50:
386:
313:, Robles adopted a male identity not as a survival strategy but because of a strong desire to be a man. Robles's male identity was accepted by family, society, and the Mexican government, and Robles lived as a man from the age of 24 until his death. According to a former neighbor, if anyone called Robles a woman or
341:
A public school was named after him using the masculine version of his name, confirming the official recognition of his identity by the local government. His tombstone bears the feminine version of his name and there is a museum in
Xochipala celebrating "Coronela Amelia Robles", recognizing him as a
142:
factory. Robles had two older siblings Teódulo and Prisca. Robles was three years old when
Casimiro died, and a few years later Josefa married Jesús Martinez, one of the ranch workers who took care of the livestock. Josefa and Jesús had three more children, Luis, Concepción and Jesús Martínez Avila.
297:
On his deathbed Robles supposedly made two requests, to receive honors for his military service and to be dressed as a woman in order to commend his soul to God. Neither request was ever confirmed to be true, and Robles had already received several military honors. Furthermore, Robles's death
178:
Between August and
November 1911, Robles was sent to the Gulf of Mexico on a commission in order to obtain money from oil companies for the revolutionary cause. Two years later, Robles began to dress as a man and demanded to be treated as such. (Robles was not alone as a person
150:
From a young age, Robles showed an interest in activities that were considered masculine, learning to tame horses and handling weapons, and becoming an excellent marksman and rider. Before joining the army, he was treasurer in a
827:
To use the page: Nombre: Amelio; apellido paterno: Robles; apellido materno: Avila (without accent as it will mark an error); sexo: masculino; fecha de nacimiento: left blank; fecha de defunción: 09/12/1984.
265:
In 1948, Robles received the medical certificate required to officially enter the
Confederation of Veterans of the Revolution. The medical revision confirmed that Robles had received six bullet wounds.
2196:
294:
Robles met Ángela Torres in
Apipilulco in the 1930s, and they later married. They adopted a daughter together, Regula Robles Torres. Horacio Legrás says that both later became estranged from Robles.
262:
for a time after the revolution, a group of men are said to have attacked him wanting to reveal his anatomy; he killed two in self-defense. In 1939 he supported Almazán in the presidential election.
338:
Robles is documented using both the masculine and feminine versions of his name and pronouns. Robles is both commemorated as a male hero of the
Mexican revolution and iconized as a female warrior.
278:) of the Revolution. Toward the end of his life, Robles received various decorations acknowledging distinguished military service: a decoration as a veteran of the Mexican Revolution, and the
860:), page 180: "Others, such as Amelia Robles, became true transgendered subjects over the course of the revolution and defined themselves as men for the rest of their lives."
1958:
236:. In 1924, Robles supported General Alvaro Obregón against the Delahuertist rebellion under the command of General Adrian Castrejón, where the Delahuertista general
207:
2176:
196:
2191:
1159:
786:
704:
1714:
237:
539:
2296:
1909:
1323:
2249:
1581:
2286:
608:
413:
2359:
2270:
1677:
761:
735:
2384:
1023:
896:
1836:
1591:
1460:
811:
2265:
2244:
1724:
914:
2229:
1973:
1124:
1089:
217:. Robles gained the respect of peers and superiors as a capable military leader, and was eventually given his own command.
143:
They raised the children in the
Catholic religion. Robles studied until the fourth grade at the school for young ladies in
250:
Following the military phase of the
Revolution, Robles supported revolutionary general Álvaro Obregón when the latter was
2364:
1553:
1438:
1455:
1364:
1072:
2259:
1286:
1174:
1114:
563:
138:
to
Casimiro Robles and Josefa Ávila. Casimiro Robles was a wealthy farmer who owned 42 hectares of land and a small
2374:
2369:
2328:
1902:
1862:
1281:
1256:
1036:
1779:
1374:
1313:
188:
1523:
1251:
878:
857:
685:
480:
187:
also adopted male identities during the war.) From 1913 to 1918, Robles fought as "el coronel Robles" with the
2009:
790:
2379:
1586:
1491:
1246:
1094:
352:
The image of Robles in his uniform was drawn on as inspiration for a section of a drag performance depicting
2079:
711:
2291:
2171:
2084:
1794:
1692:
1596:
1576:
1396:
1379:
1276:
184:
2254:
1895:
1501:
1401:
1328:
1062:
1016:
705:"Inocultables Realidades del Deseo: Amelio Robles, masculinidad (transgénero) en la Revolución mexicana"
1937:
1804:
1625:
1516:
1506:
1179:
1134:
2156:
2120:
1709:
1428:
1411:
1333:
1266:
2239:
1611:
1606:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1240:
1231:
1109:
212:
2059:
940:"Queering the Memory of the Mexican Revolution: Cabaret as a Space for Contesting National Memory"
547:
2181:
1978:
1682:
1543:
1271:
1079:
279:
2039:
1139:
122:. Assigned female at birth, Robles lived openly as a man from age 24 until his death at age 95.
2219:
2214:
1747:
1652:
1558:
1548:
1406:
1386:
1084:
1009:
2069:
989:] (in Spanish). Cuernavaca, Morelos, MX: Gobierno del Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos.
331:), he would threaten them with a pistol. Robles has therefore been described by historians as
168:
1819:
1672:
1662:
1538:
1486:
1416:
1369:
1308:
1129:
558:(in Spanish). México, D.F.: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. pp. 303–319.
371:
201:
2301:
631:"Amelio Robles, andar de soldado viejo. Masculinidad (trangénero) en la Revolución Mexicana"
2354:
2349:
2064:
1831:
1667:
1642:
1637:
1528:
1433:
1067:
1052:
376:
310:
1189:
349:
creates an image of "La
Coronela Amelia Robles" through both visual and written elements.
8:
2135:
2034:
2024:
2004:
1784:
1774:
1657:
1563:
1443:
1391:
1214:
1194:
647:
630:
255:
251:
233:
1918:
1814:
1789:
1352:
1338:
1154:
959:
920:
815:
652:
242:
229:
119:
49:
2140:
2130:
2014:
1932:
1855:
1739:
1719:
1704:
1601:
1533:
1474:
1448:
1261:
1236:
1226:
1044:
990:
951:
924:
910:
874:
853:
681:
569:
559:
476:
2054:
254:
in 1920–1924; Robles fought with Obregón's forces to put down the 1923 rebellion of
225:
2104:
1757:
1511:
1204:
1199:
1099:
902:
642:
298:
certificate notes that he lost the ability to speak more than a year before dying.
274:
In 1970, the Mexican Secretary of National Defense recognized Robles as a veteran (
2049:
1999:
192:
172:
2234:
2166:
2161:
2029:
1871:
1826:
1809:
1799:
1762:
1697:
1647:
1184:
906:
282:; in 1973 or 1974, Robles was also decorated with the Revolutionary Merit award (
221:
180:
2074:
183:
presenting as male in the Mexican army at the time. Maria de la Luz Barrera and
2099:
2094:
2089:
2044:
1496:
1318:
365:
2343:
2125:
1876:
1729:
1423:
994:
955:
391:
1983:
573:
2306:
2224:
2019:
1767:
1568:
1164:
144:
20:
1752:
473:
Culture and Revolution: Violence, Memory, and the Making of Modern Mexico
414:"Long after the Revolution's end, a trans soldier fought for recognition"
332:
963:
939:
656:
2323:
2311:
1968:
1963:
1942:
1149:
1144:
1119:
1104:
871:
Eunuchs and Castrati: Disability and Normativity in Early Modern Europe
850:
Troubled Memories: Iconic Mexican Women and the Traps of Representation
353:
152:
688:), ed. by Mary Kay Vaughan, Gabriela Cano, Jocelyn H. Olcott, page 45.
224:
was killed, Robles and 315 men under his command joined the forces of
1887:
1057:
322:
156:
131:
77:
2316:
2186:
1947:
1687:
1169:
135:
81:
1001:
736:"Editarán la biografía de la coronela revolucinaria Amelia Robles"
787:"La Coronela de Zapata que luchó por ser reconocida como Coronel"
24:
316:
1032:
678:
Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico
259:
139:
609:"Amelio Robles, coronel transgénero de la Revolución mexicana"
1952:
171:
passed through Xochipala in 1911 as pressure mounted against
167:
Robles joined the army in 1911 or 1912, perhaps when General
118:(3 November 1889 – 9 December 1984) was a colonel during the
327:
130:
Robles was born Amelia Robles Ávila on 3 November 1889 in
762:"La Coronela es un hombre y, sin embargo, nació mujer"
759:
588:
Historias cercanas (relatos ignorados de la frontera)
898:
Women Warriors and National Heroes: Global Histories
381:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
435:
433:
2341:
844:
842:
830:
814:(in Spanish). State of Guerrero. Archived from
698:
696:
694:
537:
441:Amelia Robles: revolucionaria zapatista del sur
31: and the second or maternal family name is
513:
504:
486:
430:
1903:
1017:
702:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
314:
304:
839:
691:
668:
666:
606:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
1554:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
981:López González, Valentín; Morelos (2000) .
1910:
1896:
1024:
1010:
446:
289:
232:which brought an end to the government of
48:
2271:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
937:
780:
778:
663:
646:
580:
522:
16:Mexican colonel of the Mexican Revolution
742:. Información del Sur, SA. 23 April 2003
728:
602:
600:
598:
596:
760:Laura Martínez Alarcón (7 March 2016).
2342:
1917:
775:
411:
301:Robles died 9 December 1984, aged 95.
228:, and in 1920 fought with them in the
2266:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
1891:
1005:
891:
889:
887:
593:
784:
648:10.22201/cieg.2594066xe.2009.39.1417
628:
538:Cárdenas Trueba, Olga (2010-11-20).
2177:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
1031:
836:Laura Espejel López (2000), p. 319.
519:Laura Espejel López (2000), p. 306.
510:Edith Pérez Abarca (2007), page 28.
501:Laura Espejel López (2000), p. 305.
347:El Coyote: Corrido de la Revolución
13:
974:
884:
703:Gabriela Cano (27 November 2009).
607:Lydia Zárate (13 September 2016).
540:"Amelia Robles Avila, 1889 - 1984"
14:
2396:
2260:Institutional Revolutionary Party
1175:Institutional Revolutionary Party
674:Unconcealable Realities of Desire
2360:20th-century Mexican LGBT people
2329:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
384:
345:A 1951 children's book entitled
284:Medalla al mérito revolucionario
931:
863:
804:
753:
622:
2385:Transgender military personnel
405:
325:for women, similar to English
1:
1974:French Intervention in Mexico
1095:Centralist Republic of Mexico
901:. Bloomsbury Academic. 2020.
629:Cano, Gabriela (2009-01-01).
554:Espejel López, Laura (2000).
412:Losser, Sheryl (2023-04-26).
398:
125:
2292:Liberation Army of the South
2220:Mexican Constitution of 1917
2172:Convention of Aguascalientes
1524:Institutional stock exchange
1160:Second American intervention
938:Slaughter, Stephany (2011).
907:10.5040/9781350140301.ch-010
812:"Datos de acta de defuncion"
162:
23:, the first or paternal
7:
1725:Water supply and sanitation
1090:Spanish reconquest attempts
556:Estudios sobre el zapatismo
359:
100:Xochipala, Guerrero, Mexico
10:
2401:
2365:Mexican military personnel
2255:Monument to the Revolution
2080:Francisco León de la Barra
1938:Economic History of Mexico
1125:Second French intervention
1073:Control of Central America
305:Gender identity and legacy
247:died and Robles was hurt.
54:Robles in 1915 (colorized)
18:
2279:
2207:
2192:United States involvement
2149:
2113:
1992:
1925:
1849:
1738:
1633:
1624:
1482:
1473:
1360:
1351:
1324:Tropical cyclone rainfall
1222:
1213:
1043:
764:(in Spanish). Actitud Fem
269:
258:. When Robles settled in
220:In 1919, some time after
105:
89:
59:
47:
40:
2020:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
1365:Administrative divisions
983:Los Compañeros de Zapata
175:to resign as president.
2375:Mexican transgender men
2370:Mexican revolutionaries
2182:Pancho Villa Expedition
2157:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
2121:Plan of San Luis Potosí
1780:Handcrafts and folk art
1549:National stock exchange
1287:Protected natural areas
1115:Second Mexican Republic
1080:Supreme Executive Power
309:According to historian
290:Personal life and death
280:Mexican Legion of Honor
2215:Emigration from Mexico
2150:Political developments
2010:José María Pino Suárez
1592:States by unemployment
1582:Science and technology
1085:First Mexican Republic
315:
2240:1968 student protests
2060:Plutarco Elías Calles
1820:Our Lady of Guadalupe
1314:Territorial evolution
1130:Second Mexican Empire
372:James Barry (surgeon)
191:under the command of
2380:People from Guerrero
2040:Ricardo Flores Magón
1959:Constitution of 1857
1837:World Heritage Sites
1252:Environmental issues
1110:Mexican–American War
1068:First Mexican Empire
869:Katherine Crawford,
439:Edith Pérez Abarca,
377:Mexican Armed Forces
311:Gabriela Cano Ortega
2136:Plan of Agua Prieta
2070:José Yves Limantour
2025:Venustiano Carranza
2005:Francisco I. Madero
1492:Automotive industry
1380:Chamber of Deputies
1063:War of Independence
987:Zapata's Companions
586:David Pérez López,
368:, civil war soldier
256:Adolfo de la Huerta
252:president of Mexico
234:Venustiano Carranza
169:Juan Andreu Almazán
116:Amelio Robles Ávila
64:Amelia Robles Ávila
42:Amelio Robles Ávila
2302:División del Norte
2297:Constitutionalists
2085:Félix Díaz Velasco
1919:Mexican Revolution
1693:Indigenous peoples
1597:Telecommunications
1456:State legislatures
1397:Federal government
1277:Metropolitan areas
1155:Mexican Revolution
230:Agua Prieta Revolt
197:Heliodoro Castillo
120:Mexican Revolution
2337:
2336:
2250:Historical Museum
2141:Plan of San Diego
2131:Plan of Guadalupe
2015:Victoriano Huerta
1933:History of Mexico
1885:
1884:
1845:
1844:
1620:
1619:
1469:
1468:
1439:Political parties
1402:Foreign relations
1347:
1346:
1135:Restored Republic
1053:Pre-Columbian era
916:978-1-350-12113-3
848:Oswaldo Estrada,
611:. Pikara Magazine
590:(2004), page 125.
418:Mexico News Daily
342:"woman fighter".
113:
112:
2392:
2105:Genovevo de la O
1993:Important people
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1865:
1858:
1805:National symbols
1631:
1630:
1572:
1517:Renewable energy
1507:Economic history
1480:
1479:
1358:
1357:
1220:
1219:
1200:Chiapas conflict
1100:Texas Revolution
1026:
1019:
1012:
1003:
1002:
998:
968:
967:
944:Letras Femeninas
935:
929:
928:
893:
882:
867:
861:
846:
837:
834:
828:
826:
824:
823:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
789:. Archived from
782:
773:
772:
770:
769:
757:
751:
750:
748:
747:
732:
726:
725:
723:
722:
716:
710:. Archived from
709:
700:
689:
670:
661:
660:
650:
635:Debate Feminista
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
604:
591:
584:
578:
577:
552:Extracted from:
551:
546:. Archived from
535:
520:
517:
511:
508:
502:
499:
484:
471:Horacio Legrás,
469:
444:
443:(2007), page 25.
437:
428:
427:
425:
424:
409:
394:
389:
388:
387:
320:
246:
216:
208:Encarnación Díaz
205:
193:Jesús H. Salgado
185:Ángel(a) Jiménez
96:
73:
71:
52:
38:
37:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2275:
2245:Popular culture
2235:Mexican miracle
2203:
2167:Morelos Commune
2145:
2109:
2065:Lázaro Cárdenas
2030:Emiliano Zapata
1988:
1921:
1916:
1886:
1881:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1841:
1734:
1710:Public holidays
1683:Nationality law
1678:Life expectancy
1616:
1570:
1465:
1429:Law enforcement
1343:
1334:Water resources
1209:
1185:Mexican miracle
1039:
1030:
980:
977:
975:Further reading
972:
971:
936:
932:
917:
895:
894:
885:
868:
864:
847:
840:
835:
831:
821:
819:
810:
809:
805:
796:
794:
783:
776:
767:
765:
758:
754:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
720:
718:
714:
707:
701:
692:
672:Gabriela Cano,
671:
664:
627:
623:
614:
612:
605:
594:
585:
581:
566:
553:
536:
523:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
487:
470:
447:
438:
431:
422:
420:
410:
406:
401:
390:
385:
383:
362:
307:
292:
272:
240:
238:Marcial Cavazos
222:Emiliano Zapata
210:
199:
181:assigned female
165:
128:
101:
98:
94:
93:9 December 1984
85:
75:
74:3 November 1889
69:
67:
66:
65:
55:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Decena trágica
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2100:Manuel Palafox
2097:
2095:Eufemio Zapata
2092:
2090:Bernardo Reyes
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Aquiles Serdán
2052:
2047:
2045:Pascual Orozco
2042:
2037:
2035:Álvaro Obregón
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1612:Water scarcity
1609:
1607:Transportation
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1564:Pension system
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1305:
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109:Ángela Torres
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58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2230:Land Reforms
2225:Cristero War
2075:Ramón Corral
1748:Architecture
1653:Demographics
1497:Central bank
1407:Human rights
1387:Constitution
1205:War on drugs
1180:World War II
1165:Cristero War
1058:Colonial era
986:
982:
950:(1): 47–70.
947:
943:
933:
897:
870:
865:
849:
832:
820:. Retrieved
816:the original
806:
795:. Retrieved
791:the original
766:. Retrieved
755:
744:. Retrieved
739:
730:
719:. Retrieved
712:the original
677:
673:
638:
634:
624:
613:. Retrieved
587:
582:
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548:the original
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421:. Retrieved
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149:
145:Chilpancingo
129:
115:
114:
95:(1984-12-09)
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
2355:1984 deaths
2350:1889 births
1984:Científicos
1943:Encomiendas
1673:Immigration
1539:Land reform
1487:Agriculture
1309:Territories
1247:Earthquakes
1195:Peso crisis
1190:Lost Decade
881:), page 10.
483:), page 91.
333:transgender
241: [
211: [
200: [
2344:Categories
2324:Soldaderas
2317:Magonistas
2312:Felicistas
2197:formations
1979:Porfiriato
1969:La Reforma
1964:Reform War
1926:Background
1832:Television
1790:Literature
1668:Healthcare
1643:Censorship
1638:Corruption
1571:(currency)
1529:Irrigation
1150:Porfiriato
1145:Yaqui Wars
1120:La Reforma
1105:Pastry War
879:1351166352
858:1438471912
822:2018-01-01
797:2018-01-01
785:Agencias.
768:2017-12-30
746:2018-01-20
721:2017-12-30
686:0822388448
615:2017-12-13
481:1477311734
423:2023-12-15
399:References
354:soldaderas
189:Zapatistas
153:Maderistas
126:Early life
70:1889-11-03
2307:Federales
1948:Haciendas
1795:Monuments
1785:Languages
1658:Education
1577:Petroleum
1534:Labor law
1502:Companies
1444:President
1392:Elections
1282:Mountains
1215:Geography
1140:Caste War
995:651560916
956:0277-4356
925:214264218
641:: 14–39.
323:honorific
163:Army life
157:Xochipala
132:Xochipala
78:Xochipala
2287:Factions
2187:Maximato
1872:Category
1815:Religion
1775:Folklore
1434:Military
1412:Intersex
1370:Congress
1353:Politics
1339:Wildlife
1329:Volcanos
1170:Maximato
1037:articles
964:23021843
657:42625542
574:48797560
360:See also
276:veterano
155:club in
136:Guerrero
84:, Mexico
82:Guerrero
19:In this
1856:Outline
1763:Cuisine
1740:Culture
1730:Welfare
1720:Smoking
1705:Poverty
1626:Society
1602:Tourism
1475:Economy
1449:Cabinet
1267:Islands
1262:Forests
1237:Climate
1227:Borders
1045:History
873:(2018,
852:(2018,
680:(2007,
475:(2017,
25:surname
2208:Legacy
1877:Portal
1827:Sports
1758:Cinema
1688:People
1512:Energy
1375:Senate
1297:States
1292:Rivers
1232:Cities
1035:
1033:Mexico
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740:El Sur
684:
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270:Awards
260:Iguala
206:, and
140:mezcal
106:Spouse
29:Robles
2280:Other
2262:(PRI)
2114:Plans
1953:Casta
1863:Index
1810:Radio
1800:Music
1698:Women
1663:Flags
1648:Crime
1569:Peso
1272:Lakes
985:[
960:JSTOR
921:S2CID
715:(PDF)
708:(PDF)
676:, in
653:JSTOR
245:]
215:]
204:]
33:Ávila
1768:Wine
1417:LGBT
1319:Time
991:OCLC
952:ISSN
911:ISBN
875:ISBN
854:ISBN
682:ISBN
570:OCLC
560:ISBN
477:ISBN
328:Mrs.
321:(an
317:Doña
90:Died
60:Born
1753:Art
1559:Oil
1424:Law
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