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that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge. Illusory brightness and depth ordering often accompany illusory contours. Friedrich
Schumann is often credited with the discovery of illusory contours around the beginning of the 20th century, but they are
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Typically, the shape seems brighter than the background, even though the luminance is in reality homogeneous. Additionally, the illusory shape seem to be closer to the viewer than the inducers. Kanizsa figures involve modal completion of the illusory shape and amodal completion of the inducers.
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189:'s innate mechanisms for interpreting the visual world under normal conditions. For example, objects in the natural world are often only partially visible. Illusory contours provide clues for how the visual system constructs surfaces when portions of the surface's
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The encoding of surfaces is thought to be an indispensable part of visual perception, forming a critical intermediate stage of visual processing between the initial analysis of visual features and the ability to recognize complex stimuli like
105:. Instead of employing Pac-Man inducers, the Ehrenstein illusion triggers an illusory contour percept via radial line segments. Ehrenstein's discovery was originally contextualized as a modification of the Hermann grid.
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Kanizsa figures trigger the percept of an illusory contour by aligning Pac-Man-shaped inducers in the visual field such that the edges form a shape. Although not explicitly part of the image, Kanizsa figures evoke the
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Phenomena of contour, color and movement perception have been used to identify functions of neurons and to reveal functional differences between cortical areas that application of classical
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Illusory contours are created at the boundary between two misaligned gratings. In these so-called abutting line gratings, the illusory contour is perpendicular to the inducing elements.
26:: These spatially separate fragments give the impression of a bright white triangle, defined by a sharp illusory contour, occluding three black circles and a black-outlined triangle.
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Schumann, F (1900), "Beiträge zur
Analyse der Gesichtswahrnehmungen. Erste Abhandlung. Einige Beobachtungen über die Zusammenfassung von Gesichtseindrücken zu Einheiten.",
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Ehrenstein, W (1941), "Über
Abwandlungen der L. Hermannschen Helligkeitserscheinung (Modifications of the Brightness Phenomenon of L. Hermann).",
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Peterhans, E.; von der Heydt, R. (1991). "Subjective contours--bridging the gap between psychophysics and physiology".
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von der Heydt, R; Peterhans, E; Baumgartner, G (1984), "Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses",
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389:"Selective Activation of the Deep Layers of the Human Primary Visual Cortex by Top-Down Feedback"
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Kok, Peter; Bains, Lauren; van Mourik, Tim; Norris, David G.; de Lange, Floris (2016-02-08).
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paper marked the resurgence of interest in illusory contours for vision scientists.
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Kanizsa, G (1955), "Margini quasi-percettivi in campi con stimolazione omogenea.",
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often used the
Kanizsa illusion in his silkscreen prints, for instance in his work
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logos from 1972, 1984, 1988, and 1994 all feature illusory contours, as does
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Soriano, M; Spillmann, L; Bach, M (1996), "The abutting grating illusion.",
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have found that illusory contours are associated with activity in the
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Visual illusions are useful stimuli for studying the neural basis of
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are responsible for forming illusory contours. Studies using human
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Perhaps the most famous example of an illusory contour is the
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Zeitschrift für
Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane
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Coren, S (1972), "Subjective contour and apparent depth",
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It is thought that early visual cortical regions such as
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Invitation to Cognitive Science: Visual cognition
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221:Gestalt psychology: 'closure'
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561:Illusory contours figures
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142:Cortical responses
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138:(1991).
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