Walking - Knowledge

385:, using chimpanzee and human energetic costs of locomotion. They found that the energy spent in moving the human body is less than what would be expected for an animal of similar size and approximately seventy-five percent less costly than that of chimpanzees. Chimpanzee quadrupedal and bipedal energy costs are found to be relatively equal, with chimpanzee bipedalism costing roughly ten percent more than quadrupedal. The same 2007 study found that among chimpanzee individuals, the energy costs for bipedal and quadrupedal walking varied significantly, and those that flexed their knees and hips to a greater degree and took a more upright posture, closer to that of humans, were able to save more energy than chimpanzees that did not take this stance. Further, compared to other apes, humans have longer legs and short dorsally oriented ischia (hipbone), which result in longer hamstring extensor moments, improving walking energy economy. Longer legs also support lengthened 1488: 887: 445:– Snowshoes are footwear for walking over the snow. Snowshoes work by distributing the weight of the person over a larger area so that the person's foot does not sink completely into the snow, a quality called "flotation". It is often said by snowshoers that if you can walk, you can snowshoe. This is true in optimal conditions, but snowshoeing properly requires some slight adjustments to walking. The method of walking is to lift the shoes slightly and slide the inner edges over each other, thus avoiding the unnatural and fatiguing "straddle-gait" that would otherwise be necessary. A snowshoer must be willing to roll his or her feet slightly as well. An exaggerated stride works best when starting out, particularly with larger or traditional shoes. 246:'s fact sheet on the "Relationship of Walking to Mortality Among U.S. Adults with Diabetes" states that those with diabetes who walked for two or more hours a week lowered their mortality rate from all causes by 39 percent. Women who took 4,500 steps to 7,500 steps a day seemed to have fewer premature deaths compared to those who only took 2,700 steps a day. "Walking lengthened the life of people with diabetes regardless of age, sex, race, body mass index, length of time since diagnosis and presence of complications or functional limitations." One limited study found preliminary evidence of a relationship between the speed of walking and health, and that the best results are obtained with a speed of more than 2.5 mph (4.0 km/h). 1378:. They use only two gaits when moving on land, the walk and a faster gait similar to running. In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. With no "aerial phase", the fast gait does not meet all the criteria of running, although the elephant uses its legs much like other running animals, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground. Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of 18 km/h (11 mph). At this speed, most other 587: 577:: In this activity, an individual walks in reverse, facing away from their intended direction of movement. This unique form of exercise has gained popularity for its various health and fitness benefits. It requires more attention and engages different muscles than forward walking, making it a valuable addition to a fitness routine. Some potential benefits of retro walking include improved balance, enhanced coordination, strengthened leg muscles, and reduced knee stress. It is also a rehabilitation exercise for certain injuries and can be way to switch up one's workout routine. 509:, By the mid 19th century, competitors were often expected to extend their legs straight at least once in their stride, and obey what was called the "fair heel and toe" rule. This rule, the source of modern racewalking, was a vague commandment that the toe of one foot could not leave the ground before the heel of the next foot touched down. This said, rules were customary and changed with the competition. Racers were usually allowed to jog in order to fend off cramps, and it was distance, not code, which determined gait for longer races. Newspaper reports suggest that " 486:. Compared to regular walking, Nordic walking (also called pole walking) involves applying force to the poles with each stride. Nordic walkers use more of their entire body (with greater intensity) and receive fitness building stimulation not present in normal walking for the chest, lats, triceps, biceps, shoulder, abdominals, spinal and other core muscles that may result in significant increases in heart rate at a given pace. Nordic walking has been estimated as producing up to a 46% increase in energy consumption, compared to walking without poles. 1149: 421: 1245:

based on a few rules can be easy to interpret. However, the influence of each rule can be hard to interpret when these models become more complex. Furthermore, the tuning of parameters is often done in an ad hoc way, revealing little intuition about why the system may be organized in this way. Finally, such models are typically based fully on sensory feedback, ignoring the effect of descending and rhythm generating neurons, which have been shown to be crucial in coordinating proper walking.

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some individuals. Definitions based on the percentage of the stride during which a foot is in contact with the ground (averaged across all feet) of greater than 50% contact corresponds well with identification of 'inverted pendulum' mechanics and are indicative of walking for animals with any number of limbs, however this definition is incomplete. Running humans and animals may have contact periods greater than 50% of a gait cycle when rounding corners, running uphill or carrying loads.

1319: 1397: 600:. During forward motion, the leg that leaves the ground swings forward from the hip. This sweep is the first pendulum. Then the leg strikes the ground with the heel and rolls through to the toe in a motion described as an inverted pendulum. The motion of the two legs is coordinated so that one foot or the other is always in contact with the ground. While walking, the muscles of the calf contract, raising the body's center of mass, while this muscle is contracted, 684: 5106: 1091: 1050: 467: 45: 108: 272: 972:, small-wheeled transport (skates, skateboards, push scooters and hand carts) or wheelchair travel are often key elements of successfully encouraging clean urban transport. A large variety of case studies and good practices (from European cities and some worldwide examples) that promote and stimulate walking as a means of transportation in cities can be found at 1476:

it can be used at lower speeds. The tripod gait is less stable than wave-like and tetrapod gaits, but it is theorized to be the most robust. This means that it is easier for an insect to recover from an offset in step timing when walking in a tripod gait. The ability to respond robustly is important for insects when traversing uneven terrain.

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In a metachronal wave gait, only one leg leaves contact with the ground at a time. This gait starts at one of the hind legs, then propagates forward to the mid and front legs on the same side before starting at the hind leg of the contralateral side. The wave gait is often used at slow walking speeds

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underlying walking. These models have rich theory behind them, allow for some extensions based on sensory feedback, and can be fit to kinematics. However, they need to be heavily constrained to fit to data and by themselves make no claims on which gaits allow the animal to move faster, more robustly,

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The rule-based models integrate the past literature on motor control to generate a few simple rules which are presumed to be responsible for walking (e.g. “loading of the left leg triggers unloading of right leg”). Such models are generally most strictly based on the past literature and when they are

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A walking gait is considered tripod if three of the legs enter the swing phase simultaneously, while the other three legs make contact with the ground. The middle leg of one side swings with the hind and front legs on the contralateral side. Tripod gaits are most commonly used at high speeds, though

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In a tetrapod gait, two legs swing at a time while the other four legs remain in contact with the ground. There are multiple configurations for tetrapod gaits, but the legs that swing together must be on contralateral sides of the body. Tetrapod gaits are typically used at medium speeds and are also

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The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h). When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will always have one foot raised and the other three

661:) due to the upwards acceleration of the centre of mass during a stride – if it is greater than the acceleration due to gravity the person will become airborne as they vault over the leg on the ground. Typically, however, animals switch to a run at a lower speed than this due to energy efficiencies. 181:

walking speeds at crosswalks ranging from 4.51 to 4.75 km/h (2.80 to 2.95 mph) for older individuals and from 5.32 to 5.43 km/h (3.31 to 3.37 mph) for younger individuals; a brisk walking speed can be around 6.5 km/h (4.0 mph). In Japan, the standard measure for walking

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Multiple mathematical models have been proposed to reproduce the kinematics observed in walking. These may be broadly broken down into four categories: rule-based models based on mechanical considerations and past literature, weakly coupled phase oscillators models, control-based models which guide

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at mid-stance. During walking, the centre of mass reaches a maximum height at mid-stance, while running, it is then at a minimum. This distinction, however, only holds true for locomotion over level or approximately level ground. For walking up grades above 10%, this distinction no longer holds for

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of a similar size, like chimpanzees. The energy efficiency of human locomotion can be accounted for by the reduced use of muscle in walking, due to an upright posture which places ground reaction forces at the hip and knee. When walking bipedally, chimpanzees take a crouched stance with bent knees

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Afghan walking: The Afghan Walk is a rhythmic breathing technique synchronized with walking. It was born in the 1980s on the basis of the observations made by the Frenchman Édouard G. Stiegler, during his contacts with Afghan caravaners, capable of making walks of more than 60 km per day for

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Based on the 2D inverted pendulum model of walking, there are at least five physical constraints that place fundamental limits on walking like an inverted pendulum. These constraints are: take-off constraint, sliding constraint, fall-back constraint, steady-state constraint, high step-frequency

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Control-based models start with a simulation based on some description of the animal's anatomy and optimize control parameters to generate some behavior. These may be based on a musculoskeletal model, skeletal model, or even simply a ball and stick model. As these models generate locomotion by

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since 1916. Depending on age group and category, walkers have to walk 30, 40 or 50 kilometers each day for four days. Originally a military event with a few civilians, it now is a mainly civilian event. Numbers have risen in recent years, with over 40,000 now taking part, including about 5,000

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optimizing some metric, they can be used to explore the space of optimal locomotion behaviors under some assumptions. However, they typically do not generate plausible hypotheses on the neural coding underlying the behaviors and are typically sensitive to modeling assumptions.

500:) gained attention, and were labeled "pedestrianism". Interest in the sport, and the wagering which accompanied it, spread to the United States, Canada, and Australia in the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century, Pedestrianism was largely displaced by the rise in modern 276: 1464:). Different walking gaits have been observed to exist on a speed dependent continuum of phase relationships. Even though their walking gaits are not discrete, they can often be broadly categorized as either a metachronal wave gait, tetrapod gait, or tripod gait. 462:. Beach walking can be developed on compact sand or non-compact sand. There are beach walking competitions on non-compact sand, and there are world records of beach walking on non-compact sand in Multiday distances. Beach walking has a specific technique of walk. 377:

muscles to perform extra work, which costs more energy. Comparing chimpanzee quadrupedal travel to that of true quadrupedal animals has indicated that chimpanzees expend one-hundred and fifty percent of the energy required for travel compared to true quadrupeds.

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which may be termed walking or running, and distinctions based upon the presence or absence of a suspended phase or the number of feet in contact any time do not yield mechanically correct classification. The most effective method to distinguish walking from

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in the UK is for the more energetic walker, and organizes lengthy challenge hikes of 20 or even 50 miles (30 to 80 km) or more in a day. The LDWA's annual "Hundred" event, entailing walking 100 miles or 160 km in 48 hours, takes place each British

949:. Generally, these lanes are in front of the houses and businesses, and streets for motor vehicles are always at the rear. Some pedestrian villages might be nearly car-free with cars either hidden below the buildings or on the periphery of the village. 504:

and by controversy involving rules, which limited its appeal as a source of wagering and led to its inclusion in the amateur athletics movement. Pedestrianism was first codified in the last half of the 19th century, evolving into what would become

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Heess, Nicolas; TB, Dhruva; Sriram, Srinivasan; Lemmon, Jay; Merel, Josh; Wayne, Greg; Tassa, Yuval; Erez, Tom; Wang, Ziyu; Ali Eslami, S. M.; Riedmiller, Martin; Silver, David (2017). "Emergence of Locomotion Behaviours in Rich Environments".

1257:, so another line of research has been exploring this view of walking. Each oscillator may model a muscle, joint angle, or even a whole leg, and is coupled to some set of other oscillators. Often, these oscillators are thought to represent the 138:

in that only one foot at a time leaves contact with the ground and there is a period of double-support. In contrast, running begins when both feet are off the ground with each step. This distinction has the status of a formal requirement in

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gaits such as the running walk, singlefoot, and similar rapid but smooth intermediate speed gaits. If a horse begins to speed up and lose a regular four-beat cadence to its gait, the horse is no longer walking but is beginning to either

275: 771:. In the UK the term walking tour also refers to a multi-day walk or hike undertaken by a group or individual. Well-organized systems of trails exist in many other European counties, as well as Canada, United States, New Zealand, and 172:

Speed is another factor that distinguishes walking from running. Although walking speeds can vary greatly depending on many factors such as height, weight, age, terrain, surface, load, culture, effort, and fitness, the average human

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Ideally, the advancing rear hoof oversteps the spot where the previously advancing front hoof touched the ground. The more the rear hoof oversteps, the smoother and more comfortable the walk becomes. Individual horses and different

863:, is the largest organisation that looks after the interests of walkers, with some 100,000 members. Its "Get Walking Keep Walking" project provides free route guides, led walks, as well as information for people new to walking. The 738:

to count their steps. Hiking is the usual word used in Canada, the United States and South Africa for long vigorous walks; similar walks are called tramps in New Zealand, or hill walking or just walking in Australia, the UK and the

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Insects must carefully coordinate their six legs during walking to produce gaits that allow for efficient navigation of their environment. Interleg coordination patterns have been studied in a variety of insects, including locusts

642:. This is reversed in running where the centre of mass is at its lowest as the leg is vertical. This is because the impact of landing from the ballistic phase is absorbed by bending the leg and consequently storing energy in 633:

of the body. In walking the body "vaults" over the leg on the ground, raising the centre of mass to its highest point as the leg passes the vertical, and dropping it to the lowest as the legs are spread apart. Essentially

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is a method of ascending a hill or mountain that involves using both hands, because of the steepness of the terrain. Of necessity, it will be a slow and careful form of walking and with possibly of occasional brief, easy

1283:, without postulating an underlying mechanism for how the kinematics are generated neurally. Such models can produce the most realistic kinematic trajectories and thus have been explored for simulating walking for 349:. Judging from footprints discovered on a former shore in Kenya, it is thought possible that ancestors of modern humans were walking in ways very similar to the present activity as long as 3 million years ago. 2169:

Jung, Heekyung; Baek, Myungin; D’Elia, Kristen P.; Boisvert, Catherine; Currie, Peter D.; Tay, Boon-Hui; Venkatesh, Byrappa; Brown, Stuart M.; Heguy, Adriana; Schoppik, David; Dasen, Jeremy S. (2018-02-08).

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Kozma, Elaine E.; Webb, Nicole M.; Harcourt-Smith, William E. H.; Raichlen, David A.; D'Août, Kristiaan; Brown, Mary H.; Finestone, Emma M.; Ross, Stephen R.; Aerts, Peter; Pontzer, Herman (2018-04-02).

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fish community, can propel themselves by pushing off the ocean floor with their pelvic fins, using neural mechanisms which evolved as early as 420 million years ago, before vertebrates set foot on land.

239:, mood, creativity, and abstract reasoning. Sustained walking sessions for a minimum period of thirty to sixty minutes a day, five days a week, with the correct walking posture may improve health. 1327:

feet on the ground, save for a brief moment when weight is being transferred from one foot to another. A horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance.

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is the act of walking with a speed at the upper end of the natural range for walking gait, typically 7 to 9 km/h (4.3 to 5.6 mph). To qualify as power walking as opposed to

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Patnaik, Lalit; et al. (October 2015). "Physical constraints, fundamental limits, and optimal locus of operating points for an inverted pendulum based actuated dynamic walker".

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Data in the fossil record indicate that among hominin ancestors, bipedal walking was one of the first defining characteristics to emerge, predating other defining characteristics of

743:. In the UK, rambling is also used. Australians also bushwalk. In English-speaking parts of North America, the term walking is used for short walks, especially in towns and cities. 3945: 979:

The development of specific rights of way with appropriate infrastructure can promote increased participation and enjoyment of walking. Examples of types of investment include

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vary in the smoothness of their walk. However, a rider will almost always feel some degree of gentle side-to-side motion in the horse's hips as each hind leg reaches forward.

259:, and that 3,967 steps a day reduced the risk of dying from any cause. Benefits continued to increase with more steps. James Leiper, associate medical director at the 929:. This is a compact, pedestrian-oriented neighborhood or town, with a mixed-use village center, that follows the tenets of New Pedestrianism. Shared-use lanes for 1205:

had six legs. As microprocessor technology advanced, the number of legs could be reduced and there are now robots that can walk on two legs. One, for example, is

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in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. Stride length is reduced, so to achieve competitive speeds, racewalkers must attain

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in a number of ways. The most obvious is that during walking one leg always stays on the ground while the other is swinging. In running there is typically a

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Graham, DA (1972). "A behavioural analysis of the temporal organisation of walking movements in the 1st instar and adult stick insect (Carausius morosus)".

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at crosswalks is about 5.0 kilometres per hour (km/h), or about 1.4 meters per second (m/s), or about 3.1 miles per hour (mph). Specific studies have found

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events, with walkers sponsored for a specific cause. These walks range in length from two miles (3 km) or five km to 50 miles (80 km). The

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differences demonstrate how bipedal walking may have developed as the dominant means of locomotion among early hominins because of the energy saved.

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military personnel. Due to crowds on the route, since 2004 the organizers have limited the number of participants. In the U.S., there is the annual

5140: 1735: 2112:"Hopping fish suggests walking originated underwater; Discovery might redraw the evolutionary route scientists think life took from water to land" 2051: 519:

is the general term for fast walking. Within the Speed Walking category are a variety of fast walking techniques: Power Walking, Fit Walking, etc.

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Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Taylor CR (1977). "Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure".

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Numerous walking festivals and other walking events take place each year in many countries. The world's largest multi-day walking event is the

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Shoshani, J.; Walter, R. C.; Abraha, M.; Berhe, S.; Tassy, P.; Sanders, W. J.; Marchant, G. H.; Libsekal, Y.; Ghirmai, T.; Zinner, D. (2006).

695:. For some, walking is a way to enjoy nature and the outdoors; and for others the physical, sporting and endurance aspect is more important. 1287:. However, the lack of underlying mechanism makes it hard to apply these models to study the biomechanical or neural properties of walking. 5056: 451:– originally conceived like snow shoes as a means of travel in deep snow. Trails hiked in the summer are often skied in the winter and the 2926: 48:

Computer simulation of a human walk cycle. In this model the head keeps the same level at all times, whereas the hip follows a sine curve.

4823: 1209:. Although there has been significant advances, robots still do not walk nearly as well as human beings as they often need to keep their 1885: 455:

maintains over 400 huts stretching across thousands of kilometres of trails which hikers can use in the summer and skiers in the winter.

75:" gait in which the body vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step. This applies regardless of the usable number of limbs—even 243: 3688:

Genin, J. J.; Willems, P. A.; Cavagna, G. A.; Lair, R. & Heglund, N. C. (2010). "Biomechanics of locomotion in Asian elephants".

1958: 251: 612:. The process of human walking can save approximately sixty-five percent of the energy used by utilizing gravity in forward motion. 360:

walking gaits of other primates, like chimpanzees. It is believed to have been selectively advantageous in hominin ancestors in the

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which had a variety of both terrestrial and arboreal adaptions would not be as efficient walkers, however, with a small body mass

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simulations to maximize some property of locomotion, and phenomenological models which fit equations directly to the kinematics.

4549: 968:, especially suited for urban use and/or relatively shorter distances. Non-motorized transport modes such as walking, but also 439:. Some scrambling takes place on narrow exposed ridges where more attention to balance will be required than in normal walking. 1990:"The Relationship of Walking Intensity to Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. Results from the National Walkers' Health Study" 4433: 2629: 2425: 1845: 1686: 886: 5133: 4339: 922:

network is an example of a concerted effort to develop communities more friendly to walking and other physical activities.

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originated underwater with air-breathing fish that could "walk" underwater, giving rise (potentially with vertebrates like

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had developed an energy efficient means of bipedal walking while still maintaining arboreal adaptations. Humans have long

4578: 4233: 3160:"A Muscle-Reflex Model That Encodes Principles of Legged Mechanics Produces Human Walking Dynamics and Muscle Activities" 2676:

Church TS, Earnest CP, Morss GM (2013-03-25). "Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic Walking".

2818: 810:. The "Vierdaagse" (Dutch for "Four day Event") is an annual walk that has taken place since 1909; it has been based at 492:

is a sport that developed during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and was a popular spectator sport in the

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has arisen as a measure of the degree to which an area is friendly to walking. Some communities are at least partially

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There is an absolute limit on an individual's speed of walking (without special techniques such as those employed in

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which are thought to increase energy efficiency in bipedal locomotor activities. It was thought that hominins like

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Michael E. Arth, "Pedestrian Villages are the Antidote to Sprawl" The DeLand-Deltona Beacon, May 29, 2003. p. 1D.

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Many people enjoy walking as a recreation in the mainly urban modern world, and it is one of the best forms of

452: 2763: 957:, on the other hand, combines the front lane/rear street approach with canals and walkways, or just walkways. 918:, making them particularly supportive of walking and other modes of transportation. In the United States, the 263:, said that if the benefits of walking could be sold as a medicine "we would be hailing it as a wonder drug". 4616: 3489: 1676: 1502: 2976: 2839: 404:, meaning that while walking, hip muscles do not require as much energy to flex while moving. These slight 255:, the largest study to date, found that walking at least 2,337 steps a day reduced the risk of dying from 4465: 1962: 1577: 946: 1724: 6107: 5157: 5109: 4809: 4601: 4559: 4291: 1731: 1493: 1258: 608:

pulls the body forward and down onto the other leg and the potential energy is then transformed into

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and their relatives are thought to have independently evolved walking several times, specifically in

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Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S. & Kram, R. (2006).

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Kim, Kyunam; Spieler, Patrick; Lupu, Elena-Sorina; Ramezani, Alireza; Chung, Soon-Jo (2021-10-13).

2536:"More than energy cost: multiple benefits of the long Achilles tendon in human walking and running" 1108: 1063: 260: 31: 17: 3814:"Interlimb Coordination During Slow Walking in the Cockroach: I. Effects of Substrate Alterations" 3406:

Szczecinski, Nicholas S.; Bockemühl, Till; Chockley, Alexander S.; Büschges, Ansgar (2018-11-16).

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is one of the largest and oldest: It was converted from car traffic into pedestrian zone in 1962.

368:. Human walking has been found to be slightly more energy efficient than travel for a quadrupedal 79:, with six, eight, or more limbs, walk. In humans, walking has health benefits including improved 5859: 5149: 4780: 4301: 4281: 4083: 1567: 1460: 1253:

Dynamical system theory shows that any network with cyclical dynamics may be modeled as a set of

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have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by

256: 84: 64: 2249: 1835: 827:, which draws over 60,000 participants; it is the largest single-day walking event; while the 198: 186:

can average more than 14 km/h (8.7 mph) over a distance of 20 km (12 mi).

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for extended periods of time. The term may also be used for some other cases of nonstandard

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800-meter runners, and they must do so for hours at a time since the Olympic events are the

227:. Scientific studies have also shown that walking may be beneficial for the mind, improving 6019: 5197: 3601: 2480: 2355: 2001: 1966: 1759: 1332: 1227:

Many other robots have also been able to walk over the years like a bipedal walking robot.

448: 391: 365: 120: 3047: 1702: 294:) to the plethora of land-dwelling life that walk on four or two limbs. While terrestrial 8: 5414: 5354: 5262: 5227: 5212: 5181: 5083: 5051: 4938: 4928: 4744: 4418: 4372: 4325: 4139: 3770:"Static stability predicts the continuum of interleg coordination patterns in Drosophila" 3408:"Static stability predicts the continuum of interleg coordination patterns in Drosophila" 1552: 1468:

and is the most stable, since five legs are always in contact with the ground at a time.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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The fastest "walks" with a four-beat footfall pattern are actually the lateral forms of

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Geijtenbeek, Thomas; van de Panne, Michiel; van der Stappen, A. Frank (November 2013).

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Couzin-Fuchs, Einat; Kiemel, Tim; Gal, Omer; Ayali, Amir; Holmes, Philip (2015-01-15).

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An example of such efforts to make urban development more pedestrian friendly is the

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An average human child achieves independent walking ability at around 11 months old.

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draws over 50,000 participants each year. There are also various walks organised as

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Peng, Xue Bin; Abbeel, Pieter; Levine, Sergey; van de Panne, Michiel (2018-08-31).

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Schilling, Malte; Hoinville, Thierry; Schmitz, Josef; Cruse, Holk (2013-07-04).

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is a physical activity and a sport, which is performed with specially designed

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Phenomenological models model the kinematics of walking directly by fitting a

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developed a robot that can jump three inches off the ground. The robot, named

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or running, at least one foot must be in contact with the ground at all times.

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Sustainable transport: planning for walking and cycling in urban environments

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phase where the runner is airborne with both feet in the air (for bipedals).

548: 522: 516: 497: 493: 489: 436: 319: 80: 4317: 3614: 3537: 3480: 3376: 3297: 2493: 2368: 2265: 1781:"Walking Age Does Not Explain Term vs. Preterm Differences in Bone Geometry" 1355: 1344: 5714: 5647: 5607: 5586: 5497: 5487: 5409: 5374: 5334: 5207: 4966: 4923: 4732: 4678: 4536: 4382: 4286: 4217: 4192: 4068: 3795: 3709: 3674: 3633: 3441: 3266: 3201: 3144: 3079: 2795: 2697: 2579: 2520: 2415: 2395: 2213: 2056: 2033: 1814: 1607: 1602: 1547: 1522: 1408: 1391: 1069: 984: 856: 678: 479: 401: 352:

Today, the walking gait of humans is unique and differs significantly from

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Evolution of the Insects – David Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel – Google Books

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is essentially a pedestrian village with canals. The canal district in

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Szczecinski NS, Bockemühl T, Chockley AS, Büschges A (November 2018).

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This article is about the mode of transportation. For other uses, see

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Zhang, He; Starke, Sebastian; Komura, Taku; Saito, Jun (2018-07-30).

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Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S.; Engel, Michael S. (2005-05-16).

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Beach walking is a sport that is based on a walk on the sand of the

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IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

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The Labors of Hercules: Modern Solutions to 12 Herculean Problems.

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on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases,

1006:, opened in 1953. The first pedestrianised shopping centre in the 6056: 5964: 5560: 5550: 5443: 5394: 5257: 5242: 5177: 4880: 4860: 4754: 4685: 4624: 4457: 4397: 4387: 3048:"A bipedal walking robot that can fly, slackline, and skateboard" 2617:

Backcountry Skiing: Skills for Ski Touring and Ski Mountaineering

1371: 1339: 969: 938: 776: 647: 643: 616: 605: 540: 526: 510: 466: 409: 361: 153: 135: 102: 96: 68: 44: 2900: 2898: 2228:"The wiring for walking developed long before fish left the sea" 5864: 5837: 5831: 5809: 5704: 4875: 4749: 4634: 4180: 4116: 3954: 2465: 1537: 1424: 784: 780: 727: 674: 369: 228: 216: 3100: 5799: 5794: 4655: 4154: 4111: 3927: 2895: 1988:

Paul T. Williams mail; Paul D. Thompson (November 19, 2013).

1221: 1206: 1202: 973: 910:, shopping and recreation to be done on foot. The concept of 843:

is an 80 km or 50-mile walk which raises money to fight

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There are a variety of different kinds of walking, including

459: 131: 127: 3522:"Mode-adaptive neural networks for quadruped motion control" 3348: 2872: 1703:"Study Compares Older and Younger Pedestrian Walking Speeds" 5667: 5617: 4801: 4356: 2534:

Blazevich, Anthony J.; Fletcher, Jared R. (December 2023).

2172:"The Ancient Origins of Neural Substrates for Land Walking" 2086:"What has the head of a crocodile and the gills of a fish?" 1412: 1367: 1302: 1224:, is capable of getting up, walking, running, and jumping. 1210: 748: 638:

of forward motion is constantly being traded for a rise in

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Volken, Martin; Schnell, Scott; Wheeler, Margaret (2007).

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Sockol, M. D.; Raichlen, D. A.; Pontzer, H. (2007-07-16).

6009: 3587: 2997: 2977:"Non Motorised Transport, Teaching and Learning Material" 759:

In terms of tourism, the possibilities range from guided

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Human walking is accomplished with a strategy called the

3465:"Phase-functioned neural networks for character control" 3282:"Flexible muscle-based locomotion for bipedal creatures" 3103:"Walknet, a bio-inspired controller for hexapod walking" 2927:"New Urbanism and New Pedestrianism in the 21st Century" 1959:"Relationship of walking to mortality among U.S. adults" 1382:

are well into a gallop, even accounting for leg length.

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walking trails now stretch across Europe from Norway to

734:, or in a gym, and fitness walkers and others may use a 539:

event. Although it is a foot race, it is different from

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Holden, Daniel; Komura, Taku; Saito, Jun (2017-07-20).

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Free heels are a defining characteristic of ski touring

67:

among legged animals. Walking is typically slower than

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Walking is also considered to be a clear example of a

945:, and other small rolling conveyances that do not use 381:

In 2007, a study further explored the origin of human

2341: 2316:"Researchers Uncover 1.5 Million-Year-Old Footprints" 3807: 3805: 3716: 2613: 2417:

First steps : how upright walking made us human

2250:"Bioenergetics and the origin of hominid bipedalism" 2248:

Rodman, Peter S.; McHenry, Henry M. (January 1980).

1626: 1483: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3326: 2297:"Footprints show human ancestor with modern stride" 2675: 2135: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3802: 3490:20.500.11820/c09514d6-427f-4e00-adcc-1466f0125135 3462: 2533: 1423:, e.g., when describing fish "walking" along the 1366:can move both forwards and backwards, but cannot 182:speed is 80 m/min (4.8 km/h). Champion 6089: 3754: 2944: 1840:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 156. 1213:bent permanently in order to improve stability. 629:Another difference concerns the movement of the 3811: 3594:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3014: 2651:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2473:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2348:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4600: 3836: 5134: 4817: 4586: 4347: 4333: 3975: 3885: 3883: 2998:"Eltis | The urban mobility observatory" 2758:Isabel Conway, "Stepping out the Afghan way". 2247: 3924:European Local Transport Information Service 3851: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1778: 1248: 5148: 4610:Used to refer to daily self-care activities 3852:Wilson, Donald M (1966). "Insect Walking". 2892:Long Distance Walkers Association: History. 2604:, pp. 62–65 for more on defining scrambles. 1078:Learn how and when to remove these messages 791:, of which the most famous is El Camino de 751:is required compared with regular walking. 111:Racewalkers at the World Cup Trials in 1987 71:and other gaits. Walking is defined as an " 37:"Walk" redirects here. For other uses, see 6067:Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums 5141: 5127: 4824: 4810: 4593: 4579: 4340: 4326: 3982: 3968: 3880: 2664:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports 2448:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 730:. Some people prefer to walk indoors on a 244:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 134:, walking is generally distinguished from 90: 3785: 3664: 3623: 3613: 3488: 3423: 3366: 3333: 3256: 3183: 3157: 3134: 2561: 2551: 2510: 2492: 2385: 2367: 2254:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2203: 2023: 2013: 1821: 1804: 1404:, a type of walking fish, perched on land 1189:Learn how and when to remove this message 1131:Learn how and when to remove this message 1016:large number of European towns and cities 747:is walking in snow; a slightly different 252:European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 3944:) is being considered for deletion. See 3889: 3725: 3640: 3560: 3158:Geyer, Hartmut; Herr, Hugh (June 2010). 3022:"Ropid the robot can walk, run, and hop" 2594:The Hillwalker's Guide to Mountaineering 1725:"Establishing Pedestrian Walking Speeds" 1674: 1395: 1354: 1317: 1201:Generally, the first successful walking 885: 804:International Four Days Marches Nijmegen 682: 585: 465: 419: 270: 106: 43: 4272:International Federation of Pedestrians 3892:"The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements" 2773: 2413: 2314:Harmon, Katherine (February 26, 2009). 1722: 1265: 976:, Europe's portal for local transport. 298:are theorised to have a single origin, 156:is to measure the height of a person's 27:Gait of locomotion among legged animals 14: 6090: 4550:Animal locomotion on the water surface 2607: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2313: 2294: 2049: 1855: 1230: 547:rates comparable to those achieved by 5122: 4805: 4574: 4321: 3963: 2461: 2459: 2045: 2043: 1935:"Taking steps so you may live longer" 1834:Edlin, Gordon; Golanty, Eric (2007). 1670: 1668: 1274: 284:It is theorized that "walking" among 2816: 2592:See Terry Adby and Stuart Johnston, 2109: 1239: 1142: 1113:adding citations to reliable sources 1084: 1043: 898:There has been a recent focus among 3989: 3866:10.1146/annurev.en.11.010166.000535 3774:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2729:"Wait ... That's an Olympic event?" 2402: 2326: 2241: 1910:"Perfecting your walking technique" 1862:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 72. 668: 24: 2873:"Get Walking Keep Walking website" 2747:Régénération par la marche afghane 2456: 2295:Dunham, Will (February 26, 2009). 2040: 1760:"about.com page on walking speeds" 1665: 192: 25: 6119: 4267:International charter for walking 3948:to help reach a consensus. › 3917: 3728:Journal of Comparative Physiology 3570:New York: Howell Book House 1993 3568:Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement 3024:. CBS Interactive. Archived from 1779:Samra HA, Specker B (July 2007). 1533:International charter for walking 1059:This section has multiple issues. 865:Long Distance Walkers Association 787:. Many also walk the traditional 557:50 km (31 mi) race walk 553:20 km (12 mi) race walk 5105: 5104: 4909:High-intensity interval training 3812:Spirito CP, Mushrush DL (1979). 2776:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 2596:, (Milnthorpe: Cicerone, 2003), 1486: 1255:weakly coupled phase oscillators 1147: 1089: 1048: 3896:Journal of Experimental Biology 3818:Journal of Experimental Biology 3690:Journal of Experimental Biology 3681: 3653:Journal of Experimental Biology 3581: 3513: 3456: 3412:Journal of Experimental Biology 3399: 3342: 3320: 3273: 3229:Journal of Experimental Biology 3216: 3151: 3094: 3039: 2990: 2969: 2960: 2919: 2906:"New Pedestrianism information" 2886: 2865: 2844: 2832: 2810: 2767: 2752: 2739: 2721: 2712: 2669: 2656: 2644: 2586: 2527: 2307: 2288: 2220: 2162: 2129: 2103: 2078: 1981: 1951: 1927: 1741:from the original on 2005-12-25 1643:10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R243 1385: 1100:needs additional citations for 1067:or discuss these issues on the 581: 563:events are also held. See also 2690:10.1080/02701367.2002.10609023 2653:. 27, No. 4 April 1995: 607–11 2620:. Mountaineers Books. p. 2420:(1st ed.). New York, NY. 2142:. Cambridge University Press. 1902: 1878: 1772: 1752: 1716: 1695: 1630:American Journal of Physiology 1620: 1033: 902:in some communities to create 875: 453:Norwegian Trekking Association 13: 1: 3933: 2788:10.1088/1748-3190/10/6/064001 1965:. 20 May 2011. Archived from 1723:Aspelin, Karen (2005-05-25). 1705:. TranSafety, Inc. 1997-10-01 1614: 1503:Arm swing in human locomotion 1415:that are able to travel over 1216:In 2009, Japanese roboticist 4831: 3526:ACM Transactions on Graphics 3469:ACM Transactions on Graphics 3355:ACM Transactions on Graphics 3286:ACM Transactions on Graphics 2840:European long-distance paths 2110:Choi, Charles (2011-12-12). 2050:Geddes, Linda (2023-08-08). 2015:10.1371/journal.pone.0081098 1350: 147:species, there are numerous 7: 4466:Comparative foot morphology 4234:Pedestrian circumnavigators 3854:Annual Review of Entomology 3064:10.1126/scirobotics.abf8136 1963:Centers for Disease Control 1797:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.02.033 1681:. Oxford University Press. 1479: 947:internal combustion engines 850: 415: 10: 6124: 4602:Activities of daily living 3176:10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2047592 2188:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.013 2114:. NBC News. Archived from 1886:"Proper walking technique" 1438: 1389: 1322:The walk, a four-beat gait 1311: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1259:central pattern generators 1037: 906:areas and roads, allowing 879: 754: 672: 338: 266: 196: 100: 94: 36: 29: 6044: 5992: 5933: 5926: 5893: 5877: 5847: 5824: 5787: 5778: 5728: 5697: 5676: 5595: 5579: 5543: 5480: 5464: 5428: 5165: 5156: 5102: 5024: 4954: 4899: 4846: 4839: 4768: 4718: 4664: 4615: 4608: 4545: 4519: 4456: 4411: 4365: 4355: 4349:Animal locomotion on land 4292:Walk Safely to School Day 4257: 4226: 4168: 4102: 4056: 3998: 3119:10.1007/s00422-013-0563-5 2733:Christian Science Monitor 1732:Portland State University 1494:Sport of athletics portal 1411:(or ambulatory fish) are 1359:An Asian elephant walking 1307: 1249:Coupled oscillator models 1156:This section needs to be 6052:Animal-powered transport 4094:Walking distance measure 3946:templates for discussion 2908:. Pedestrianvillages.com 2414:DeSilva, Jeremy (2021). 1675:Biewener, A. A. (2003). 1578:Tobler's hiking function 1285:computer-based animation 994:The first purpose-built 763:in cities, to organized 261:British Heart Foundation 32:Walking (disambiguation) 5927:Non-vehicular transport 5150:Human-powered transport 5057:Neurobiological effects 4781:Personal care assistant 4302:Walking Artists Network 4282:National Pedestrian Day 4186:Long-distance footpaths 4084:Preferred walking speed 3615:10.1073/pnas.0603689103 3538:10.1145/3197517.3201366 3481:10.1145/3072959.3073663 3377:10.1145/3197517.3201311 3298:10.1145/2508363.2508399 2494:10.1073/pnas.1715120115 2369:10.1073/pnas.0703267104 2266:10.1002/ajpa.1330520113 1856:Tolley, Rodney (2003). 1568:Preferred walking speed 1461:Drosophila melanogaster 615:Walking differs from a 513:" was common in events. 257:cardiovascular diseases 91:Difference from running 6077:Zero-emissions vehicle 4429:Rectilinear locomotion 3107:Biological Cybernetics 2854:. Ramblers. 1935-01-01 2090:evolution.berkeley.edu 1405: 1360: 1323: 1297:Terrestrial locomotion 991:and also river walks. 895: 688: 687:Hiking with full packs 593: 471: 427: 373:and hips, forcing the 281: 119:is descended from the 112: 85:cardiovascular disease 65:terrestrial locomotion 49: 4719:Optional-instrumental 4424:Undulatory locomotion 2954:2007 Online edition. 1543:List of longest walks 1450:Periplaneta americana 1446:Schistocerca gregaria 1399: 1358: 1321: 1262:or more efficiently. 889: 829:Chesapeake Bay Bridge 775:. Systems of lengthy 686: 589: 469: 423: 279: 110: 59:) is one of the main 47: 39:Walk (disambiguation) 3908:10.1242/jeb.34.3.306 3830:10.1242/jeb.78.1.233 3780:(Pt 22): jeb189142. 2745:Stiegler, Édouard., 1791:(1): 61–6, 66.e1–2. 1458:), and fruit flies ( 1266:Control based models 1109:improve this article 890:Gauchetière Street, 561:50-mile (80 km) 555:(men and women) and 449:Cross-country skiing 392:Ardipithecus ramidus 249:A 2023 study by the 83:and reduced risk of 6015:Alpine touring skis 5825:Hand and foot power 5415:Cold-weather biking 5355:Small-wheel bicycle 5263:Glossary of cycling 5228:Cyclo-cross bicycle 5213:Cold-weather biking 5084:Outline of exercise 5052:Exercise physiology 4939:Suspension training 4929:Bodyweight exercise 4745:Emergency responses 4419:Concertina movement 4373:Arboreal locomotion 4140:Pedestrian crossing 3890:Hughes, GM (1957). 3606:2006PNAS..10317296S 3532:(4): 145:1–145:11. 2718:Phil Howell (1986). 2485:2018PNAS..115.4134K 2360:2007PNAS..10412265S 2354:(30): 12265–12269. 2320:Scientific American 2006:2013PLoSO...881098W 1837:Health and wellness 1553:Obesity and walking 1231:Mathematical models 904:pedestrian-friendly 870:Spring Bank Holiday 591:Human walking cycle 535:is a long-distance 141:competitive walking 6020:Cross-country skis 5684:Litter/sedan chair 5248:Flat bar road bike 5047:Exercise equipment 5042:Exercise and music 4992:Muscle hypertrophy 4901:Anaerobic exercise 4871:Endurance training 4145:Pedestrian village 3787:10.1242/jeb.189142 3740:10.1007/BF00693548 3702:10.1242/jeb.035436 3425:10.1242/jeb.189142 3241:10.1242/jeb.112805 2956:Labor IX: Urbanism 2819:"Walking benefits" 2662:Cooper Institute, 2540:Biological Reviews 2182:(4): 667–682.e15. 1969:on 29 January 2013 1558:Pedestrian village 1452:), stick insects ( 1406: 1361: 1324: 1275:Statistical models 1218:Tomotaka Takahashi 955:Venice, California 927:pedestrian village 896: 845:multiple sclerosis 689: 594: 472: 428: 282: 113: 50: 6108:Private transport 6085: 6084: 6040: 6039: 5873: 5872: 5774: 5773: 5456:Motorized scooter 5451:Motorized bicycle 5330:Recumbent bicycle 5273:Motorized bicycle 5116: 5115: 5020: 5019: 4987:Interval training 4962:Athletic training 4934:Flywheel training 4919:Strength training 4799: 4798: 4791:Care of residents 4750:Safety procedures 4736: 4568: 4567: 4452: 4451: 4315: 4314: 4038:Walker (mobility) 3666:10.1242/jeb.02443 3600:(46): 17296–301. 3566:Harris, Susan E. 3475:(4): 42:1–42:13. 3418:(22): jeb189142. 2950:Michael E. Arth, 2821:. Ramblers.org.uk 2678:Res Q Exerc Sport 2631:978-1-59485-038-7 2563:10.1111/brv.13002 2479:(16): 4134–4139. 2427:978-0-06-293849-7 1847:978-0-7637-4145-7 1688:978-0-19-850022-3 1678:Animal Locomotion 1573:Student transport 1455:Carausius morosus 1240:Rule-based models 1199: 1198: 1191: 1181: 1180: 1166: 1165:Last update: 2009 1141: 1140: 1133: 1082: 1026:schemes. Central 998:in Europe is the 996:pedestrian street 841:MS Challenge Walk 706:, beach walking, 366:energy efficiency 364:due to metabolic 330:, members of the 280:A walking hamster 277: 199:Physical exercise 73:inverted pendulum 16:(Redirected from 6115: 5931: 5930: 5885:Amphibious cycle 5840:(sliding rigger) 5785: 5784: 5566:Invalid carriage 5481:Other foot power 5439:Electric bicycle 5163: 5162: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5108: 5107: 5094:Physical fitness 5089:Physical culture 5064:Exercise mimetic 5002:Physical therapy 4972:Circuit training 4866:Distance running 4848:Aerobic exercise 4844: 4843: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4769:Related articles 4726: 4686:Meal preparation 4625:Personal hygiene 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4363: 4362: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4318: 3999:Aids, groups and 3984: 3977: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3912: 3911: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3849: 3834: 3833: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3668: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3617: 3585: 3579: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3492: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3427: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3370: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3187: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3058:(59): eabf8136. 3052:Science Robotics 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2929:. Archived from 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2902: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2875:. Getwalking.org 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2735:. 3 August 2012. 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2611: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2565: 2555: 2546:(6): 2210–2225. 2531: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2496: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2439: 2411: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2371: 2339: 2324: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2118:on July 16, 2020 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2027: 2017: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1851: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1729: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1624: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1448:), cockroaches ( 1281:dynamical system 1194: 1187: 1176: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1116: 1093: 1085: 1074: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1040:Robot locomotion 981:pedestrian malls 933:and those using 892:Montreal, Quebec 797:Way of St. James 767:holidays in the 669:Leisure activity 640:potential energy 604:is stored. Then 602:potential energy 575:Backward walking 559:(men only), and 502:spectator sports 387:Achilles tendons 278: 21: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6036: 5988: 5922: 5889: 5869: 5843: 5820: 5770: 5761:Summer toboggan 5724: 5698:Weight shifting 5693: 5689:Scoop stretcher 5672: 5633:Pulled rickshaw 5623:Flatbed trolley 5591: 5575: 5539: 5476: 5472:Treadle bicycle 5460: 5424: 5390:Utility bicycle 5365:Touring bicycle 5315:Porteur bicycle 5283:Mountain biking 5253:Folding bicycle 5218:Cruiser bicycle 5188:Bicycle trailer 5152: 5147: 5117: 5112: 5098: 5079:Fitness culture 5069:Exercise trends 5016: 4997:Outdoor fitness 4950: 4944:Weight training 4895: 4835: 4830: 4800: 4795: 4786:Assisted living 4764: 4760:Sexual activity 4714: 4660: 4635:Feeding oneself 4611: 4604: 4599: 4569: 4564: 4555:Fish locomotion 4541: 4515: 4448: 4407: 4393:Knuckle-walking 4351: 4346: 4316: 4311: 4259: 4253: 4222: 4164: 4150:Pedestrian zone 4104: 4103:Environment and 4098: 4074:Knuckle-walking 4052: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3949: 3920: 3915: 3888: 3881: 3850: 3837: 3810: 3803: 3766: 3755: 3724: 3717: 3686: 3682: 3659:(19): 3812–27. 3645: 3641: 3586: 3582: 3565: 3561: 3518: 3514: 3461: 3457: 3404: 3400: 3347: 3343: 3325: 3321: 3278: 3274: 3221: 3217: 3156: 3152: 3099: 3095: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2980: 2979:. Eu-portal.net 2975: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2772: 2768: 2760:The Irish Times 2757: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2612: 2608: 2591: 2587: 2532: 2528: 2464: 2457: 2441: 2440: 2428: 2412: 2403: 2340: 2327: 2312: 2308: 2293: 2289: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2167: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2048: 2041: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1939:The Irish Times 1933: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1848: 1829: 1822: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1673: 1666: 1637:(5): R243-261. 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1563:Pedestrian zone 1492: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1441: 1421:fish locomotion 1394: 1388: 1353: 1316: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1277: 1268: 1251: 1242: 1233: 1195: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1137: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1106: 1094: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1036: 884: 878: 859:, a registered 853: 821:Mackinac Bridge 757: 681: 673:Main articles: 671: 598:double pendulum 584: 571:dozens of days. 418: 341: 271: 269: 223:and may reduce 203:Regular, brisk 201: 195: 193:Health benefits 105: 99: 93: 55:(also known as 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6121: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6045:Related topics 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5982:Stair climbing 5974: 5973: 5972: 5970:Stair climbing 5962: 5961: 5960: 5953:Roller skating 5950: 5949: 5948: 5941:Inline skating 5937: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5835: 5834:(sliding seat) 5828: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5805:Paddleboarding 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5766:Gravity biking 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5643:Shopping caddy 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5603:Baby transport 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5435: 5433: 5430:Electric motor 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5360:Tandem bicycle 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:Safety bicycle 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5310:Penny-farthing 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5268:Hybrid bicycle 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5223:Cycle rickshaw 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4982:Cross-training 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4916: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4698: 4693: 4691:Managing money 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4670: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4560:Volant animals 4557: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4369: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4198:Nordic walking 4195: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4108: 4106: 4105:infrastructure 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4018:Crossing guard 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3931: 3919: 3918:External links 3916: 3914: 3913: 3902:(3): 306–333. 3879: 3860:(1): 103–122. 3835: 3801: 3753: 3715: 3696:(5): 694–706. 3680: 3639: 3580: 3559: 3512: 3455: 3398: 3341: 3319: 3272: 3235:(2): 285–297. 3215: 3170:(3): 263–273. 3150: 3113:(4): 397–419. 3093: 3038: 3013: 2989: 2968: 2959: 2943: 2918: 2894: 2885: 2864: 2843: 2831: 2809: 2766: 2762:, Apr 20 2010 2751: 2738: 2720: 2711: 2684:(3): 296–300. 2668: 2655: 2643: 2630: 2606: 2585: 2526: 2455: 2426: 2401: 2325: 2306: 2287: 2260:(1): 103–106. 2240: 2219: 2161: 2148: 2128: 2102: 2077: 2039: 2000:(11): e81098. 1980: 1950: 1926: 1914:Harvard Health 1901: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1853: 1852:(Google Books) 1846: 1820: 1771: 1751: 1715: 1694: 1687: 1664: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1481: 1478: 1440: 1437: 1390:Main article: 1387: 1384: 1352: 1349: 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1295:Main article: 1292: 1289: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1197: 1196: 1179: 1178: 1155: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1138: 1121:September 2009 1097: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1047: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 1008:United Kingdom 900:urban planners 880:Main article: 877: 874: 852: 849: 789:pilgrim routes 783:, Portugal to 756: 753: 741:Irish Republic 716:Nordic walking 670: 667: 652:elastic energy 636:kinetic energy 631:centre of mass 610:kinetic energy 583: 580: 579: 578: 572: 568: 530: 520: 514: 487: 476:Nordic walking 464: 463: 456: 446: 440: 425:Nordic walkers 417: 414: 340: 337: 268: 265: 221:weight control 197:Main article: 194: 191: 162:motion capture 158:centre of mass 126:'to roll'. In 95:Main article: 92: 89: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6120: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6025:Telemark skis 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Gravity racer 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5638:Shopping cart 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596:Pushed/pulled 5594: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465:Treadle power 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Track bicycle 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5320:Prone bicycle 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5278:Mountain bike 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5233:Downhill bike 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5111: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Child rearing 4738: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4471:Arthropod leg 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4308: 4307:Walking audit 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260:and campaigns 4256: 4250: 4249:Slow marathon 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4239:Pedestrianism 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208:Speed walking 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124:Drovers' road 4122: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4048:Walking stick 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3871: 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