Amasa Stone - Knowledge

901:, but this left the railroads with an oversupply of cars, which lost them even more money. In 1868, Rockefeller formed a consortium of Cleveland-area refining companies. The consortium agreed to pool their shipments to the East Coast if lower freight rates could be procured. On behalf of the consortium, Henry Flagler reached an agreement with Stone's Lake Shore & Michigan Southern: The consortium would guarantee at least 60 tank cars of refined oil every day, in return for which the LS&MS would cut shipping rates by 30 percent (e.g., offer a "rebate"). The consortium agreed not to ship oil with any other railway unless the LS&MS could not take the oil, and the LS&MS agreed not to offer a rebate to any other refiners unless they could provide at least 60 tank cars of oil a day (which none of them could). Stone quickly agreed to the plan, which greatly enhanced Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler's market share. 424:(LS&MS). The line began in 1833 as a series of small, independent railroads which then combined into larger and larger companies. One of the first of these smaller lines was the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad (CP&A), which had been chartered in 1848 to build track from Cleveland to the border with Pennsylvania. Alfred Kelley was one of its directors. On July 26, 1850, the CP&A awarded a contract to build its 95-mile (153 km) line to the firm of Stone, Harbach, and Witt. The line was completed in autumn 1852, and Stone was named a director of the railroad in August 1853 at a salary of $ 4,000 a year ($ 146,496 in 2023 dollars). He continued in this position until the corporation's merger into the LS&MS in May 1869, and served as the CP&A's president from August 1858 to March 1859. While Stone served as director, the CP&A leased the 1765:, west to the border with Pennsylvania. On February 18, 1848, the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad was chartered to build a line from Cleveland to join the Franklin Canal line. The Erie & Northeast and the Buffalo & State Line merged on March 9, 1867, to form the Buffalo and Erie Railroad. The Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula leased the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad in October 1867, and the CP&A changed its name to the Lake Shore Railway on March 31, 1868. The Lake Shore absorbed the Cleveland and Toledo on February 11, 1869. On April 6, 1869, the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana Railroad and the Lake Shore Railway merged to form the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. The Lake Shore absorbed the Buffalo and Erie Railroad on June 22, 1869. 1039:, Cornelius Vanderbilt's son and vice-president of the New York Central Railroad, saw the threat as well. In 1873, Amasa Stone and William H. Vanderbilt attempted to gain control of Vandegrift & Forman, each taking a one-sixth interest in the firm. Rockefeller purchased a one-third share, and the company was renamed United Pipe Lines. Rockefeller then purchased American Transfer, effectively blocking Stone and Vanderbilt from gaining control of the emerging pipeline industry. Standard Oil eventually formed a new company, United Pipe-Lines, in 1877 and merged both United and American Transfer into the new firm. Although Stone held more than 1,000 shares of the new company, his ownership interest was small compared to that held by Rockefeller and others. 1516:, proposed that the college move to Cleveland. Haydn approached Amasa Stone with the idea, who expressed his support. On September 20, 1880, Stone donated $ 500,000 ($ 15,786,207 in 2023 dollars) to Western Reserve College for the purpose of enabling its relocation to Cleveland. He attached three conditions to his gift: First, that the school become a university, and that its liberal arts college be named Adelbert College after his son; Second, that Stone be enabled to name a majority of Western Reserve College's board of trustees; and Third, that Stone be allowed to supervise construction of the new university's buildings. The trustees agreed to his stipulations. The college successfully raised the funds to procure land near what is now 1208: 343:(NHH&S) in 1845. The demands of his construction business forced him to resign his railroad position in 1846. But later that same year, the NHH&S's bridge over the Connecticut River at Enfield Falls (near Springfield) washed out. This bridge carried much of the railroad's traffic, and its quick reconstruction was urgent. The railroad contracted with Stone to rebuild the bridge, which was 0.25-mile (0.40 km) long. Stone completed the work in just 40 days, much less time than most engineers believed possible. He later considered this remarkable feat the major accomplishment of his construction career. The railroad gave him $ 1,000 ($ 33,911 in 2023 dollars) as a bonus in gratitude. 407:, an attorney and former state legislator, canal commissioner, banker, and railroad builder, was president of the railway, and he, too, knew Stone well from his railroading days in the east. Kelley and the CC&C managers reached out to Stone, Harbach, and Witt, and asked them to bid on the project. Stone, Harbach, and Witt formed a company in late 1848 to bid on the contract, which they then won. Construction began on the line in November 1849, and the final spike was driven on February 18, 1851. Stone, Harbach, and Witt agreed to take a portion of their pay in the form of stock in the railroad. The stock soared in value as soon as the spur was completed, making Stone very wealthy. 1569: 432:, in 1866, and became a director of the J&FR (probably for a single year) in 1868. Stone was again elected a director of the LS&MS in August 1869, and was appointed the LS&MS' general manager in July 1873 (serving until June 1875). The railroad was in financial difficulty by mid-1873, and Stone's appointment was made in large part so that he could stabilize it. Just one month after Stone took over as general manager, he learned that the 1873 dividend (which cost $ 2 million) had been paid for with a loan from the Union Trust Company (a Cleveland bank). When the economy soured in August, the bank 794:. This was a railroad (organized May 22, 1871) which merged on January 20, 1873, with the Mississippi Valley and Western Railway and the Clarksville and Western Railroad Company under the name Mississippi Valley and Western Railway. Amasa Stone invested in the new company on January 20, 1873. The railroad defaulted on its bonds, and Stone not only became a co-owner of the road but was also named a director of the line on August 7, 1874. The bankruptcy court put the railroad up for sale, and it was sold to Andros Stone on April 14, 1875. Six days later, Andros Stone sold the railroad to the 579:—decided to seek control of the Central. They quickly amassed almost two-thirds of the company's stock, and ousted the "Albany Regency". Keep, elected president of the Central, immediately revoked the yearly payment. An outraged Vanderbilt stopped carrying all Central freight. Steamboats could not move the Central's cargoes because the Hudson River frozen due to a harsh winter. Freight backed up in Albany, and New York City was effectively cut off by rail. The Central's stock price fell. In an attempt to make money off the situation, Keep borrowed a significant amount of shares to 532: 1245:. He wrote to Hay constantly, his "ambivalent" letters full of muffled "cries for help". Stone's depression appeared to worsen when several of his businesses failed in the first three months of 1883. First, the Cleveland Rolling Mill Co. was hit by a bitter strike in 1882, which caused it significant financial problems. Then on February 2, 1883, the Kansas City Rolling Mill Co. failed. The Union Iron & Steel Co. went into receivership a few days later, followed by Brown, Bonnell & Co. on February 19. Stone blamed high labor costs for the failure, but the 1489: 994:, 200 to refiner Joseph Stanley, and 500 to Peter Watson (who by now was the president of the SIC). Another 1,200 shares were given to John D. Rockefeller to retain as a reserve. On January 2, 1872, a third new issue of 10,000 shares occurred, and was given to Rockefeller to hold in reserve. Although these new issues had diluted Stone's investment to just 2 percent of Standard Oil's stock, it was enough to give him a strong financial interest in the company and to allow John D. Rockefeller to tighten his influence over railroads Stone directed. 1532:, but this generated extensive opposition. Determined to provide women with an education, Flora Stone Mather donated a large sum of money to establish a women-only college at Western Reserve. Her donation paid for Guilford Hall (named for her teacher at Cleveland Academy) and Haydn Hall (named for her pastor at First Presbyterian and now Western Reserve's president). The College for Woman opened in 1889, and was renamed Flora Stone Mather College in 1929 in her honor. Adelbert Hall is the university's administration building today. 1505:

the Home for Aged Protestant Gentlewomen at 194 Kennard Road. The organization later moved out of this structure in 1931 to property donated by William G. Pollock at 975 East Blvd., and is known as the Amasa Stone House. It later merged with the McGregor Foundation, and in 2014 the house was sold to Montessori Development Partnerships for use as a school. He also donated money which led to the construction in 1881 of an addition to the Children's Aid Society home for youth at 1745 Detroit Street in Cleveland.

910: 958:(SIC). The SIC's participating railroads would give the SIC's investor-refiners a 50 percent rebate on oil shipments, helping them to drive competitors out of business. Additionally, any time the SIC carried the oil of a non-participating refiner, the SIC would give a 40-cents-per-barrel payment ($ 10 in 2023 dollars) to the investor-refiners. The SIC would also provide the investor-refiners with information on the shipments of their competitors, giving them a critical advantage in pricing and sales. 1026:, suffered a devastating fire. With the company's insurer refusing to pay until after an investigation, Standard Oil was in desperate need for cash to rebuild. The officers of the company asked Rockefeller to seek a loan from the Second National Bank. At a meeting between Rockefeller and the bank's directors, Stone demanded that Standard Oil be appraised and its financial condition assessed before any loan was issued. Offended, Stillman Witt approved the loan, and Stone was stymied. 828:-fed heating stoves overturned, but rescue personnel made no attempt to extinguish the fire. The accident killed 92 people and injured 64. Amasa Stone had personally overseen both the bridge's design and its construction. He ordered the bridge built using a Howe truss design despite his chief engineer's argument that the span was too long to be safely bridged by that design. Stone later admitted that using a Howe truss for such a long span was "experimental". When bridge engineer 33: 137: 610:. He believed Vanderbilt would try to charge him high freightage rates, and Rockefeller knew he could get his oil to refineries and consumers without Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt persisted, however, and later that afternoon sent Amasa Stone to visit Rockefeller at Rockefeller's hotel. The two Clevelanders spoke for several hours, and Stone convinced Rockefeller to see Vanderbilt. The two men met that evening, and began a long and fruitful business relationship. 770:(also located in Trumbull County) to the Ashtabula Branch of the LS&MS was also authorized. The MCR gave improved access to extensive coal mines, and its rolling stock was designed specifically to carry bulk coal. The LS&MS leased the line for 99 years beginning May 1, 1873. Stone was a director of the MCR for the rest of his life (except for the 18-month period in 1875 and 1876 when he was in Europe to regain his health). 1439:, was born on April 6, 1852. She married shipping and iron mining magnate Samuel Mather on October 19, 1881. Flora not only was a rich woman because of the many gifts of cash and securities her father gave her during her lifetime, but also because of her husband's extremely large fortune. After Amasa Stone's death, Flora received not only a large inheritance from him but also helped administer his many 1544:. The will stipulated that Julia should receive $ 25,000 ($ 817,500 in 2023 dollars) a year from this income, payable in monthly installments. He bequeathed $ 600,000 in securities ($ 19,620,000 in 2023 dollars) to each daughter, and $ 100,000 ($ 7,194,000 in 2023 dollars) each to John Hay and Samuel Mather. Other bequests and donations totalled about $ 137,000 ($ 4,479,900 in 2023 dollars). 739:, whose stock was purchased by the LS&MS in 1871. The LS&MS operated the road, and installed its own directors as directors and officers of the North Central. Beginning in 1872 and lasting to the end of 1876, Stone was a director of this road. He left the board after 1876 due to his 18-month trip in Europe. Similarly, the LS&MS purchased all the stock in and operated the 689:(CTV&W) to take over the assets of the LS&TV. Stone was named a director of the CTV&W in 1877, serving until 1882. The CTV&W once again fell into receivership in February 1883. After a Cleveland investor purchased it, it was sold to yet another investors' group—once again led by Stone—which filed a charter on March 1, 1883, to incorporate the 555:. Vanderbilt won an agreement with the Central to transfer freight to his line. The contract also required the Central to pay the Hudson River Railroad $ 100,000 a year ($ 1,948,085 in 2023 dollars) for keeping extra rolling stock on hand in the summer to handle the increased traffic moving north. A group of New York City investors—led by banker 685:, was also authorized. In February 1871, Stone was among several men appointed to investigate the feasibility of constructing the line. Construction began, but the LS&TV fell into receivership in July 1874 for failing to pay the mortgage on another railroad it had acquired, and on January 30, 1875, Stone and four other investors formed the 1007:

angrily opposed the loan during a bank board of directors meeting. After Rockefeller made his case to the board, Stone suggested that Payne and Witt arbitrate the dispute. The two officers voted to support Rockefeller. The relationship between Stone and Rockefeller deteriorated swiftly, and Stone repeatedly snubbed Rockefeller socially.

1528:) and a men's dormitory. On October 26, 1882, Western Reserve University's new main campus was dedicated, with Hayes the main speaker at the opening. After Stone's death in 1883, his family donated an additional $ 100,000 ($ 3,270,000 in 2023 dollars) to Western Reserve University. The all-male university soon experimented with 974:—all of whom were officers in Cleveland banks—to buy shares in Standard Oil at par in December 1871. Stone and the other bankers used their influence at their own and other banks to give Rockefeller the financial backing he needed. Stone now owned the equivalent of 5 percent of the entire outstanding stock of Standard Oil. 990:

which gave Stone another 200 shares. Later that same day, another issue of stock was made. This constituted 11,000 shares, of which 3,000 were given to John D. Rockefeller, 1,400 to Henry Flagler, 4,000 to the owners of Clark, Payne and Company (one of the largest oil refineries in Cleveland), 700 to refiner

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Eloise Knupp for $ 31,500 on June 18, 1921. The second tract consisted of 150 acres (0.61 km) of land and buildings adjacent to the Stone Estate. The price for this property was $ 4,300. These lands, in the southwest corner of the park, were formally dedicated as Allegany State Park on July 30, 1921.

1106:. Andros Stone managed the firm. It changed its name to the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, purchased the Cleveland Wire Mill Co. in 1866, and obtained control of the Union Rolling Mill Co. of Chicago in 1871. At some point, Stone also invested a substantial sum in the Kansas City Rolling Mill Company of 1512:. The city of Cleveland had no major institution of higher learning in the 1870s, and in 1880 a community commission issued a report advocating that one be founded or induced to move there. Dr. Hiram C. Haydn, pastor at the First Presbyterian (Old Stone) Church and a trustee of Western Reserve College in 583:. Flooding the market with shares only drove the price further downward, and Vanderbilt and his allies quickly purchased these shares. This forced Keep to pay his lenders out of his own pocket, hurting him financially, and allowed the Vanderbilt group to gain control of the Central. Keep resigned, and 1559:

approved the purchase of two tracts of land in the Quaker Run Valley on May 2, 1921. The act provided $ 25,000 in state funds for the purchase of land, provided that an equal amount in private funds be raised first. The first tract, consisting of 7,020 acres (28.4 km) of land, was purchased from

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At 2 PM on May 11, 1883, Stone was working at his home on Euclid Avenue. He spoke several times with his business secretary, and was advised by his wife to rest. Stone then retired to his bedroom. At 4 PM, Julia Stone went to check on her husband, and found his bed empty and his bathroom door locked.

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Stone had one more interaction with Rockefeller and Standard Oil. Standard Oil relied on its rebate deals with the railroads to get its oil to market. Two companies, Vandergrift & Forman and the American Transfer Company, now threatened that arrangement by announcing the construction of pipelines

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Stone added another important railroad executive position when he became director of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad in June 1859. Directorships for the road lasted a year, and Stone served one term. He was elected again in June 1863 and June 1867, and served as the company's president from January

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and industrialists, and its main character was an idealistic journalist who marries into a wealthy family and abandons his progressive values for greed, power, and materialism. John Hay clearly inspired the main character, and Amasa Stone was obviously the basis for the grasping, cruel industrialist

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It is not clear how large Amasa Stone's personal estate was worth at the time of his death. Historian John Taliaferro estimated it to be worth between $ 6 million and $ 22 million ($ 196,200,000 in 2023 dollars to $ 719,400,000 in 2023 dollars). Historian Gladys Haddad dismisses the larger estimates

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mansion at 1235 Euclid Avenue, next door to his own home, and gave it to the Hays for their own home. The mansion was completed in June 1875. Stone had a "profound" influence on Hay's life, giving him the life of ease necessary to complete a biography of Lincoln as well as putting him on a course in

1149:, and built a small railroad to ship the stone to Cleveland. There, they established a stoneyard on west bank of Cuyahoga River, and dredged the river to make it navigable to ships carrying their dressed stone. Cleveland Stone Dressing furnished stone for a number of large mansions in Cleveland; the 989:

Events moved so quickly that additional capital was needed, and Rockefeller felt that the Cleveland banks could not be counted on to keep his loan requests confidential. On January 2, 1872, Standard Oil issued 4,000 new shares of stock in the form of a dividend. Stock was issued on a pro rata basis,

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and backed by the wealthy J. G. Hussey family. In December 1871, Rockefeller asked Payne to meet him at the Second National Bank in Cleveland to discuss business matters in which the bank had an interest. Stone and Stillman Witt were both officers in the bank. Payne swiftly agreed to a merger of his

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the design in 1840. With the financial support of Azariah Boody, a Springfield businessman, Stone purchased for $ 40,000 ($ 1,220,800 in 2023 dollars) the rights to Howe's patented bridge design in 1842. That same year, the two men formed a bridge-building firm, Boody, Stone & Co., which erected

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Amasa Stone was widely considered to be a proud, stubborn man with a powerful temper. Business associates and friends also found him cold, stern, and unapproachable. He could be arbitrary, autocratic, and domineering, and was well known for his temper and biting tongue. He shunned expensive clothes

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on oil refining in Cleveland. Once the SIC had severely weakened his competitors, Standard Oil would buy out the city's 26 major oil refining companies at fire-sale prices. The monopoly would allow Standard Oil to dominate the national refining market, garner significantly higher profits, and drive

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Stone began to suffer from undisclosed major health problems in the spring of 1875, and he and his wife went to Europe for 18 months beginning in late 1875. This event largely sparked Stone's retirement from most of his business ventures. While overseas, he left the management of his enterprises in

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Stone supported several charitable causes in lasting ways. He educated his daughters at the Cleveland Academy, a school for girls founded in 1848, and in 1865 oversaw a capital fundraising campaign and the construction of the school's first building. He donated money in 1876 to construct and endow

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company. Jeptha Wade had been president of Western Union in 1866, and Stone may have invested at this time in the company. By 1880, Cornelius Vanderbilt was a major investor in the firm, and was even rumored to have a controlling interest in it. It was Vanderbilt who had Stone appointed to Western

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Vanderbilt subsequently played another critical role on Amasa Stone's railroad career. Vanderbilt wanted control of the Lake Shore Railway, which had formed out of a combination of smaller Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois railroads on March 31, 1868. In May 1868, Vanderbilt's proxies attended the first

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Other business interests included a Cleveland woolen mill (established in 1861), and a position on the board of directors of the Buckeye Insurance Company (which he held in 1869). On February 26, 1870, Stone, Jeptha Wade, Worthy S. Streator, J.P. Robinson, and others formed the Northern Ohio Fair

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Stone helped reorganize the Commercial Bank on March 1, 1865, after its initial 20-year charter expired. Rechartered as the Commercial National Bank, Stone was elected a director of the bank and in 1879 served as its vice president. Stone was also a director of the Bank of Commerce (although just

981:". Stone played a major part in the success of the event. Rockefeller knew that if he bought out the weak refiners first, he'd generate opposition and never get a chance to take on the larger, more profitable ones. So he tackled his strongest competitor, the firm of Clark, Payne & Co., led by 629:

and wanted to divert all Lake Shore traffic to the Erie. On August 19, 1869, Lockwood and Gould rammed their plan through the Lake Shore's board of directors. Vanderbilt fought them, but his only victory was in securing the election of Amasa Stone to the Lake Shore's board. Stone served until his

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Stone's association with Standard Oil did not last past mid-1872. The break came when Rockefeller approached the Second National Bank, of which Stone was a director, for a major loan in early 1872. Stone expected the much younger Rockefeller to be deferential and suppliant, but he was not. Stone

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The 10,000 shares of Standard Oil were distributed thusly: John D. Rockefeller – 2,667 (26.7 percent); William Rockefeller – 1,333 (13.3 percent); Henry Flagler – 1,333 (13.3 percent); Samuel Andrews – 1,333 (13.3 percent); Stephen Harkness – 1,334 (13.3 percent); Oliver B. Jennings – 1,000 (10

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to buy additional Standard Oil shares. About June 1872, this option expired without Stone having acted to buy the new shares. Stone then asked Henry Flagler to change the expiration date so he could purchase the shares. Flagler did so, but Rockefeller overruled Flagler when he learned about the

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In 1870, at the conclusion of his 13-month trip to Europe, Stone once more was elected a director of the LS&MS. He retained this position in 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1879. Cornelius Vanderbilt became president of the Lake Shore in July 1873, and asked Stone to become managing

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Amasa Stone was temporarily interred in the Brainard family vault at Lake View Cemetery. Ice was packed around the body and regularly replenished, to keep decay at bay until John and Clara Hay could return from Europe. He was later interred in a plot he had purchased shortly before his death.

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merged. Cornelius Vanderbilt picked up large blocs of stock in the road as part of the Erie War, and the TW&W and LS&MS had effectively agreed to merge in 1869. Vanderbilt subsequently installed his strongest business associates as directors of the TW&W, which explains Stone's

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Stone remained construction superintendent of the CP&A until July 1853, and of the CC&C until 1854, when he resigned both offices (retaining his directorships) due to poor health. The following year, Stone and Witt signed a contract to clear and grade the 44.6-mile (71.8 km)

1330:(Euclid and East 13th Street) in Cleveland. Euclid Avenue was known worldwide at the time as "Millionaires' Row" for the large number of extremely wealthy people who built or purchased residences there. Local architect Joseph Ireland designed a two-story, 8,500-square-foot (790 m), 654:, and Stillman Witt invested in and constructed the Cleveland and Newburgh Railroad. This steam streetcar line cost $ 68,000 ($ 1,556,520 in 2023 dollars) to build, and ran for 3.3 miles (5.3 km) down Willson Avenue (now East 55th Street) and then Kinsman Road to Newburgh (now the 484:

war effort, and became a millionaire. He was an ardent supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, and Lincoln consulted with him on both supply and transportation issues. He became a friend of Lincoln's, and raised and supplied troops for Union cause. In 1863, Lincoln offered Stone a

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Lake Shore stockholders' meeting, and discovered that LeGrand Lockwood had a sizeable financial interest in the company. Vanderbilt was defeated in his attempt to install his own man as the Lake Shore's president. During the next several months, Lockwood worked with investor and

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to June 1868. During his last term as director of the line (and while serving as a director of the CP&A), the CP&A leased the Cleveland & Toledo for 99 years on October 8, 1867, essentially running the railroad. On June 17, 1868, the CP&A changed its name to the

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Stone purchased 500 shares, Witt 500 shares, Handy 400 shares, and Brewster 250 shares. The number of shares in Standard Oil remained 10,000. The shares purchased by the bankers came from John D. Rockefeller (651 shares), Oliver B. Jennings (500 shares), and the reserve (1,000

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Stone then founded the Union Steel Screw Company in 1872 with Andros Stone, William Chisholm, Henry Chisholm, and Henry B. Payne. The factory, which was located at Case and Payne Avenues in Cleveland, was the only one in the United States making steel wood screws at that time.

1361:. He spent a total of $ 40,000 ($ 1,017,333 in 2023 dollars) making additional purchases over the next few years, until his forest estate reached about 7,000 acres (28 km). Stone intended to use the estate as a hunting preserve and for the breeding of short-horn cattle. 782:, Stone lost as much as $ 1 million ($ 25,433,333 in 2023 dollars) making payments on loans called by desperate bankers and friends, and in financially propping up his friends and business associates. He also lost large sums of money selling stock in the LS&MS and in 703:

president of the railroad. Stone was managing director of the line in 1873, 1874, and 1875. The interruption in his directorship and the termination of his position as managing director occurred after he resigned due to ill health in June 1875 to go abroad for 18 months.

602:, Vanderbilt decided to add Amasa Stone to the Central's board of directors. Stone was first appointed to the board in 1867, and probably served until December 1868. In April 1868, Stone played a major role in bringing together Cornelius Vanderbilt and the oil magnate 1083:. Stone was named a director of the company, and later its president (although the date of this latter service is not clear). Stone also co-founded the Union Iron Company (later Union Iron & Steel Co.) in Chicago with his brother, Andros Stone, and mining magnate 832:

expressed concern that the bridge could not handle the stresses place upon it, Stone fired him. State investigators later concluded that the bridge had been improperly designed, inadequately inspected by the LS&MS, and had used faulty materials (provided by the

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In a fit of pique, Stone sold all his Standard Oil shares, making him ineligible to continue serving on the board. Rockefeller never regretted his actions. He later said that he "probably saved two or three million dollars" in profit by getting rid of Stone.

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cities. At the time, the railroads were engaged in cutthroat competition for refined oil. Rate-cutting was common (with railways often losing money on shipments). Each road also attempted to win more oil freight business by rapidly building up its supply of

1098:), which was organized on November 9, 1863. The firm was established in 1857 as Chisholm, Jones and Company, and in 1860 the company was reorganized as Stone, Chisholm & Jones after the family-run business received major investments from Amasa Stone, 892:, was a silent partner.) Transportation costs were the key to making oil cheaply available to consumers, and cheap oil meant more market share (and more profit). For Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, the question was how to get its refined oil to 606:. Vanderbilt very much wanted the New York Central to carry both raw and refined oil being shipped by Rockefeller. On April 18, 1868, Vanderbilt asked Rockefeller (then visiting New York City) to meet with him. Rockefeller refused, sending only his 516:—was not large enough to handle the city's growing rail needs. The station burned to the ground in 1864, and Amasa Stone was tapped by the railroads to build a new station. Stone both designed and oversaw the construction of the luxurious and large 917:

The second time came in 1871. Rockefeller had long believed that overcapacity in the oil refining business would cause a crash in the price of refined oil. Anticipating the crash, on January 10, 1870, Rockefeller and his partners established a new

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At the time of his death, Amasa Stone was widely regarded by the press as the richest man in Cleveland, and modern historians have called him a nationally prominent economic leader. He was well known during his lifetime for having risen from the

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when he became a director is not clear). He was elected president of the bank in 1873, but resigned in late 1874 and was replaced by Hiram Garretson. He was also a director of the Merchants Bank (although the dates of his service are not clear).

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To further encourage Stone to meet the needs of Standard Oil, Rockefeller put Stone on the Standard Oil board of directors in 1871. By 1872, Amasa Stone's personal fortune was worth an estimated $ 6 million ($ 152,600,000 in 2023 dollars).

805:, in 1875. This road, which formed in 1870, still had 30 miles (48 km) incomplete when Stone acquired it in May 1875. A board of directors (which did not include Stone) was installed, but the railroad's history is unclear after this. 966:

competitors out of business. With higher profits, Standard Oil could then rapidly expand, becoming even more dominant. To make the purchases, Standard Oil needed cash. To secure the cash, Rockefeller allowed Amasa Stone, Stillman Witt,

930:(William Rockefeller's brother-in-law), invested $ 100,000 in the new company and was given 1,000 shares. The old company of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was given 1,000 shares as a reserve. The stock was set at a $ 100 per share 1551:. At some point after 1904, the heirs of Amasa Stone sold the New York estate to W.J. Knupp and his wife, Eloise. Residents of the Red House/Elko area formed a committee on November 8, 1920, to discuss the formation of a state park in 6269:

Corporate History of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company and Affiliated Companies (as of Date June 30, 1917) Pursuant to Interstate Commerce Commission Valuation Order No. 20: Under Act of Congress Approved March 1,

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at panic prices. Stone hid the extent of his financial difficulties from almost everyone, but his son-in-law John Hay believed Stone neared bankruptcy. Stone weathered the financial crisis, however, and recovered most of his wealth.

1067:, Jeptha Wade, and George B. Ely, and was elected to its first board of directors. It merged with the Second National Bank in 1868, and Stone was elected president of the successor bank in January 1873. He resigned in January 1874. 798:(SLK&NW), which had been formed by Andros Stone and others to acquire the assets of the bankrupt line. In December 1879, Stone became a director of the SLK&NW. Stone remained on the board of the SLK&NW until his death. 633:

Stone's usefulness to Vanderbilt was soon interrupted, however. On October 18, 1867, Stone and J.C. Buell, the cashier of Cleveland's Second National Bank, were hurled from their carriage after it came apart after hitting an open

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Stone dissolved Boody, Stone & Co. in late 1846 or early 1847. With Howe's business partner, Daniel L. Harris, he purchased the Howe Bridge Works (founded in 1840 by William Howe). This firm continued to construct bridges in

642:. Stone was severely injured, and walked with a strong limp for the rest of his life. Stone went with his family to Europe to recuperate in 1868, and spent 13 months abroad. It was the first of two lengthy trips abroad for him. 1292:

on Public Square in downtown Cleveland. For several years, he was also a trustee of the church, and he gave generously to various church organizations which aided the poor, the elderly, orphans, and single women with children.

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Hover, John C. (1919). "The Story of Logan County". In Hover, John C Hover; Barnes, Joseph D.; Jones, Walter D.; Conover, Charlotte Reeve; Wright, Willard J.; Leiter, Clayton A.; Bradford, John Ewing; Culkins, W.C. (eds.).

1621:(the company which Samuel Mather had co-founded in 1883), launched a Great Lakes bulk freighter named in honor of Amasa Stone. The freighter was later transferred to Pickands Mather's Interlake Steamship Company. The 1536:

as inflated, and suggests the estate was worth between $ 6 million and $ 8 million ($ 196,200,000 in 2023 dollars to $ 261,600,000 in 2023 dollars). Stone's sons-in-law, John Hay and Samuel Mather, were named as his

1334:

mansion replete with modern conveniences and innovative safety features. Stone lived in the mansion until his death, after which it was occupied by his wife, Julia; his daughter, Flora Stone Mather; and her husband,

1421:. Stone convinced the couple to move to Cleveland in the spring of 1875, just as Amasa's health declined. He gave Hay employment caring for investments "so safe that they require no care". Stone also constructed a 6257:

Record Book of Trust Mortgages and Agreements; Also, Leases, Conveyances, Contracts, Agreements, and Articles of Consolidation Relating to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad and Its Branches and Leased

1140:

Stone had a number of other business interests and ventures in addition to banking and metallurgy. Immediately upon his arrival in Cleveland in 1850, Stone created the Cleveland Stone Dressing Company with

837:, which Stone's brother, Andros Stone, managed). They also found extensive evidence that the bridge had been poorly constructed: Struts were not in the correct place, braces were not tied together, and the 7180:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of the State of Ohio, With Tabulations and Deductions From Reports of the Railroad Corporations of the State, for the Year Ending June 30, 1869

7162:

1260:

It was widely assumed by the press and the public that lingering poor health brought about by the 1867 carriage accident, guilt over the Ashtabula River railroad disaster, and overwork caused his suicide.

795: 1060:, and Samuel Young—purchased the Toledo Branch of the State Bank of Ohio. Stone served as the bank's president from 1857 probably to 1864. The Toledo Branch was reorganized as a national bank in 1866. 1732:

He appears to have remained a director of the railroad until its merger with the Bellefontaine Railway in May 1868: He was a director in 1856, 1861, 1864, 1867, and 1868. The CC&C merged with the

1524:; and the newly elected President of the United States, James A. Garfield. (Garfield died from an assassin's bullet before the school opened.) Stone oversaw the construction of the Main Building (now 977:

The SIC conspiracy collapsed in March 1872, but between February 17 and March 28, 1872, Rockefeller was able to buy out 22 of the 26 major refiners in Cleveland, an event which historians call "the

802: 288:

Stone worked on the family farm during the growing and harvest seasons, and attended local public schools when not engaged in agricultural labor. At the age of 17, Stone left the farm and moved to

1353:

Stone was not a noted outdoorsman, but viewed hunting as a leisure activity of the upper class. Subsequently, on April 19, 1873, Stone purchased several hundred acres of land near the villages of

1795:

Stone's health was poor after his 1867 carriage accident, and he spent beginning in January 1869 he spent 13 months in Europe traveling and resting. He was no longer on the board in 1872 or 1873.

1757:. On May 21, 1844, the Franklin Canal Company was chartered to build a railroad from Erie to the Ohio border. In October 1849, the Buffalo and State Line Railroad was chartered by the state of 1145:, J.P. Bishop, William E. Beckwith, F.T. Backus, J.H. Morley, H.K. Raynolds, Reuben Hitchcock, and John Case. The company bought large stone quarries in Berea (the "old Eldridge quarry") and 523:

By 1868, Stone's annual income had risen to $ 70,000 a year ($ 1,716,750 in 2023 dollars), and a few years later he owned property worth at least $ 5 million ($ 138,727,273 in 2023 dollars).

841:

had been improperly laid. Stone categorically denied that there were any design or construction flaws. Instead, he asserted that the bridge was designed to be stronger than it needed to be.

1822:

says "The symbolism of their conspiracy, far more than its actual impact on business, would turn it into one of the most notorious incidents in the rise of corporate capitalism in America."

1150: 1161:, Canada; and the residence of Senator Henry B. Payne. The firm closed in 1854 due to lack of demand. The stoneyard was later taken over by Rhodes & Co., a major coal distributor. 1501:

to amass a very large fortune, and for having built an "empire" of railroads. His fortune in 1872 was widely estimated by the press to be $ 6 million ($ 152,600,000 in 2023 dollars).

845: 292:, where he apprenticed as a carpenter and builder with his older brother. Physically very strong, he swiftly advanced in his trade. Before he was 21 years old, he rose to the role of 1322:

Stone purchased a home in 1850 on the corner of Superior Avenue and Bond Street (now East 6th Street) in Cleveland, Ohio. He lived in this nondescript house (later the site of the

1173:

neighborhood and erected fair buildings there. Stone served as the fair's first president. In 1877, Stone dabbled in real estate by constructing a building on St. Clair Avenue in

1079:

Stone's interests also extended heavily into metallurgy and metals manufacturing. In 1863, Stone, George B. Ely, and others helped organize the Mercer Iron & Coal Company in

1249:

was more likely the cause. Shortly thereafter, Stone asked Hay to cut short his trip and return to Cleveland, but Hay (who was to return to the United States in May) declined.

7117: 1178: 7228: 173: 7261: 7250: 7200: 7189: 7178: 7150: 7118:

Ninth Annual Report of the President and Directors of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company to the Stockholders for the Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 1878

1786:(southwest of Cleveland) and connect with the CC&C. The Toledo, Norwalk & Cleveland opened on January 24, 1853, and the two railroads merged on September 1, 1853. 543:

from 1865 to 1867. The Central, governed by a clique of men known as the "Albany Regency", controlled most of the rail traffic outside of New York City. But Vanderbilt's

223:. Stone spent many of his last years engaging in major charitable endeavors. Among the most prominent was his gift which allowed Western Reserve College (later known as 1863:

Nevins characterizes this differently: The board of directors of Standard Oil sought a loan in order to continue expansion, and Stone opposed it during a board meeting.

512:

It became clear during the Civil War that Cleveland's lone railroad station—a small wooden structure built in 1853 at the base of Bath Street (now Front Avenue) on the

4780: 1614: 938:

in 1870 and 1871. The overcapacity crash hit in 1871, and many refiners neared bankruptcy. In the fall of 1871, Rockefeller learned of a conspiracy being promoted by

1814:

Conspiracy is the correct term. Business historian George C. Kohn points out, "It was essentially a conspiracy for restraint of trade..." and Rockefeller biographer

1426:

business that made Hay a very rich man. Hay later used his experiences running Stone's railroad interests during the strikes of 1877 as the basis for his 1883 novel

1737: 1015:

change. Flagler argued that Stone's support was useful, and that he should be placated. Rockefeller disagreed, saying that he saw no reason to "truckle" to Stone.

954:, the Pennsylvania Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, the Erie Railroad, Standard Oil, and a few small oil refining companies would create and invest in the 444:(another director of the road) repaid the loan out of his own funds. When his health failed in 1875, Stone resigned his position as director and general manager. 3860: 7239: 1417:

The couple's second child, Clara Louise, was born on December 29, 1849. She wed John Hay on February 4, 1874, at which time Amasa gifted the couple $ 10,000 in

678: 5515: 743:. Stone was a director and president of this road without interruption from 1872 to his death in 1883. Finally, the LS&MS also purchased and operated the 497:. Stone turned down the generalship and persuaded the president to abandon the project (which was unfeasible and unnecessary). It was probably while visiting 428:(J&FR) in March 1864 for 20 years. He oversaw the construction of the Union Depot (named because all railroads in the city would use the same station) in 7323: 1346:

building, which was completed in 1910. Higbee's vacated the building in 1931 for a new, larger structure on Public Square. The building was then occupied by

7785: 926:. Just 10,000 shares of Standard Oil were created. John and William Rockefeller, Flagler, Harkness, and Andrews took almost all the shares. A new investor, 7464: 824:. One of two locomotives and 11 passenger railcars of the LS&MS plunged into the ice-clogged river below. The wooden cars burst into flame when their 7421: 2472: 1257:

and found Stone dead. He had shot himself in the heart and then fallen forward so that his head and shoulders lay in the bathtub. A gun lay by his side.

650:

Amasa Stone had a wide range of railroad interests throughout the Midwest in the late 1860s and into the early 1880s. In 1868, he and Hiram Garrettson,

6307:

New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation

1899:

The cause was a major strike, precipitated by the company's demand for a 50 percent increase in the workday without a pay raise. The company asked the

7949: 6280:

First Annual Report of the Commissioners of the Allegany State Park to the Legislature of the State of New York From June 1, 1921 to December 31, 1921

417:

In 1850, Stone was appointed construction superintendent of the CC&C, and he moved to Cleveland. He was named a director of the railroad in 1852.

7984: 3264: 971: 686: 7503: 1443:. Flora became one of the great philanthropists in Ohio history. She made major donations to Case Western Reserve University and the Goodrich House 274: 148:(April 27, 1818 – May 11, 1883) was an American industrialist who is best remembered for having created a regional railroad empire centered in the 2386: 1831:

The Pennsylvania General Assembly created such corporate charters routinely during the 1860s and 1870s, usually after the generous application of

1184:

Both historic and modern sources say that Amasa Stone also invested in a wide range of factories, including those which manufactured automobiles,

465: 7979: 6347:

Seventh Annual Report of the Department of Inspection of Workshops and Factories, to the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, for the year 1890

502: 7513: 7379: 6593: 7796: 7432: 5182: 4652: 4616: 1084: 8004: 7202:

Fifth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of the State of Ohio, for the Governor, for the Year Ending June 30, 1871

1477: 816:

While Stone was overseas in 1876, one of the greatest events in his life occurred. At 7:30 PM on December 29, the LS&MS bridge over the

7994: 6653: 6345: 4634: 3924: 1657: 587:

was named president in December 1866. Vanderbilt exerted his power again in December 1867, and had himself named president of the Central.

7492: 2938: 215:, and he was a major force in the Cleveland banking, steel, and iron industries. Stone's reputation was significantly tarnished after the 5717: 380: 169: 5238: 1520:

in Cleveland, and Stone named 11 new trustees to the university's board. These included John Hay; former President of the United States

7410: 849: 759: 7368: 1237:. That year, his son-in-law, John Hay, took his wife, Clara Stone Hay, on a long-delayed 18-month honeymoon to Europe. Hay biographer 1052:

Stone's interest in industries and services other than railroads emerged early after he moved to Cleveland. In 1856, Stone—along with

399:

for several Ohio railroads, surveyed the route for the new spur in 1847. Stone had worked with Harbach and another railroad engineer,

7381:

The Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, to the Governor of the State Ohio, for the Year 1901

6334: 1339:. Julia died in 1900, and Flora in 1909. The mansion was demolished after Flora's death to make way for the four (later five) story 6666: 1308: 572: 421: 177: 7954: 164:

bridges (the patent for which he had licensed from its inventor). After moving into railroad construction in 1848, Stone moved to

6777: 6255: 5317: 767: 411: 1299:

politics was another of Stone's interests. In addition to his friendship with Abraham Lincoln, he was a key financial backer of

7989: 2188: 1779: 1540:. Stone left his wife $ 500,000 in securities ($ 16,350,000 in 2023 dollars), which was expected to generate a large amount of 1473: 791: 670: 6108: 5837: 3886: 6434: 6323: 3950: 2230: 2228: 2226: 946:) and Peter H. Watson (then a director of the LS&MS). On November 30, 1871, Rockefeller met with Scott and Watson at the 6613:

Isaac, Larry W. (2012). "Genre and Its Selection by Aesthetic Activists". In Earl, Jennifer S.; Rohlinger, Deana A. (eds.).

5344: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 383:(CC&C) was chartered in 1836. After several false starts at construction, in November 1848 the company finally issued a 7999: 7442:

Perry, David C. (1995). "Cleveland: Journey to Maturity". In Keating, W. Dennis; Krumholz, Norman; Perry, David C. (eds.).

7191:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, for the Year Ending June 30, 1870, In Two Volumes. Volume II

1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1350:

department store. Sterling Lindner Davis vacated the building in 1968, and it has served as an office building ever since.

1222:

After 1875, many of Amasa Stone's businesses suffered severe financial setbacks, and some of them failed. He suffered from

544: 5892: 2223: 1907:, but the police refused. The company lost the strike and acceded to the workers' demands to return to the eight-hour day. 6447:

An American Scientist on the Research Frontier: Edward Morley, Community, and Radical Ideas in Nineteenth-Century Science

5540: 2765: 2342: 1304: 744: 740: 1929: 1169:

to be hosted by the city of Cleveland. The group purchased 87 acres (350,000 m) of land on St. Clair Avenue in the

1379:

Hamilton) Gleason. Amasa's older brother, Daniel, had married Julia's older sister, Huldah, in 1838. Julia worked as a

1289: 1207: 947: 736: 7152:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, to the Governor of the State of Ohio, for the Year 1867

6964:

Seventh Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1878

5256: 5220: 1132:. He was placed on the board of directors of the firm (although the date of his departure from the board is unclear). 7932: 7863: 7840: 7819: 7774: 7753: 7732: 7711: 7690: 7669: 7648: 7625: 7604: 7583: 7544: 7453: 7399: 7139: 7098: 7079: 7058: 6981:

Eighth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1879

6913:

Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1875

6879:

Second Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1873

6834: 6815: 6749: 6728: 6707: 6624: 6539: 6518: 6497: 6476: 6455: 6389: 6366: 6244: 6214: 6193: 4598: 1720: 1227: 885: 829: 821: 486: 420:

Stone also became construction superintendent of another railroad in 1850, one that would eventually be known as the

220: 7071:

The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy

7015:

Tenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1881

6998:

Ninth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1880

6947:

Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1877

6930:

Fifth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1876

6896:

Third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1874

6862:

First Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year Ending December 31, 1872

7370:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, to the Governor of the State Ohio, for the Year 1887

1296: 978: 950:

in New York City, where Scott outlined his plan: Using a vaguely-worded corporate charter he had obtained from the

278: 7290:

Thirteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1879

6592: 3270: 1716: 1509: 893: 425: 340: 224: 7263:

Eleventh Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1877

4983: 4981: 1311:. Garfield considered appointing Stone as the U.S. government's representative on the board of directors of the 7273:

Twelfth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1878

7230:

Seventh Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1873

693:(CL&W), which assumed the assets of the CTV&W. As before, Stone was named a director of this new road. 297: 180:, of which Stone was appointed director. Stone was also a director or president of numerous railroads in Ohio, 7241:

Eighth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1874

1264:

Stone was an unpopular man in Cleveland. To many members of the public, the manner of his demise seemed just.

7252:

Ninth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1875

7212:

Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1872

5807: 4978: 3682: 1174: 967: 951: 810: 590:

Realizing that the New York Central now depended heavily on connecting lines to reach Midwestern cities like

449: 6637:

History of Cuyahoga County, Ohio: With Portraits and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers

2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 1568: 1599: 1552: 1154: 615: 253:

Boyden) Stone. He was the ninth of 10 children, and the third of four sons. His ancestor, Gregory Stone, a

1648:. Construction began on the Amasa Stone Chapel in 1910, and it was dedicated and opened on June 13, 1911. 1492:

A map of Allegany State Park from 1922, showing the extent of the Stone Estate (shaded areas, lower left).

6468:

Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays on Philanthropy, Voluntarism, and Nonprofit Organizations

6426: 6336:

Manufacturing and Mercantile Resources of Mercer County: An Industrial, Historical and Statistical Review

6020: 2741: 2705: 2584: 1080: 576: 6267: 2107: 7352:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1883

7335:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1882

7325:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1881

7307:

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1880

1556: 1555:

and to push for legislative authority to establish a park as well as state funds to purchase land. The

481: 480:(1861 to 1864), Stone focused almost all his attention on running his railroads for the benefit of the 317: 282: 6226:

Historic Charlevoix: A Guide to Walking and Driving Tours of the Charlevoix Area's Most Historic Sites

6008: 366:, in 1850, Stone was known as the most eminent bridge builder and railroad contractor in New England. 3841: 3817: 1900: 1452: 1327: 1285: 1246: 955: 655: 540: 7032:

Eleventh Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads of the State of Michigan, for the Year 1882

6507:

Hatcher, Harlan (1988). "Building the Railroads". In Lupold, Harry Forrest; Haddad, Gladys (eds.).

1775: 1226:

which often kept him awake for two hours each night. It was widely believed by the public that the

1036: 873: 844:

In one of his last major railroad positions, Stone briefly became a director of two railroads, the

639: 309: 289: 7811:

The Angola Horror: The 1867 Train Wreck That Shocked the Nation and Transformed American Railroads

6406: 6171: 6126: 5067: 8009: 7561: 6311: 3905: 3829: 1508:

Perhaps Stone's greatest legacy was the gift which led to the foundation of what became known as

1331: 1254: 1128:

About 1875, Stone also invested $ 500,000 in the new iron foundry of Brown, Bonnell & Co. of

1023: 674: 244: 56: 4054: 4052: 1464: 1375: 1373:, on January 12, 1842. Born December 21, 1818, she was the daughter of John Barnes and Cynthia ( 1177:. The structure housed the Koch, Goldsmith, Joseph & Company clothing firm, which later (as 249: 3230: 3228: 3215: 3213: 3200: 3198: 3065: 3063: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 1638: 1422: 1312: 1091: 1087:. Stone loaned his brother $ 800,000 ($ 19,796,757 in 2023 dollars) to organizer the business. 860:

Twice, Amasa Stone proved crucial to the success of John D. Rockefeller's oil refining career.

834: 751: 7514:"Real Builders of America: Amasa Stone—Bridge Builder, Railroad Constructor and Administrator" 6641: 6297:

Allegany Oxbow: A History of Allegany State Park and the Allegany Reserve of the Seneca Nation

6153: 5115: 5103: 5091: 3781: 3769: 735:

Beginning in 1872, Stone played a role on three Michigan railroads as well. The first was the

6685: 4049: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3316: 3123: 2753: 2502: 1733: 1618: 1455:, Day Nursery and Kindergarten Association, Children's Aid Society, and Home for Aged Women. 1370: 1107: 943: 763: 517: 3328: 3304: 3252: 3240: 3225: 3210: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3135: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3060: 3029: 2617: 2526: 1916:

Stone had signed over the deed to his Euclid Avenue home to Flora and Samuel Mather in 1874.

7974: 7969: 7116: 5990: 5988: 2747: 2711: 2599: 2538: 2417: 1634: 1585: 1347: 1170: 927: 531: 494: 441: 414:. The Indiana portion of the line was finished in 1852, and the Ohio portion in July 1853. 384: 293: 8: 7797:"Early History of the Old Bee Line R.R. and Its Completion by Hon. Alfred Kelley in 1851" 7494:

Sixteenth Annual Report of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission of the State of Illinois

7125: 1548: 1529: 1521: 1488: 1444: 1358: 1238: 1064: 982: 919: 889: 869: 747:. Stone was a director of this road without interruption from 1872 to his death in 1883. 690: 662: 603: 584: 6400: 6165: 6120: 5985: 1778:

was chartered March 2, 1846. Its line was intended to run from Toledo to Cleveland. The

1706:

The rights to the patent extended to bridges and structures erected only in New England.

1268:

sarcastically observed, "Apparently nothing pleases the Almighty like the picturesque."

7555: 7512: 6378: 6305: 2234: 1606:

About 1884, the Stone family paid for and dedicated the Amasa Stone Memorial Window, a

1469: 1459: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1418: 1390:

The Stone's first child, Adelbert Barnes Stone, was born on July 28, 1844. He attended

1215: 1199:

Union's board of directors in 1881. Stone served on the board until his death in 1883.

1146: 477: 453: 429: 112: 6107: 5898: 5843: 4671: 2784: 2357: 1942: 296:, and had supervised the erection of several homes in the area as well as a church in 7928: 7921: 7916: 7859: 7852: 7836: 7815: 7770: 7749: 7728: 7707: 7686: 7665: 7644: 7637: 7621: 7600: 7579: 7540: 7449: 7395: 7135: 7094: 7075: 7054: 6830: 6811: 6745: 6724: 6703: 6635: 6620: 6580: 6560: 6549: 6535: 6514: 6493: 6472: 6451: 6430: 6419: 6385: 6362: 6240: 6210: 6189: 6147: 1969: 1967: 1762: 1517: 1428: 1403: 1384: 1300: 1242: 1063:

Stone then helped organize the Cleveland Banking Company in 1863 with Stillman Witt,

991: 313: 122: 6679: 6421:

Flora Stone Mather: Daughter of Cleveland's Euclid Avenue and Ohio's Western Reserve

6119: 5350: 5323: 312:, in 1839. The following year, Howe was engaged to build a railroad bridge over the 7908: 7904: 7891: 7887: 7479: 7355: 7338: 7310: 7293: 7276: 7215: 7165: 7039: 7035: 7022: 7018: 7005: 7001: 6988: 6984: 6971: 6967: 6954: 6950: 6937: 6933: 6920: 6916: 6903: 6899: 6886: 6882: 6869: 6865: 6852: 6848: 6796: 6792: 6764: 6570: 6566: 6343: 6287: 6283: 6016: 5073: 5024: 5020: 4942: 1758: 1754: 1590: 1343: 1129: 1095: 1011: 755: 560: 556: 548: 498: 181: 7412:

Annual Report of the Secretary of State, to the Governor of Ohio for the Year 1881

7131:

The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of Henry Adams and His Friends, 1880-1918

1964: 1749:

On April 12, 1842, the Erie and North East Railroad was chartered by the state of

501:, during a trip to visit Lincoln that Stone met and became friends with Lincoln's 7830: 7809: 7764: 7743: 7722: 7701: 7680: 7659: 7615: 7594: 7573: 7534: 7443: 7389: 7129: 7069: 7048: 6805: 6739: 6718: 6697: 6614: 6529: 6508: 6487: 6466: 6445: 6356: 6328:. Washington, D.C.: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. 6265: 6253: 6234: 6204: 6183: 3911: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3048: 1432:. The character of the vice president of the steel mill is based on Amasa Stone. 1391: 1323: 1166: 939: 817: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 580: 216: 6768: 6681:

A History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress, 1796-1896

6279: 5149: 3384: 3382: 2717: 1230:

had deeply affected Stone emotionally, causing his health to worsen after 1876.

986:

interests with Rockefeller's, and the transaction closed in early January 1872.

909: 868:

The first time came in 1868. On March 4, 1867, John D. Rockefeller, his brother

1686: 1354: 1103: 1099: 1057: 1053: 838: 790:

Stone's financial situation recovered enough that he was able to invest in the

388: 136: 7159: 7148: 5548: 5043: 3355: 2759: 2508: 2423: 1644:

In 1910, Stone's family donated money to Western Reserve University for a new

7963: 7483: 7377: 7366: 7359: 7349: 7342: 7332: 7321: 7314: 7304: 7297: 7287: 7280: 7270: 7259: 7248: 7237: 7226: 7219: 7209: 7198: 7187: 7176: 7169: 5121: 5109: 5097: 4313: 4058: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3442: 3379: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3219: 3204: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3042: 2623: 2544: 2532: 1904: 1783: 1607: 1525: 1498: 1336: 1316: 1192: 1121:

manufacturer Joel Hayden, Jr. in establishing the Joel Hayden Brass Works in

961:

Rockefeller saw the SIC as the ideal mechanism for achieving another goal: A

877: 783: 779: 635: 626: 607: 568: 404: 400: 270: 219:

railroad bridge, which he designed and constructed, collapsed in 1876 in the

6073: 6065:

Dewar, Gary (September–October 1988). "A Class With Staying Power, Part I".

3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3367: 1872:

Rockefeller later said that he believed age had "clouded" Stone's judgement.

7832:

Taking on the Trust: The Epic Battle of Ida Tarbell and John D. Rockefeller

6807:

Separating Fools From Their Money: A History of American Financial Scandals

2993: 1819: 1750: 1513: 1223: 1185: 1142: 1122: 1117:

In January 1881, Stone and others provided financial assistance to veteran

923: 881: 682: 437: 352: 228: 208: 185: 7661:

Locomotive to Aeromotive: Octave Chanute and the Transportation Revolution

6548: 4987: 3688: 1815: 1782:

was chartered March 7, 1850. Its line was intended to run from Toledo to

1577: 1340: 666: 651: 564: 348: 333: 157: 7923:

First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power

7050:

The Rise of the Chicago Police Department: Class and Conflict, 1850-1894

6699:

Derelict Paradise: Homelessness and Urban Development in Cleveland, Ohio

6277: 5994: 5221:"Brown, Bonnell & Co. Said to Be Out of Danger—Feeling in Cleveland" 4799: 460:. He and Witt then signed a second contract in 1858 to build the track. 7639:

In the Shadow of the Dam: The Aftermath of the Mill River Flood of 1874

6843: 4954: 4677: 1690: 1682: 1380: 1265: 1195: 321: 161: 149: 2064: 1610:

window in the sanctuary at the First Presbyterian (Old Stone) Church.

645: 7766:

All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt

931: 904: 618: 599: 552: 513: 457: 392: 359: 232: 165: 75: 7803:. Norwalk, Ohio: The Firelands Historical Society. pp. 104–122. 7110:

John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. Volume 1

6321: 1973: 1241:

concludes that Amasa Stone was, by this time, suffering from severe

539:

Cornelius Vanderbilt waged a long and bitter war for control of the

7557:

History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress

7034:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 7017:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 7000:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6983:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6966:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6949:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6932:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6915:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6898:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6881:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6864:. Lansing, Mich.: W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders. 6720:

Historic Iron and Steel Bridges in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont

1818:

calls it "an infamous conspiracy". Cornelius Vanderbilt biographer

1736:—a successor to the Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad—to form the 1694: 1547:

In 1921, Amasa Stone's former hunting estate formed the nucleus of

1541: 1537: 1411: 1399: 1234: 1211: 962: 935: 898: 825: 699: 622: 551:, and New York City, but it also had the only rail line into lower 506: 490: 410:

In 1849, Stone, Harbach, and Witt also won a contract to build the

396: 212: 201: 193: 1890:

This building was probably located at 75-77 West St. Clair Avenue.

1805:

percent); Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler – 1,000 (10 percent).

1576:

Stone was the basis for a major character in John Hay's 1883 anti-

1315:, but Stone turned him down (the position was occupied by Senator 773: 433: 7490: 5359: 4828: 2723: 1832: 1753:

to build a line from Erie, Pennsylvania, east to the border with

1395: 1158: 595: 591: 266: 262: 258: 189: 6206:

The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business

5400: 5398: 2748:

Ninth Annual Report of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 1879

2712:

Ninth Annual Report of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 1879

2670: 2668: 2600:

Ninth Annual Report of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 1879

468:, and absorbed the Cleveland & Toledo on February 11, 1869. 339:

Stone was named construction superintendent of the newly formed

7388: 6122:

Annals of the First Presbyterian Church of Cleveland, 1820-1895

5664: 5662: 5457: 5455: 4948: 1645: 934:($ 2,409 in 2023 dollars), and Standard Oil paid a 105 percent 809:

the hands of his son-in-law, John Hay. During his absence, the

328: 324: 254: 7898: 7881: 7872: 6034: 5858: 5856: 5516:"Distressed downtown Cleveland office building gets new owner" 5132: 5130: 5049: 4845: 4843: 4296: 4294: 3969: 3805: 3361: 3054: 2999: 1181:) became one of the largest clothing retailers in the nation. 32: 7955:

Amasa Stone, Jr. Papers at Western Reserve Historical Society

7164:. Columbus, Ohio: Columbus Printing Company, State Printers. 6876: 6859: 6779:

The Old Stone Church: The Story of a Hundred Years, 1820-1920

6273:. Chicago: Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company. 6223: 6079: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5718:"Amasa S. Bishop, 76, Scientist Who Worked in Fusion Physics" 5599: 5442: 5440: 5395: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4413: 4411: 4350: 4348: 4346: 3568: 3448: 3436: 3388: 3373: 2665: 1407: 1383:

in Warren. Julia lived until July 21, 1900, when she died of

1118: 1056:, Stillman Witt, Joseph Perkins, James Mason, Henry Perkins, 754:(MCR). The company incorporated in 1871 to build a line from 7596:

Cleveland in the Gilded Age: A Stroll Down Millionaires' Row

7183:. Columbus, Ohio: Columbus Printing Company, State Printers. 7029: 7012: 6995: 6978: 6961: 6944: 6927: 6910: 6893: 6344:

Department of Inspection of Workshops and Factories (1891).

5659: 5647: 5452: 4501: 4499: 4497: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3424: 3412: 3400: 2429: 243:

Amasa Stone, Jr. was born on April 27, 1818, on a farm near

168:, Ohio, in 1850. Within four years he was a director of the 160:

in the 1840s for building hundreds of bridges, most of them

7505:

History of Ohio: The Rise and Progress of an American State

5853: 5825: 5163: 5127: 4872: 4840: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4291: 4279: 4164: 4064: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3345: 3343: 2574: 2572: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 1191:

Stone also had a position on the board of directors of the

750:

Beginning in 1873, Stone began playing a major role in the

363: 197: 153: 6489:

Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue, 1850-1910

6266:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company (1913).

6254:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company (1882).

5932: 5772: 5760: 5623: 5611: 5437: 5079: 4884: 4811: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4581: 4579: 4473: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4408: 4360: 4343: 4243: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 3793: 1035:

from the western Pennsylvania oilfields to New York City.

320:. This famous bridge was of a new, influential design—the 6789:

Official Railway Manual of the Railroads of North America

6332: 5949: 5808:"Amasa Stone House to Be Reborn as Stonebrook Montessori" 5292: 5290: 4805: 4781:"National, State Banks, and Bankers of the United States" 4542: 4540: 4538: 4494: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 2981: 2969: 2870: 2868: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2330: 2308: 2306: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2256: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 7685:. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. 7476:

Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1872-73

7309:. Columbus, Ohio: G.J. Brand & Co., State Printers. 7155:. Columbus, Ohio: L.D. Myers & Bro., State Printers. 5674: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5309:"Simple Services at the Funeral of Amasa Stone To-Day". 5074:

Department of Inspection of Workshops and Factories 1891

4996: 4930: 4727: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4133: 4005: 3340: 2897: 2895: 2817: 2569: 2550: 2268: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2039: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1738:

Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway

526: 7745:

The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt

7408: 7373:. Columbus, Ohio: The Westbote Company, State Printers. 7328:. Columbus, Ohio: G.J. Brand & Co., State Printers. 6350:. Columbus, Ohio: The Westbote Company, State Printers. 6170:. Columbus, Ohio: Press of R. Clarke & Co. p. 6125:. Cleveland: Press of Winn & Judson. 1895. p. 5973: 5880: 5789: 5787: 5698: 5635: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5332: 5275: 5201: 4960: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4744: 4705: 4703: 4683: 4576: 4435: 4423: 4384: 4267: 4231: 4195: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4039: 4037: 3017: 2853: 1984: 1982: 1326:) until 1858, when he purchased a plot of land at 1255 277:. His great-grandfather, Jonathan Stone, fought at the 7901:

Annals of Cleveland—1818-1935. Volume 54, Part 1. 1871

7884:

Annals of Cleveland—1818-1935. Volume 52, Part 1. 1869

7875:

Annals of Cleveland—1818-1935. Volume 50, Part 1. 1867

7378:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1901).

7367:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1888).

7350:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1884).

7333:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1883).

7322:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1882).

7305:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1881).

7288:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1880).

7271:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1879).

7260:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1878).

7249:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1876).

7238:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1875).

7227:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1874).

7210:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1873).

7199:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1872).

7188:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1871).

7177:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1870).

7160:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1868).

7149:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1868).

6763:. New York: Wynkoop, Hallenbeck and Thomas, Printers. 6046: 5868: 5736: 5575: 5287: 4966: 4564: 4552: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4456: 4396: 4331: 4207: 4176: 3912:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company 1882

3848:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company 1913

3836:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company 1913

3824:

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company 1913

3005: 2880: 2865: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2680: 2490: 2303: 2280: 2244: 2213: 2211: 2209: 1319:, who had not indicated his desire to relinquish it). 679:

Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad

665:(LS&TV) was incorporated to build a railroad from 7950:

Amasa Stone Chapel at Case Western Reserve University

7502:

Randall, Emilius Oviatt; Ryan, Daniel Joseph (1912).

7497:. Springfield, Ill.: H.W. Rokker, Printer and Binder. 7466:

Manual of the Railroads of the United States, 1868-69

6791:. New York: Russell's American Steam Printing House. 6702:. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press. 6282:(Report). Albany, N.Y.: J.B. Lyon Company, Printers. 6152:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co. p. 6009:"The Recreation Resources of the Allegany State Park" 5961: 5908: 5686: 5563: 5490: 5467: 5383: 4372: 4145: 4121: 3292: 3280: 2892: 2841: 2453: 2194: 2129: 2089: 2087: 2085: 1994: 387:

to build the first leg of the line from Cleveland to

7394:. Hamburg, Mich.: State History Publications. 2008. 7292:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7275:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7214:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 6528:

Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (2005).

6310:. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co. p. 6085: 5920: 5784: 5748: 5587: 5410: 5371: 5352:

Annals of the First Presbyterian Church of Cleveland

5325:

Annals of the First Presbyterian Church of Cleveland

5055: 5031: 4905: 4855: 4715: 4700: 4255: 4034: 3993: 2919: 2729: 2653: 2405: 2367: 1979: 1881:

In the end, the insurer paid and no loan was needed.

707:

In 1871 and 1872, Stone was named a director of the

7266:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7255:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7244:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7233:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7205:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 7194:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 6471:. Baltimore, M.D.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6176:

Alfred Kelley Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula.

4219: 3981: 3147: 2957: 2794: 2760:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1868b

2641: 2629: 2605: 2514: 2509:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1868a

2441: 2424:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1868b

2318: 2206: 1641:for the St. Mary's Cement plant shipping terminal. 863: 646:

LS&MS again, and other post-war railroad career

7920: 7851: 7636: 7434:A History of Cleveland, Ohio. Volume II: Biography 7354:. Columbus, Ohio: Myers Brothers, State Printers. 7337:. Columbus, Ohio: Myers Brothers, State Printers. 7030:Michigan Railroad Commission (November 30, 1883). 6527: 6418: 6402:The Story of a Cleveland School, From 1848 to 1881 6377: 5122:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1884 5110:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1883 5098:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1882 4834: 4059:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1884 3788:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1883 3776:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1882 3764:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1881 3752:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1880 3740:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1879 3728:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1876 3716:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1875 3704:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1874 3335:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1873 3323:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1882 3311:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1872 3259:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1880 3247:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1878 3235:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1876 3220:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1875 3205:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1874 3190:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1873 3178:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1872 3166:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1871 3142:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1884 3130:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1883 3118:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1882 3106:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1881 3094:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1880 3082:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1879 3070:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1878 3043:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1888 2907: 2829: 2624:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1875 2545:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1901 2533:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1870 2082: 1952: 905:The 1871-1872 South Improvement Company conspiracy 711:(TW&W). This road had formed in 1865 when the 403:, while building railroad bridges in New England. 308:Amasa Stone began working for his brother-in-law, 7787:The History of the Standard Oil Company. Volume 1 7415:. Columbus: G.J. Brand & Co., State Printers. 6405:. Cambridge, Mass.: John Wilson and Son. p. 6384:. Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society. 6278:Commissioners of the Allegany State Park (1922). 6149:A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States 5015:"Fire, and Fire and Marine Insurance Companies". 1835:. Dozens of such corporate charters were created. 1715:The company had been formed by the merger of the 1625:was an active freighter until 1960. In 1965, the 1253:She called for a butler, who climbed through the 758:(the location of a burgeoning steel industry) to 687:Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley and Wheeling Railway 7961: 1102:, Andros Stone, Stillman Witt, Jeptha Wade, and 1022:On July 30–31, 1872, Standard Oil's terminal at 332:a large number of Howe truss bridges throughout 7682:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant. Volume 24. 1873 7093:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. 6824: 6803: 6339:. Erie, Pa.: Herald Printing and Publishing Co. 5365: 2674: 2184:Attorney General v. New York, N.H. and H.R. Co. 774:Health issues and the Ashtabula bridge disaster 630:health failed again in 1875, when he resigned. 573:Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad 87:Bridge builder, railroad executive, businessman 7664:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. 7120:(Report). Cleveland: Fairbanks & Co. 1879. 7053:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. 6827:The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway 6562:The United States Railroad Directory, for 1856 6299:. Little Valley, N.Y.: Straight Publishing Co. 4657:The Banker's Magazine and Statistical Register 4639:The Banker's Magazine and Statistical Register 4621:The Banker's Magazine and Statistical Register 3271:"How the Lake Shore Railroad Became Great" at 1090:A third steel mill organized by Stone was the 1010:Like other directors, Stone had been given an 888:. (Flagler's step-brother, the liquor magnate 489:if he would construct a military railway from 341:New Haven, Hartford & Springfield Railroad 7592: 6804:MacDonald, Scott B.; Hughes, Jane E. (2015). 6322:Daughters of the American Revolution (1898). 6228:. Boyne City, Mich.: Harbor House Publishers. 6145: 5995:Commissioners of the Allegany State Park 1922 5461: 2435: 1478:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 374: 174:Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad 7560:. Cleveland: Robison & Cockett. p. 6845:The Merchant's and Banker's Almanac for 1864 6723:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. 6587:Bellefontaine and Indiana construction 1849. 2115:Society for Industrial Archeology Newsletter 1658:Flora Stone Mather College Historic District 207:Stone played a critical role in helping the 7578:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. 7536:Commodore: The Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt 7501: 7448:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. 7384:. Columbus, Ohio: F.J. Heer, State Printer. 7124: 6554:. Cleveland: H.Z. Williams & Bro. 1882. 6513:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. 6492:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. 6358:Misfortune on Cleveland's Millionaires' Row 5805: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5136: 4878: 4849: 4767: 3975: 1151:First Presbyterian Church of East Cleveland 796:St. Louis, Keokuk and North Western Railway 381:Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad 303: 170:Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad 7915: 7814:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 7762: 7491:Railroad and Warehouse Commission (1887). 7091:Women in Cleveland: An Illustrated History 6810:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books. 6594:"How the Lake Shore Railroad Became Great" 6236:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr 6040: 5955: 5943: 5668: 5653: 5545:Allegany State Park Historical Association 5446: 4899: 4822: 4354: 3811: 3799: 2823: 1844:Handy was a banker and railroad financier. 1135: 1042: 850:Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway 820:collapsed in what came to be known as the 547:not only had the only direct link between 31: 6665:Kennedy, James Harrison (December 1885). 6551:History of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties 6510:Ohio's Western Reserve: A Regional Reader 4989:History of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties 3690:History of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties 2473:"Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati R.R." 2176: 2105: 2065:"Springfield Bridge for Western Railroad" 1974:Daughters of the American Revolution 1898 1584:. In response to Hay's novel, journalist 1369:Amasa Stone married Julia Ann Gleason of 1281:and rich food, and drank only sparingly. 1001: 658:neighborhood). It went bankrupt in 1878. 436:the loan. The LS&MS almost went into 281:on April 19, 1775, and in the subsequent 7985:Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland 7828: 6741:The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal 6716: 6664: 6651: 6443: 6398: 6380:John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years 6202: 6188:. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. 6136: 5778: 5766: 5002: 4738: 4082: 3349: 3011: 2496: 2250: 2058: 2056: 2054: 1567: 1487: 1364: 1206: 908: 801:Stone invested in another railroad, the 663:Lake Shore and Tuscarawas Valley Railway 530: 422:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 369: 178:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 7927:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 7903:. Cleveland: Cleveland Public Library. 7886:. Cleveland: Cleveland Public Library. 7783: 7699: 7613: 7599:. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. 7553: 7532: 7046: 6847:. New York: I. Smith Homans, Jr. 1864. 6825:McLellan, David; Warrick, Bill (1989). 6677: 6633: 6506: 6485: 6375: 6361:. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. 6294: 6232: 6006: 5979: 5967: 5886: 5874: 5862: 5831: 5704: 5641: 5569: 5513: 5431: 5404: 5338: 5296: 5281: 5207: 5187:The Railway and Corporation Law Journal 5150:"The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History" 4755: 4694: 4585: 4505: 4450: 4429: 4402: 4390: 4300: 4285: 4273: 4237: 4201: 4170: 4115: 4094: 4070: 2886: 2847: 2699: 2312: 2297: 2033: 1476:and the director of environment of the 1074: 803:Keokuk, Iowa City and St. Paul Railroad 7980:American people in rail transportation 7962: 7899:Works Progress Administration (1937). 7882:Works Progress Administration (1937). 7877:. Cleveland: Cleveland Public Library. 7873:Works Progress Administration (1937). 7794: 7741: 7634: 7566:Children's Aid Society Detroit Street. 7423:A History of Cleveland, Ohio. Volume I 7107: 7088: 7067: 6775: 6616:Media, Movements, and Political Change 6558: 6416: 6303: 6224:Charlevoix Historical Society (1991). 6052: 5914: 5742: 5692: 5680: 5593: 5581: 5501: 5484: 5085: 4972: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4529: 4517: 4488: 4467: 4417: 4378: 4366: 4337: 4249: 4213: 4189: 4158: 4139: 4127: 3298: 3286: 2987: 2975: 2901: 2724:Railroad and Warehouse Commission 1887 2459: 2447: 2336: 2262: 2217: 2200: 2170: 2093: 2062: 2045: 1988: 1780:Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad 1629:was scuttled along with the freighter 1474:United States Atomic Energy Commission 1047: 813:occurred, hitting his railroads hard. 792:Mississippi Valley and Western Railway 691:Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling Railway 7849: 7807: 7720: 7678: 7657: 7620:. San Francisco: Arcadia Publishing. 7441: 7437:. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. 7430: 7426:. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. 7419: 7013:Michigan Railroad Commission (1882). 6996:Michigan Railroad Commission (1881). 6979:Michigan Railroad Commission (1880). 6962:Michigan Railroad Commission (1879). 6945:Michigan Railroad Commission (1878). 6928:Michigan Railroad Commission (1877). 6911:Michigan Railroad Commission (1876). 6894:Michigan Railroad Commission (1875). 6877:Michigan Railroad Commission (1874). 6860:Michigan Railroad Commission (1874). 6829:. Polo, Ill.: Transportation Trails. 6786: 6684:. Cleveland: Imperial Press. p. 6652:Kennedy, James Harrison (July 1885). 6640:. Philadelphia: D.W. Ensign. p. 6612: 6582:Memoirs of the Miami Valley. Volume 1 6577: 6354: 6163: 6139:Ashcroft's Railway Directory for 1864 6064: 5754: 5389: 5377: 5257:"Brown, Bonnell & Co.'s Troubles" 5169: 4924: 4709: 4317:The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History 4261: 4043: 2925: 2874: 2811: 2735: 2659: 2635: 2578: 2563: 2411: 2373: 2274: 2051: 1958: 1563: 1463: 1374: 1290:First Presbyterian (Old Stone) Church 1165:after the state refused to allow the 527:Association with Cornelius Vanderbilt 520:, which opened on November 10, 1866. 248: 156:from 1860 to 1883. He gained fame in 8005:19th-century American businesspeople 7790:. New York: McClure, Philips and Co. 7571: 7473: 7462: 6737: 6695: 6667:"A Group of Cleveland Manufacturers" 6531:The Industrial Revolution in America 6464: 6181: 6146:Baldwin, Thomas; Thomas, J. (1854). 6091: 5926: 5793: 5419: 5183:"Current Legislation and Litigation" 5061: 5037: 4949:Ohio Historic Places Dictionary 2008 4936: 4866: 4785:Sloan's Legal and Financial Register 4721: 4678:Merchant's and Banker's Almanac 1864 4603:The Merchants' and Banker's Register 4225: 4028: 3999: 3987: 3153: 3023: 2963: 2913: 2859: 2835: 2647: 2611: 2520: 2324: 1598:in 1885. The novel was an attack on 1588:(a former colleague of Hay's at the 1406:on June 27, 1865, after suffering a 1029: 7995:People from Charlton, Massachusetts 7795:Thomas, William B. (January 1921). 7727:. Charleston, S.C.: History Press. 7706:. St. Paul, Minn.: Voyageur Press. 7593:Ruminski, Dan; Dutka, Alan (2012). 6758: 6534:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 6209:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. 6007:Francis, Henry R. (February 1922). 5514:Bullard, Stan (February 22, 2016). 5050:Works Progress Administration 1937c 3362:Works Progress Administration 1937b 3055:Works Progress Administration 1937c 3000:Works Progress Administration 1937a 2063:Griggs, Frank Jr. (November 2014). 1394:, where he studied for a degree in 745:Kalamazoo and White Pigeon Railroad 741:Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad 721:Illinois and Southern Iowa Railroad 13: 7769:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7478:. New York: H.V. & H.W. Poor. 7134:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6333:D.S. Williams and Company (1882). 6080:Charlevoix Historical Society 1991 5806:O'Brien, Erin (December 3, 2014). 5189:. March 26, 1887. pp. 309–310 3569:Michigan Railroad Commission 1874a 3449:Michigan Railroad Commission 1874b 3437:Michigan Railroad Commission 1874a 3389:Michigan Railroad Commission 1874b 3374:Michigan Railroad Commission 1874a 2191:, 739 (Mass. May 8, 1908). 1233:By 1882, Stone was suffering from 886:Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler 737:Northern Central Michigan Railroad 709:Toledo, Wabash and Western Railway 412:Bellefontaine and Indiana Railroad 14: 8021: 7943: 7520:. October 1911. pp. 689, 693 7469:. New York: H.V. & H.W. Poor. 6185:Railroad Depots of Northeast Ohio 3893:. December 20, 1879. p. 1207 3677:Michigan Railroad Commission 1880 3665:Michigan Railroad Commission 1880 3653:Michigan Railroad Commission 1880 3641:Michigan Railroad Commission 1880 3629:Michigan Railroad Commission 1879 3617:Michigan Railroad Commission 1878 3605:Michigan Railroad Commission 1877 3593:Michigan Railroad Commission 1876 3581:Michigan Railroad Commission 1875 3557:Michigan Railroad Commission 1879 3545:Michigan Railroad Commission 1879 3533:Michigan Railroad Commission 1879 3521:Michigan Railroad Commission 1879 3509:Michigan Railroad Commission 1879 3497:Michigan Railroad Commission 1878 3485:Michigan Railroad Commission 1877 3473:Michigan Railroad Commission 1876 3461:Michigan Railroad Commission 1875 3425:Michigan Railroad Commission 1877 3413:Michigan Railroad Commission 1876 3401:Michigan Railroad Commission 1875 1721:Hartford and Springfield Railroad 1472:). He became the director of the 1458:Amasa Stone's great-grandson was 1228:Ashtabula River railroad disaster 1214:over the grave of Amasa Stone at 822:Ashtabula River railroad disaster 717:Great Western Railway of Illinois 221:Ashtabula River railroad disaster 7445:Cleveland: A Metropolitan Reader 7409:Ohio Secretary of State (1882). 6761:Low's Railway Directory for 1862 6678:Kennedy, James Harrison (1896). 6654:"Bankers and Banks of Cleveland" 6450:. Dordrecht, Germany: Springer. 6304:Cutter, William Richard (1913). 6167:Alfred Kelley: His Life and Work 6058: 6000: 5799: 5710: 5533: 5507: 5302: 5245:. February 22, 1883. p. 115 5213: 5175: 5142: 5008: 4773: 4591: 4306: 3943: 3931:. October 22, 1870. p. 1205 3917: 3887:"Elections and Official Changes" 3879: 3853: 2106:Gasparini, Dario (Winter 2003). 1910: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1847: 1838: 1825: 1808: 1798: 1468:Mather) Bishop (the daughter of 1275: 864:The 1868 secret rebate agreement 846:Massillon and Cleveland Railroad 275:Puritan migration to New England 135: 7854:The Search for Order, 1877-1920 7724:Railroad Wars of New York State 7703:North American Railroad Bridges 7575:Cleveland: The Making of a City 7508:. New York: Century History Co. 7391:Ohio Historic Places Dictionary 7112:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 6782:. Cleveland: The Premier Press. 6399:Guilford, Linda Thayer (1890). 6158:Bellefontaine and Indianapolis. 6100: 2931: 2465: 2379: 2099: 1789: 1768: 1743: 1726: 1717:Hartford and New Haven Railroad 1709: 1700: 1510:Case Western Reserve University 855: 426:Jamestown and Franklin Railroad 225:Case Western Reserve University 6486:Hartman, Jan Cigliano (1991). 6411:Amasa Stone Cleveland Academy. 5263:. February 23, 1886. p. 5 5227:. February 20, 1883. p. 1 4835:Hillstrom & Hillstrom 2005 4806:D.S. Williams and Company 1882 2393:. October 6, 1849. p. 626 2235:"Real Builders of America" at 1675: 1175:Cleveland's Warehouse District 1: 7990:Businesspeople from Cleveland 7748:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7635:Sharpe, Elizabeth M. (2004). 7572:Rose, William Ganson (1990). 6585:. Chicago: Robert O. Law Co. 6261:. Boston: A. Mudge & Son. 6131:Amasa Stone Old Stone Church. 4605:. January 1, 1857. p. 23 1663: 1096:American Steel & Wire Co. 952:Pennsylvania General Assembly 942:(First Vice President of the 811:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 450:Chicago and Milwaukee Railway 238: 176:. The latter merged with the 7617:Cleveland Mainline Railroads 6776:Ludlow, Athur Clyde (1920). 6295:Congdon, Charles E. (1967). 6203:Chandler, Alfred D. (1977). 4961:Ohio Secretary of State 1882 4653:"Banks of the United States" 4635:"Banks of the United States" 4617:"Banks of the United States" 4599:"Banks of the United States" 2945:. June 18, 1872. p. 246 2939:"Elections and Appointments" 1719:(chartered in 1833) and the 1685:, patented the first viable 1288:and an active member of the 1179:The Joseph and Feiss Company 1155:Ontario Legislative Building 913:John D. Rockefeller in 1885. 471: 358:By the time he resettled in 7: 8000:Suicides by firearm in Ohio 7858:. New York: Hill and Wang. 7808:Vogel, Charity Ann (2013). 7431:Orth, Samuel Peter (1910). 7420:Orth, Samuel Peter (1910). 7068:Morris, Charles R. (2006). 6744:. New York: Facts on File. 6717:Knoblock, Glenn A. (2012). 6671:Magazine of Western History 6658:Magazine of Western History 6634:Johnson, Crisfield (1879). 6427:Kent State University Press 6239:. New York: Vintage Books. 6113:Magazine of Western History 5901:Magazine of Western History 5846:Magazine of Western History 5366:MacDonald & Hughes 2015 5019:. January 1869. p. 5. 3957:. May 15, 1875. p. 314 3867:. July 3, 1875. p. 278 2787:Magazine of Western History 2675:McLellan & Warrick 1989 2360:Magazine of Western History 1945:Magazine of Western History 1651: 1309:campaign for the presidency 1081:Mercer County, Pennsylvania 10: 8026: 7554:Robison, W. Scott (1887). 7089:Morton, Marian J. (1995). 6690:Alfred Kelley Amasa Stone. 6646:Amasa Stone 1818 Charlton. 6619:. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. 6598:The Conductor and Brakeman 6316:Amasa Stone 1818 Charlton. 6141:. New York: John Ashcroft. 5520:Crain's Cleveland Business 5313:. May 14, 1883. p. 1. 3273:The Conductor and Brakeman 1557:New York State Legislature 1462:, son of Constance Stone ( 1435:The couple's third child, 729:Warsaw and Peoria Railroad 725:Quincy and Toledo Railroad 677:, where it would join the 375:The CC&C and LS&MS 318:Springfield, Massachusetts 283:American Revolutionary War 7850:Wiebe, Robert H. (1967). 7763:Taliaferro, John (2013). 7539:. New York: Basic Books. 6559:Homans, Benjamin (1856). 6115:: 108–112. December 1885. 5462:Ruminski & Dutka 2012 3929:American Railroad Journal 2478:. May 11, 1861. p. 1 2476:American Railroad Journal 2436:Baldwin & Thomas 1854 2391:American Railroad Journal 1901:Chicago Police Department 1483: 956:South Improvement Company 713:Toledo and Wabash Railway 640:Cleveland's Public Square 621:, who was engaged in the 541:New York Central Railroad 134: 129: 118: 107: 99: 91: 83: 64: 42: 30: 23: 7829:Weinberg, Steve (2009). 7784:Tarbell, Ida M. (1904). 7643:. New York: Free Press. 7533:Renehan, Edward (2009). 6787:Lyles, James H. (1869). 6738:Kohn, George C. (2001). 6696:Kerr, Daniel R. (2011). 6164:Bates, James L. (1888). 6021:2027/uiug.30112059557709 5329:, pp. 197–198, 245. 4659:. June 1862. p. 998 1615:Mesaba Steamship Company 1303:in his bid for the 1880 1202: 304:Fame as a bridge builder 290:Worcester, Massachusetts 7909:2027/mdp.39015070223154 7892:2027/mdp.39015070223154 7721:Starr, Timothy (2012). 7700:Solomon, Brian (2008). 7679:Simon, John Y. (2000). 7614:Sanders, Craig (2014). 7474:Poor, Henry V. (1872). 7463:Poor, Henry V. (1868). 7074:. New York: Owl Books. 7040:2027/coo.31924092984479 7023:2027/njp.32101066784354 7006:2027/coo.31924092984453 6989:2027/njp.32101066784339 6972:2027/coo.31924092984438 6955:2027/coo.31924092984420 6938:2027/njp.32101066784305 6921:2027/njp.32101066784594 6904:2027/njp.32101066784586 6887:2027/njp.32101066784578 6870:2027/mdp.39015065192448 6853:2027/mdp.39015076038077 6797:2027/mdp.39015024392816 6571:2027/mdp.39015076002461 6565:. New York: B. Homans. 6465:Hall, Peter D. (1992). 6444:Hammerla, R.R. (2006). 6417:Haddad, Gladys (2007). 6376:Goulder, Grace (1973). 6355:Dutka, Alan F. (2015). 6288:2027/mdp.39015068143398 6137:Ashcroft, John (1865). 5025:2027/nyp.33433003044348 4879:Randall & Ryan 1912 4768:Randall & Ryan 1912 4641:. May 1861. p. 998 4623:. May 1860. p. 998 1681:William Howe's nephew, 1136:Other business ventures 1043:Banking and other roles 1024:Hunters Point, New York 675:Tuscarawas County, Ohio 391:. Frederick Harbach, a 273:in 1635 as part of the 247:, to Amasa and Esther ( 245:Charlton, Massachusetts 57:Charlton, Massachusetts 7658:Short, Simine (2011). 7108:Nevins, Allan (1940). 6759:Low, James W. (1862). 6182:Camp, Mark J. (2007). 5547:. 2011. Archived from 2387:"Railroads in Indiana" 2108:"Historic Bridge News" 1573: 1493: 1385:pulmonary tuberculosis 1348:Sterling Lindner Davis 1313:Union Pacific Railroad 1219: 1092:Cleveland Rolling Mill 1002:Break with Rockefeller 914: 835:Cleveland Rolling Mill 752:Mahoning Coal Railroad 536: 16:American industrialist 7801:The Firelands Pioneer 7742:Stiles, T.J. (2009). 7047:Mitrani, Sam (2013). 6600:: 158–163. March 1898 6233:Chernow, Ron (2004). 5407:, pp. 59, 70–78. 1761:to build a line from 1734:Bellefontaine Railway 1689:. William's brother, 1637:. It now serves as a 1571: 1491: 1371:Warren, Massachusetts 1365:Marriage and children 1305:Republican nomination 1247:Depression of 1882–85 1210: 1108:Kansas City, Missouri 1037:William H. Vanderbilt 944:Pennsylvania Railroad 912: 766:. A branch line from 764:Trumbull County, Ohio 661:On July 2, 1870, the 545:Hudson River Railroad 535:Cornelius Vanderbilt. 534: 518:Cleveland Union Depot 487:brigadier generalship 456:, to the border with 385:request for proposals 370:Cleveland railroading 351:, Massachusetts, and 257:, had emigrated from 7835:. New York: Norton. 6769:2027/nnc1.cu56626053 5812:Freshwater Cleveland 5172:, p. 45, fn. 2. 3865:The Railroad Gazette 2943:The Railroad Gazette 1723:(chartered in 1839). 1635:Charlevoix, Michigan 1586:Henry Francis Keenan 1447:, and supported the 1094:(later known as the 1075:Metals manufacturing 495:Knoxville, Tennessee 442:Cornelius Vanderbilt 6043:, pp. 229–231. 5865:, pp. 203–204. 5850:, pp. 110–111. 5551:on February 1, 2016 5356:, pp. 197–198. 5088:, pp. 541–542. 5017:The Insurance Times 4951:, pp. 285–286. 4939:, pp. 386–387. 4491:, pp. 390–391. 4420:, pp. 84, 344. 4369:, pp. 362–364. 4303:, pp. 142–148. 4288:, pp. 134–136. 4252:, pp. 519–520. 4173:, pp. 132–133. 4073:, pp. 107–108. 4031:, pp. 411–412. 3925:"Railroads in Iowa" 3850:, pp. 280–281. 3826:, pp. 277–278. 3814:, pp. 163–164. 3057:, pp. 628–629. 3026:, pp. 352–353. 2990:, pp. 487–488. 2978:, pp. 293–294. 2581:, pp. 178–179. 2566:, pp. 738–739. 2339:, pp. 108–109. 2265:, pp. 104–105. 2189:84 N.E. 737 2048:, pp. 797–798. 1905:breaking the strike 1572:Amasa Stone Chapel. 1549:Allegany State Park 1530:mixed-sex education 1522:Rutherford B. Hayes 1359:Red House, New York 1307:and his successful 1065:George A. Garretson 1048:Banking and finance 983:Oliver Hazard Payne 920:joint-stock company 890:Stephen V. Harkness 870:William Rockefeller 760:Brookfield Township 625:for control of the 604:John D. Rockefeller 585:Horace Henry Baxter 279:Battle of Lexington 227:) to relocate from 7917:Zimmermann, Warren 5834:, p. 361-361. 5722:The New York Times 5261:The New York Times 5225:The New York Times 4787:: 83. January 1875 4314:"Handy, Truman P." 3978:, pp. 54, 56. 2862:, p. 338-339. 2277:, p. 195-197. 1903:for assistance in 1617:, a subsidiary of 1603:Aaron Grimestone. 1574: 1564:In popular culture 1553:Cattaraugus County 1494: 1470:Flora Stone Mather 1460:Amasa Stone Bishop 1220: 1216:Lake View Cemetery 979:Cleveland Massacre 948:St. Nicholas Hotel 928:Oliver B. Jennings 915: 876:, and businessman 681:line. A branch to 537: 478:American Civil War 466:Lake Shore Railway 454:Waukegan, Illinois 430:Erie, Pennsylvania 7484:2027/uc1.b4647624 7360:2027/uc1.b2896937 7343:2027/uc1.b2896936 7315:2027/uc1.b2896935 7298:2027/uc1.b2896934 7281:2027/uc1.b2896933 7220:2027/uc1.b2896931 7170:2027/uc1.b2896930 7126:O'Toole, Patricia 6436:978-0-87338-899-3 5899:"Amasa Stone" at 5844:"Amasa Stone" at 5781:, pp. 96–97. 5769:, pp. 10–11. 5683:, pp. 8, 10. 5671:, pp. 72–73. 5656:, pp. 65–66. 5368:, pp. 70–71. 4508:, pp. 93–94. 4142:, pp. 80–82. 2877:, pp. 79–95. 2785:"Amasa Stone" at 2358:"Amasa Stone" at 1943:"Amasa Stone" at 1776:Junction Railroad 1763:Buffalo, New York 1631:Charles S. Hebard 1518:University Circle 1453:Consumer's League 1449:Temperance League 1445:social settlement 1429:The Bread-Winners 1404:Connecticut River 1301:James A. Garfield 1030:United Pipe Lines 992:Jabez A. Bostwick 968:Benjamin Brewster 852:, in early 1883. 503:private secretary 314:Connecticut River 211:company form its 143: 142: 123:Helen Hay Whitney 103:Julia Ann Gleason 8017: 7938: 7926: 7912: 7895: 7878: 7869: 7857: 7846: 7825: 7804: 7791: 7780: 7759: 7738: 7717: 7696: 7675: 7654: 7642: 7631: 7610: 7589: 7568: 7550: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7509: 7498: 7487: 7470: 7459: 7438: 7427: 7416: 7405: 7385: 7374: 7363: 7346: 7329: 7318: 7301: 7284: 7267: 7256: 7245: 7234: 7223: 7206: 7195: 7184: 7173: 7156: 7145: 7121: 7113: 7104: 7085: 7064: 7043: 7026: 7009: 6992: 6975: 6958: 6941: 6924: 6907: 6890: 6873: 6856: 6840: 6821: 6800: 6783: 6772: 6755: 6734: 6713: 6692: 6674: 6661: 6648: 6630: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6589: 6574: 6555: 6545: 6524: 6503: 6482: 6461: 6440: 6424: 6413: 6395: 6383: 6372: 6351: 6340: 6329: 6318: 6300: 6291: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6229: 6220: 6199: 6178: 6160: 6142: 6133: 6116: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5851: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5608:, p. 50-52. 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5488: 5482: 5465: 5459: 5450: 5444: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5311:The Plain Dealer 5306: 5300: 5294: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 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1591:New-York Tribune 1582:The Breadwinners 1467: 1378: 1344:department store 1297:Republican Party 1239:Patricia O'Toole 1159:Toronto, Ontario 1130:Youngstown, Ohio 830:Joseph Tomlinson 768:Liberty Township 756:Youngstown, Ohio 561:American Express 557:LeGrand Lockwood 549:Albany, New York 499:Washington, D.C. 252: 146:Amasa Stone, Jr. 139: 71: 52: 50: 35: 25:Amasa Stone, Jr. 21: 20: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8014: 7960: 7959: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7866: 7843: 7822: 7777: 7756: 7735: 7714: 7693: 7672: 7651: 7628: 7607: 7586: 7547: 7523: 7521: 7518:The Valve World 7456: 7402: 7142: 7101: 7082: 7061: 6837: 6818: 6752: 6731: 6710: 6627: 6603: 6601: 6542: 6521: 6500: 6479: 6458: 6437: 6392: 6369: 6247: 6217: 6196: 6103: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6063: 6059: 6051: 6047: 6041:Taliaferro 2013 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6005: 6001: 5997:, pp. 6–7. 5993: 5986: 5982:, pp. 3–4. 5978: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5956:Zimmermann 2004 5954: 5950: 5944:Taliaferro 2013 5942: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5724:. June 12, 1997 5716: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5669:Zimmermann 2004 5667: 5660: 5654:Zimmermann 2004 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5584:, pp. 3–5. 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5491: 5483: 5468: 5460: 5453: 5447:Taliaferro 2013 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5128: 5124:, p. 1398. 5120: 5116: 5112:, p. 1590. 5108: 5104: 5100:, p. 1433. 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4906: 4900:Taliaferro 2013 4898: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869:, pp. 332. 4865: 4856: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4823:Taliaferro 2013 4821: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4745: 4737: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4701: 4693: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4624: 4615: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4495: 4487: 4474: 4466: 4457: 4449: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4355:Taliaferro 2013 4353: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4319:. July 17, 1997 4312: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3861:"Railroad News" 3859: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3812:Taliaferro 2013 3810: 3806: 3800:Taliaferro 2013 3798: 3794: 3790:, p. 1197. 3786: 3782: 3778:, p. 1073. 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3325:, p. 1348. 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132:, p. 1003. 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2824:Zimmermann 2004 2822: 2818: 2810: 2795: 2783: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2681: 2673: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2356: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237:The Valve World 2233: 2224: 2216: 2207: 2203:, pp. 5–6. 2199: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2061: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1972: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1941: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1773: 1769: 1748: 1744: 1731: 1727: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1693:, invented the 1683:Elias Howe, Jr. 1680: 1676: 1666: 1654: 1619:Pickands Mather 1566: 1486: 1423:Victorian-style 1392:Yale University 1367: 1324:Hollenden Hotel 1278: 1205: 1188:, and bridges. 1167:Ohio State Fair 1138: 1077: 1050: 1045: 1032: 1004: 972:Truman P. Handy 940:Thomas A. Scott 907: 866: 858: 818:Ashtabula River 776: 648: 529: 514:Cleveland Flats 474: 377: 372: 306: 298:East Brookfield 241: 217:Ashtabula River 125:(granddaughter) 79: 73: 69: 60: 54: 48: 46: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8023: 8013: 8012: 8010:1880s suicides 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7944:External links 7942: 7940: 7939: 7933: 7913: 7896: 7879: 7870: 7864: 7847: 7841: 7826: 7820: 7805: 7792: 7781: 7775: 7760: 7754: 7739: 7733: 7718: 7712: 7697: 7691: 7676: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7632: 7626: 7611: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7569: 7551: 7545: 7530: 7510: 7499: 7488: 7471: 7460: 7454: 7439: 7428: 7417: 7406: 7400: 7386: 7375: 7364: 7347: 7330: 7319: 7302: 7285: 7268: 7257: 7246: 7235: 7224: 7207: 7196: 7185: 7174: 7157: 7146: 7140: 7122: 7114: 7105: 7099: 7086: 7080: 7065: 7059: 7044: 7027: 7010: 6993: 6976: 6959: 6942: 6925: 6908: 6891: 6874: 6857: 6841: 6835: 6822: 6816: 6801: 6784: 6773: 6756: 6750: 6735: 6729: 6714: 6708: 6693: 6675: 6662: 6649: 6631: 6625: 6610: 6590: 6575: 6556: 6546: 6540: 6525: 6519: 6504: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6462: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6425:. Kent, Ohio: 6414: 6396: 6390: 6373: 6367: 6352: 6341: 6330: 6319: 6301: 6292: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6245: 6230: 6221: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6179: 6161: 6143: 6134: 6117: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6094:, p. 696. 6084: 6072: 6057: 6055:, p. 261. 6045: 6033: 5999: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5946:, p. 222. 5931: 5929:, p. 488. 5919: 5907: 5905:, p. 111. 5891: 5889:, p. 112. 5879: 5867: 5852: 5836: 5824: 5798: 5796:, p. 408. 5783: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5745:, p. 363. 5735: 5709: 5707:, p. 202. 5697: 5685: 5673: 5658: 5646: 5644:, p. 117. 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5532: 5506: 5489: 5466: 5451: 5449:, p. 167. 5436: 5434:, p. 119. 5424: 5422:, p. 694. 5409: 5394: 5392:, p. 365. 5382: 5370: 5358: 5343: 5341:, p. 265. 5331: 5316: 5301: 5286: 5284:, p. 204. 5274: 5212: 5210:, p. 146. 5200: 5174: 5162: 5141: 5139:, p. 124. 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5064:, p. 183. 5054: 5052:, p. 222. 5042: 5040:, p. 371. 5030: 5007: 5005:, p. 179. 4995: 4993:, p. 372. 4977: 4975:, p. 218. 4965: 4963:, p. 252. 4953: 4941: 4929: 4904: 4902:, p. 156. 4883: 4881:, p. 138. 4871: 4854: 4852:, p. 122. 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 220. 4810: 4798: 4772: 4760: 4758:, p. 299. 4743: 4741:, p. 282. 4726: 4724:, p. 261. 4714: 4699: 4697:, p. 300. 4682: 4670: 4590: 4588:, p. 362. 4575: 4573:, p. 495. 4563: 4561:, p. 443. 4551: 4549:, p. 391. 4534: 4532:, p. 390. 4522: 4520:, p. 389. 4510: 4493: 4472: 4470:, p. 388. 4455: 4453:, p. 168. 4434: 4432:, p. 171. 4422: 4407: 4395: 4393:, p. 134. 4383: 4371: 4359: 4357:, p. 157. 4342: 4340:, p. 313. 4330: 4305: 4290: 4278: 4276:, p. 135. 4266: 4254: 4242: 4240:, p. 137. 4230: 4218: 4216:, p. 134. 4206: 4204:, p. 133. 4194: 4192:, p. 344. 4175: 4163: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4118:, p. 203. 4099: 4097:, p. 110. 4087: 4075: 4063: 4061:, p. 993. 4048: 4033: 4004: 4002:, p. 156. 3992: 3980: 3968: 3942: 3916: 3914:, p. 106. 3904: 3878: 3852: 3840: 3838:, p. 280. 3828: 3816: 3804: 3802:, p. 163. 3792: 3780: 3768: 3766:, p. 982. 3756: 3754:, p. 265. 3744: 3742:, p. 365. 3732: 3730:, p. 459. 3720: 3718:, p. 478. 3708: 3706:, p. 378. 3696: 3694:, p. 107. 3681: 3679:, p. 293. 3669: 3667:, p. 259. 3657: 3655:, p. 254. 3645: 3643:, p. 345. 3633: 3631:, p. 417. 3621: 3619:, p. 316. 3609: 3607:, p. 272. 3597: 3595:, p. 254. 3585: 3583:, p. 127. 3573: 3561: 3559:, p. 266. 3549: 3547:, p. 244. 3537: 3535:, p. 240. 3525: 3523:, p. 324. 3513: 3511:, p. 389. 3501: 3499:, p. 290. 3489: 3487:, p. 246. 3477: 3475:, p. 231. 3465: 3463:, p. 121. 3453: 3451:, p. 118. 3441: 3429: 3427:, p. 286. 3417: 3415:, p. 265. 3405: 3403:, p. 130. 3393: 3391:, p. 122. 3378: 3366: 3364:, p. 475. 3354: 3352:, p. 150. 3339: 3337:, p. 327. 3327: 3315: 3313:, p. 242. 3303: 3301:, p. 550. 3291: 3289:, p. 535. 3279: 3277:, p. 159. 3263: 3261:, p. 246. 3251: 3249:, p. 387. 3239: 3237:, p. 446. 3224: 3222:, p. 460. 3209: 3207:, p. 367. 3194: 3192:, p. 219. 3182: 3180:, p. 173. 3170: 3168:, p. 179. 3158: 3156:, p. 404. 3146: 3144:, p. 696. 3134: 3122: 3120:, p. 869. 3110: 3108:, p. 732. 3098: 3096:, p. 176. 3086: 3084:, p. 261. 3074: 3072:, p. 290. 3059: 3047: 3045:, p. 528. 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2966:, p. 372. 2956: 2930: 2928:, p. 314. 2918: 2906: 2904:, p. 476. 2891: 2889:, p. 257. 2879: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2793: 2791:, p. 110. 2764: 2762:, p. 149. 2752: 2740: 2738:, p. 147. 2728: 2726:, p. 341. 2716: 2704: 2702:, p. 385. 2679: 2664: 2662:, p. 145. 2652: 2650:, p. 254. 2640: 2628: 2626:, p. 136. 2616: 2614:, p. 240. 2604: 2583: 2568: 2549: 2537: 2535:, p. 165. 2525: 2523:, p. 300. 2513: 2511:, p. 124. 2501: 2489: 2464: 2462:, p. 109. 2452: 2440: 2438:, p. 643. 2428: 2416: 2414:, p. 224. 2404: 2378: 2376:, p. 957. 2366: 2364:, p. 109. 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 145. 2317: 2315:, p. 323. 2302: 2300:, p. 171. 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2241:, p. 689. 2222: 2205: 2193: 2175: 2173:, p. 798. 2128: 2098: 2081: 2050: 2038: 2036:, p. 384. 1993: 1991:, p. 797. 1978: 1976:, p. 339. 1963: 1951: 1949:, p. 108. 1927: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1846: 1837: 1824: 1807: 1797: 1788: 1767: 1742: 1725: 1708: 1699: 1695:box spring bed 1687:sewing machine 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1565: 1562: 1485: 1482: 1366: 1363: 1277: 1274: 1224:stomach ulcers 1204: 1201: 1137: 1134: 1104:Henry B. Payne 1100:Henry Chisholm 1076: 1073: 1058:Morrison Waite 1054:Hinman Hurlbut 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1003: 1000: 906: 903: 874:Samuel Andrews 865: 862: 857: 854: 775: 772: 656:South Broadway 647: 644: 528: 525: 473: 470: 389:Columbus, Ohio 376: 373: 371: 368: 305: 302: 240: 237: 141: 140: 132: 131: 127: 126: 120: 116: 115: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 92:Known for 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 74: 72:(aged 65) 66: 62: 61: 55: 53:April 27, 1818 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8022: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7936: 7934:9780374179397 7930: 7925: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7865:9780809001040 7861: 7856: 7855: 7848: 7844: 7842:9780393335514 7838: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7821:9780801449086 7817: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7776:9781416597308 7772: 7768: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7755:9780375415425 7751: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7734:9781609497279 7730: 7726: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7713:9780760325278 7709: 7705: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7692:9780809322770 7688: 7684: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7671:9780252036316 7667: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7650:9780743223577 7646: 7641: 7640: 7633: 7629: 7627:9781439644881 7623: 7619: 7618: 7612: 7608: 7606:9781609498788 7602: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7585:9780873384285 7581: 7577: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7546:9780465002566 7542: 7538: 7537: 7531: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7455:9780873384926 7451: 7447: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7401:9781878592705 7397: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7143: 7141:9780743288231 7137: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7100:9780253328960 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7081:9781429935029 7077: 7073: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7060:9780252095337 7056: 7052: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6836:9780933449091 6832: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6817:9781412855006 6813: 6809: 6808: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6751:9781438130224 6747: 6743: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6730:9780786448432 6726: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6709:9781558498495 6705: 6701: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6626:9781780528809 6622: 6618: 6617: 6611: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6541:9781851096206 6537: 6533: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6520:9780873383639 6516: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6501: 6499:9780873384452 6495: 6491: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6478:9780801842726 6474: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6457:9781402040894 6453: 6449: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6391:9780911704099 6387: 6382: 6381: 6374: 6370: 6368:9781467117982 6364: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6246:9781400077304 6242: 6238: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6216:9780674940512 6212: 6208: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6195:9780738551159 6191: 6187: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6109:"Amasa Stone" 6106: 6105: 6093: 6088: 6082:, p. 34. 6081: 6076: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5958:, p. 76. 5957: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5928: 5923: 5917:, p. 36. 5916: 5911: 5904: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5877:, p. 67. 5876: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5849: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5780: 5779:Guilford 1890 5775: 5768: 5767:Guilford 1890 5763: 5757:, p. 17. 5756: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5695:, p. 60. 5694: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5632:, p. 56. 5631: 5626: 5620:, p. 54. 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5566: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5504:, p. 16. 5503: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5487:, p. 71. 5486: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5464:, p. 19. 5463: 5458: 5456: 5448: 5443: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5386: 5380:, p. 29. 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5305: 5299:, p. 94. 5298: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5262: 5258: 5244: 5240: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5076:, p. 68. 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5004: 5003:Kennedy 1885b 4999: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4927:, p. 53. 4926: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4837:, p. 90. 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4808:, p. 67. 4807: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4770:, p. 42. 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4740: 4739:Kennedy 1885a 4735: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4712:, p. 34. 4711: 4706: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4680:, p. 22. 4679: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4640: 4636: 4622: 4618: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4405:, p. 63. 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4381:, p. 84. 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4334: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4264:, p. 77. 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4228:, p. 35. 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4172: 4167: 4161:, p. 83. 4160: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4130:, p. 82. 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4091: 4085:, p. 46. 4084: 4083:Weinberg 2009 4079: 4072: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4053: 4046:, p. 52. 4045: 4040: 4038: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4001: 3996: 3990:, p. 14. 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3956: 3955:The Financier 3952: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3908: 3892: 3891:Railway World 3888: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3571:, p. 73. 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3439:, p. 66. 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3376:, p. 72. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3350:Chandler 1977 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3276: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3020: 3014:, p. 88. 3013: 3012:Hammerla 2006 3008: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2916:, p. 35. 2915: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2850:, p. 33. 2849: 2844: 2838:, p. 67. 2837: 2832: 2826:, p. 66. 2825: 2820: 2814:, p. 49. 2813: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2761: 2756: 2750:, p. 57. 2749: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2714:, p. 55. 2713: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2677:, p. 43. 2676: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2638:, p. 65. 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2608: 2602:, p. 59. 2601: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2547:, p. 56. 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2499:, p. 88. 2498: 2497:Ashcroft 1865 2493: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2309: 2307: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2264: 2259: 2253:, p. 60. 2252: 2251:Knoblock 2012 2247: 2240: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1961:, p. 47. 1960: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1913: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1850: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1785: 1784:Grafton, Ohio 1781: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613:In 1905, the 1611: 1609: 1608:stained glass 1604: 1601: 1600:robber barons 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1526:Adelbert Hall 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499:working class 1490: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337:Samuel Mather 1333: 1329: 1328:Euclid Avenue 1325: 1320: 1318: 1317:Benjamin Wade 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1276:Personal life 1273: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193:Western Union 1189: 1187: 1186:railroad cars 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1040: 1038: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1008: 999: 995: 993: 987: 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 911: 902: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878:Henry Flagler 875: 871: 861: 853: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 806: 804: 799: 797: 793: 788: 785: 784:Western Union 781: 780:Panic of 1873 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 733: 732:appointment. 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 702: 701: 697:director and 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Mill Township 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 643: 641: 637: 631: 628: 627:Erie Railroad 624: 620: 617: 611: 609: 608:business card 605: 601: 597: 594:, Cleveland, 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569:William Fargo 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 533: 524: 521: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 479: 469: 467: 461: 459: 455: 451: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 415: 413: 408: 406: 405:Alfred Kelley 402: 401:Stillman Witt 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 367: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 344: 342: 337: 335: 330: 326: 323: 319: 315: 311: 301: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271:Massachusetts 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 246: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 138: 133: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 111:3, including 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 84:Occupation(s) 82: 77: 67: 63: 58: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 7922: 7900: 7883: 7874: 7853: 7831: 7810: 7800: 7786: 7765: 7744: 7723: 7702: 7681: 7660: 7638: 7616: 7595: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7535: 7522:. 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Retrieved 5721: 5712: 5705:Hatcher 1988 5700: 5688: 5676: 5649: 5642:Hartman 1991 5637: 5630:O'Toole 1990 5625: 5618:O'Toole 1990 5613: 5606:O'Toole 1990 5601: 5596:, p. 7. 5589: 5577: 5572:, p. 3. 5570:Congdon 1967 5565: 5553:. Retrieved 5549:the original 5544: 5535: 5525:February 23, 5523:. Retrieved 5519: 5509: 5432:Chernow 2004 5427: 5405:Hartman 1991 5385: 5373: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5339:Johnson 1879 5334: 5324: 5319: 5310: 5304: 5297:Goulder 1973 5282:Hatcher 1988 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5260: 5247:. Retrieved 5242: 5229:. Retrieved 5224: 5215: 5208:Mitrani 2013 5203: 5191:. Retrieved 5186: 5177: 5165: 5153:. Retrieved 5144: 5137:O'Toole 1990 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5016: 5010: 4998: 4988: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4874: 4850:O'Toole 1990 4830: 4801: 4789:. Retrieved 4784: 4775: 4763: 4756:Johnson 1879 4717: 4695:Johnson 1879 4673: 4661:. Retrieved 4656: 4643:. Retrieved 4638: 4625:. Retrieved 4620: 4607:. Retrieved 4602: 4593: 4586:Johnson 1879 4566: 4554: 4525: 4513: 4506:Goulder 1973 4451:Chernow 2004 4430:Chernow 2004 4425: 4403:Tarbell 1904 4398: 4391:Chernow 2004 4386: 4374: 4362: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4316: 4308: 4301:Chernow 2004 4286:Chernow 2004 4281: 4274:Chernow 2004 4269: 4257: 4245: 4238:Chernow 2004 4233: 4221: 4209: 4202:Chernow 2004 4197: 4171:Chernow 2004 4166: 4135: 4123: 4116:Hatcher 1988 4095:Chernow 2004 4090: 4078: 4071:Chernow 2004 4066: 3995: 3983: 3976:O'Toole 1990 3971: 3959:. Retrieved 3954: 3945: 3933:. Retrieved 3928: 3919: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3890: 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3864: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3689: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3396: 3369: 3357: 3330: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3272: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3137: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3050: 3019: 3007: 3002:, p. 9. 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2942: 2933: 2921: 2909: 2887:Renehan 2009 2882: 2855: 2848:Sanders 2014 2843: 2831: 2819: 2786: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2700:Johnson 1879 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2475: 2467: 2455: 2450:, p. 8. 2443: 2431: 2426:, p. 6. 2419: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2390: 2381: 2369: 2359: 2332: 2320: 2313:Kennedy 1896 2298:Hatcher 1988 2270: 2258: 2246: 2236: 2220:, p. 6. 2196: 2183: 2178: 2119:. Retrieved 2114: 2101: 2096:, p. 3. 2072:. Retrieved 2068: 2041: 2034:Johnson 1879 1954: 1944: 1912: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1849: 1840: 1827: 1820:T. J. Stiles 1810: 1800: 1791: 1770: 1751:Pennsylvania 1745: 1728: 1711: 1702: 1677: 1643: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1605: 1595: 1594:) published 1589: 1581: 1575: 1546: 1534: 1514:Hudson, Ohio 1507: 1503: 1495: 1457: 1437:Flora Amelia 1434: 1427: 1416: 1389: 1368: 1352: 1321: 1295: 1286:Presbyterian 1284:Stone was a 1283: 1279: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1232: 1221: 1190: 1183: 1163: 1147:Independence 1143:Parker Handy 1139: 1127: 1123:Lorain, Ohio 1116: 1112: 1089: 1085:Jay C. Morse 1078: 1069: 1062: 1051: 1033: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1005: 996: 988: 976: 960: 924:Standard Oil 916: 882:oil refining 867: 859: 856:Standard Oil 843: 815: 807: 800: 789: 777: 749: 734: 706: 698: 695: 683:Elyria, Ohio 660: 649: 632: 616:robber baron 612: 589: 538: 522: 511: 475: 462: 446: 438:receivership 419: 416: 409: 378: 357: 355:until 1849. 353:Rhode Island 345: 338: 310:William Howe 307: 287: 242: 229:Hudson, Ohio 209:Standard Oil 206: 186:Pennsylvania 145: 144: 113:Flora Amelia 95:Philanthropy 78:, Ohio, U.S. 70:(1883-05-11) 68:May 11, 1883 18: 7975:1883 deaths 7970:1818 births 7524:January 20, 6604:January 20, 6053:Ludlow 1920 6026:January 31, 5915:Morton 1995 5817:January 26, 5743:Nevins 1940 5728:January 26, 5693:Haddad 2007 5681:Haddad 2007 5594:Haddad 2007 5582:Haddad 2007 5555:January 31, 5502:Haddad 2007 5485:Haddad 2007 5267:January 27, 5249:January 27, 5231:January 27, 5193:January 27, 5086:Stiles 2009 4973:Sharpe 2004 4791:January 27, 4663:January 27, 4645:January 27, 4627:January 27, 4609:January 27, 4571:Nevins 1940 4559:Nevins 1940 4547:Nevins 1940 4530:Nevins 1940 4518:Nevins 1940 4489:Nevins 1940 4468:Nevins 1940 4418:Morris 2006 4379:Morris 2006 4367:Nevins 1940 4338:Nevins 1940 4323:January 26, 4250:Stiles 2009 4214:Morris 2006 4190:Morris 2006 4159:Morris 2006 4140:Morris 2006 4128:Morris 2006 3961:January 31, 3951:"Railroads" 3935:January 31, 3897:January 31, 3871:January 31, 3299:Stiles 2009 3287:Stiles 2009 2988:Stiles 2009 2976:Nevins 1940 2949:January 23, 2902:Stiles 2009 2482:January 22, 2460:Homans 1856 2448:Haddad 2007 2397:January 22, 2337:Thomas 1921 2263:Thomas 1921 2218:Haddad 2007 2201:Haddad 2007 2171:Cutter 1913 2121:January 19, 2094:Haddad 2007 2074:January 19, 2046:Cutter 1913 1989:Cutter 1913 1816:Ron Chernow 1627:Amasa Stone 1623:Amasa Stone 1398:. Adelbert 880:formed the 667:Berea, Ohio 652:Jeptha Wade 565:Wells Fargo 476:During the 349:Connecticut 334:New England 158:New England 37:Amasa Stone 7964:Categories 6673:: 174–182. 6660:: 272–290. 6069:: 120–126. 5755:Perry 1995 5390:Simon 2000 5378:Wiebe 1967 5243:The Public 5239:"The Week" 5170:Isaac 2012 4925:Dutka 2015 4710:Orth 1910b 4262:Short 2011 4044:Dutka 2015 2926:Lyles 1869 2875:Starr 2012 2812:Dutka 2015 2736:Lyles 1869 2660:Lyles 1869 2636:Vogel 2013 2579:Bates 1888 2564:Orth 1910a 2412:Hover 1919 2374:Orth 1910b 2275:Orth 1910b 1959:Dutka 2015 1691:Tyler Howe 1664:References 1639:breakwater 1419:securities 1381:seamstress 1332:Italianate 1266:Mark Twain 1243:depression 894:East Coast 872:, chemist 727:, and the 581:sell short 577:Henry Keep 575:president 322:Howe truss 239:Early life 162:Howe truss 150:U.S. state 49:1818-04-27 6092:Rose 1990 6067:Telescope 5927:Rose 1990 5794:Rose 1990 5541:"History" 5420:Rose 1990 5062:Rose 1990 5038:Rose 1990 4937:Rose 1990 4867:Rose 1990 4722:Rose 1990 4226:Kohn 2001 4029:Rose 1990 4000:Hall 1992 3988:Kerr 2011 3154:Rose 1990 3024:Rose 1990 2964:Poor 1872 2914:Poor 1868 2860:Rose 1990 2836:Camp 2007 2648:Poor 1868 2612:Rose 1990 2521:Poor 1868 2325:Rose 1990 2069:Structure 1924:Citations 1538:executors 1196:telegraph 1171:Glenville 932:par value 899:tank cars 619:Jay Gould 600:St. Louis 553:Manhattan 472:Civil War 458:Wisconsin 360:Cleveland 233:Cleveland 166:Cleveland 130:Signature 119:Relatives 76:Cleveland 7919:(2004). 7128:(1990). 5155:March 8, 1854:shares). 1759:New York 1755:New York 1652:See also 1542:interest 1412:swimming 1341:Higbee's 1235:insomnia 1212:Cenotaph 963:monopoly 936:dividend 884:firm of 848:and the 839:bearings 826:kerosene 700:de facto 623:Erie War 567:founder 507:John Hay 491:Kentucky 397:engineer 393:surveyor 329:patented 213:monopoly 202:Michigan 194:Illinois 182:New York 172:and the 108:Children 6013:Hobbies 1441:devises 1402:in the 1400:drowned 1396:geology 1255:transom 778:In the 596:Detroit 592:Chicago 327:. 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