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perceptual representation of it with a representation of the object stored in memory. This can be done using various templates of an object, such as "dog" to represent dogs in general. The template method is not always successful because members of a group may significantly differ visually from each other, and may look much different if viewed from different angles. To counter the problem of viewpoint, the visual system detects familiar components of an object in 3-dimensional space. If the components of an object perceived are in the same position and orientation of an object in memory, recognition is possible. Research has shown that people that are more creative in their imagery are better able to resolve ambiguous images. This may be due to their ability to quickly identify patterns in the image. When making a
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172:, to quickly identify a basic perception of an object that helps to resolve an ambiguity. This allows perception to be fast and easy by observing patterns and familiar images rather than a slow process of identifying each part of a group. This aids in resolving ambiguous images because the visual system will accept small variations in the pattern and still perceive the pattern as a whole. The Gestalt grouping rules are the result of the experience of the visual system. Once a pattern is perceived frequently, it is stored in memory and can be perceived again easily without the requirement of examining the entire object again. For example, when looking at a chess board, we perceive a checker pattern and not a set of alternating black and white squares.
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needs to process deeper, such as the edges of a person's facial features. When finding edges, the brain's visual system detects a point on the image with a sharp contrast of lighting. Being able to detect the location of the edge of an object aids in recognizing the object. In ambiguous images, detecting edges still seems natural to the person perceiving the image. However, the brain undergoes deeper processing to resolve the ambiguity. For example, consider an image that involves an opposite change in magnitude of luminance between the object and the background (e.g. From the top, the background shifts from black to white, and the object shifts from white to black). The opposing
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152:. An illusory contour is a perceived contour without the presence of a physical gradient. In examples where a white shape appears to occlude black objects on a white background, the white shape appears to be brighter than the background, and the edges of this shape produce the illusory contours. These illusory contours are processed by the brain in a similar way as real contours. The visual system accomplishes this by making inferences beyond the information that is presented in much the same way as the luminance gradient.
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points where lines cross. For example, two lines crossed in an "X" shape will be perceived as two lines travelling diagonally rather than two lines changing direction to form "V" shapes opposite to each other. An example of an ambiguous image would be two curving lines intersecting at a point. This junction would be perceived the same way as the "X", where the intersection is seen as the lines crossing rather than turning away from each other. Illusions of good continuation are often used by magicians to trick audiences.
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is a single visual position that produces an ambiguous image. The accidental viewpoint does not provide enough information to distinguish what the object is. Often, this image is perceived incorrectly and produces an illusion that differs from reality. For example, an image may be split in half, with
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An extremal edge is a change in texture that suggests an object is in front of or behind another object. This can be due to a shading effect on the edges of one region of texture, giving the appearance of depth. Some extremal edge effects can overwhelm the segmentations of surroundedness or size. The
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The visual system can also aid itself in resolving ambiguities by detecting the pattern of texture in an image. This is accomplished by using many of the
Gestalt principles. The texture can provide information that helps to distinguish whole objects, and the changing texture in an image reveals which
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When we see an image, the first thing we do is attempt to organize all the parts of the scene into different groups. To do this, one of the most basic methods used is finding the edges. Edges can include obvious perceptions such as the edge of a house, and can include other perceptions that the brain
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is a disorder that causes a person to be unable to identify faces. The visual system undergoes mid-level vision and identifies a face, but high-level vision fails to identify who the face belongs to. In this case, the visual system identifies an ambiguous object, a face, but is unable to resolve the
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The principle of good continuation provides the visual system a basis for identifying continuing edges. This means that when a set of lines is perceived, there is a tendency for a line to continue in one direction. This allows the visual system to identify the edges of a complex image by identifying
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Our memory has a large impact on resolving an ambiguous image, as it helps the visual system to identify and recognize objects without having to analyze and categorize them repeatedly. Without memory and prior knowledge, an image with several groups of similar objects will be difficult to perceive.
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of one object being behind or in front of another object, providing information about the order of the layers of texture. The illusion of occlusion is apparent in the effect of illusory contours, where occlusion is perceived despite being non-existent. Here, an ambiguous image is perceived to be an
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The rule of similarity states that images that are similar to each other can be grouped together as being the same type of object or part of the same object. Therefore, the more similar two images or objects are, the more likely it will be that they can be grouped together. For example, two squares
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will eventually come to a point where there is an equal degree of luminance of the object and the background. At this point, there is no edge to be perceived. To counter this, the visual system connects the image as a whole rather than a set of edges, allowing one to see an object rather than edges
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is another way to disambiguate the figure of an image. The orientation of the contours of different textures in an image can determine which objects are grouped together. Generally, parallel contours suggest membership to the same object or group of objects. Similarly, symmetry of the contours can
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is the spatial distance between two objects. The closer two objects are, the more likely they belong to the same group. This perception can be ambiguous without the person perceiving it as ambiguous. For example, two objects with varying distances and orientations from the viewer may appear to be
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Objects occupying a common region on the image appear to already be members of the same group. This can include unique spatial location, such as two objects occupying a distinct region of space outside of their group's own. Objects can have close proximity but appear as though part of a distinct
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Middle vision is the stage in visual processing that combines all the basic features in the scene into distinct, recognizable object groups. This stage of vision comes before high-level vision (understanding the scene) and after early vision (determining the basic features of an image). When
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To go further than just perceiving the object is to recognize the object. Recognizing an object plays a crucial role in resolving ambiguous images, and relies heavily on memory and prior knowledge. To recognize an object, the visual system detects familiar components of it, and compares the
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Ambiguous images are important to the field of psychology because they are often research tools used in experiments. There is varying evidence on whether ambiguous images can be represented mentally, but a majority of research has theorized that mental images cannot be ambiguous.
395:. These comics were made in such a way that one could read the 6-panel comic, flip the book and keep reading. He made 64 such comics in total. In 2012 a remake of a selection of the comics was made by Marcus Ivarsson in the book 'In UppĂĄner med Lilla Lisen & Gamle Muppen'. (
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is used by organisms to escape predators. This is achieved through creating an ambiguity of texture segmentation by imitating the surrounding environment. Without being able to perceive noticeable differences in texture and position, a predator will be unable to see their prey.
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Any object can have an ambiguous representation and can be mistakenly categorized into the wrong groups without sufficient memory recognition of an object. This finding suggests that prior experience is necessary for proper perception. Studies have been done with the use of
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distinct objects may be part of the same group. Texture segmentation rules often both cooperate and compete with each other, and examining the texture can yield information about the layers of the image, disambiguating the background, foreground, and the object.
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the top half being enlarged and placed further away from the perceiver in space. This image will be perceived as one complete image from only a single viewpoint in space, rather than the reality of two separate halves of an object, creating an
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of an ambiguous image, in the same way as normal images, each part is defined and then put onto the mental representation. The more complex the scene is, the longer it takes to process and add to the representation.
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instance of occlusion. When an object is occluded, the visual system only has information about the parts of the object that can be seen, so the rest of the processing must be done deeper and must involve memory.
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used ambiguous images in the illustrations, where the reader could read the book front to back normally at first, and then flip it upside down to continue the story and see the pictures in a new perspective.
123:, then through high-level vision we recognize a face of a familiar person. Mid-level vision and high-level vision are crucial for understanding a reality that is filled with ambiguous perceptual inputs.
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among many circles will be grouped together. They can vary in similarity of colour, size, orientation and other properties, but will ultimately be grouped together with varying degrees of membership.
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Additionally, objects can be visually connected in ways such as drawing a line going from each object. These similar but hierarchical rules suggest that some
Gestalt rules can override other rules.
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to show the role of memory in object recognition. The act of priming the participant with an exposure to a similar visual stimulus also has a large effect on the ease of resolving an ambiguity.
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and non-edges. Although there is no complete image to be seen, the brain is able to accomplish this because of its understanding of the physical world and real incidents of ambiguous lighting.
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Rare example of an ambiguous image that can be interpreted in more than two ways: as the letters "KB," the mathematical inequality "1 < 13" or the letters "VD" with their mirror image.
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When a region of texture completely surrounds another region of texture, it is likely the background. Additionally, the smaller regions of texture in an image are likely the figure.
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Higher-level vision is used when the object classified must now be recognized as a specific member of its group. For example, through mid-level vision we
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Mast, F.W.; Kosslyn, S.M. (2002). "Visual mental images can be ambiguous: Insights from individual differences in spatial transformation abilities".
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164:"Kanizsa Triangle". These spatially separate fragments give the impression of illusory contours (also known as modal completion) of a triangle.
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Wimmer, M.; Doherty, M. (2011). "The development of ambiguous figure perception: Vi. conception and perception of ambiguous figures".
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309:. Street artists often use tricks of point-of-view to create two-dimensional scenes on the ground that appear three-dimensional.
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Riquelme, H (2002). "Can people creative in imagery interpret ambiguous figures faster than people less creative in imagery?".
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Many ambiguous images are produced through some occlusion, wherein an object's texture suddenly stops. An occlusion is the
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Daelli, V.; van
Rijsbergen, N.J.; Treves, A. (2010). "How recent experience affects the perception of ambiguous objects".
112:, mid-level vision comes into use when we need to classify the object we are seeing quickly. Whether perceived or actual,
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edges perceived can also aid in distinguishing objects by examining the change in texture against an edge due to motion.
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65:. Multistable perception is the occurrence of an image being able to provide multiple, although stable, perceptions.
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Verbeek's strips could be seen differently when viewed upside down. This image will flip upside-down automatically.
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Wolfe, J., Kluender, K., & Levi, D. (2009). Sensation and perception. (2 ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates.
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Kosslyn, S.M.; Reiser, B.J.; Farah, M.J.; Fliegel, S.L. (1983). "Generating visual images: Units and relations".
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Figures drawn in a way that avoids depth cues may become ambiguous. Classic examples of this phenomenon are the
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Koning, A.; van Lier, R. (2006). "No symmetry advantage when object matching involves accidental viewpoints".
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proximal to each other, while a third object may be closer to one of the other objects but appear farther.
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interpretation between two or more distinct image forms. These are famous for inducing the phenomenon of
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517:. 180° rotational symmetry. The face of a young woman changes into a grandmother. Published in 1946.
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The Upside Downs of Little Lady
Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo - At the house of the writing pig
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group through various visual aids such as a threshold of colours separating the two objects.
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ambiguity using memory, leaving the affected unable to determine who they are seeing.
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Postic, Guillaume; Ghouzam, Yassine; Chebrek, Romain; Gelly, Jean-Christophe (2017).
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In mid-level vision, the visual system utilizes a set of heuristic methods, called
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Image that exploits graphical similarities between two or more distinct images
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Bamhart, A.S. (2010). "The exploitation of gestalt principles by magicians".
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Illusory contour and surface completion mechanisms in human visual cortex
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A model for figure-ground segmentation by self-organized cue integration
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The use of the ambiguous image phenomena can be seen in select works of
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972:(Thesis). University of Southern California Digital Library (USC.DL).
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Chambers, D.; Reisberg, D. (1985). "Can mental images be ambiguous?".
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Bradley, D.R.; Dumais, S.T. (1975). "Ambiguous cognitive contours".
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
580:"Early visual brain areas reflect the percept of an ambiguous scene"
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783:"An ambiguity principle for assigning protein structural domains"
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Association des
Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
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Parkkonen, L.; Andersson, J.; Hämäläinen, M.; Hari, R. (2008).
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This figure can be seen as a young woman or an old woman; see
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The Upside Downs of Little Lady
Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo
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84:" drawing, the latter dating from a German postcard of 1888.
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by exploiting graphical similarities and other properties of
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Using ambiguous images to hide in the real world: camouflage
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Monographs of the
Society for Research in Child Development
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to create ambiguous images: the vase or two opposing faces.
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76:, a German humor magazine. Other classic examples are the
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In ambiguous images, an illusion is often produced from
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The Necker Cube: a wire frame cube with no depth cues.
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Archimedes' Lab – Optical illusions and puzzles
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222:Texture segmentation and figure-ground assignments
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68:One of the earliest examples of this type is the
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1186:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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313:Recognizing an object through high-level vision
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1168:. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021
1081:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
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194:Proximity, common region, and connectedness
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2777:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
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1162:"Round Trip – Design Of The Picture Book"
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506:Drawing of reversible female face by
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247:also define the figure of an image.
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1066:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2002.tb01059.x
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251:Extremal edges and relative motion
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2908:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
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1054:The Journal of Creative Behavior
654:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00595.x
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2824:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
1160:Higgins, Carter (29 May 2013).
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1638:Glossary of comics terminology
1210:Ambiguous upside-down pictures
1131:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.060
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2989:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
978:10.25549/usctheses-c16-597264
681:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00137-3
552:
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53:are visual forms that create
2903:National Cartoonists Society
2692:Based on television programs
851:Halko, Mark Anthony (2008).
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82:My Wife and My Mother-in-Law
25:My Wife and My Mother-in-Law
7:
2834:Words & Pictures Museum
1093:10.1037/0096-3445.112.2.278
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2878:Academy of Comic Book Arts
2850:Center for Cartoon Studies
2772:Belgian Comic Strip Center
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1166:Design of the Picture Book
724:10.1037/0096-1523.11.3.317
568:Oct. 23, 1892, p. 147
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206:The grouping property of
1533:Ascending and Descending
414:. The children's book,
239:Parallelism and symmetry
116:will play a role here.
38:utilizes the concept of
2789:British Cartoon Archive
2782:National Cartoon Museum
605:10.1073/pnas.0810966105
391:wrote his comic series
371:Disorders in perception
231:Size and surroundedness
2999:Finnish Comics Society
2956:Svenska Serieakademien
2946:Comics Studies Society
2814:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
2318:Women in Refrigerators
2313:The Hawkeye Initiative
1951:Female comics creators
1001:Psychological Research
968:Tang, Xiangyu (2005).
807:10.1126/sciadv.1600552
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170:Gestalt grouping rules
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156:Gestalt grouping rules
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63:multistable perception
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1985:Comics historiography
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343:mental representation
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296:Accidental viewpoints
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72:, first published in
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2951:Sequart Organization
2697:Based on video games
2279:Gender and webcomics
1844:Publishing companies
1567:Accidental viewpoint
302:accidental viewpoint
102:rabbit–duck illusion
70:rabbit–duck illusion
3009:The Hero Initiative
2289:American mainstream
2091:Comics in education
1694:Comic strip formats
1472:Vertical–horizontal
888:1975Natur.257..582B
799:2017SciA....3E0552P
596:2008PNAS..10520500P
590:(51): 20500–20504.
448:Giuseppe Arcimboldo
337:drawing of cubes).
208:proximity (Gestalt)
3050:Cartoon portal
2804:The Cartoon Museum
2799:Cartoon Art Museum
2523:France and Belgium
2308:Portrayal of women
2301:African characters
2269:Ethnic stereotypes
1572:Auditory illusions
1367:Impossible trident
1215:2018-10-01 at the
387:From 1903 to 1905
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260:Schroeder's stairs
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110:recognizing images
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51:reversible figures
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2096:Comics journalism
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1699:Daily comic strip
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1587:Temporal illusion
1582:Tactile illusions
1552:(2015 photograph)
1253:Optical illusions
882:(5527): 582–584.
566:Fliegende Blätter
547:Monocular rivalry
537:Binocular rivalry
401:978-91-7089-524-1
289:visual perception
176:Good continuation
150:illusory contours
74:Fliegende Blätter
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3067:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3035:
3014:Xeric Foundation
2868:
2867:
2682:Based on fiction
2641:
2640:
2415:China and Taiwan
2339:
2338:
2138:Graphic medicine
2081:Autobiographical
2046:
2045:
2024:Japanese (manga)
1930:Japanese (manga)
1855:
1854:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1499:
1452:Schroeder stairs
1427:Peripheral drift
1422:Penrose triangle
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1024:
996:
990:
989:
965:
959:
958:
933:(9): 1286–1289.
922:
916:
915:
896:10.1038/257582a0
871:
865:
864:
848:
837:
836:
826:
787:Science Advances
778:
772:
769:
736:
735:
707:
701:
700:
664:
658:
657:
637:
628:
627:
617:
607:
575:
569:
563:
503:
479:
459:
440:
331:rhombille tiling
307:optical illusion
202:Law of Proximity
47:Ambiguous images
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3004:Friends of Lulu
2966:
2960:
2918:
2912:
2859:
2838:
2764:
2763:Collections and
2754:
2728:manga magazines
2701:
2670:
2661:Manga magazines
2626:
2610:
2499:
2403:
2353:
2324:
2257:
2228:Talking animals
2204:
2165:Science fiction
2076:Anthropomorphic
2042:and narratology
2041:
2033:
1980:Years in comics
1962:
1939:
1903:Jewish American
1886:
1853:
1798:
1762:
1682:Trade paperback
1640:
1631:
1626:
1596:
1591:
1555:
1505:Popular culture
1500:
1491:
1462:Spinning dancer
1282:Ambiguous image
1260:
1250:
1217:Wayback Machine
1201:
1196:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1115:
1108:
1077:
1073:
1050:
1046:
997:
993:
966:
962:
923:
919:
872:
868:
849:
840:
793:(1): e1600552.
779:
775:
770:
739:
708:
704:
665:
661:
638:
631:
576:
572:
564:
560:
555:
542:Contour rivalry
528:
523:
522:
521:
518:
504:
495:
494:sentences, 1904
488:Gustave Verbeek
480:
471:
460:
451:
441:
429:
389:Gustave Verbeek
385:
373:
352:
315:
298:
285:
272:
253:
241:
233:
224:
196:
187:
178:
158:
129:
121:perceive a face
108:perceiving and
94:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3040:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2965:Charitable and
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2750:Limited series
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:Based on films
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2599:United Kingdom
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2513:Czech Republic
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2039:Comics studies
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:Digital comics
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Ongoing series
1669:
1664:
1662:Limited series
1659:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:(1961 drawing)
1537:
1536:(1960 drawing)
1529:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Shepard tables
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Penrose stairs
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:Checker shadow
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Autostereogram
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1200:
1199:External links
1197:
1194:
1193:
1152:
1119:Brain Research
1106:
1087:(2): 278–303.
1071:
1060:(2): 105–116.
1044:
991:
960:
917:
866:
838:
773:
737:
718:(3): 317–328.
702:
659:
629:
570:
557:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
527:
524:
520:
519:
505:
498:
496:
481:
474:
472:
461:
454:
452:
442:
435:
432:
431:
430:
428:
425:
384:
381:
372:
369:
351:
348:
333:(viewed as an
314:
311:
297:
294:
284:
281:
271:
268:
252:
249:
240:
237:
232:
229:
223:
220:
195:
192:
186:
183:
177:
174:
157:
154:
128:
125:
114:Negative space
93:
90:
40:Negative space
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3113:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:Organizations
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:United States
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Decompression
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Tijuana bible
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Comics poetry
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Silent comics
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Graphic novel
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Sunday comics
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Fraser spiral
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:10.1068/p6766
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
862:
858:
854:
847:
845:
843:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
655:
651:
648:(1): 87–104.
647:
643:
636:
634:
625:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
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412:Salvador DalĂ
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59:visual system
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2917:Critical and
2871:Professional
2656:Comic strips
2349:South Africa
2248:Supervillain
2070:
1784:Photo comics
1779:Motion comic
1731:Mobile comic
1657:Ashcan comic
1547:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1518:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
1516:
1382:Lilac chaser
1352:Gravity hill
1281:
1170:. Retrieved
1165:
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1007:(1): 52–58.
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675:(1): 57–70.
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468:Napoleon III
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36:Rubin's vase
3070:WikiProject
2706:Other lists
2651:Comic books
2567:Netherlands
2473:Philippines
2185:Underground
2148:Non-fiction
2066:Alternative
1812:Cartoonists
1794:Text comics
1748:Gag cartoon
1704:Lianhuanhua
1689:Comic strip
1528:(1864 book)
1432:Poggendorff
1407:Oppel-Kundt
1402:Necker cube
1397:MĂĽller-Lyer
1372:Irradiation
490:containing
408:M.C. Escher
327:Necker cube
274:In nature,
244:Parallelism
80:, and the "
3091:Perception
3085:Categories
2334:By country
2175:Teen humor
2010:Modern Age
2005:Bronze Age
2000:Silver Age
1995:Golden Age
1935:Macedonian
1910:Australian
1891:By country
1877:Minicomics
1774:Film comic
1767:Techniques
1652:Comic book
1525:Spectropia
1442:Rubin vase
1392:McCollough
1387:Mach bands
1337:Ehrenstein
1332:Ebbinghaus
1297:Barberpole
1272:Afterimage
1172:21 January
1022:2066/55694
927:Perception
855:(Thesis).
553:References
464:caricature
416:Round Trip
329:, and the
276:camouflage
185:Similarity
78:Rubin vase
3101:Ambiguity
2675:By source
2666:Webcomics
2644:By format
2622:Australia
2425:Hong Kong
2365:Argentina
2243:Superhero
2200:Wrestling
2170:Superhero
2111:Dystopian
2086:Celebrity
2071:Ambiguous
2029:Webcomics
1882:Webcomics
1865:Editorial
1858:By format
1839:Letterers
1824:Colorists
1677:Minicomic
1577:Illusions
1549:The dress
1541:Waterfall
1342:Flash lag
1322:Cornsweet
1307:Café wall
1287:Ames room
1265:Illusions
1125:: 81–91.
986:621577763
861:621754807
815:2375-2548
732:197655523
669:Cognition
420:Ann Jonas
335:isometric
283:Occlusion
142:gradients
55:ambiguity
3060:Category
2967:outreach
2919:academic
2829:ToonSeum
2577:Portugal
2485:Thailand
2468:Pakistan
2358:Americas
2274:Feminist
2218:Antihero
2056:Abstract
1990:American
1925:Filipino
1915:Canadian
1898:American
1804:Creators
1736:Webcomic
1667:One-shot
1327:Delboeuf
1277:Ambigram
1213:Archived
1182:cite web
1147:45388116
1139:20122901
1039:35284032
1031:15480756
982:ProQuest
947:21125955
857:ProQuest
833:28097215
697:37046301
689:12208651
624:19074267
532:Ambigram
526:See also
512:ambigram
492:ambigram
383:In media
357:Greebles
2843:Schools
2765:museums
2615:Oceania
2550:Ireland
2545:Hungary
2540:Germany
2533:Belgium
2518:Croatia
2495:Vietnam
2233:Masking
2195:Western
2153:Romance
2121:Fantasy
1972:History
1849:Writers
1829:Editors
1741:Webtoon
1719:Yonkoma
1645:Formats
1560:Related
1487:Zöllner
1477:White's
1412:Orbison
1377:Jastrow
1101:6223974
955:8016846
912:4295897
904:1165783
884:Bibcode
824:5235333
795:Bibcode
615:2602606
592:Bibcode
510:, with
482:Comics
462:French
427:Gallery
2713:Awards
2582:Serbia
2572:Poland
2505:Europe
2490:Turkey
2387:Mexico
2380:Quebec
2375:Canada
2370:Brazil
2342:Africa
2262:Themes
2210:Tropes
2143:Horror
2133:Gekiga
2116:Erotic
2049:Genres
2015:events
1834:Inkers
1714:Topper
1629:Comics
1512:Op art
1467:Ternus
1447:Sander
1362:Hering
1302:Bezold
1145:
1137:
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910:
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876:Nature
859:
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695:
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622:
612:
470:, 1870
450:, 1590
399:
2723:manga
2636:Lists
2604:Wales
2587:Spain
2555:Italy
2456:Korea
2449:lists
2444:Japan
2432:India
2238:Rogue
2106:Crime
2061:Adult
1944:Other
1920:Cuban
1482:Wundt
1437:Ponzo
1317:Chubb
1143:S2CID
1035:S2CID
951:S2CID
908:S2CID
728:S2CID
693:S2CID
515:¡OHO!
418:, by
2592:list
2560:list
2528:list
2478:list
2461:list
2437:list
2420:list
2408:Asia
2397:list
2284:LGBT
2158:list
2126:list
1956:list
1870:list
1817:list
1357:Grid
1257:list
1188:link
1174:2024
1135:PMID
1123:1322
1097:PMID
1027:PMID
943:PMID
900:PMID
829:PMID
811:ISSN
685:PMID
620:PMID
410:and
397:ISBN
100:The
2190:War
1127:doi
1089:doi
1085:112
1062:doi
1017:hdl
1009:doi
974:doi
935:doi
892:doi
880:257
819:PMC
803:doi
720:doi
677:doi
650:doi
610:PMC
600:doi
588:105
486:by
466:of
300:An
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