133:
818:, the poor, and local citizens into community unions was hampered by a lack of experience in community organizing. The ALA program turned into a grant-making operation working through the UAW's existing structure, awarding more than $ 2.5 million in funds in two and a half years. Although it had little organizational involvement in the anti-
860:
Other commentators disagree. The ALA, some historians say, gave the anti-war movement a voice for the first time within the
American labor movement. Although the ALA's own community organizing efforts failed, they encouraged and promoted a long-lasting (if small) community organizing effort in some
856:
argues that "the
Alliance for Labor Action, alas, never really did anything." Others conclude that it never could have evolved into a major force in the American labor movement: The UAW was no longer a potent political force by 1968, the UAW was on the verge losing half a million members and agreeing
733:
On July 24, 1968, just days after the UAW disaffiliation, Fitzsimmons and
Reuther formed the Alliance for Labor Action to organize unorganized workers and pursue leftist political and social projects. While Reuther himself remained active in the ALA, Fitzsimmons assigned Teamsters leader
861:
major cities which survived into the 21st century. Commentators at the time of
Reuther's death and a quarter-century later have also concluded that it was Reuther's untimely demise which led to the ALA's failure, rather than anything inherent in its members, structure, or goals.
754:
AFL-CIO unions or organize in jurisdictions claimed by AFL-CIO unions if the AFL-CIO-affiliated union was not doing enough to organize workers into union. Although
Reuther had a lengthy list of unions he hoped would join the ALA, few did so. In September 1968, the 110,000-member
807:(half of them black), 200 volunteer member-organizers, a $ 4 million budget, and an extensive public relations campaign. But the campaign failed: After 28 months, only 4,590 workers had been organized, and 94 of 196 elections won.
741:
Fitzsimmons and
Reuther offered the AFL-CIO a no-raid pact as a first step toward building a working relationship between the competing trade union centers, but the offered was rejected. AFL-CIO President
857:
to major contract concessions in the auto industry, and neither the UAW nor
Teamsters had much organizing capacity (neither had engaged in any significant efforts to organize new members for decades).
776:
822:
peace movement, the ALA called for an immediate end to the war, endorsed anti-war rallies, and its leaders marched in anti-war marches. The trade union center also supported
1420:
1405:
1161:
Devinatz, Victor G."'To Find
Answers to the Urgent Problems of Our Society': The Alliance for Labor Action's Atlanta Union Organizing Offensive, 1969–1971."
727:
stand on a number of public policy issues. Reuther was particularly impressed that
Fitzsimmons had been the only other national labor leader present at the
763:) affiliated with the ALA, and was expelled from the AFL-CIO a year later. Ten of the largest local unions (representing 40,000 members) belonging to the
768:
715:
President George Meany could not come to agreement on a wide range of policy issues or reforms to AFL-CIO governance. Although
Teamsters president
833:, dealt a serious blow to the Alliance. The group halted operations in July 1971 after the Auto Workers (almost bankrupt from a lengthy strike at
1430:
1400:
1378:
1054:
1415:
764:
1425:
1410:
397:
405:
366:
1337:
844:
The UAW re-affiliated with the AFL-CIO on July 1, 1981. The Teamsters re-affiliated with the AFL-CIO on October 24, 1987.
756:
392:
167:
795:
4.5 million, the same amount they would have paid to the AFL-CIO in per capita dues. A major organizing drive targeting
760:
728:
1282:
1262:
1239:
1216:
1183:
1019:
976:
955:
932:
891:
276:
1174:
The number of organized may be higher. Lichtenstein claims 7,500 workers were unionized. See: Lichtenstein, Nelson.
538:
410:
261:
780:
690:
613:
311:
306:
791:
The Alliance's initial program was ambitious. The two member unions provided the ALA with an annual budget of
598:
573:
89:
707:
in 1957 for corruption. The UAW had disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO on July 1, 1968, after UAW President
647:
583:
1086:
September 19, 1968; Stetson, Damon. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Expels the Chemical Workers for Ties to Reuther."
837:) was unable to continue to fund its operations, and the ALA formally disbanded in January 1972. The
603:
331:
271:
810:
The ALA's agenda also included action on a number of progressive issues. It engaged in a widespread
578:
553:
281:
182:
779:
both expressed official interest in joining the ALA, neither did so. The ALA's founding split the
750:, although Reuther argued it was not. The ALA later passed a resolution permitting ALA members to
593:
122:
826:, and gave an important early boost to modern efforts to pass federal legislation on the issue.
558:
528:
520:
291:
1365:
McNeill, Jim. "Work in Progress: The State of the Unions Two Years After the AFL-CIO Split."
1338:"Meyerson, Harold. "Why Andy Stern Remains American Liberalism's Most Innovative Architect."
830:
823:
772:
588:
548:
533:
256:
162:
792:
637:
568:
387:
222:
192:
8:
683:
563:
217:
93:
815:
811:
724:
466:
326:
1345:
1278:
1258:
1235:
1212:
1179:
1015:
972:
951:
928:
887:
735:
716:
657:
608:
543:
486:
296:
152:
852:
Some commentators conclude that the ALA is unimportant, historically. For example,
841:
assumed control over the community grant programs upon the ALA's disestablishment.
800:
796:
642:
632:
187:
44:
1176:
The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor.
1012:
The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor.
924:
853:
838:
804:
662:
476:
434:
356:
142:
1099:
Stetson, Damon. "Local Union of Retail Workers Is Near Split With Parent Body."
1119:
Stetson, Damon. "Alliance of Teamsters and U.A.W. Poses Key Test for Reuther."
884:
American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935-1970.
834:
708:
676:
501:
496:
481:
444:
266:
112:
92:
which existed from July 1968 until January 1972. Its two main members were the
1394:
747:
426:
361:
321:
286:
212:
1293:
Salpuka, Agis. "U.A.W., in Debt, Halts Funds For Alliance With Teamsters."
743:
506:
471:
454:
351:
336:
301:
251:
246:
238:
172:
819:
720:
380:
207:
177:
157:
1310:
Peterson, Iver. "After 13 Years, Auto Union Joins A.F.L.-C.I.O. Again."
1255:
The Unfinished Struggle: Turning Points in American Labor, 1877-Present.
751:
652:
346:
341:
1275:
One Nation, Uninsured: Why the U.S. Has No National Health Insurance.
767:
disaffiliated from that international union, formed a new union (the
461:
202:
197:
97:
16:
American and Canadian national trade union center from 1968 to 1972
1034:
July 24, 1968; Stetson, Damon. "2 Biggest Unions Set Up Alliance."
783:, which debated joining but never formally considered such an act.
316:
132:
1323:
Noble, Kenneth. "Teamsters Gain A Readmittance to A.F.L.-C.I.O."
1297:
July 6, 1971; Salpuka, Agis. "A Labor Alliance to Be Dissolved."
1194:
Bernstein, Harry. "Unions, Chart new Political, Social Courses."
712:
704:
491:
439:
719:
was originally seen as a proxy for jailed Teamsters president
449:
1234:
Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1989.
1030:
Janson, Donald. "U.A.W. and Teamsters Form Alliance."
829:
Reuther's death in a plane crash on May 9, 1970, near
971:
Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
1277:
Cambridge, Mass.: Oxford University Press US, 2005.
769:
National Council of Distributive Workers of America
1211:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
1178:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
1145:Stetson, Damon. "New Labor Group Offers Program."
1132:Dewing, Rolland. "Is An NEA-AFT Merger Imminent?"
1014:Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
921:Poor Workers' Unions: Rebuilding Labor from Below.
1421:National trade union centers of the United States
1069:Flint, Jerry M. "No-Raiding Pact Offered Meany."
1392:
1406:History of labor relations in the United States
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
969:Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union.
886:Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004.
684:
765:Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union
1157:
1155:
981:
100:, although it had some smaller affiliates.
1257:New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
1115:
1113:
786:
691:
677:
1249:
1247:
878:
876:
874:
703:The Teamsters had been expelled from the
1226:
1224:
1152:
942:
940:
847:
1110:
1103:March 21, 1969; "New Union Is Formed."
1082:"Chemical Workers Join Reuther Group."
103:
1431:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
1401:National trade union centres of Canada
1393:
1244:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
871:
723:, Fitzsimmons had begun taking a more
98:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
1221:
1207:There was some. See: Levy, Peter B.
937:
1209:The New Left and Labor in the 1960s.
814:effort. But its attempt to organize
771:), and joined the ALA. Although the
757:International Chemical Workers Union
1416:Trade unions disestablished in 1972
1041:
950:Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991.
896:
803:, in the fall of 1969 involving 50
367:Workers' right to access the toilet
13:
1426:History of the United Auto Workers
761:United Food and Commercial Workers
729:funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr.
14:
1442:
1411:Trade unions established in 1968
262:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
131:
1372:
1359:
1330:
1317:
1304:
1287:
1267:
1232:U.S. Labor and the Vietnam War.
1201:
1188:
1168:
1139:
1126:
1093:
781:American Federation of Teachers
88:) was an American and Canadian
1076:
1063:
1024:
961:
312:Occupational safety and health
307:Occupational safety and health
1:
1134:Peabody Journal of Education.
1055:"Mr. Clean and the Outcast."
435:Chronological list of strikes
7:
1084:United Press International.
90:national trade union center
10:
1447:
398:International comparisons
332:Right to rest and leisure
272:Employment discrimination
82:Alliance for Labor Action
68:
50:
40:
32:
24:
20:Alliance for Labor Action
864:
799:workers was launched in
738:as his union's liaison.
183:Social movement unionism
787:Program and dissolution
746:denounced the ALA as a
393:Trade union federations
388:Trade unions by country
1340:The American Prospect.
1163:Labor Studies Journal.
1010:Lichtenstein, Nelson.
292:Freedom of association
848:Historical assessment
824:universal health care
773:United Rubber Workers
277:Employment protection
257:Collective bargaining
163:Exploitation of labor
1379:"Loss of a Healer."
831:Black Lake, Michigan
638:Industrial relations
627:Academic disciplines
223:National-syndicalism
193:Democratic socialism
104:Formation and growth
816:blue-collar workers
218:Anarcho-syndicalism
94:United Auto Workers
21:
1196:Los Angeles Times.
1073:November 24, 1968.
946:Sloane, Arthur A.
812:community unionism
327:Professional abuse
19:
1342:February 1, 2007"
1327:October 25, 1987.
1301:January 25, 1972.
1230:Foner, Philip S.
1198:October 25, 1969.
1136:47:1 (July 1969).
1105:Associated Press.
759:(now part of the
736:Harold J. Gibbons
717:Frank Fitzsimmons
701:
700:
658:Post-work society
487:Solidarity action
297:Legal working age
153:Conflict theories
78:
77:
1438:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1344:. Archived from
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1273:Quadagno, Jill.
1271:
1265:
1251:
1242:
1228:
1219:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1090:October 4, 1969.
1080:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1008:
979:
965:
959:
944:
935:
917:
894:
882:Barnard, John.
880:
805:staff organizers
801:Atlanta, Georgia
797:African American
693:
686:
679:
633:Critique of work
477:Pen-down strikes
188:Social democracy
135:
125:
115:
108:
107:
61:
45:Washington, D.C.
36:January 24, 1972
22:
18:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1325:New York Times.
1322:
1318:
1312:New York Times.
1309:
1305:
1299:New York Times.
1295:New York Times.
1292:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1253:Babson, Steve.
1252:
1245:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1147:New York Times.
1144:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1121:New York Times.
1118:
1111:
1101:New York Times.
1098:
1094:
1088:New York Times.
1081:
1077:
1071:New York Times.
1068:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1036:New York Times.
1032:New York Times.
1029:
1025:
1009:
982:
967:Witwer, David.
966:
962:
945:
938:
925:South End Press
923:Boston, Mass.:
919:Tait, Vanessa.
918:
897:
881:
872:
867:
854:Harold Meyerson
850:
839:Ford Foundation
789:
697:
668:
667:
663:Refusal of work
643:Labor economics
628:
620:
619:
618:
523:
513:
512:
511:
502:Wildcat strikes
497:Whipsaw strikes
482:Sitdown strikes
429:
419:
418:
415:
383:
373:
372:
371:
357:Toxic workplace
241:
231:
230:
227:
145:
124:Organized labor
123:
113:
106:
71:
64:
59:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1358:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1286:
1266:
1243:
1220:
1200:
1187:
1167:
1151:
1138:
1125:
1109:
1092:
1075:
1062:
1040:
1023:
980:
960:
936:
895:
869:
868:
866:
863:
849:
846:
835:General Motors
788:
785:
709:Walter Reuther
699:
698:
696:
695:
688:
681:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
617:
616:
611:
609:United Kingdom
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
445:General strike
442:
437:
431:
430:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
414:
413:
408:
402:
400:
395:
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384:
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369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
267:Eight-hour day
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
242:
237:
236:
233:
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229:
228:
226:
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220:
215:
210:
205:
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195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
143:Labor movement
141:
140:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
105:
102:
96:(UAW) and the
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
63:
62:
54:
52:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1383:May 25, 1970.
1382:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1348:on 2011-08-10
1347:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1314:July 2, 1981.
1313:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1283:0-19-531203-1
1280:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1263:0-8476-8829-1
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1241:
1240:0-7178-0672-3
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1217:0-252-06367-8
1214:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1184:0-252-06626-X
1181:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1149:May 28, 1969.
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1123:May 25, 1969.
1122:
1116:
1114:
1107:May 25, 1969.
1106:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1059:June 6, 1969.
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1038:May 27, 1969.
1037:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1020:0-252-06626-X
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
978:
977:0-252-02825-2
974:
970:
964:
957:
956:0-262-19309-4
953:
949:
943:
941:
934:
933:0-89608-714-X
930:
926:
922:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
893:
892:0-8143-2947-0
889:
885:
879:
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862:
858:
855:
845:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
777:Glass Workers
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
731:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
694:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
674:
672:
671:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
648:Labor history
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
624:
623:
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612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
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587:
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582:
580:
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575:
574:New Caledonia
572:
570:
567:
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562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
521:Labor parties
517:
516:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Overtime bans
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:Strike action
423:
422:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
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386:
385:
382:
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355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:Paid time off
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Four-day week
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
235:
234:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Union busting
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
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154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
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139:
138:
134:
130:
129:
126:
121:
120:
116:
110:
109:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
73:
67:
60:United States
56:
55:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
28:July 24, 1968
27:
23:
1380:
1374:
1369:Spring 2007.
1366:
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:the original
1339:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1231:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1165:Summer 2006.
1162:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1011:
968:
963:
947:
920:
883:
859:
851:
843:
828:
809:
790:
744:George Meany
740:
732:
702:
507:Work-to-rule
381:Trade unions
362:Unfree labor
352:Six-hour day
337:Right to sit
302:Minimum wage
247:Annual leave
239:Labor rights
173:New unionism
85:
81:
79:
41:Headquarters
820:Vietnam War
721:Jimmy Hoffa
604:South Korea
584:Netherlands
579:New Zealand
252:Child labor
208:Syndicalism
178:Proletariat
158:Decent work
74:3.7 million
1395:Categories
1352:2008-12-23
748:dual union
462:Green bans
455:newspapers
347:Sick leave
342:Sabbatical
653:Labor law
599:Singapore
554:Hong Kong
529:Australia
282:Equal pay
203:Communism
198:Socialism
70:Members
33:Dissolved
1367:Dissent.
927:, 2005.
775:and the
594:Portugal
534:Barbados
492:Walkouts
467:Lockouts
317:Overwork
168:Timeline
114:a series
111:Part of
51:Location
725:leftist
713:AFL-CIO
705:AFL-CIO
559:Ireland
549:Georgia
58:Canada
25:Founded
1281:
1261:
1238:
1215:
1182:
1018:
975:
954:
948:Hoffa.
931:
890:
614:Sweden
589:Norway
564:Israel
539:Brazil
440:Hartal
1381:Time.
1057:Time.
865:Notes
569:Malta
450:Bandh
1279:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1016:ISBN
973:ISBN
952:ISBN
929:ISBN
888:ISBN
752:raid
711:and
544:Fiji
411:WFTU
406:ITUC
80:The
86:ALA
1397::
1246:^
1223:^
1154:^
1112:^
1043:^
983:^
939:^
898:^
873:^
793:$
117:on
1355:.
958:.
692:e
685:t
678:v
84:(
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