: 588: 127: 101: 56: 2616: 7168: 3558:

Deguilloux, M-F.; et al. (January 2011). "News from the west: Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber".

716: 7196: 1834:, although no long house villages have been found in Britain — only individual examples. The stone-built houses on 747: 7255: 7180: 7131: 6933: 4639: 2133:. The Bronze Age people lived in round houses and divided up the landscape. Stone rows are to be seen on, for example, 805: 728: 677: 476: 7260: 7126: 7077: 6053: 4959: 4452: 4438: 4424: 4386: 4217: 4203: 4119: 1639: 810: 672: 623: 314: 296: 229: 167: 134: 70: 994:

Located at the fringes of Europe, Britain received European technological and cultural developments much later than

963:

with a tundra habitat and severe ice ages which made Britain uninhabitable for long periods. The last of these, the

211: 7138: 7121: 7087: 7082: 7006: 6260: 6147: 2555: 1645: 1139: 684: 667: 633: 628: 550: 6981: 1937:, along with evidence of long-distance trade. Wooden tools and bowls were common, and bows were also constructed. 523: 7065: 7060: 6672: 6063: 5101: 4915: 3863:"Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (2009)" 998:

and the Mediterranean region did during prehistory. By around 4000 BC, the island was populated by people with a

611: 606: 17: 1351:

3 between about 60,000 and 42,000 years BP. Britain had its own unique variety of late Neanderthal handaxe, the

116: 7325: 7099: 7055: 645: 601: 196: 105: 3920:

Cunliffe, Karl, Guerra, McEvoy, Bradley; Oppenheimer, Rrvik, Isaac, Parsons, Koch, Freeman and Wodtko (2010).

7205: 7109: 7104: 6864: 6822: 6285: 5815: 5075: 4684: 2010:

This period can be sub-divided into an earlier phase (2300 to 1200 BC) and a later one (1200 – 700 BC).

1237:

flint tools (hand axes) and hunted the large native mammals of the period. One hypothesis is that they drove

755: 655: 650: 413: 371: 5143: 7315: 7173: 7025: 6832: 6813: 6805: 6280: 5820: 5293: 2926: 2530: 1684:

uncovered evidence of a large circular building dating to c. 7600 BC which is interpreted as a dwelling. A

1317: 959: 721: 569: 381: 363: 343: 4969: 3503:"Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians" 2684: 7320: 7072: 6883: 5246: 4886: 4766: 4260:

Lemercier, O. (2012). "Interpreting the Beaker phenomenon in Mediterranean France: an Iron Age analogy".

2313:

Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain. As people became more numerous,

2024:. With the revised Stonehenge chronology, this is after the Sarsen Circle and trilithons were erected at 1948:

had formerly been genetically similar to contemporary populations in the Iberian peninsula, but from the

618: 432: 3600: 2317:

broke out between opposing tribes. This was traditionally interpreted as the reason for the building of

7116: 7050: 6895: 6548: 6349: 4574: 2140: 1941: 1909:, appear during the later Neolithic (c. 2900 BC – c. 2200 BC). In addition, new enclosures called 662: 596: 444: 3768:

Overlapping Genetic and Archaeological Evidence Suggests Neolithic Migration, Say Stanford Researchers

3766: 1685: 1138:

is the most likely candidate species of ancient human as there are remains of roughly the same age at

891:

for almost a million years. The earliest evidence of human occupation around 900,000 years ago is at

6354: 6169: 2453: 1002:

culture. This neolithic population had significant ancestry from the earliest farming communities in

3427: 3279: 2999:

Bates, Martin; Pope, Matthew; Shaw, Andrew; Scott, Beccy; Schwenninger, Jean-Luc (16 October 2013).

7094: 6543: 5635: 5180: 4549: 3994: 3965: 2617:

Joseph T. Kelley, J. Andrew G. Cooper, Derek W.T. Jackson,Daniel F. Belknap, Rory J. Quinn (2006).

2176:

arrived in Britain at this time, but other elements of the Celtic cultural package derive from the

2157: 2015: 1370:

The earliest evidence for modern humans in North West Europe is a jawbone discovered in England at

1273: 923:. Until this time Britain had been permanently connected to the Continent by a chalk ridge between 640: 278: 274: 258: 62: 31: 30:

This article is about the prehistoric human occupation of Britain. For the geological history, see

6947: 5707: 5702: 3923:

Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature

2299:, still use the term to refer to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain for want of a better label. 1566:, which began around 9,700 BC, and continues to the present. There was then limited occupation by 1202:

area include rhinos, hippos, extinct elephants,giant deer, hyaenas, lions and sabre-toothed cats.

489: 7236: 7020: 7016: 6660: 6570: 5742: 5509: 5328: 5261: 4993: 4831: 4550:

An audio-visual presentation by Dr Mike Weale of UCL talking about genetic evidence for migration

3937: 1788: 1669: 1269: 1020: 786: 564: 560: 207: 141: 94: 3788: 3226: 1929:, which building reached its peak at this time. Industrial flint mining begins, such as that at 939:

broke through the ridge, and Britain became an island when sea levels rose during the following

7011: 6748: 6622: 6228: 6119: 6107: 5803: 5544: 5383: 5020: 4954: 4938: 4761: 4721: 4624: 3274: 2505: 2192: 1965: 1953: 1945: 1450: 1360: 1086:

who roamed Northern Europe following herds of animals, or who supported themselves by fishing.

928: 900: 555: 2267:

It is generally thought that by 500 BC most people inhabiting the British Isles were speaking

1042:

were involved in extensive maritime trade and cultural links with the rest of Europe from the

6487: 6423: 6297: 5990: 5916: 5690: 5685: 5623: 5562: 5499: 5447: 5440: 4986: 4567: 4476:

Weale, Michael E.; Weiss, Deborah A.; Jager, Rolf F.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2002).

2730: 2665: 2597: 2302: 1335: 1316:

230,000 years BP the landscape was reachable and Early Neanderthal remains discovered at the

266: 203: 5872: 3862: 1530:

Between about 12,890 and 11,650 years ago Britain returned to glacial conditions during the

7278: 7158: 6957: 6952: 6753: 6704: 6699: 6682: 6677: 6655: 6445: 6159: 6012: 5904: 5808: 5601: 5286: 5085: 5028: 4851: 4816: 4811: 4786: 4644: 4011: 3674: 3615: 3514: 3457: 3266: 3141: 3050: 3012: 2831: 2630: 2525: 2485: 2475: 2109: 1831: 1827: 1816: 1771: 1754: 1750: 1726: 1702: 1442: 1410: 1390: 1375: 1348: 1229: 1193:

Chronologically, the next evidence of human occupation is at Pakefield on the outskirts of

1169:, flowing east from the English Midlands and then across the north of East Anglia, and the 1039: 911: 830: 706: 499: 494: 5256: 4494: 4477: 2789: 1807:

The Neolithic was the period of domestication of plants and animals, but the arrival of a

8: 6976: 6911: 6901: 6849: 6844: 6837: 6743: 6408: 6213: 6046: 5579: 5452: 5333: 5308: 4841: 4791: 4699: 4689: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4649: 4634: 4619: 4614: 4604: 3899: 3446:"Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers" 2314: 2201: 1297: 1264:. This warmer time period lasted from around 424,000 until 374,000 years ago and saw the 1011: 518: 460: 450: 398: 393: 386: 4523: 4015: 3678: 3619: 3518: 3461: 3270: 3145: 3054: 3016: 2835: 2634: 2440:, a text which is now lost but which is incorporated in the writing of the later author 967:, ended around 11,700 years ago, and since then Britain has been continuously occupied. 7283: 6962: 6890: 6859: 6827: 6694: 6597: 6499: 6312: 5494: 5224: 5190: 4881: 4836: 4826: 4806: 4796: 4781: 4776: 4694: 4679: 4654: 4590: 4317: 4277: 4198:

Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.). 1993. The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge.

4062: 4032: 3945: 3831: 3695: 3662: 3583: 3540: 3483: 3165: 3129: 3124:

Clark, Peter U.; Dyke, Arthur S.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E.; Clark, Jorie;

3074: 2958: 2820:"Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe" 2718: 2646: 2470: 2375: 1990: 1575: 1515:. Artistic expression seems to have been mostly limited to engraved bone, although the 1128: 932: 924: 835: 504: 439: 408: 376: 7030: 6969: 6906: 6854: 6736: 6726: 6716: 6665: 6322: 6240: 5534: 5519: 5504: 5484: 5375: 5354: 5165: 5008: 4856: 4821: 4716: 4499: 4448: 4434: 4420: 4399: 4382: 4334: 4321: 4239: 4213: 4199: 4185: 4155: 4115: 4037: 3927: 3873: 3835: 3700: 3643: 3575: 3532: 3487: 3475: 3406:"DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe" 3344: 3306: 3222: 3157: 3132:; Hostetler, Steven W. & McCabe, A. Marshall (2009). "The Last Glacial Maximum". 3125: 3066: 2971:

Ancestors - A Prehistory of Britain in Seven Burials. Audiobook by Alice Roberts 2021

2855: 2847: 2722: 2650: 2480: 2456:

in 43 AD led to most of the island falling under Roman rule, and began the period of

2225: 2177: 1961: 1808: 1722: 1555: 1543: 1512: 1313:, 352,000–130,000 years ago. Britain first became an island about 350,000 years ago. 1289: 574: 511: 455: 403: 4281: 3587: 3288: 2422:

The first significant written record of Britain and its inhabitants was made by the

7226: 6871: 6731: 6638: 6381: 6164: 5964: 5884: 5840: 5640: 5462: 5313: 5273: 4489: 4309: 4269: 4027: 4019: 4002: 3823: 3690: 3682: 3633: 3623: 3567: 3544: 3522: 3465: 3284: 3169: 3149: 3078: 3058: 3020: 2934: 2839: 2708: 2698: 2685:

J. Walker, V. Gaffney, S. Fitch, M. Muru, A. Fraser, M. Bates and R. Bates (2020).

2638: 2268: 2260:

could turn soil more quickly and deeply than older wooden or bronze ones, and iron

2213: 2197: 2173: 2156:

There is evidence of a relatively large scale disruption of cultural patterns (see

1890: 1830:, sites which have parallels on the continent. The former may be derived from the 1762: 1470: 1324:, and are the most north westerly Neanderthal remains found anywhere in the world. 1310: 776: 420: 6223: 6179: 2229: 6612: 6582: 6344: 6272: 6250: 6208: 6103: 6073: 5938: 5933: 5584: 5467: 5038: 4534: 3776: 2642: 2490: 2280: 2184: 1969: 1847: 1746: 1710: 1697: 1551: 1474: 1422:, eventually replaced by a gradually warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees 1402: 1367:

is the only site in the British Isles to have produced late Neanderthal fossils.

1173:, which then flowed further north than today. Early humans may have followed the 1162: 1134: 1083: 1024: 1016: 995: 905: 3719:"How new archaeological discovery in Yorkshire could rewrite British prehistory" 3663:"A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes" 3214: 2341: 1437: 1209:

Approximate route of the pre-Anglian Bytham River, on a modern topographical map

6774: 6721: 6648: 6470: 6435: 6366: 6255: 6127: 5835: 5420: 5410: 5231: 5212: 4231: 4023: 3337:"Discovery of up to 25 Mesolithic pits in Bedfordshire astounds archaeologists" 2423: 2306: 2296: 2291: 2098: 2029: 2011: 2003: 1968:

populations shows that over 80% are descended in the female line from European

1949: 1681: 1673: 1629:

were developed for hafting onto harpoons and spears. Woodworking tools such as

1520: 1398: 1339: 1321: 1124: 1100: 988: 976: 4554: 4331:

The British Palaeolithic: Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World

4313: 4273: 3827: 3686: 3628: 3603: 3527: 3502: 2819: 1185:

which indicate that it was exploited as the earliest route west into Britain.

1006:, indicating that a major migration accompanied farming. The beginning of the 7309: 7288: 7216: 7211: 7001: 6607: 6592: 6538: 6516: 6413: 6401: 6317: 6186: 6068: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5717: 5628: 5557: 5298: 5241: 5219: 5128: 5060: 5055: 5033: 4290: 4132: 3877: 3804: 3348: 2939: 2851: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2457: 2445: 2431: 2411: 2386: 2169: 1972:. Less than 20% are descended in the female line from Neolithic farmers from 1934: 1730: 1718: 1567: 1531: 1383: 1261: 1257: 964: 940: 888: 840: 766: 761: 545: 5148: 3470: 3445: 3375:"6.1 Mesolithic lifestyles | The Scottish Archaeological Research Framework" 3192: 3153: 2058:

Britain had large, easily accessible reserves of tin in the modern areas of

1859:

of seawater around this time, enabling more effective preservation of meat.

1352: 7163: 6876: 6526: 6482: 6463: 6418: 6218: 6142: 5899: 5894: 5850: 5477: 5359: 5323: 5303: 5155: 5133: 5045: 4503: 4041: 3704: 3647: 3579: 3536: 3479: 3161: 3070: 2922: 2859: 2807:

has not survived, and only brief pieces of it are known from other writers.

2550: 2510: 2436: 2370: 2330: 2075: 2047:(which is much harder than copper) by mixing copper with a small amount of 1977: 1926: 1906: 1894: 1879: 1871: 1866:

The Middle Neolithic (c. 3300 BC – c. 2900 BC) saw the development of

1677: 1657: 1649: 1524: 1394: 1371: 1281: 1246: 1223: 1182: 1170: 1166: 1079: 1071: 1055: 1031: 711: 425: 6575: 4445:

The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry.

4092:

Collis, John. The Celts – Origins, Myths and Inventions. Tempus, 2003

4059:"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain" 2955:"The oldest people in Wales – Neanderthal teeth from Pontnewydd Cave" 2752:"Study Rewrites History of Ancient Land Bridge Between Britain and Europe" 2378:, who had cultural links to the continent, appeared in northeast England. 2333:

sources note that Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves.

1597:

forest; this less open landscape was less conducive to the large herds of

6565: 6555: 6511: 6506: 6458: 6396: 6359: 6332: 6233: 6203: 6078: 6000: 5921: 5909: 5670: 5655: 5645: 5616: 5574: 5489: 5457: 5405: 5338: 5175: 5050: 4907: 3995:"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age" 2703: 2686: 2495: 2253: 2165: 2104:

Early Bronze Age Britons buried their dead beneath earth mounds known as

1856: 1843: 1823: 1734: 1714: 1602: 1508: 1486: 1454: 1116: 1112: 1035: 971: 947: 892: 3870:

Palaeohispánica: Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua

3062: 2843: 2791:

The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe

1221:

illustrate the later arrival in the archaeological record of an archaic

6709: 6602: 6560: 6376: 6339: 6302: 6198: 5785: 5697: 5524: 5425: 5398: 5318: 5116: 5070: 4981: 4949: 4294: 3808: 3638: 3571: 2713: 2126: 2117: 2079: 2052: 2025: 2021: 1918: 1839: 1800: 1796: 1766: 1579: 1571: 1427: 1356: 1265: 1242: 1161:, connected by a chalk ridge running across to northern France and the 1146:

lived before the ancestors of Neanderthals split from the ancestors of

1089: 1007: 984: 980: 951: 3191:

U-series dating suggests Welsh reindeer is Britain's oldest rock art,

3000: 2434:. However, there may be some additional information on Britain in the 1165:

did not yet exist. There were two main rivers in eastern Britain: the

6924: 6617: 6386: 6371: 5969: 5954: 5879: 5862: 5780: 5665: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5514: 5393: 5281: 5207: 4974: 4964: 4559: 3025: 2520: 2318: 2252:. Iron working revolutionised many aspects of life, most importantly 2161: 2113: 1914: 1852: 1742: 1693: 1665: 1661: 1626: 1618: 1453:

of the Upper Palaeolithic in Britain is what archaeologists call the

1401:

on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire at 12,800BP and

1234: 1205: 1194: 1043: 999: 936: 351: 4461:. New York, Norton & Co. (Published in the UK, also in 2006, as 4459:

Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland

3900:"New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal" 2619:"Sea-level change and inner shelf stratigraphy off Northern Ireland" 2618: 2221: 1058:

although some historical information is available from before then.

214:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 83: 6391: 6327: 6174: 6132: 5867: 5775: 5650: 5472: 5435: 5415: 3604:"Genomic Affinities of Two 7,000-Year-Old Iberian Hunter-Gatherers" 2578:"The Island of Ireland: Drowning the Myth of an Irish Land-bridge?" 2441: 2403: 2399: 2322: 2249: 2237: 2134: 2130: 2059: 2041: 1973: 1930: 1898: 1875: 1776: 1614: 1610: 1598: 1563: 1516: 1491: 1406: 1305: 1238: 1214: 1093: 1003: 916: 277:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

4365:

Facing the Ocean: The Atlantic and Its Peoples, 8000 BC to AD 1500

6453: 6245: 6191: 6137: 5959: 5765: 5675: 5529: 5430: 5388: 5251: 5170: 5123: 5111: 4539: 2804: 2427: 2362: 2326: 2287: 2272: 2105: 2097:, and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy 2071: 1922: 1689: 1622: 1503: 1462: 1423: 1198: 1120: 1106: 1096: 1075: 896: 1952:

period onwards, all British individuals had high proportions of

1729:. Within modern European populations, U5 is now concentrated in 6521: 6058: 6036: 5889: 5825: 5770: 5160: 5138: 5106: 5080: 2687:"A great wave: the Storegga tsunami and the end of Doggerland?" 2366: 2358: 2276: 2275:

of Massalia and transmitted to us second-hand, largely through

2257: 2245: 2164:

empires collapsed (or experienced severe difficulties) and the

2094: 2090: 2067: 2044: 2037: 1867: 1835: 1481: 1419: 1378:" (actually now known to be a man) in modern-day coastal South 1364: 1301: 1218: 1158: 920: 4518: 2349:

The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw an influx of

1998: 1717:, human remains dated to c. 7150 BC found in Gough's Cave at 1331: 970:

Traditionally it was claimed by academics that a post-glacial

6587: 6307: 6041: 5995: 5857: 5712: 5660: 5236: 5202: 2390: 2350: 2085:

The Beaker people were also skilled at making ornaments from

2063: 2033: 1910: 1738: 1606: 1594: 1590: 1499: 1466: 1458: 1431: 1379: 1174: 909:. The oldest human fossils, around 500,000 years old, are of 3926:. Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. p. 384. 1885: 1585:

The warmer climate changed the arctic environment to one of

1578:

around 6,200 BC which lasted about 150 years. The plains of

6533: 6494: 5974: 5830: 5760: 5680: 5552: 5065: 4288: 4101:

James, Simon. The Atlantic Celts British Museum Press, 1999

3444:

Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, et al. (October 2009).

3039: 2382: 2354: 2241: 2188: 2121: 2086: 1630: 1586: 955: 2575: 5845: 5611: 5569: 4431:

Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans

2261: 2048: 2028:. Several regions of origin have been postulated for the 1634: 1300:

flint tools introduced, possibly by humans arriving from

1250: 1047: 1038:

finds. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that ancient

958:, and of classic Neanderthals about 225,000 years old at 3842: 3092:"Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought" 2430:, who explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 2172:

basin around this time. Some scholars consider that the

2040:, but from around 2150 BCE smiths had discovered how to 1940:

Changes in Neolithic culture could have been due to the

4419:. Stroud, Gloucestershire and Charleston, SC: Tempus. 3790:

European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 1293–1302

1511:

and secondary burial, and possibly some form of ritual

1359:, with summer migrations to Britain in warmer periods. 887:

Several species of humans have intermittently occupied

4528: 4478:"Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration" 4475: 3737: 3431: 3206: 3123: 2816: 1846:, a wooden trackway built to cross the marshes of the 950:

dating to around 400,000 years ago have been found at

2271:, on the limited evidence of place-names recorded by 1944:

that occurred in that time. A 2017 study showed that

3992: 3802: 3109:

Dinnis, Robert (Winter 2012). "Hunting the Hunter".

1389:The climatic deterioration which culminated in the 1304:. However, finds from Swanscombe and Botany Pit in 1233:around 500,000 years ago. These early peoples made 108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3443: 2998: 2336: 2248:, and its introduction marks the beginning of the 2144:Bronze Age and Iron Age artefacts from East Anglia 3993:Patterson, Nick; et al. (22 December 2021). 2240:techniques reached Britain from southern Europe. 261:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 7307: 6804: 4359:European Journal of Human Genetics 13:1293–1302. 3557: 2957:. National Museum of Wales. 2007. Archived from 2785: 2783: 2781: 2020:BC along with flat axes and burial practices of 4110:Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.) (1993). 2516:List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain 1749:, following the retreat of ice sheets from the 4225:The Celts – Origins, Myths and Inventions 3757:Stephen Openheimer, The Origins of the British 3430:. Scottish Archaeological Research framework ( 1107:First trace of human settlement at Happisburgh 1054:in 55 BC is regarded as the start of recorded 6790: 4923: 4575: 4372:The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek 3745:Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 1008–1021 3500: 2778: 2749: 868: 4328: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3950:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3501:Malmstrom, H.; et al. (November 2009). 2901:Britain One Million Years of the Human Story 2735:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2670:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2602:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2345:Gold Celtic coins from the Farmborough Hoard 1534:, and may have been unoccupied for periods. 4519:Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Project 3654: 3397: 2414:for the history of this subsequent period. 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6797: 6783: 4937: 4930: 4916: 4582: 4568: 4529:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework 4053: 4051: 3782: 3379:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework 2927:"How Britain Became An Island: The report" 2896: 1755:spread of agriculture from the Middle East 1430:) in summer, encouraging the expansion of 1188: 1157:At this time, Britain was a peninsula of 875: 861: 4493: 4470:A Guide to Prehistoric Remains in Britain 4259: 4031: 3975: 3848: 3694: 3637: 3627: 3560:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3526: 3469: 3278: 3193:http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2012/8606.html 3024: 2965: 2938: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2769: 2712: 2702: 2112:alongside the body. Later in the period, 1320:in Wales have been dated to 230,000 1052:Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain 315:Learn how and when to remove this message 297:Learn how and when to remove this message 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 168:Learn how and when to remove this message 4391:Hawkes, Jaquetta and Christopher. 1943. 4230: 3426:Saville, A. and Wickham-Jones, C. 2019. 3305:Oxford University Press, USA (Jun 2009) 2340: 2301: 2220: 2139: 1997: 1884: 1795: 1644: 1550: 1436: 1330: 1204: 1111:There is evidence from animal bones and 1088: 4149: 4048: 3334: 3256: 2921: 1826:used for communal burial and the first 1498:), although other mammals ranging from 27:Prehistoric human occupation of Britain 14: 7308: 4589: 4545:Ancient Britons come mainly from Spain 4179: 3108: 2873: 2116:was adopted as a burial practice with 1562:The Younger Dryas was followed by the 979:evidence. It is now concluded that an 6778: 6101: 5740: 5006: 4911: 4563: 4495:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160 3494: 3330: 3328: 2452:After some further false starts, the 2244:was stronger and more plentiful than 2036:. At first the users made items from 1397:in Swansea County dated at 14,500BP, 6102: 3958: 3860: 2501:Genetic history of the British Isles 2014:appears in England around 2475–2315 1882:and individual burials also appear. 1434:trees as well as shrub and grasses. 241: 179: 106:adding citations to reliable sources 77: 36: 7244:Post-war period (political history) 4535:700,000-year-old remains in Norfolk 4329:Pettitt, Paul; White, Mark (2012). 2576:Edwards, R.J., Brooks, A.J (2008). 794:Post-war period (political history) 24: 4349: 3660: 3403: 3325: 2989:Pettitt and White, pp. 332, 349–51 1256:The extreme cold of the following 350: 25: 7342: 7331:Archaeology of the United Kingdom 6054:Megalithic architectural elements 4512: 3966:"O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix" 2381:From around 175 BC, the areas of 1905:Different pottery types, such as 1640:Bouldnor Cliff Mesolithic Village 1473:, seem to have been sourced from 1046:onwards, especially by exporting 344:History of the British Isles 52:This article has multiple issues. 7249:Post-war period (social history) 6923: 5741: 4524:Britain's human history revealed 3897: 1249:over the tops of cliffs or into 1019:, associated with the spread of 799:Post-war period (social history) 246: 184: 82: 41: 6673:Evolutionary origin of religion 4482:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4143: 4125: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 3913: 3891: 3854: 3796: 3760: 3751: 3711: 3594: 3551: 3437: 3420: 3381:. 16 April 2012. Archived from 3367: 3316: 3295: 3289:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.009 3250: 3241: 3232: 3203:Pettitt and White, pp. 489, 497 3197: 3185: 3176: 3117: 3102: 3084: 3033: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2947: 2915: 2906: 2417: 2337:Late pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA) 1698:a building dating to c. 8500 BC 1480:The dominant food species were 1115:found in coastal deposits near 1066: 1030:No written language of the pre- 927:and northern France called the 93:needs additional citations for 60:or discuss these issues on the 4417:Farmers in Prehistoric Britain 3335:Alberge, Dalya (3 July 2023). 3303:Handbook of Prehistoric Europe 2810: 2803:The 4th-century BC account by 2797: 2743: 2678: 2610: 2582:The Irish Naturalists' Journal 2569: 1713:was carried out on a tooth of 1527:caves are notable exceptions. 13: 1: 6286:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 5816:British megalith architecture 4210:British History Encyclopedia. 4152:The Roman Invasion of Britain 3005:Journal of Quaternary Science 2912:Pettitt and White, pp. 132–33 2556:Arthur's Stone, Herefordshire 2218:(around 750 BC – 43 AD) 2101:of central southern Britain. 1984: 1855:, salt was being produced by 1537: 6806:History of the British Isles 6281:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 5821:Nordic megalith architecture 4408:Oppenheimer, Stephen. 2006. 4139:. Oxford: BAR Brit. Ser. 62. 4137:British Hill-forts: An Index 3872:. Palaeohispanica: 339–351. 2643:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.002 2369:, who were displaced as the 2228:, in the Insular version of 1782: 1688:has also been identified at 1642:dating from about 6,000 BC. 1061: 899:coast, with stone tools and 7: 4333:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. 4238:. Oxford University Press. 4184:. London: William Collins. 3428:Palaeolithic and Mesolithic 3111:The British Museum Magazine 2463: 2207: 2191:, and had higher levels of 2051:. With this discovery, the 935:around 425,000 years ago a 210:the claims made and adding 10: 7347: 6429:British Isles and Brittany 6350:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 4468:Wainright, Richard. 1978. 4433:. London, Harper-Collins. 4410:The Origins of the British 4377:Darvill, Timothy C. 1987. 4367:. Oxford University Press. 4172: 4131: 4024:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4 3259:Quaternary Science Reviews 2357:(approximately modern day 2211: 2078:. Copper was mined at the 1988: 1786: 1541: 1413:interstadial known as the 1253:to more easily kill them. 29: 7270: 7195: 7148: 7040: 6991: 6932: 6921: 6812: 6631: 6444: 6271: 6118: 6114: 6097: 5983: 5947: 5796: 5753: 5749: 5736: 5543: 5374: 5347: 5272: 5198: 5189: 5094: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5002: 4945: 4867: 4597: 4395:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 4314:10.1017/S0003598X00095624 4274:10.1017/S0003598X00062505 3828:10.1017/S0003598X00095624 3687:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044 3629:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.005 3528:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 3182:Pettitt and White, p. 422 2980:Pettitt and White, p. 292 2775:Cunliffe, 2012, pp. 47–56 2454:Roman conquest of Britain 1946:British Neolithic farmers 1838: — such as those at 1272:develop at sites such as 4465:. London, Bantam Books.) 4381:. London: B.T. Batsford 4154:. Batsford. p. 85. 4150:Webster, Graham (1980). 2940:10.1038/npre.2007.1205.1 2562: 2158:Late Bronze Age collapse 1995:(Around 2200 to 750 BC) 1917:and the famous sites of 1099:, c. 500,000 BP, at the 32:Geology of Great Britain 7078:Early medieval Scotland 6661:Evolutionary musicology 6064:Oldest extant buildings 5991:Archaeological features 5510:Prepared-core technique 4370:Cunliffe, Barry. 2002. 4295:"The Age of Stonehenge" 4256:. British Museum Press. 3809:"The Age of Stonehenge" 3471:10.1126/science.1176869 3434:). Accessed April 2022. 3238:Ashton, pp. 243, 270–72 3154:10.1126/science.1172873 2353:speaking refugees from 1913:were built, along with 1793:(c. 4,300 to 2,000 BC) 1789:Neolithic British Isles 1733:, among members of the 1548:(c. 9,000 to 4,300 BC) 1415:Windermere Interstadial 1189:Settlement at Pakefield 1021:Indo-European languages 624:Early medieval Scotland 7122:Early medieval Ireland 7088:Late medieval Scotland 7083:High medieval Scotland 7056:Early medieval England 6623:Unchambered long cairn 6471:Mound Builders culture 5804:Neolithic architecture 4939:Prehistoric technology 4640:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4429:Pryor, Francis. 2003. 4415:Pryor, Francis. 1999. 4363:Cunliffe, Barry 2001. 4293:; et al. (2007). 4083:The Agricola, Tacitus. 2750:Nora McGreevy (2020). 2506:Happisburgh footprints 2346: 2310: 2233: 2145: 2007: 1902: 1804: 1653: 1559: 1446: 1361:La Cotte de St Brelade 1343: 1210: 1103: 946:Fossils of very early 929:Weald-Artois Anticline 668:Early medieval Ireland 634:Late medieval Scotland 629:High medieval Scotland 602:Early medieval England 355: 7326:Prehistory by country 7169:Early modern Scotland 7132:Late medieval Ireland 7127:High medieval Ireland 7066:Late medieval England 7061:High medieval England 7017:Protohistoric Ireland 6298:List of Stone Age art 5500:Microblade technology 5448:Langdale axe industry 5046:Ard / plough 4212:1999. Paragon House. 4180:Ashton, Nick (2017). 4114:. London: Routledge. 3322:Cunliffe, 2012, p. 56 3247:Cunliffe, 2012, p. 58 2344: 2309:, Scotland, c. 100 BC 2305: 2224: 2143: 2001: 1888: 1828:causewayed enclosures 1799: 1648: 1554: 1542:Further information: 1440: 1336:Robin Hood Cave Horse 1334: 1296:This period also saw 1208: 1092: 717:Early modern Scotland 678:Late medieval Ireland 673:High medieval Ireland 612:Late medieval England 607:High medieval England 561:Protohistoric Ireland 354: 117:"Prehistoric Britain" 7279:House of Plantagenet 7181:Early modern Ireland 7164:Early modern England 7159:Early modern Britain 7100:Early medieval Wales 6958:Prehistoric Shetland 6953:Prehistoric Scotland 6705:Prehistoric medicine 6700:Prehistoric counting 6683:Prehistoric religion 6678:Paleolithic religion 6656:Behavioral modernity 6013:Causewayed enclosure 5905:Abri de la Madeleine 5029:Neolithic Revolution 4540:The Boxgrove project 4472:. London: Constable. 4457:Sykes, Brian. 2006. 4443:Sykes, Brian. 2001. 4412:. London: Constable. 4252:James, Simon. 1999. 4223:Collis, John. 2003. 4112:The Celtic Languages 3661:Fu, Qiaomei (2013). 3221:, Vol. 24 pp. 3–17. 2756:Smithsonian Magazine 2704:10.15184/aqy.2020.49 2486:Prehistoric Cornwall 2476:Prehistoric Scotland 1878:types. The earliest 1817:Neolithic Revolution 1751:Last Glacial Maximum 1725:(mtDNA) belonged to 1461:, animal teeth, and 1443:Last Glacial Maximum 1391:Last Glacial Maximum 1376:Red Lady of Paviland 1349:marine isotope stage 1230:Homo heidelbergensis 941:Hoxnian interglacial 912:Homo heidelbergensis 831:House of Plantagenet 729:Early modern Ireland 712:Early modern England 707:Early modern Britain 646:Early medieval Wales 500:Prehistoric Shetland 495:Prehistoric Scotland 267:improve this article 102:improve this article 7316:Prehistoric Britain 7256:Late modern Ireland 7150:Early modern period 7110:Late medieval Wales 7105:High medieval Wales 6977:Prehistoric Ireland 6948:Prehistoric England 6943:Prehistoric Britain 6744:Prehistoric warfare 5490:Magdalenian culture 5453:Levallois technique 5384:Earliest toolmaking 4868:States with limited 4591:Prehistoric Europe 4393:Prehistoric Britain 4379:Prehistoric Britain 4016:2022Natur.601..588P 3861:Koch, John (2009). 3775:9 June 2011 at the 3679:2013CBio...23..553F 3620:2012CBio...22.1494S 3519:2009CBio...19.1758M 3462:2009Sci...326..137B 3271:2007QSRv...26.1212K 3265:(9–10): 1212–1222. 3146:2009Sci...325..710C 3130:Mitrovica, Jerry X. 3063:10.1038/nature10484 3055:2011Natur.479..521H 3017:2013JQS....28..647B 2844:10.1038/nature09117 2836:2010Natur.466..229P 2635:2006MGeol.232....1K 2168:harried the entire 2006:, Wales, c. 1900 BC 1449:The first distinct 1445:c. 20,000 years ago 1150:600,000 years ago. 1012:Bell Beaker culture 806:Late modern Ireland 699:Early modern period 656:Late medieval Wales 651:High medieval Wales 519:Prehistoric Ireland 490:Prehistoric England 485:Prehistoric Britain 279:footnote references 7321:Prehistoric Europe 7284:House of Lancaster 7237:World Wars (Wales) 7197:Late modern period 7174:Early modern Wales 6963:Prehistoric Orkney 6934:Prehistoric period 6695:Origin of language 6688:Spiritual drug use 6598:Rectangular dolmen 6500:Dartmoor kistvaens 6313:Carved stone balls 6025:Circular enclosure 5984:Other architecture 5927:Alp pile dwellings 5515:Solutrean industry 5426:Gravettian culture 5076:Secondary products 4463:Blood of the Isles 4254:The Atlantic Celts 4065:. 22 December 2021 4063:University of York 3807:(September 2007). 3572:10.1002/ajpa.21376 3385:on 21 October 2020 3219:J. Quaternary Sci. 3126:Wohlfarth, Barbara 3098:. 2 November 2011. 3096:The New York Times 2697:(378): 1409–1425. 2471:Prehistoric Europe 2347: 2311: 2234: 2146: 2008: 1991:Bronze Age Britain 1903: 1805: 1654: 1560: 1447: 1441:Europe during the 1344: 1290:Lower Palaeolithic 1211: 1129:Anglian glaciation 1104: 933:Anglian Glaciation 925:South East England 836:House of Lancaster 787:World Wars (Wales) 748:Late modern period 722:Early modern Wales 505:Prehistoric Orkney 477:Prehistoric period 356: 195:possibly contains 7303: 7302: 7186:Early modern Mann 7073:Medieval Scotland 7031:Sub-Roman Britain 7026:End of Roman rule 6970:Prehistoric Wales 6772: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6717:Prehistoric music 6666:music archaeology 6323:Cup and ring mark 6148:Clothing/textiles 6093: 6092: 6089: 6088: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5535:Yubetsu technique 5520:Striking platform 5485:Lithic technology 5370: 5369: 5355:Game drive system 5274:Projectile points 5166:Mortar and pestle 4905: 4904: 4404:978-0-500-05186-3 4340:978-0-415-67455-3 4245:978-0-19-967945-4 4191:978-0-00-815035-8 4161:978-0-7134-1329-8 4010:(7894): 588–594. 3933:978-1-84217-410-4 3404:Balter, Michael. 3311:978-0-19-538476-5 3049:(7374): 521–524, 2931:Nature Precedings 2830:(7303): 229–233. 2481:Prehistoric Wales 2236:In around 750 BC 2226:Wandsworth Shield 2202:lactose tolerance 2178:Hallstatt culture 1962:mitochondrial DNA 1815:In any case, the 1809:Neolithic package 1803:, c. 3000–2500 BC 1731:North-East Europe 1723:mitochondrial DNA 1676:. Excavations at 1556:Star Carr Pendant 1544:Mesolithic Europe 989:rising sea levels 977:marine geological 931:, but during the 903:probably made by 885: 884: 734:Early modern Mann 619:Medieval Scotland 575:Sub-Roman Britain 570:End of Roman rule 512:Prehistoric Wales 325: 324: 317: 307: 306: 299: 240: 239: 232: 197:original research 178: 177: 170: 152: 75: 16:(Redirected from 7338: 7261:Late modern Mann 7232:Second World War 7217:Edwardian period 7212:Victorian period 7117:Medieval Ireland 7051:Medieval England 6993:Classical period 6982:Prehistoric Mann 6927: 6884:Northern Ireland 6799: 6792: 6785: 6776: 6775: 6732:Divje Babe flute 6639:Archaeoastronomy 6382:Petrosomatoglyph 6116: 6115: 6099: 6098: 5948:Water management 5751: 5750: 5738: 5737: 5641:Denticulate tool 5463:Lithic reduction 5196: 5195: 5017: 5016: 5004: 5003: 4932: 4925: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4598:Sovereign states 4584: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4507: 4497: 4488:(7): 1008–1021. 4447:Bantam, London. 4344: 4325: 4308:(313): 617–639. 4299: 4285: 4249: 4195: 4166: 4165: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4035: 3999: 3990: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3941: 3940:on 12 June 2010. 3936:. Archived from 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3822:(313): 617–639. 3813: 3800: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3631: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3530: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3473: 3456:(5949): 137–40. 3441: 3435: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3351:. Archived from 3332: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026:10.1002/jqs.2669 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2961:on 13 June 2013. 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2814: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2787: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2716: 2706: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2573: 2269:Common Brythonic 2232:, 2nd century BC 2214:British Iron Age 2198:Celtic languages 2174:Celtic languages 2082:in North Wales. 1970:hunter-gatherers 1960:Analysis of the 1763:Poulton-le-Fylde 1311:Wolstonian Stage 1284:and Mark White: 1084:hunter-gatherers 877: 870: 863: 811:Late modern Mann 782:Second World War 767:Edwardian period 762:Victorian period 663:Medieval Ireland 597:Medieval England 538:Classical period 524:Prehistoric Mann 433:Northern Ireland 329: 328: 320: 313: 302: 295: 291: 288: 282: 250: 249: 242: 235: 228: 224: 221: 215: 212:inline citations 188: 187: 180: 173: 166: 162: 159: 153: 151: 110: 86: 78: 67: 45: 44: 37: 21: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7266: 7265: 7227:Interwar period 7222:First World War 7191: 7190: 7144: 7143: 7042:Medieval period 7036: 7035: 6987: 6986: 6928: 6919: 6918: 6902:Channel Islands 6838:Isles of Scilly 6808: 6803: 6773: 6760: 6627: 6613:Stone box grave 6583:Megalithic tomb 6488:Cotswold-Severn 6440: 6345:Guardian stones 6273:Prehistoric art 6267: 6110: 6085: 6074:Timber trackway 5979: 5943: 5939:Wattle and daub 5792: 5771:Standing stones 5745: 5724: 5539: 5366: 5343: 5268: 5185: 5095:Food processing 5090: 5039:New World crops 5011: 4998: 4941: 4936: 4906: 4901: 4887:Northern Cyprus 4869: 4863: 4772:North Macedonia 4593: 4588: 4515: 4510: 4352: 4350:Further reading 4347: 4341: 4297: 4268:(331): 131–43. 4246: 4232:Cunliffe, Barry 4192: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4148: 4144: 4130: 4126: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4049: 3997: 3991: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3865: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3811: 3803:Pearson, Mike; 3801: 3797: 3787: 3783: 3779:(press release) 3777:Wayback Machine 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3725:. 31 March 2021 3723:The Independent 3717: 3716: 3712: 3667:Current Biology 3659: 3655: 3608:Current Biology 3599: 3595: 3556: 3552: 3513:(20): 1758–62. 3507:Current Biology 3499: 3495: 3442: 3438: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3301:McIntosh, Jane 3300: 3296: 3280:10.1.1.462.9271 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3140:(5941): 710–4. 3122: 3118: 3107: 3103: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3038: 3034: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2744: 2728: 2727: 2683: 2679: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2615: 2611: 2595: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2466: 2420: 2365:) known as the 2339: 2281:Celtic language 2216: 2210: 2185:archaeogenetics 2108:, often with a 2002:Gold cape from 1993: 1987: 1954:Steppe ancestry 1942:mass migrations 1848:Somerset Levels 1791: 1785: 1747:Northern Europe 1686:further example 1546: 1540: 1475:Salisbury Plain 1411:Bølling-Allerød 1318:Pontnewydd Cave 1227:species called 1191: 1163:English Channel 1144:Homo antecessor 1135:Homo antecessor 1109: 1069: 1064: 1025:Yamnaya culture 1017:Steppe ancestry 996:Southern Europe 906:Homo antecessor 881: 852: 851: 850: 825: 817: 816: 815: 777:Interwar period 772:First World War 750: 740: 739: 738: 701: 691: 690: 689: 591: 589:Medieval period 581: 580: 579: 540: 530: 529: 528: 479: 469: 468: 467: 451:Channel Islands 387:Isles of Scilly 366: 338: 321: 310: 309: 308: 303: 292: 286: 283: 264: 255:This article's 251: 247: 236: 225: 219: 216: 201: 189: 185: 174: 163: 157: 154: 111: 109: 99: 87: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ancient Britain 15: 12: 11: 5: 7344: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7206:United Kingdom 7202: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7095:Medieval Wales 7092: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7014: 7009: 7007:Roman Scotland 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6950: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6899: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6865:Outer Hebrides 6862: 6860:Inner Hebrides 6857: 6852: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6823:United Kingdom 6819: 6818: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6722:Alligator drum 6714: 6713: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6649:lunar calendar 6646: 6635: 6633: 6632:Other cultural 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6450: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6436:Venus figurine 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6367:Megalithic art 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6318:Cave paintings 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6120:Material goods 6112: 6111: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6008: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5836:Cliff dwelling 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5768: 5763: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5421:Fire hardening 5418: 5413: 5411:Clovis culture 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5334:Manis Mastodon 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5213:throwing stick 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5012: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4847:United Kingdom 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4660:Czech Republic 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4513:External links 4511: 4509: 4508: 4473: 4466: 4455: 4441: 4427: 4413: 4406: 4396: 4389: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4326: 4291:Thomas, Julian 4286: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4236:Britain Begins 4228: 4221: 4207: 4196: 4190: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4142: 4124: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4047: 3974: 3957: 3932: 3912: 3890: 3853: 3851:, p. 131. 3849:Lemercier 2012 3841: 3795: 3781: 3759: 3750: 3736: 3710: 3673:(7): 553–559. 3653: 3614:(16): 1494–9. 3593: 3550: 3493: 3436: 3419: 3396: 3366: 3355:on 3 July 2023 3324: 3315: 3294: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3205: 3196: 3184: 3175: 3116: 3101: 3083: 3032: 3011:(7): 647–652. 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2946: 2914: 2905: 2872: 2809: 2796: 2777: 2768: 2742: 2677: 2623:Marine Geology 2609: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2419: 2416: 2338: 2335: 2307:Broch of Mousa 2297:Barry Cunliffe 2286:The traveller 2256:. Iron tipped 2212:Main article: 2209: 2206: 2099:Wessex culture 2030:Beaker culture 2012:Beaker pottery 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1950:Beaker culture 1787:Main article: 1784: 1781: 1682:Northumberland 1674:Inner Hebrides 1539: 1536: 1521:Creswell Crags 1496:Cervus elaphus 1399:Creswell Crags 1342:, c. 10,500 BC 1340:Creswell Crags 1294: 1293: 1247:hippopotamuses 1213:Sites such as 1190: 1187: 1142:at Atapuerca. 1108: 1105: 1101:British Museum 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1036:archaeological 883: 882: 880: 879: 872: 865: 857: 854: 853: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 827: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 814: 813: 808: 803: 802: 801: 796: 791: 790: 789: 779: 774: 769: 764: 756:United Kingdom 752: 751: 746: 745: 742: 741: 737: 736: 731: 726: 725: 724: 719: 714: 703: 702: 697: 696: 693: 692: 688: 687: 682: 681: 680: 675: 670: 660: 659: 658: 653: 648: 641:Medieval Wales 638: 637: 636: 631: 626: 616: 615: 614: 609: 604: 593: 592: 587: 586: 583: 582: 578: 577: 572: 567: 558: 553: 551:Roman Scotland 548: 542: 541: 536: 535: 532: 531: 527: 526: 521: 516: 515: 514: 509: 508: 507: 502: 492: 481: 480: 475: 474: 471: 470: 466: 465: 464: 463: 458: 448: 442: 437: 436: 435: 430: 429: 428: 418: 417: 416: 414:Outer Hebrides 411: 409:Inner Hebrides 406: 401: 391: 390: 389: 384: 372:United Kingdom 368: 367: 362: 361: 358: 357: 347: 346: 340: 339: 332: 323: 322: 305: 304: 259:external links 254: 252: 245: 238: 237: 192: 190: 183: 176: 175: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7343: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7289:House of York 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208:(since 1707) 7207: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7139:Medieval Mann 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7021:Roman Ireland 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002:Roman Britain 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6833:Isle of Wight 6831: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Simple dolmen 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6593:Passage grave 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6539:Gallery grave 6537: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6454:Burial mounds 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414:Statue menhir 6412: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6402:Stone carving 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Sewing needle 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6069:Timber circle 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6018:Tor enclosure 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6006:fulacht fiadh 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:spear-thrower 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5220:Bow and arrow 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5129:Grinding slab 5127: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Domestication 5059: 5057: 5056:Digging stick 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5034:Founder crops 5032: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4975:New Stone Age 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:South Ossetia 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4732:Liechtenstein 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4453:0-593-04757-5 4450: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4439:0-00-712692-1 4436: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4425:0-7524-1477-1 4422: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4387:0-7134-5179-3 4384: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218:1-4054-1632-7 4215: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204:0-415-01035-7 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4121: 4120:0-415-01035-7 4117: 4113: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3967: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3901: 3894: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3805:Julian Thomas 3799: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3754: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566:(1): 108–18. 3565: 3561: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3407: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:Gibbard, Phil 2918: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629:(1–2): 1–15. 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2568: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2546:Wetwang Slack 2544: 2542: 2541:Arras Culture 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2459: 2458:Roman Britain 2455: 2450: 2447: 2446:Julius Caesar 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2412:Roman Britain 2407: 2406:in the west. 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2387:Hertfordshire 2384: 2379: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2230:La Tène style 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:Mediterranean 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066:and thus tin 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1935:Grimes Graves 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1880:stone circles 1877: 1873: 1872:chamber tombs 1869: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727:Haplogroup U5 1724: 1720: 1719:Cheddar Gorge 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Ahrensburgian 1565: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1532:Younger Dryas 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1471:Kent's Cavern 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1384:Channel River 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Hoxnian Stage 1259: 1258:Anglian Stage 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 987:, but due to 986: 982: 978: 973: 968: 966: 965:Younger Dryas 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913: 908: 907: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:Great Britain 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 858: 856: 855: 847: 844: 842: 841:House of York 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 821: 820: 812: 809: 807: 804: 800: 797: 795: 792: 788: 785: 784: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758:(since 1707) 757: 754: 753: 749: 744: 743: 735: 732: 730: 727: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 704: 700: 695: 694: 686: 685:Medieval Mann 683: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 620: 617: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 599: 598: 595: 594: 590: 585: 584: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 565:Roman Ireland 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 546:Roman Britain 544: 543: 539: 534: 533: 525: 522: 520: 517: 513: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 478: 473: 472: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 449: 446: 443: 441: 438: 434: 431: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 392: 388: 385: 383: 382:Isle of Wight 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 369: 365: 360: 359: 353: 349: 348: 345: 342: 341: 336: 331: 330: 327: 319: 316: 301: 298: 290: 280: 276: 275:inappropriate 272: 268: 262: 260: 253: 244: 243: 234: 231: 223: 213: 209: 205: 199: 198: 193:This article 191: 182: 181: 172: 169: 161: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: – 118: 114: 113:Find sources: 107: 103: 97: 96: 91:This article 89: 85: 80: 79: 74: 72: 65: 64: 59: 58: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6942: 6549:wedge-shaped 6534:Funeral pyre 6527:Great dolmen 6483:Chamber tomb 6464:Round barrow 6419:Stone circle 6291:Blombos Cave 6219:Grooved ware 6143:Chalcolithic 6047:Thornborough 5965:Flush toilet 5900:Blombos Cave 5895:Rock shelter 5851:Quiggly hole 5743:Architecture 5718:illustration 5360:Buffalo jump 5181:Storage pits 5144:Aşıklı Höyük 5134:Ground stone 4970:Subdivisions 4897:Transnistria 4485: 4481: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4444: 4430: 4416: 4409: 4392: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4330: 4305: 4301: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4235: 4224: 4209: 4182:Early Humans 4181: 4151: 4145: 4136: 4133:Hogg, A.H.A. 4127: 4111: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4067:. Retrieved 4007: 4001: 3960: 3938:the original 3922: 3915: 3903:. Retrieved 3898:Koch, John. 3893: 3881:. Retrieved 3869: 3856: 3844: 3819: 3815: 3798: 3789: 3784: 3767: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3739: 3727:. Retrieved 3722: 3713: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3611: 3607: 3596: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3422: 3410:. Retrieved 3399: 3387:. Retrieved 3383:the original 3378: 3369: 3357:. Retrieved 3353:the original 3341:The Guardian 3340: 3318: 3302: 3297: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3218: 3208: 3199: 3187: 3178: 3137: 3133: 3119: 3110: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2959:the original 2949: 2930: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2863:. Retrieved 2827: 2823: 2812: 2799: 2790: 2771: 2759:. Retrieved 2755: 2745: 2731:cite journal 2694: 2690: 2680: 2666:cite journal 2654:. Retrieved 2626: 2622: 2612: 2598:cite journal 2586:. Retrieved 2581: 2571: 2551:Danes Graves 2511:Kents Cavern 2496:Gough's Cave 2451: 2437:Ora Maritima 2435: 2421: 2418:Protohistory 2408: 2396: 2380: 2371:Roman Empire 2348: 2312: 2285: 2283:was spoken. 2266: 2238:iron working 2235: 2217: 2182: 2162:Near Eastern 2155: 2149: 2147: 2103: 2084: 2076:Mount Batten 2057: 2016: 2009: 1994: 1978:Y-chromosome 1959: 1939: 1927:Silbury Hill 1907:grooved ware 1904: 1895:Silbury Hill 1874:such as the 1865: 1861: 1824:long barrows 1821: 1814: 1806: 1792: 1759: 1711:DNA analysis 1708: 1655: 1652:, c. 7600 BC 1650:Howick house 1584: 1561: 1558:, c. 9000 BC 1547: 1529: 1495: 1485: 1479: 1448: 1414: 1403:Gough's Cave 1395:Cathole Cave 1388: 1372:Kents Cavern 1369: 1345: 1326: 1315: 1295: 1288:The British 1282:Paul Pettitt 1279: 1255: 1243:rhinoceroses 1228: 1222: 1212: 1192: 1183:Bytham River 1179: 1171:River Thames 1167:Bytham River 1156: 1152: 1148:Homo sapiens 1147: 1143: 1133: 1125:early humans 1110: 1080:interglacial 1072:Palaeolithic 1070: 1067:Palaeolithic 1056:protohistory 1029: 993: 969: 948:Neanderthals 945: 910: 904: 886: 484: 326: 311: 293: 284: 269:by removing 256: 226: 217: 194: 164: 155: 145: 138: 131: 124: 112: 100:Please help 95:verification 92: 68: 61: 55: 54:Please help 51: 7012:Roman Wales 6896:Isle of Man 6571:unchambered 6566:Long barrow 6556:Grave goods 6512:Court cairn 6507:Clava cairn 6459:Bowl barrow 6397:Rock cupule 6340:Golden hats 6333:Hill figure 6234:Unstan ware 6214:Cord-marked 6079:Sweet Track 6001:Burnt mound 5922:Stilt house 5910:Sibudu Cave 5703:Tally stick 5671:Quern-stone 5656:Hammerstone 5646:Fire plough 5617:Pesse canoe 5575:Bannerstone 5545:Other tools 5458:Lithic core 5406:Aurignacian 5294:Bare Island 5176:Quern-stone 4870:recognition 4832:Switzerland 4767:Netherlands 3793:(full text) 3748:(full text) 3639:10230/25347 2714:10454/18239 2254:agriculture 2166:Sea Peoples 2129:along with 1857:evaporation 1851:from North 1844:Sweet Track 1735:Sami people 1715:Cheddar Man 1513:cannibalism 1509:excarnation 1487:Equus ferus 1455:Creswellian 1268:flint tool 1140:Gran Dolina 1117:Happisburgh 1113:flint tools 972:land bridge 893:Happisburgh 556:Roman Wales 445:Isle of Man 7310:Categories 6710:trepanning 6603:Ring cairn 6561:Jar burial 6544:transepted 6476:U.S. sites 6377:Petroglyph 6303:Bird stone 6261:wine press 5934:Stone roof 5917:Roundhouse 5809:long house 5786:Stonehenge 5754:Ceremonial 5698:Stone tool 5525:Tool stone 5495:Metallurgy 5399:Mousterian 5376:Toolmaking 5314:Cumberland 5287:Transverse 5257:Schöningen 5149:Qesem cave 5117:Earth oven 5071:Irrigation 4982:Technology 4950:Prehistory 4802:San Marino 4762:Montenegro 4742:Luxembourg 4722:Kazakhstan 4625:Azerbaijan 4374:. Penguin. 4069:21 January 2536:Swanscombe 2531:Pontnewydd 2426:navigator 2319:hill forts 2127:Stonehenge 2118:cemeteries 2080:Great Orme 2053:Bronze Age 2026:Stonehenge 2022:inhumation 1985:Bronze Age 1964:of modern 1919:Stonehenge 1915:stone rows 1901:in nature. 1899:megalithic 1840:Skara Brae 1832:long house 1801:Stonehenge 1767:Lancashire 1627:microliths 1603:wild horse 1580:Doggerland 1576:cold spell 1572:Mesolithic 1538:Mesolithic 1469:, such as 1428:Fahrenheit 1357:Doggerland 1353:bout-coupé 1274:Swanscombe 1266:Clactonian 1008:Bronze Age 985:Doggerland 981:ice bridge 960:Pontnewydd 952:Swanscombe 901:footprints 287:March 2024 220:March 2024 204:improve it 128:newspapers 57:improve it 6754:symbolism 6618:Tor cairn 6576:Grønsalen 6517:Cremation 6409:Sculpture 6387:Pictogram 6372:Petroform 6192:amber use 6160:Cosmetics 5970:Reservoir 5955:Check dam 5885:Pueblitos 5880:Pit-house 5863:Longhouse 5797:Dwellings 5666:Microlith 5597:Bow drill 5592:Bone tool 5585:prismatic 5394:Acheulean 5309:Cresswell 5282:Arrowhead 5208:Boomerang 5124:Granaries 5086:Terracing 4965:Stone Age 4737:Lithuania 4322:162960418 4302:Antiquity 4262:Antiquity 4227:. Tempus. 3946:cite book 3878:1578-5386 3836:162960418 3816:Antiquity 3488:206521424 3408:. Science 3349:0261-3077 3275:CiteSeerX 3227:0267-8179 3113:(74): 26. 2852:1476-4687 2723:229168218 2691:Antiquity 2651:128396341 2521:Pakefield 2323:hillforts 2114:cremation 1891:Neolithic 1853:Yorkshire 1783:Neolithic 1743:Estonians 1709:In 1997, 1694:Sheffield 1666:Yorkshire 1662:Star Carr 1619:wild boar 1298:Levallois 1239:elephants 1235:Acheulean 1195:Lowestoft 1062:Stone Age 1044:Neolithic 1000:Neolithic 937:megaflood 271:excessive 208:verifying 63:talk page 7294:Monarchs 6912:Guernsey 6877:Anglesey 6850:Shetland 6845:Scotland 6814:Overview 6392:Rock art 6355:painting 6328:Geoglyph 6153:timeline 6133:Beadwork 5873:Mehrgarh 5868:Mudbrick 5776:megalith 5651:Fire-saw 5473:debitage 5468:analysis 5436:Hand axe 5416:Cupstone 4994:Glossary 4955:Timeline 4877:Abkhazia 4852:Scotland 4817:Slovenia 4812:Slovakia 4787:Portugal 4645:Bulgaria 4504:12082121 4282:19294850 4234:(2012). 4135:(1979). 4042:34937049 3773:Archived 3729:19 April 3705:23523248 3648:22748318 3588:14667681 3580:20717990 3537:19781941 3480:19729620 3412:16 March 3162:19661421 3071:22048314 2925:(2007). 2865:20 March 2860:20613840 2526:Paviland 2491:Boxgrove 2464:See also 2442:Avienius 2404:Dumnonia 2250:Iron Age 2208:Iron Age 2150:en masse 2135:Dartmoor 2131:Seahenge 2060:Cornwall 1974:Anatolia 1966:European 1931:Cissbury 1893:site of 1876:Maeshowe 1777:woodland 1615:roe deer 1611:red deer 1599:reindeer 1564:Holocene 1517:cave art 1492:red deer 1407:Somerset 1306:Purfleet 1270:industry 1215:Boxgrove 1097:handaxes 1094:Boxgrove 1023:and the 1010:and the 1004:Anatolia 917:Boxgrove 846:Monarchs 461:Guernsey 426:Anglesey 399:Shetland 394:Scotland 364:Overview 335:a series 333:Part of 158:May 2020 7271:Related 6891:Ireland 6828:England 6749:Symbols 6360:pigment 6246:Weaving 6209:Cardium 6204:Pottery 6199:Mirrors 6187:Jewelry 6128:Baskets 6108:culture 5960:Cistern 5766:Pyramid 5708:Weapons 5686:Scraper 5676:Racloir 5636:Cleaver 5624:Chopper 5530:Uniface 5441:Grooves 5431:Hafting 5389:Oldowan 5348:Systems 5299:Cascade 5262:woomera 5252:harpoon 5225:history 5191:Hunting 5171:Pottery 5112:Cooking 5021:Farming 4987:history 4960:Outline 4842:Ukraine 4792:Romania 4752:Moldova 4710:Ireland 4705:Iceland 4700:Hungary 4690:Germany 4685:Georgia 4675:Finland 4670:Estonia 4665:Denmark 4650:Croatia 4635:Belgium 4630:Belarus 4620:Austria 4615:Armenia 4610:Andorra 4605:Albania 4531:(ScARF) 4173:Sources 4033:8889665 4012:Bibcode 3696:5036973 3675:Bibcode 3616:Bibcode 3545:9487217 3515:Bibcode 3458:Bibcode 3450:Science 3267:Bibcode 3170:1324559 3142:Bibcode 3134:Science 3079:4374023 3051:Bibcode 3013:Bibcode 2832:Bibcode 2805:Pytheas 2761:3 April 2656:3 April 2631:Bibcode 2588:3 April 2584:: 19–34 2428:Pytheas 2400:Coinage 2363:Belgium 2327:Pytheas 2288:Pytheas 2273:Pytheas 2258:ploughs 2106:barrows 2072:Bantham 1923:Avebury 1772:adopted 1721:. His 1703:Britons 1690:Deepcar 1672:in the 1670:Oronsay 1658:Mendips 1623:aurochs 1504:mammoth 1482:equines 1463:mammoth 1451:culture 1424:Celsius 1338:, from 1199:Suffolk 1121:Norfolk 1076:glacial 1040:Britons 897:Norfolk 895:on the 824:Related 440:Ireland 377:England 265:Please 257:use of 202:Please 142:scholar 6907:Jersey 6898:(Mann) 6855:Orkney 6727:flutes 6522:Dolmen 6446:Burial 6256:winery 6229:Linear 6059:Midden 6037:Cursus 6030:Goseck 5890:Pueblo 5841:Dugout 5826:Burdei 5505:Mining 5329:Lamoka 5324:Folsom 5304:Clovis 5161:Metate 5139:Hearth 5107:Basket 5081:Sickle 4882:Kosovo 4837:Turkey 4827:Sweden 4807:Serbia 4797:Russia 4782:Poland 4777:Norway 4757:Monaco 4727:Latvia 4695:Greece 4680:France 4655:Cyprus 4502: 4451: 4437: 4423: 4402: 4385: 4337: 4320: 4280: 4242: 4216: 4202: 4188: 4158: 4118: 4040: 4030: 4003:Nature 3930: 3905:10 May 3883:17 May 3876: 3834: 3770:(2002) 3703: 3693: 3646: 3586: 3578: 3543: 3535: 3486: 3478: 3389:3 June 3359:3 June 3347: 3309: 3277: 3225: 3168: 3160: 3077: 3069: 3043:Nature 2858: 2850: 2824:Nature 2793:(2017) 2721: 2649: 2376:Parisi 2367:Belgae 2359:France 2351:Celtic 2277:Strabo 2246:bronze 2183:In an 2110:beaker 2095:copper 2091:silver 2068:mining 2045:bronze 2038:copper 1911:henges 1868:cursus 1836:Orkney 1741:, and 1696:, and 1678:Howick 1525:Mendip 1490:) and 1426:(62.6 1420:tundra 1365:Jersey 1302:Africa 1219:Sussex 1159:Europe 921:Sussex 456:Jersey 447:(Mann) 404:Orkney 337:on the 144: 137: 130: 123: 115: 6872:Wales 6644:sites 6588:Mummy 6308:Cairn 6224:Jōmon 6175:shoes 6170:Hides 6042:Henge 5996:Broch 5858:Jacal 5713:Wheel 5661:Knife 5607:Canoe 5602:Burin 5580:Blade 5478:flake 5339:Plano 5247:baton 5237:Spear 5203:Arrow 5156:Manos 5009:Tools 4857:Wales 4822:Spain 4747:Malta 4717:Italy 4318:S2CID 4298:(PDF) 4278:S2CID 3998:(PDF) 3969:(PDF) 3866:(PDF) 3832:S2CID 3812:(PDF) 3584:S2CID 3541:S2CID 3484:S2CID 3432:ScARF 3166:S2CID 3075:S2CID 2719:S2CID 2647:S2CID 2563:Notes 2424:Greek 2391:Essex 2331:Roman 2292:Welsh 2064:Devon 2042:smelt 2034:metal 1739:Finns 1631:adzes 1595:alder 1591:birch 1500:hares 1467:Devon 1459:amber 1432:birch 1380:Wales 1175:Rhine 1123:that 1032:Roman 421:Wales 149:JSTOR 135:books 6737:gudi 6495:Cist 6424:list 6251:Wine 6180:Ötzi 6165:Glue 6138:Beds 6106:and 6104:Arts 5975:Well 5831:Cave 5761:Kiva 5691:side 5681:Rope 5629:tool 5563:bone 5553:Adze 5319:Eden 5232:Nets 5102:Fire 5066:Goad 5051:Celt 4500:PMID 4449:ISBN 4435:ISBN 4421:ISBN 4400:ISBN 4383:ISBN 4335:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4214:ISBN 4200:ISBN 4186:ISBN 4156:ISBN 4116:ISBN 4071:2022 4038:PMID 3952:link 3928:ISBN 3907:2010 3885:2010 3874:ISSN 3731:2021 3701:PMID 3644:PMID 3576:PMID 3533:PMID 3476:PMID 3414:2015 3391:2023 3361:2023 3345:ISSN 3313:p.24 3307:ISBN 3223:ISSN 3158:PMID 3067:PMID 2867:2024 2856:PMID 2848:ISSN 2763:2022 2737:link 2672:link 2658:2022 2604:link 2590:2022 2389:and 2383:Kent 2361:and 2355:Gaul 2315:wars 2262:axes 2242:Iron 2189:Gaul 2122:urns 2093:and 2087:gold 2074:and 2062:and 2017:cal. 2004:Mold 1933:and 1925:and 1889:The 1668:and 1621:and 1601:and 1593:and 1587:pine 1523:and 1251:bogs 1245:and 1224:Homo 1078:and 956:Kent 121:news 5846:Hut 5781:row 5612:Oar 5570:Axe 5558:Awl 4490:doi 4310:doi 4306:811 4270:doi 4028:PMC 4020:doi 4008:601 3824:doi 3820:811 3691:PMC 3683:doi 3634:hdl 3624:doi 3568:doi 3564:144 3523:doi 3466:doi 3454:326 3285:doi 3150:doi 3138:325 3059:doi 3047:479 3021:doi 2935:doi 2840:doi 2828:466 2709:hdl 2699:doi 2639:doi 2627:232 2444:. 2193:EEF 2120:of 2049:tin 1765:in 1692:in 1680:in 1664:in 1635:dog 1607:elk 1519:at 1502:to 1405:in 1363:in 1217:in 1197:in 1119:in 1048:tin 954:in 919:in 915:at 273:or 206:by 104:by 7312:: 7019:, 4498:. 4486:19 4484:. 4480:. 4316:. 4304:. 4300:. 4276:. 4266:86 4264:. 4061:. 4050:^ 4036:. 4026:. 4018:. 4006:. 4000:. 3977:^ 3948:}} 3944:{{ 3868:. 3830:. 3818:. 3814:. 3721:. 3699:. 3689:. 3681:. 3671:23 3669:. 3665:. 3642:. 3632:. 3622:. 3612:22 3610:. 3606:. 3582:. 3574:. 3562:. 3539:. 3531:. 3521:. 3511:19 3509:. 3505:. 3482:. 3474:. 3464:. 3452:. 3448:. 3377:. 3343:. 3339:. 3327:^ 3283:. 3273:. 3263:26 3261:. 3217:. 3164:. 3156:. 3148:. 3136:. 3128:; 3094:. 3073:, 3065:, 3057:, 3045:, 3019:. 3009:28 3007:. 3003:. 2933:. 2929:. 2875:^ 2854:. 2846:. 2838:. 2826:. 2822:. 2780:^ 2754:. 2733:}} 2729:{{ 2717:. 2707:. 2695:94 2693:. 2689:. 2668:}} 2664:{{ 2645:. 2637:. 2625:. 2621:. 2600:}} 2596:{{ 2580:. 2460:. 2432:BC 2385:, 2180:. 2089:, 1921:, 1779:. 1757:. 1737:, 1660:, 1617:, 1613:, 1609:, 1589:, 1386:. 1322:BP 1241:, 1027:. 943:. 563:, 66:. 6798:e 6791:t 6784:v 4931:e 4924:t 4917:v 4583:e 4576:t 4569:v 4506:. 4492:: 4343:. 4324:. 4312:: 4284:. 4272:: 4248:. 4220:. 4206:. 4194:. 4164:. 4122:. 4073:. 4044:. 4022:: 4014:: 3971:. 3954:) 3909:. 3887:. 3838:. 3826:: 3733:. 3707:. 3685:: 3677:: 3650:. 3636:: 3626:: 3618:: 3590:. 3570:: 3547:. 3525:: 3517:: 3490:. 3468:: 3460:: 3416:. 3393:. 3363:. 3291:. 3287:: 3269:: 3229:. 3172:. 3152:: 3144:: 3061:: 3053:: 3029:. 3023:: 3015:: 2943:. 2937:: 2869:. 2842:: 2834:: 2765:. 2739:) 2725:. 2711:: 2701:: 2674:) 2660:. 2641:: 2633:: 2606:) 2592:. 1494:( 1484:( 876:e 869:t 862:v 318:) 312:( 300:) 294:( 289:) 285:( 281:. 263:. 233:) 227:( 222:) 218:( 200:. 171:) 165:( 160:) 156:( 146:· 139:· 132:· 125:· 98:. 73:) 69:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.