592:. The sand partridge has a large range and is deemed common and stable in the regions it resides. The sand partridge has been introduced to two islands offshore of Saudi Arabia and the UAE. The estimated entire population of sand partridge pairs in Arabia is ~900,000 and is increasing. Sand partridges live in areas that are mainly inhabitable to humans, thus have minimal threats. Throughout Arabia, stock grazing, urbanization, drought, and climate change in general, all affect sand partridges but are not true threats. Additionally, sand partridges are hunted for sport and food, locally and nationally. Over the entire range of the sand partridges habitats, there are conservation sites present. A non-profit in Jordan known as the Jordan Outdoor Sport Association was established in 2014 to encourage
572:). Nests are built in three different fashions. One way is the sand partridge will sparsely line the nest with grass, feathers, bits of wood, or pebbles. The second way is the sand partridge will build the nest under the cover of bush or rock and leave the nest unlined. The third way is building the nest in hollows or crevices at the base of cliffs. Females lay between 5–14 eggs that are pale grey or pink. Two females may lay in the same nest. Incubation is by females only for around 21–24 days. Chicks are white with grey upper breast and pale throat. Chicks become
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361:: the erectile clade and the non-erectile clade (an erectile trait is a feathery or fleshy region on the head that some birds possess. It mainly evolved as a sexual signal. The sand partridge is part of the non-erectile clade, as they do not possess an erectile trait. These two clades are believed to have diverged during the early
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partridge. Females are a very washed-out version of males. They are sandier and greyer than males with fewer markings and have pinkish bars instead of white spots on the side of the neck. Females are more difficult to distinguish from its relative due to the weak head pattern. Male and female juveniles resemble adult females.
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Breeding seasons are dependent on location. In Israel, sand partridges breed between
February and August. In Jordan and Sinai, Egypt, eggs are laid between March and April, whereas are only laid in April in the Northern Africa region. Within the Arabian Peninsula, eggs are laid mainly in March and
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Males are larger than the females and have orange bills, rather than dull yellowish bills. The male has a grey head with a white stripe in front of the eye and a white cheek patch. The neck sides are plain, and not speckled with white. The head pattern is the best distinction from the see-see
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and ridges up to 2000 m and valleys down to 400 m below sea level. Sand partridges are rarely found in large stretches of dry, flat, or open desert as they require a water source for drinking. The sand partridge is non-migratory, so it breeds and spends its year in these habitats.
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The sand partridge is a rotund bird, mainly sandy-brown with wavy white and brown flank stripes. It ranges from 22–25 cm in height, and 180-200 g in weight. Its wingspan ranges from 39–41 cm. They can live for up to 4 years.
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Known vocalizations only for male sand partridges. Male's signalling call is a "kew-kew-kew" or "watcha-watcha-watcha". When alarmed or flushed, they emit a louder, higher "quip" or "qu-ip", or a harsh "wuit-wuit-wuit".
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is a resident breeder in dry, open and often hilly country. It nests in a scantily lined ground scrape laying 5–14 eggs. The sand partridge takes a wide variety of seeds and some insect food.
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Habitats with woody vegetation height of 2–3 m between rocks are ideal foraging grounds for the sand partridge, as it provides food and also sufficient shelter from predator attacks.
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birds. They feed on a mixed diet of plant matter and insects. During the summer, the sand partridge forages mostly for seeds and berries. Seeds come mostly from
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at 9–20 days, and then are full grown at 30 days. Sand partridges can be found in groups of dozens of members, but families may come together to form large
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Sand partridges can be found in desert ecosystems with scattered vegetation and boulders. They prefer steep, boulder-strewn slopes with sandy-bottomed
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When disturbed, sand partridge prefers to run rather than fly, but if necessary it flies a short distance on rounded wings. The song is a slurred
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1019:"The seasonality of group size and group composition of sand partridge (Ammoperdix heyi heyi Temminck, 1825) in the Ibex Reserve, Saudi Arabia"
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Chen, De; Hosner, Peter A.; Dittmann, Donna L.; O’Neill, John P.; Birks, Sharon M.; Braun, Edward L.; Kimball, Rebecca T. (2021).
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birds, but nests have been seen merely 30–70 m apart in Israel, indicating one male mating with multiple females (see
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972:"Habitat preference and diurnal activity pattern in the Sand Partridge, Ammoperdix heyi heyi: (Aves: Phasianidae)"
866:"A Multigene Phylogeny of Galliformes Supports a Single Origin of Erectile Ability in Non-Feathered Facial Traits"
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April, but have been seen in Oman and Yemen as late as between August and
November. Sand partridges are probably
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807:"Divergence time estimation of Galliformes based on the best gene shopping scheme of ultraconserved elements"
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Ammoperdix heyi: BirdLife
International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22678657A92783316
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in the area. Releasing sand partridges to supplement hunted birds is part of their conservation work.
430:(UAE). The four subspecies of the sand partridge are native to specific parts of the Middle East. The
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is distributed from
Western Saudi Arabia to Yemen east into Oman and to the
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and grasses. Berries come mostly from the toothbrush tree/mustard tree (
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The sand partridge is one of 185 species in the ground-living family
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specifically, sand partridges eat leaves and buds of desert thorn (
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Illustration depicting the plumage of a female sand partridge.
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Illustration depicting the plumage of a male sand partridge.
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784:(Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature.
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The sand partridge is listed as 'Least
Concern' by the
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580:of up to 70 members in later summer/early autumn.
791:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22678657a92783316.en
638:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678657A92783316.en
450:is distributed from Egypt to Northern Sudan. The
357:. The Phasianinae subfamily has two acknowledged
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730:"Sand Partridge (Ammoperdix heyi), version 1.0"
864:Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2008).
728:McGowan, Philip J. K.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020).
341:order. The Phasianidae family has a subfamily
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398:. Populations are distributed across Eastern
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446:is distributed across Northern Egypt. The
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624:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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1069:Eid, Ehab; Handal, Ramzi (2018).
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882:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04270.x
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613:BirdLife International (2016).
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365:, around 30 million years ago.
244:has its main native range from
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988:10.1080/09397140.2009.10638364
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452:Ammoperdix heyi intermedius
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1023:Turkish Journal of Zoology
976:Zoology in the Middle East
824:10.1186/s12862-021-01935-1
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1131:– The World Bird Database
1088:10.1017/S0030605316001629
1017:Wronski, Torsten (2012).
970:Wronski, Torsten (2009).
811:BMC Ecology and Evolution
448:Ammoperdix heyo cholmleyi
349:up until the 1990s until
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81:Scientific classification
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1438:Birds of the Middle East
940:"Sand Partridge – eBird"
870:Journal of Avian Biology
631:: e.T22678657A92783316.
434:is distributed from the
377:Habitat and distribution
270:Ammoperdix griseogularis
1443:Birds described in 1825
584:Status and conservation
499:
444:Ammopredix heyi nicolli
345:, which was considered
229:in the pheasant family
742:10.2173/bow.sanpar1.01
551:Sideroxylon mascatense
528:). Insects are mostly
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385:Female sand partridge.
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237:, gallinaceous birds.
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1433:Birds of North Africa
1133:on the sand partridge
1124:on the sand partridge
475:Behaviour and ecology
442:to Saudi Arabia. The
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351:molecular phylogenies
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504:Sand partridges are
432:Ammoperdix heyi heyi
428:United Arab Emirates
780:IUCN (2016-10-01).
594:sustainable hunting
275:This 22–25 cm
51:Conservation status
1036:10.3906/zoo-1008-5
734:Birds of the World
456:Musandam Peninsula
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1382:Open Tree of Life
1143:Taxon identifiers
518:Salvadora persica
309:Sexual dimorphism
266:see-see partridge
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916:bird-phylogeny
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982:(1): 35–42.
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559:Reproduction
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458:in the UAE.
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416:Saudi Arabia
393:
390:Distribution
355:paraphyletic
347:monophyletic
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260:and east to
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172:A. heyi
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29:
1304:iNaturalist
1175:Wikispecies
1122:Oiseaux.net
918:(in German)
644:11 November
396:Middle East
343:Phasianinae
339:Galliformes
335:Phasianidae
304:kwa-kwa-kwa
283:Description
235:Galliformes
231:Phasianidae
148:Phasianidae
138:Galliformes
1428:Ammoperdix
1417:Categories
1395:Xeno-canto
949:2023-10-03
922:2023-10-03
817:(1): 209.
600:References
566:monogamous
524:Commiphora
506:omnivorous
426:, and the
402:, Eastern
159:Ammoperdix
1097:0030-6053
1045:1300-0179
996:0939-7140
944:ebird.org
890:0908-8857
833:2730-7182
758:242577678
750:2771-3105
363:Oligocene
242:partridge
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1348:22678657
1322:10585296
1234:22678657
1229:BirdLife
1166:Q1274275
1160:Wikidata
1105:90139636
1053:60145922
1004:84491722
898:30244464
851:34809586
570:polygyny
329:Taxonomy
262:Pakistan
227:gamebird
198:Temminck
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1296:2473733
1270:sanpar1
1244:sanpar1
1216:Avibase
1129:Avibase
842:8609756
574:fledges
530:locusts
462:Habitat
225:) is a
200:, 1825)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1387:124997
1361:388990
1335:175948
1278:EURING
1203:ARKive
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756:
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