560:; "These feather traces and the plumage in HPG-15-1 strongly suggest that members of the Enantiornithes were born fully fledged and capable of flight soon after hatching, somewhat resembling the super-precocial megapodes, the only group of neornithines in which neonates are similarly born fledged and capable of flight (Zhou and Zhang, 2004; Jones and Göth, 2008; Xing et al., 2017). Megapodes do not fly immediately, requiring nearly two days to dig themselves out of their mounds during which they preen off their feather sheaths and let their feathers dry (Jones and Göth, 2008). Similarly, hatchling enantiornithines would have had to wait until their feather sheaths were removed and their feathers dry before attempting flight. Although ecological and behavioural differences exist between enantiornithines and megapodes (e.g., enantiornithines were arboreal and not mound-nesters), megapodes represent the precocial extreme in extant neornithines and thus the closest analogue for enantiornithine development, for which all evidence indicates a form of extreme precociality (Elzanowski, 1981; Zhou and Zhang, 2004; Xing et al., 2017). "
212:
31:
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85:
172:, their closest taxonomic relative. Hartebeest calves are not as precocial as wildebeest calves and take up to thirty minutes or more before they stand, and as long as forty-five minutes before they can follow their mothers for short distances. They are unable to keep up with their mothers until they are more than a week old.
287:, and require external stimulation in order to defecate and urinate. The giant panda is notably the largest placental mammal to have altricial, hairless young upon birth. The larval stage of insect development is considered by some to be a form of altricial development, but it more accurately depicts, especially amongst
378:
In the case of mammals, it has been suggested that large, hearty adult body sizes favor the production of large, precocious young, which develop with a longer gestation period. Large young may be associated with migratory behavior, extended reproductive period, and reduced litter size. It may be that
367:
Precocial birds can provide protein-rich eggs and thus their young hatch in the fledgling stage â able to protect themselves from predators and the females have less post-natal involvement. Altricial birds are less able to contribute nutrients in the pre-natal stage; their eggs are smaller and their
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that are soon replaced by adult-type feathers. Birds of this kind can also swim and run much sooner after hatching than altricial young, such as songbirds. Very precocial birds can be ready to leave the nest in a short period of time following hatching (e.g. 24 hours). Many precocial chicks are not
398:
are born with minimal eyesight, compact and fleshy bodies, and "fresh" features (thinner skin, small noses and ears, and scarce hair if any). However, this stage is only brief amongst primates; their offspring soon develop stronger bones, grow in spurts, and quickly mature in features. This unique
340:(the ability to regulate their body temperatures), and they depend on the attending parent(s) to brood them with body heat for a short time. Precocial birds find their own food, sometimes with help or instruction from their parents. Examples of precocial birds include the domestic
435:
in 1816. The two classifications were considered identical in early times, but the meanings are slightly different, in that "altricial" and "precocial" refer to developmental stages, while "nidifugous" and "nidicolous" refer to leaving or staying at the nest, respectively.
164:, the calves of which can stand within an average of six minutes from birth and walk within thirty minutes; they can outrun a hyena within a day. Such behavior gives them an advantage over other herbivore species and they are 100 times more abundant in the
399:
growth pattern allows for the hasty adaptivity of most simians, as anything learned by children in between their infancy and adolescence is memorized as instinct; this pattern is also in contrast to more prominently altricial mammals, such as many
202:
at least were superprecocial in a way similar to that of megapodes, being able to fly soon after birth. It has been speculated that superprecociality prevented enantiornithines from acquiring specialized toe anatomy seen in modern altricial birds.
73:: precocial larvae have one at the onset of first feeding whereas altricial fish do not. Depending on the species, the larvae may develop a functional stomach during metamorphosis (gastric) or remain stomachless (agastric).
235:, are not able to obtain food on their own, and must be cared for by adults; closed eyes are common, though not ubiquitous. Altricial young are born helpless and require care for a length of time. Altricial birds include
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in the early stages of development and focusing closely and personally upon its raising, as opposed to precocial animals which provide their youths with a bare minimum of aid and otherwise leave them to instinct.
104:
Precocial young have open eyes, hair or down, large brains, and are immediately mobile and somewhat able to flee from or defend themselves against predators. For example, with ground-nesting birds such as
61:
species are those in which the young are underdeveloped at the time of birth, but with the aid of their parents mature after birth. These categories form a continuum, without distinct gaps between them.
557:
375:
In birds, altricial young usually grow faster than precocial young. This is hypothesized to occur so that exposure to predators during the nestling stage of development can be minimized.
630:
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Precociality is thought to be ancestral in birds. Thus, altricial birds tend to be found in the most derived groups. There is some evidence for precociality in
558:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338355119_First_report_of_immature_feathers_in_juvenile_enantiornithines_from_the_Early_Cretaceous_Jehol_avifauna
283:, are some of the best-known altricial organisms. For example, newborn domestic cats cannot see, hear, maintain their own body temperature, or
683:
Elzanowski, Andrzej; Brett-Surman, Michael K. (July 1995). "Avian
Premaxilla and Tarsometatarsus from the Uppermost Cretaceous of Montana".
295:
are completely physically different from their developed forms, and the pre-pupal stages of insect life might be regarded as equivalent to
586:
Sinclair, A.R.E., Simon A.R. Mduma, and Peter Arcese (2000). "What determines phenology and synchrony of ungulate breeding in
Serengeti?"
710:
Varricchio, David J.; Horner, John R.; Jackson, Frankie D. (September 19, 2002). "Embryos and eggs for the
Cretaceous theropod dinosaur
629:
Hopcraft, J.G.C.; Sinclair, A.; Holdo, R.M.; Mwangomo, E.; Mduma, S.; Thirgood, S.; Borner, M.; Fryxell, J.M.; Olff, H. (2013).
315:, meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish", and indicates the need for young to be fed and taken care of for a long duration.
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altricial strategies in mammals, in contrast, develop in species with less migratory and more territorial lifestyles, such as
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are highly precocial; as hatchlings, they are fully independent, and are capable of hunting prey the size of a small
471:"Feeding behaviour and digestive physiology in larval fish: current knowledge, and gaps and bottlenecks in research"
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727:
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RĂžnnestad, Ivar; YĂșfera, Manuel; UeberschĂ€r, Bernd; Ribeiro, Laura; Saele, Ăystein; Boglione, Clara (May 2013).
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children, and those of other primates, exemplify a unique combination of altricial and precocial development.
149:
birds, which have full-flight feathers at hatching and which, in some species, can fly on the same day.
17:
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altricial species are those whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, lack hair or
403:, which remain largely immobile and undeveloped until grown to near the stature of their parents.
211:
989:
Starck J.M.; Ricklefs R.E. (1998). "Patterns of
Development: The Altricial â Precocial Spectrum".
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531:
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young are still in need of much attention and protection from predators. This may be related to
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759:"Exploring the Ecomorphology of Two Cretaceous Enantiornithines with Unique Pedal Morphology"
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The behavior guide to
African mammals: Including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates
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animals, an independent phase of development, as the larvae of bees, ants, and many
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770:
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Estes, R.D., and R.K. Estes (1979). "The birth and survival of wildebeest calves".
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are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of
113:, the young are ready to leave the nest in one or two days. Among mammals, most
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Avian Growth and
Development. Evolution within the altricial precocial spectrum
199:
150:
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The span between precocial and altricial species is particularly broad in the
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775:
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369:
110:
631:"Why are wildebeest the most abundant herbivore in the Serengeti ecosystem?"
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Kahl, M. Philip (1962). "Bioenergetics of growth in nestling wood storks".
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268:
232:
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Extremely precocial species are called "superprecocial". Examples are the
638:
Serengeti IV: Sustaining
Biodiversity in a Coupled Human â Natural System
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331:. Precocial birds hatch with their eyes open and are covered with downy
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are precocial, being able to walk almost immediately after birth.
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869:. Singapore: Reader's Digest Children's Books. pp. 34, 35.
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The Cradle of
Knowledge. Development of Perception in Infancy
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10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0564:EAEFTC]2.0.CO;2
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The spotted hyena: A study of predation and social behavior
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640:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Archived from
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69:, this often refers to the presence or absence of a
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757:Clark, Alexander D.; o'Connor, Jingmai K. (2021).
553:
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372:; however, this association fails in some cases.
157:were also capable of flight soon after hatching.
34:A diagram of altricial and precocial bird species
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512:. David B. Guralnik, Editor in Chief. New York:
383:, the mothers of which are capable of bearing a
897:. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press.
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577:. Los Angeles: University of California Press
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307:The word âaltricialityâ is derived from the
27:States of newborn mobility and independence
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1009:The altricial-precocial spectrum in birds
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125:The word "precocial" is derived from the
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526:Starck, J.M.; Ricklefs, R.E. (1998).
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794:. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 27.
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841:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
763:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
716:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
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603:. Chicago: University of Chicago
219:, the best-known altricial young
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53:or hatching. They are normally
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1024:Animal developmental biology
991:Avian Growth and Development
895:Avian Growth and Development
867:Creatures of the Air and Sea
820:"Determining a Kitten's Age"
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865:Edward S. Brinkley (2000).
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137:, meaning early maturity.
965:. London: Athlone Press.
963:The Mammalian Radiations
961:Eisenberg, John (1981).
776:10.3389/fevo.2021.654156
299:embryonic development.
995:Oxford University Press
532:Oxford University Press
160:Another example is the
833:Ehrlich, Paul (1988).
475:Reviews in Aquaculture
423:(1836), and the terms
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93:Callipepla californica
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1034:Developmental biology
837:The Birder's Handbook
659:"Snake (Black Mamba)"
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80:Altricial young birds
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514:Simon & Schuster
421:Carl Jakob Sundevall
411:In birds, the terms
133:the same root as in
95:), a precocial chick
893:Starck, J. (1998).
446:Parental investment
419:were introduced by
166:Serengeti ecosystem
599:Kruuk, H. (1972).
451:Precocious puberty
344:, many species of
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481:: S59âS98.
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407:Terminology
381:Carnivorans
319:Differences
245:woodpeckers
196:troodontids
170:hartebeests
41:species in
1018:Categories
920:The Condor
669:2023-12-26
496:2108/99721
457:References
429:nidicolous
425:nidifugous
360:, and the
297:vertebrate
279:, such as
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257:passerines
192:protobirds
155:pterosaurs
135:precocious
55:nidifugous
940:0010-5422
616:50 (1):45
303:Etymology
293:arachnids
263:and most
255:and most
186:Phylogeny
121:Etymology
115:ungulates
59:Altricial
39:Precocial
18:Altricial
744:85728452
573:(1992).
440:See also
333:feathers
289:eusocial
277:primates
215:A human
147:megapode
131:praecox,
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685:The Auk
588:Ecology
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241:herons
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645:(PDF)
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392:Human
385:fetus
358:rails
350:geese
346:ducks
329:birds
313:alere
311:root
309:Latin
237:hawks
225:birds
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127:Latin
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51:birth
43:birds
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427:and
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