2363:
1880:. This allows for the determination of the amount of a chemical in a material by comparing the results of an unknown sample to those of a series of known standards. If the concentration of element or compound in a sample is too high for the detection range of the technique, it can simply be diluted in a pure solvent. If the amount in the sample is below an instrument's range of measurement, the method of addition can be used. In this method, a known quantity of the element or compound under study is added, and the difference between the concentration added and the concentration observed is the amount actually in the sample.
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104:
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1857:
2425:. Advances in design of diode lasers and optical parametric oscillators promote developments in fluorescence and ionization spectrometry and also in absorption techniques where uses of optical cavities for increased effective absorption pathlength are expected to expand. The use of plasma- and laser-based methods is increasing. An interest towards absolute (standardless) analysis has revived, particularly in emission spectrometry.
4716:
3737:
908:
4692:
3713:
43:
447:
554:
1830:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\rm {a}}(f)\approx \sum _{i=1}^{N}\left|{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{i}}}\right|\varepsilon _{\rm {a}}(x_{i})=\left|{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{1}}}\right|\varepsilon _{\rm {a}}(x_{1})+\left|{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{2}}}\right|\varepsilon _{\rm {a}}(x_{2})+\ldots +\left|{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{N}}}\right|\varepsilon _{\rm {a}}(x_{N})}
545:(QA), forensic and environmental applications. Analytical chemistry plays an increasingly important role in the pharmaceutical industry where, aside from QA, it is used in the discovery of new drug candidates and in clinical applications where understanding the interactions between the drug and the patient are critical.
2413:, accuracy, precision, and speed), and cost (purchase, operation, training, time, and space). Among the main branches of contemporary analytical atomic spectrometry, the most widespread and universal are optical and mass spectrometry. In the direct elemental analysis of solid samples, the new leaders are
1099:
Error can be defined as numerical difference between observed value and true value. The experimental error can be divided into two types, systematic error and random error. Systematic error results from a flaw in equipment or the design of an experiment while random error results from uncontrolled or
959:
Chromatography can be used to determine the presence of substances in a sample as different components in a mixture have different tendencies to adsorb onto the stationary phase or dissolve in the mobile phase. Thus, different components of the mixture move at different speed. Different components of
618:
Inorganic qualitative analysis generally refers to a systematic scheme to confirm the presence of certain aqueous ions or elements by performing a series of reactions that eliminate a range of possibilities and then confirm suspected ions with a confirming test. Sometimes small carbon-containing ions
663:
Titration involves the gradual addition of a measurable reactant to an exact volume of a solution being analyzed until some equivalence point is reached. Titrating accurately to either the half-equivalence point or the endpoint of a titration allows the chemist to determine the amount of moles used,
492:
Most of the major developments in analytical chemistry took place after 1900. During this period, instrumental analysis became progressively dominant in the field. In particular, many of the basic spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques were discovered in the early 20th century and refined in the
535:
Modern analytical chemistry is dominated by instrumental analysis. Many analytical chemists focus on a single type of instrument. Academics tend to either focus on new applications and discoveries or on new methods of analysis. The discovery of a chemical present in blood that increases the risk of
648:
The gravimetric analysis involves determining the amount of material present by weighing the sample before and/or after some transformation. A common example used in undergraduate education is the determination of the amount of water in a hydrate by heating the sample to remove the water such that
565:
Although modern analytical chemistry is dominated by sophisticated instrumentation, the roots of analytical chemistry and some of the principles used in modern instruments are from traditional techniques, many of which are still used today. These techniques also tend to form the backbone of most
1892:
is added at a known concentration directly to an analytical sample to aid in quantitation. The amount of analyte present is then determined relative to the internal standard as a calibrant. An ideal internal standard is an isotopically enriched analyte which gives rise to the method of
461:
Analytical chemistry has been important since the early days of chemistry, providing methods for determining which elements and chemicals are present in the object in question. During this period, significant contributions to analytical chemistry included the development of systematic
2489:
The recent developments in computer automation and information technologies have extended analytical chemistry into a number of new biological fields. For example, automated DNA sequencing machines were the basis for completing human genome projects leading to the birth of
399:. Identification may be based on differences in color, odor, melting point, boiling point, solubility, radioactivity or reactivity. Classical quantitative analysis uses mass or volume changes to quantify amount. Instrumental methods may be used to separate samples using
668:. There are many other types of titrations, for example, potentiometric titrations or precipitation titrations. Chemists might also create titration curves in order by systematically testing the pH every drop in order to understand different properties of the titrant.
970:, which is the ratio between the migration distance of the substance and the migration distance of the solvent front during chromatography. In combination with the instrumental methods, chromatography can be used in quantitative determination of the substances.
1392:
500:
follow a similar time line of development and also became increasingly transformed into high performance instruments. In the 1970s many of these techniques began to be used together as hybrid techniques to achieve a complete characterization of samples.
619:
are included in such schemes. With modern instrumentation, these tests are rarely used but can be useful for educational purposes and in fieldwork or other situations where access to state-of-the-art instruments is not available or expedient.
512:. Lasers have been increasingly used as probes and even to initiate and influence a wide variety of reactions. The late 20th century also saw an expansion of the application of analytical chemistry from somewhat academic chemical questions to
3361:
Bettencourt da Silva, R; Bulska, E; Godlewska-Zylkiewicz, B; Hedrich, M; Majcen, N; Magnusson, B; Marincic, S; Papadakis, I; Patriarca, M; Vassileva, E; Taylor, P; Analytical measurement: measurement uncertainty and statistics, 2012,
664:
which can then be used to determine a concentration or composition of the titrant. Most familiar to those who have taken chemistry during secondary education is the acid-base titration involving a color-changing indicator, such as
540:
to increase the specificity and sensitivity of a spectrometric method. Many methods, once developed, are kept purposely static so that data can be compared over long periods of time. This is particularly true in industrial
1084:
Devices that integrate (multiple) laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters.
633:
Quantitative analysis is the measurement of the quantities of particular chemical constituents present in a substance. Quantities can be measured by mass (gravimetric analysis) or volume (volumetric analysis).
2050:
804:
2479:- lipids and its associated fields; peptidomics - peptides and its associated fields; and metallomics, dealing with metal concentrations and especially with their binding to proteins and other molecules.
2869:
Holt, R. M.; Newman, M. J.; Pullen, F. S.; Richards, D. S.; Swanson, A. G. (1997). "High-performance Liquid
Chromatography/NMR Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry:Further Advances in Hyphenated Technology".
1164:
2220:
1436:
2948:
Guetens, G; De Boeck, G; Wood, M; Maes, R.A.A; Eggermont, A.A.M; Highley, M.S; Van
Oosterom, A.T; De Bruijn, E.A; Tjaden, U.R (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring".
978:
Combinations of the above techniques produce a "hybrid" or "hyphenated" technique. Several examples are in popular use today and new hybrid techniques are under development. For example,
1296:
2983:
Guetens, G; De Boeck, G; Highley, M.S; Wood, M; Maes, R.A.A; Eggermont, A.A.M; Hanauske, A; De Bruijn, E.A; Tjaden, U.R (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring".
1288:
1199:
997:
Hyphenated separation techniques refer to a combination of two (or more) techniques to detect and separate chemicals from solutions. Most often the other technique is some form of
574:
Qualitative analysis determines the presence or absence of a particular compound, but not the mass or concentration. By definition, qualitative analyses do not measure quantity.
2432:
size. Although there are few examples of such systems competitive with traditional analysis techniques, potential advantages include size/portability, speed, and cost. (micro
3018:
Schermelleh, L.; Carlton, P. M.; Haase, S.; Shao, L.; Winoto, L.; Kner, P.; Burke, B.; Cardoso, M. C.; Agard, D. A.; Gustafsson, M. G. L.; Leonhardt, H.; Sedat, J. W. (2008).
2467:, the analysis of protein concentrations and modifications, especially in response to various stressors, at various developmental stages, or in various parts of the body,
1252:
2099:
861:
containing the analyte. These methods can be categorized according to which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The four main categories are
61:
1050:
is an important and attractive approach in analytical science. Also, hybridization with other traditional analytical tools is revolutionizing analytical science.
2123:
1503:
1479:
1459:
1221:
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Analytical chemistry has played a critical role in the understanding of basic science to a variety of practical applications, such as biomedical applications,
3648:
2527:
364:
matter. In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates
1958:
Thermal noise results from the motion of charge carriers (usually electrons) in an electrical circuit generated by their thermal motion. Thermal noise is
3381:
3775:
3419:
3122:
2913:
Ellis, Lyndon A; Roberts, David J (1997). "Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media".
3254:
3175:
2259:
increases, the noise decreases. Flicker noise arises from a variety of sources, such as impurities in a conductive channel, generation, and
3876:
337:
536:
cancer would be a discovery that an analytical chemist might be involved in. An effort to develop a new method might involve the use of a
3881:
1258:
An error of a measurement is an inverse measure of accurate measurement, i.e. smaller the error greater the accuracy of the measurement.
2891:
2498:. In addition to automating specific processes, there is effort to automate larger sections of lab testing, such as in companies like
1983:
824:
3859:
987:
738:
424:
438:, and the creation of new measurement tools. Analytical chemistry has broad applications to medicine, science, and engineering.
3903:
3671:
3459:
276:
1933:
One of the most important components of analytical chemistry is maximizing the desired signal while minimizing the associated
3717:
3367:
3341:
3152:
3098:
2629:
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3915:
3854:
2414:
2260:
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17:
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2168:
1403:
3412:
3199:
Bol'Shakov, Aleksandr A; Ganeev, Aleksandr A; Nemets, Valerii M (2006). "Prospects in analytical atomic spectrometry".
2537:
2398:
1066:. Recently, this field is rapidly progressing because of the rapid development of the computer and camera industries.
3355:
2785:
2532:
2447:
Many developments improve the analysis of biological systems. Examples of rapidly expanding fields in this area are
628:
373:
1387:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\rm {r}}={\frac {\varepsilon _{\rm {a}}}{|x|}}=\left|{\frac {x-{\bar {x}}}{x}}\right|}
820:
734:
714:
330:
4720:
3741:
2513:
and scanning probe microscopes enable scientists to visualize atomic structures with chemical characterizations.
4599:
3761:
3678:
3444:
2810:
1103:
In error the true value and observed value in chemical analysis can be related with each other by the equation
706:
369:
31:
4742:
4042:
3796:
3705:
3405:
2679:
Miller, K; Synovec, RE (2000). "Review of analytical measurements facilitated by drop formation technology".
2646:
2571:
2102:
768:
1264:
1175:
2367:
2291:; lower noise in the middle of the plot results from less human activity (and environmental noise) at night
1441:
If we want to use these values in a function, we may also want to calculate the error of the function. Let
411:. Then qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed, often with the same instrument and may use
4319:
3806:
3449:
504:
Starting in the 1970s, analytical chemistry became progressively more inclusive of biological questions (
323:
129:
119:
4747:
4696:
4245:
4216:
4196:
4149:
3622:
3020:"Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy"
2422:
2288:
1846:
1482:
742:
271:
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1953:
1063:
912:
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388:
1913:) in an unknown sample by comparison to a set of samples of known concentration, similar to using a
746:
4589:
4505:
4144:
3596:
3201:
2483:
2314:. Many of these noise sources are narrow bandwidth and, therefore, can be avoided. Temperature and
2307:
942:
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702:
408:
361:
266:
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1029:
862:
800:
517:
505:
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2421:
mass spectrometry, and the related techniques with transfer of the laser ablation products into
2298:
arises from the surroundings of the analytical instrument. Sources of electromagnetic noise are
1228:
994:, liquid chromatography-infrared spectroscopy, and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.
4445:
4433:
4324:
4189:
3963:
3829:
3664:
3169:"Health Concerns associated with Energy Efficient Lighting and their Electromagnetic Emissions"
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1938:
983:
726:
710:
677:
142:
3280:"Indicators for the use of robotic labs in basic biomedical research: A literature analysis"
2151:
in an optical device) is small enough to give rise to statistical fluctuations in a signal.
4584:
4539:
4314:
4134:
4064:
3801:
3520:
3484:
3436:
3220:
3031:
2879:
2835:
2510:
2494:. Protein identification and peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry opened a new field of
2441:
2159:
1944:
Noise can arise from environmental factors as well as from fundamental physical processes.
858:
780:
643:
497:
195:
138:
124:
52:
1917:. Standard addition can be applied to most analytical techniques and is used instead of a
686:
Block diagram of an analytical instrument showing the stimulus and measurement of response
8:
4607:
4561:
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4459:
4357:
4339:
4292:
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4126:
4106:
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2315:
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1934:
1094:
1059:
1010:
816:
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792:
431:
233:
3224:
3035:
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2839:
470:
and systematized organic analysis based on the specific reactions of functional groups.
4684:
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4002:
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3019:
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2108:
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1967:
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1464:
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718:
525:
513:
463:
357:
310:
238:
80:
2996:
2961:
2926:
2826:
Wilkins, C. (1983). "Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures".
2727:
2692:
807:, and others. Also, mass spectrometry is categorized by approaches of mass analyzers:
4703:
4665:
4630:
4613:
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4469:
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4392:
4377:
4347:
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3148:
3104:
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3000:
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2758:
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2499:
2327:
2283:
2272:
2230:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1889:
1877:
895:
Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and
763:
758:
597:
542:
521:
467:
228:
175:
57:
3385:
3240:
3232:
4708:
4625:
4280:
4139:
4116:
4069:
4010:
3729:
3637:
3301:
3291:
3228:
3047:
3039:
2992:
2957:
2922:
2887:
2843:
2750:
2723:
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2619:
2552:
2382:
2347:
2140:
1974:
1963:
1894:
991:
890:
850:
589:
478:
450:
420:
351:
297:
260:
4566:
4522:
4517:
4411:
4387:
4221:
4184:
4037:
4027:
3910:
2595:
Skoog, Douglas A.; West, Donald M.; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley R. (2014).
2472:
2402:
2303:
2155:
1865:
1861:
938:
928:
808:
665:
404:
1909:
is used in instrumental analysis to determine the concentration of a substance (
933:
Separation processes are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures.
561:
in this qualitative analysis is indicated by the bluish-green color of the flame
76:
4450:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4373:
4369:
4352:
4309:
4240:
4101:
4096:
4081:
3893:
3811:
3510:
2506:
2460:
2452:
2418:
2401:. Analytical chemistry research is largely driven by performance (sensitivity,
2343:
2335:
2311:
998:
954:
934:
924:
877:(the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).
788:
784:
509:
416:
400:
165:
4736:
4655:
4544:
4500:
4225:
4059:
4054:
4047:
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3108:
2576:
2566:
2437:
2406:
2339:
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1922:
1079:
1075:
1046:
The visualization of single molecules, single cells, biological tissues, and
583:
537:
474:
473:
The first instrumental analysis was flame emissive spectrometry developed by
454:
380:
170:
103:
3043:
2847:
2486:, quality control of industrial manufacturing, forensic science, and so on.
1025:
427:. Often the same instrument can separate, identify and quantify an analyte.
4532:
4382:
4297:
4273:
4263:
4255:
4156:
4091:
3990:
3839:
3612:
3535:
3315:
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3004:
2969:
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2700:
2556:
2468:
2410:
1047:
1006:
696:
435:
412:
396:
223:
200:
3088:
2934:
2899:
2855:
2505:
Analytical chemistry has been an indispensable area in the development of
1876:
A general method for analysis of concentration involves the creation of a
3930:
3505:
2892:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7
2386:
2351:
2299:
2071:
1959:
1017:, especially if the name of one of the methods contains a hyphen itself.
886:
874:
870:
3753:
3348:
The systematic identification of organic compounds - a laboratory manual
3346:
Ralph L. Shriner, Reynold C. Fuson, David Y. Curtin, Terence C. Morill:
3215:
2714:
Bartle, Keith D.; Myers, Peter (2002). "History of gas chromatography".
682:
4556:
3571:
3479:
3397:
3296:
2741:
Laitinen, H.A. (1989). "History of analytical chemistry in the U.S.A".
2495:
2476:
2464:
2370:
scientist uses a portable near-infrared spectroscopy device to inspect
2271:
of the signal at a higher frequency, for example, through the use of a
2268:
2264:
2134:
1051:
1041:
866:
613:
4618:
3920:
3785:
3540:
2547:
1869:
1002:
658:
529:
95:
27:
Study of the separation, identification, and quantification of matter
2428:
Great effort is being put into shrinking the analysis techniques to
1856:
4640:
2491:
2448:
2375:
2331:
2144:
1033:
482:
446:
2342:, and signal modulation. Examples of software noise reduction are
508:), whereas it had previously been largely focused on inorganic or
4660:
2371:
1910:
486:
365:
256:
3142:
2620:
Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. James; Crouch, Stanley R. (2007).
907:
588:
There are numerous qualitative chemical tests, for example, the
2148:
2045:{\displaystyle v_{\rm {RMS}}={\sqrt {4k_{\rm {B}}TR\Delta f}},}
1014:
854:
705:. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as
558:
160:
2801:
Skoog, Douglas A.; West, Donald M.; Holler, F. James (1988).
2267:
due to base current, and so on. This noise can be avoided by
1261:
Errors can be expressed relatively. Given the relative error(
846:
601:
553:
190:
2158:, and the charge carriers that make up the current follow a
701:
Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with
4635:
3017:
896:
593:
3198:
2982:
960:
a mixture can therefore be identified by their respective
4645:
2143:
that occurs when the finite number of particles (such as
180:
2868:
2162:. The root mean square current fluctuation is given by
430:
Analytical chemistry is also focused on improvements in
387:. Classical qualitative methods use separations such as
2947:
2805:(5th ed.). New York: Saunders College Publishing.
2778:
Electrochemical
Methods: Fundamentals and Applications
2334:. Examples of hardware noise reduction are the use of
865:(the difference in electrode potentials is measured),
649:
the difference in weight is due to the loss of water.
2599:. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. p. 1.
2171:
2111:
2084:
1986:
1977:
value of the thermal noise in a resistor is given by
1514:
1491:
1467:
1447:
1406:
1299:
1267:
1231:
1209:
1178:
1159:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\rm {a}}=|x-{\bar {x}}|}
1112:
566:
undergraduate analytical chemistry educational labs.
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3087:Harris, Daniel C.; Lucy, Charles A. (29 May 2015).
2381:Analytical chemistry has applications including in
2237:is the average current. Shot noise is white noise.
2215:{\displaystyle i_{\rm {RMS}}={\sqrt {2eI\Delta f}}}
3255:"Analytical Chemistry - American Chemical Society"
2214:
2117:
2093:
2044:
1829:
1497:
1473:
1453:
1431:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\rm {r}}\times 100\%}
1430:
1386:
1282:
1246:
1215:
1193:
1158:
376:determines the numerical amount or concentration.
3129:
2780:(2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
1937:. The analytical figure of merit is known as the
1485:must be calculated in order to know the error in
4734:
2624:. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Thomson. p. 1.
2613:
2588:
1054:can be categorized into three different fields:
873:(the cell's current is measured over time), and
869:(the transferred charge is measured over time),
2800:
3174:. Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
2528:Important publications in analytical chemistry
2326:Noise reduction can be accomplished either in
3769:
3413:
2678:
331:
3388:showing the progress of analytical chemistry
2976:
2941:
2912:
2775:
1100:uncontrollable variables in the experiment.
379:Analytical chemistry consists of classical,
356:studies and uses instruments and methods to
3350:, Verlag Wiley, New York 1980, 6. edition,
3143:Crouch, Stanley; Skoog, Douglas A. (2007).
2906:
2862:
2776:Bard, Allen J.; Faulkner, Larry R. (2000).
2713:
2251:Flicker noise is electronic noise with a 1/
1001:. Hyphenated techniques are widely used in
830:
805:matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization
3776:
3762:
3420:
3406:
3121:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3086:
2819:
1397:The percent error can also be calculated:
338:
324:
3783:
3334:Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis
3305:
3295:
3214:
3051:
2647:"Basic Education in Analytical Chemistry"
948:
825:Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
384:
3427:
3277:
2740:
2509:. Surface characterization instruments,
2475:, including mRNA and associated fields;
2361:
2282:
1855:
1024:
906:
791:. There are several ionization methods:
762:
681:
622:
552:
445:
75:
2825:
2644:
2444:reduces the amounts of chemicals used.
988:liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
739:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
671:
637:
569:
14:
4735:
3672:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
2318:may be required for some instruments.
2278:
1283:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\rm {r}}}
1194:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\rm {a}}}
841:Electroanalytical methods measure the
652:
3757:
3460:High-performance liquid chromatograph
3401:
1883:
4691:
3712:
2803:Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
2597:Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
1928:
1900:
980:gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
973:
752:
548:
36:
4715:
3736:
3394:Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
3145:Principles of instrumental analysis
2716:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
2622:Principles of Instrumental Analysis
1868:(LOQ), dynamic range, and limit of
880:
24:
3336:Himalaya Publishing House (India)
3325:
3147:. Australia: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
2538:List of materials analysis methods
2321:
2204:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2085:
2031:
2019:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1805:
1779:
1771:
1733:
1707:
1699:
1667:
1641:
1633:
1601:
1575:
1567:
1521:
1425:
1413:
1323:
1306:
1274:
1185:
1119:
1032:image of two mouse cell nuclei in
945:are representative of this field.
25:
4759:
3375:
2533:List of chemical analysis methods
2302:, radio and television stations,
1860:A calibration curve plot showing
1851:
629:Quantitative analysis (chemistry)
577:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4679:
4678:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3700:
3699:
2471:, which deals with metabolites;
2240:
1947:
1069:
735:dual polarization interferometry
715:ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
305:
304:
291:
102:
41:
3332:Gurdeep, Chatwal Anand (2008).
3271:
3247:
3233:10.1070/RC2006v075n04ABEH001174
3192:
3181:from the original on 2022-10-09
3161:
3080:
3068:
3011:
2357:
690:
3445:Atomic absorption spectrometer
3090:Quantitative chemical analysis
2794:
2769:
2734:
2707:
2672:
2638:
1824:
1811:
1752:
1739:
1686:
1673:
1620:
1607:
1533:
1527:
1368:
1339:
1331:
1238:
1152:
1145:
1129:
707:atomic absorption spectroscopy
67:Proposed since September 2024.
32:Analytical Chemistry (journal)
13:
1:
4043:Interface and colloid science
3797:Glossary of chemical formulae
2997:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X
2962:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1
2927:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7
2728:10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00806-3
2693:10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00358-6
2582:
2572:Quality of analytical results
2128:
1020:
1013:is sometimes used instead of
911:Separation of black ink on a
902:
769:accelerator mass spectrometer
607:
2872:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
2755:10.1016/0039-9140(89)80077-3
2368:Food and Drug Administration
2147:in an electronic circuit or
1840:
711:atomic emission spectroscopy
7:
4320:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3807:List of inorganic compounds
3450:Flame emission spectrometer
3278:Groth, P.; Cox, J. (2017).
2985:Journal of Chromatography A
2950:Journal of Chromatography A
2915:Journal of Chromatography A
2516:
2405:, selectivity, robustness,
1966:is constant throughout the
779:Mass spectrometry measures
372:identifies analytes, while
50:It has been suggested that
10:
4764:
4246:Dynamic covalent chemistry
4217:Enantioselective synthesis
4197:Physical organic chemistry
4150:Organolanthanide chemistry
3093:(9th ed.). New York.
2423:inductively coupled plasma
2289:thermogravimetric analysis
2244:
2132:
1951:
1847:Analytical quality control
1844:
1483:propagation of uncertainty
1481:variables. Therefore, the
1247:{\displaystyle {\bar {x}}}
1092:
1073:
1039:
952:
918:
884:
834:
756:
743:photoemission spectroscopy
694:
675:
656:
641:
626:
611:
581:
441:
29:
4674:
4577:
4338:
4254:
4175:
4125:
4001:
3944:
3835:Electroanalytical methods
3820:
3792:
3695:
3646:
3605:
3549:
3526:Ion mobility spectrometry
3516:Electroanalytical methods
3498:
3435:
3259:American Chemical Society
2645:Arikawa, Yoshiko (2001).
2308:compact fluorescent lamps
1088:
1064:scanning probe microscopy
913:thin-layer chromatography
803:, fast atom bombardment,
723:fluorescence spectroscopy
703:electromagnetic radiation
277:List of unsolved problems
4590:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4506:Supramolecular chemistry
4145:Organometallic chemistry
3202:Russian Chemical Reviews
2484:environmental monitoring
2455:and related research in
2139:Shot noise is a type of
2094:{\displaystyle \Delta f}
990:, liquid chromatography-
943:field flow fractionation
837:Electroanalytical method
831:Electrochemical analysis
813:quadrupole mass analyzer
409:field flow fractionation
267:List of chemistry awards
4528:Combinatorial chemistry
4439:Food physical chemistry
4402:Environmental chemistry
4286:Bioorthogonal chemistry
4212:Retrosynthetic analysis
4033:Chemical thermodynamics
4016:Spectroelectrochemistry
3959:Computational chemistry
3686:Analytical Biochemistry
3475:Melting point apparatus
3044:10.1126/science.1156947
2848:10.1126/science.6353577
2660:(Supplement): i571–i573
2562:Virtual instrumentation
2543:Measurement uncertainty
2415:laser-induced breakdown
2255:frequency spectrum; as
2078:is the resistance, and
1962:meaning that the power
1866:limit of quantification
1030:Fluorescence microscope
801:electrospray ionization
510:small organic molecules
506:bioanalytical chemistry
4600:of element discoveries
4446:Agricultural chemistry
4434:Carbohydrate chemistry
4325:Bioinorganic chemistry
4190:Alkane stereochemistry
4135:Coordination chemistry
3964:Mathematical chemistry
3830:Instrumental chemistry
3665:Analytica Chimica Acta
2457:genetic fingerprinting
2395:environmental analysis
2378:
2374:for adulteration with
2350:, boxcar average, and
2292:
2216:
2119:
2095:
2046:
1873:
1831:
1559:
1499:
1475:
1455:
1432:
1388:
1284:
1254:is the observed value.
1248:
1217:
1201:is the absolute error.
1195:
1160:
1037:
949:Chromatographic assays
916:
776:
747:Mössbauer spectroscopy
687:
562:
528:questions, such as in
458:
84:
4595:Timeline of chemistry
4492:Post-mortem chemistry
4477:Clandestine chemistry
4407:Atmospheric chemistry
4330:Biophysical chemistry
4162:Solid-state chemistry
4112:Equilibrium chemistry
4021:Photoelectrochemistry
3557:Coning and quartering
3465:Infrared spectrometer
2523:Analytical techniques
2434:total analysis system
2365:
2286:
2217:
2120:
2096:
2047:
1954:Johnson–Nyquist noise
1939:signal-to-noise ratio
1859:
1832:
1539:
1500:
1476:
1456:
1433:
1389:
1285:
1249:
1218:
1196:
1161:
1074:Further information:
1040:Further information:
1028:
984:infrared spectroscopy
982:, gas chromatography-
953:Further information:
919:Further information:
910:
885:Further information:
835:Further information:
766:
757:Further information:
727:infrared spectroscopy
695:Further information:
685:
678:Instrumental analysis
657:Further information:
642:Further information:
627:Further information:
623:Quantitative analysis
612:Further information:
582:Further information:
556:
449:
374:quantitative analysis
79:
30:For the journal, see
4743:Analytical chemistry
4585:History of chemistry
4540:Chemical engineering
4315:Bioorganic chemistry
4065:Structural chemistry
3802:List of biomolecules
3679:Analytical Chemistry
3521:Gravimetric analysis
3485:Optical spectrometer
3429:Analytical chemistry
3076:Analytical Chemistry
2511:electron microscopes
2442:Microscale chemistry
2169:
2160:Poisson distribution
2109:
2082:
1984:
1512:
1489:
1465:
1445:
1404:
1297:
1265:
1229:
1207:
1176:
1110:
859:electrochemical cell
781:mass-to-charge ratio
672:Instrumental methods
644:Gravimetric analysis
638:Gravimetric analysis
600:for the presence of
570:Qualitative analysis
385:instrumental methods
381:wet chemical methods
370:Qualitative analysis
298:Chemistry portal
219:Analytical chemistry
196:Chemical equilibrium
60:into this article. (
53:Analytical technique
18:Analytical Chemistry
4608:The central science
4562:Ceramic engineering
4487:Forensic toxicology
4460:Chemistry education
4358:Radiation chemistry
4340:Interdisciplinarity
4293:Medicinal chemistry
4231:Fullerene chemistry
4107:Microwave chemistry
3976:Molecular mechanics
3971:Molecular modelling
3225:2006RuCRv..75..289B
3036:2008Sci...320.1332S
2884:1997JMSp...32...64H
2840:1983Sci...222..291W
2654:Analytical Sciences
2316:vibration isolation
2296:Environmental noise
2279:Environmental noise
1461:be a function with
1095:Approximation error
1060:electron microscopy
1036:(scale bar is 5 ÎĽm)
817:quadrupole ion trap
797:chemical ionization
793:electron ionization
783:of molecules using
653:Volumetric analysis
498:separation sciences
493:late 20th century.
432:experimental design
234:Inorganic chemistry
90:Part of a series on
4651:Chemical substance
4513:Chemical synthesis
4482:Forensic chemistry
4363:Actinide chemistry
4305:Clinical chemistry
3986:Molecular geometry
3981:Molecular dynamics
3936:Elemental analysis
3889:Separation process
3592:Separation process
3587:Sample preparation
3297:10.7717/peerj.3997
2555:- in the field of
2502:and Transcriptic.
2399:materials analysis
2379:
2293:
2212:
2115:
2091:
2064:Boltzmann constant
2042:
1968:frequency spectrum
1884:Internal standards
1874:
1862:limit of detection
1827:
1495:
1471:
1451:
1428:
1384:
1280:
1244:
1223:is the true value.
1213:
1191:
1156:
1056:optical microscopy
1038:
921:Separation process
917:
777:
775:and other analysis
773:radiocarbon dating
731:Raman spectroscopy
719:X-ray spectroscopy
688:
563:
549:Classical methods
464:elemental analysis
459:
239:Physical chemistry
186:Acid–base reaction
85:
81:Gas chromatography
4748:Materials science
4730:
4729:
4666:Quantum mechanics
4631:Chemical compound
4614:Chemical reaction
4552:Materials science
4470:General chemistry
4465:Amateur chemistry
4393:Photogeochemistry
4378:Stellar chemistry
4348:Nuclear chemistry
4269:Molecular biology
4236:Polymer chemistry
4207:Organic synthesis
4202:Organic reactions
4167:Ceramic chemistry
4157:Cluster chemistry
4087:Chemical kinetics
4075:Molecular physics
3954:Quantum chemistry
3867:Mass spectrometry
3751:
3750:
3633:Standard addition
3628:Internal standard
3618:Calibration curve
3531:Mass spectrometry
3490:Spectrophotometer
3470:Mass spectrometer
3455:Gas chromatograph
3368:978-92-79-23071-4
3342:978-81-8318-802-9
3154:978-0-495-01201-6
3100:978-1-4641-3538-5
2631:978-0-495-01201-6
2606:978-0-495-55832-3
2500:Emerald Cloud Lab
2391:clinical analysis
2344:digital filtering
2328:computer hardware
2273:lock-in amplifier
2231:elementary charge
2210:
2118:{\displaystyle f}
2105:of the frequency
2037:
1929:Signals and noise
1919:calibration curve
1915:calibration curve
1907:standard addition
1901:Standard addition
1890:internal standard
1878:calibration curve
1793:
1721:
1655:
1589:
1498:{\displaystyle f}
1474:{\displaystyle N}
1454:{\displaystyle f}
1378:
1371:
1344:
1241:
1216:{\displaystyle x}
1148:
974:Hybrid techniques
759:Mass spectrometry
753:Mass spectrometry
598:Kastle-Meyer test
543:quality assurance
468:Justus von Liebig
413:light interaction
348:
347:
229:Organic chemistry
176:Chemical reaction
109:Science of matter
74:
73:
69:
16:(Redirected from
4755:
4718:
4717:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4682:
4681:
4626:Chemical element
4281:Chemical biology
4140:Magnetochemistry
4117:Mechanochemistry
4070:Chemical physics
4011:Electrochemistry
3916:Characterization
3778:
3771:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3638:Isotope dilution
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3299:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3218:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3140:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3030:(5881): 1332–6.
3015:
3009:
3008:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2553:Sensory analysis
2383:forensic science
2348:ensemble average
2340:analog filtering
2304:wireless devices
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2154:Shot noise is a
2141:electronic noise
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1975:root mean square
1964:spectral density
1895:isotope dilution
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1777:
1769:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1639:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1122:
992:NMR spectroscopy
891:Thermal analysis
881:Thermal analysis
557:The presence of
479:Gustav Kirchhoff
451:Gustav Kirchhoff
417:heat interaction
360:, identify, and
340:
333:
326:
313:
308:
307:
300:
296:
295:
294:
272:List of journals
106:
87:
86:
65:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4670:
4573:
4567:Polymer science
4523:Click chemistry
4518:Green chemistry
4412:Ocean chemistry
4388:Biogeochemistry
4334:
4250:
4222:Total synthesis
4185:Stereochemistry
4171:
4121:
4038:Surface science
4028:Thermochemistry
3997:
3940:
3911:Crystallography
3816:
3788:
3782:
3752:
3747:
3691:
3642:
3601:
3545:
3494:
3437:Instrumentation
3431:
3426:
3378:
3373:
3328:
3326:Further reading
3323:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3216:physics/0607078
3197:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3141:
3130:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3016:
3012:
2991:(1–2): 239–47.
2981:
2977:
2956:(1–2): 229–38.
2946:
2942:
2911:
2907:
2867:
2863:
2834:(4621): 291–6.
2824:
2820:
2813:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2774:
2770:
2739:
2735:
2712:
2708:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2519:
2473:transcriptomics
2403:detection limit
2360:
2324:
2322:Noise reduction
2312:electric motors
2281:
2249:
2243:
2193:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2156:Poisson process
2137:
2131:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2061:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1956:
1950:
1931:
1903:
1886:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1543:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1072:
1044:
1023:
976:
967:
957:
951:
939:electrophoresis
931:
929:Electrophoresis
905:
893:
883:
839:
833:
809:magnetic-sector
789:magnetic fields
761:
755:
699:
693:
680:
674:
666:phenolphthalein
661:
655:
646:
640:
631:
625:
616:
610:
586:
580:
572:
551:
481:who discovered
444:
425:magnetic fields
421:electric fields
405:electrophoresis
344:
303:
292:
290:
289:
282:
281:
252:
244:
243:
214:
206:
205:
156:
148:
134:
111:
70:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4761:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4700:
4688:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4451:Soil chemistry
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4429:Food chemistry
4426:
4424:Carbochemistry
4421:
4419:Clay chemistry
4416:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4374:Astrochemistry
4370:Cosmochemistry
4367:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Radiochemistry
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Neurochemistry
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4241:Petrochemistry
4238:
4233:
4228:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Spin chemistry
4099:
4097:Photochemistry
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Femtochemistry
4079:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3894:Chromatography
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3812:Periodic table
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Chromatography
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3377:
3376:External links
3374:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3344:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3270:
3246:
3191:
3160:
3153:
3128:
3099:
3079:
3067:
3010:
2975:
2940:
2905:
2861:
2818:
2811:
2793:
2786:
2768:
2733:
2706:
2671:
2637:
2630:
2612:
2605:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2507:nanotechnology
2461:DNA microarray
2453:DNA sequencing
2419:laser ablation
2359:
2356:
2336:shielded cable
2323:
2320:
2280:
2277:
2245:Main article:
2242:
2239:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2133:Main article:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2090:
2087:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1952:Main article:
1949:
1946:
1941:(S/N or SNR).
1930:
1927:
1905:The method of
1902:
1899:
1885:
1882:
1853:
1852:Standard curve
1850:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1494:
1470:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1276:
1271:
1256:
1255:
1240:
1237:
1224:
1212:
1202:
1187:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1071:
1068:
1022:
1019:
999:chromatography
975:
972:
963:
955:Chromatography
950:
947:
935:Chromatography
925:Chromatography
904:
901:
882:
879:
832:
829:
821:time-of-flight
754:
751:
692:
689:
676:Main article:
673:
670:
654:
651:
639:
636:
624:
621:
609:
606:
579:
578:Chemical tests
576:
571:
568:
550:
547:
489:(Cs) in 1860.
443:
440:
401:chromatography
346:
345:
343:
342:
335:
328:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
301:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
157:
155:Key components
154:
153:
150:
149:
147:
146:
135:
133:
132:
127:
122:
116:
113:
112:
107:
99:
98:
92:
91:
72:
71:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4760:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4723:
4722:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Chemical bond
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4545:Stoichiometry
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4501:Nanochemistry
4499:
4498:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Semisynthesis
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Sonochemistry
4058:
4056:
4055:Cryochemistry
4053:
4049:
4048:Micromeritics
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Wet chemistry
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Matrix effect
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Pulverization
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3356:0-471-78874-0
3353:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3074:G.L. David -
3071:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:(1–2): 3–19.
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2787:0-471-04372-9
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2722:(9–10): 547.
2721:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:(5): 921–33.
2686:
2682:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2577:Working range
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Microanalysis
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:lab-on-a-chip
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:dynamic range
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:recombination
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:flicker noise
2241:Flicker noise
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2126:
2112:
2104:
2088:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2014:
2010:
2005:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:Thermal noise
1945:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1923:matrix effect
1921:to solve the
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1888:Sometimes an
1881:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1848:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1662:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1484:
1468:
1448:
1422:
1419:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1269:
1259:
1235:
1225:
1210:
1203:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1080:Lab-on-a-chip
1077:
1076:Microfluidics
1070:Lab-on-a-chip
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:nanomaterials
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
971:
969:
966:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
930:
926:
922:
914:
909:
900:
898:
892:
888:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:potentiometry
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
828:
827:, and so on.
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
770:
765:
760:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
684:
679:
669:
667:
660:
650:
645:
635:
630:
620:
615:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
584:Chemical test
575:
567:
560:
555:
546:
544:
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3991:VSEPR theory
3840:Spectroscopy
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2263:noise in a
2072:temperature
1960:white noise
887:Calorimetry
875:voltammetry
871:amperometry
749:and so on.
453:(left) and
4737:Categories
4557:Metallurgy
4256:Biological
3822:Analytical
3647:Prominent
3572:Filtration
3499:Techniques
3480:Microscope
3382:Infografik
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3209:(4): 289.
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2465:proteomics
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608:Flame test
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