144:
762:
437:
211:
124:
188:
693:
2201:
1047:
681:
238:
1492:
Opposition to the Anglo-Malay proposal increased with demonstrations being held across Malaya and consultations were held to prepare an alternative set of proposals to be tabled to the
British government. On 22 February 1947, a coalition of Malay organisations opposed to the Anglo-Malay agreement and
1222:
where the locals were engaged in an open armed rebellion against the Dutch. When news that the
British had agreed to the demands of the conservative Malays and the Anglo-Malay Proposals included institutionalised handicaps against the non-Malay community and the absence of a road map towards Malayan
1761:
Despite the success of the All Malaya Hartal, the government granted no concessions and differences began to emerge between the ACCC and PUTERA-AMCJA. A second Hartal was planned for 1 February 1948 but was aborted when financial support from the ACCC was not forthcoming and was reduced to isolated
1711:
The ACCC considered the
Revised Constitutional Proposals as being autocratic and irresponsible and it threatened to delay the independence of Malaya indefinitely. A decision was made to co-operate with PUTERA-PMCJA (later PUTERA-AMCJA) because it had exhausted all constitutional channels of appeal
1463:
The PMCJA sought to gain recognition from to act as the sole representative body with which the
British government would negotiate with a view to amending the constitution in accordance with the wishes of that part of the populace that has not been consulted so far. Nonetheless, the negotiated
1186:
while a significant majority of non-Malays were generally divided or indifferent to the proposals. The preoccupation with post-war rebuilding and the lack of an existing Malaya-centric political discourse meant that even the community most likely to view Malaya as their home like the
2014:"Summary of the Report of the Working Committee appointed by a Conference of His Excellency the Governor of the Malayan Union, Their Highnesses the Rulers of the Malay States and the Representatives of the United Malay National Organisation; revised up to the 19th of December 1946"
1497:(PUTERA), was formed and by March of the same year the PMCJA had established a coalition with PUTERA known as PUTERA-PMCJA. The PUTERA-PMCJA adopted a total of 10 principles; including the three original principles of the CJA; as the basis of their constitutional proposals:
1777:
constitution based on the
Revised Constitutional Proposals on 1 February 1948 and the decision of the MCP to launch an armed rebellion marked the beginning of the end for the PUTERA-AMCJA coalition and AMCJA as a whole. With the declaration of the nationwide
1349:"provide the machinery for the various communities, through their organisations and associations, to reach agreement on all points connected with the future constitution of Malaya, thus avoiding the dangers of separated and self-interested representation"
1696:
Anglo-Malay sovereignty entrenched with the provision of a
Conference of Rulers consisting of the Malay rulers presided over by the British High Commissioner, and a 55% reservation of Malay representation in the Federal legislature for the first 3 terms
3300:
1785:
Mainstream political developments in Malaya in the following decade came to be dominated by conservative and pro-British groups with a distinctive impact on the historical development of independent Malaya, and later
Malaysia, for the next few decades.
1441:
2068:
Great
Britain, Colonial Office (1947). "Federation of Malaya: Summary of revised Constitutional proposals; Accepted by His Majesty's Government, 24th July 1947" (Document). London: HMSO. p. 20. Cmnd.
1404:
for the
British government on 16 December of the same year with the announcement that the CJA intended to boycott the Consultative Committee established to discuss and implement the Anglo-Malay Proposals.
3142:
1731:
in protest. Emboldened by the success, the ACCC decided to launch a country-wide strike and PUTERA-AMCJA was invited to support the strike. A decision was made to hold the strike, to be known as the
1437:
1568:
1409:
3192:
3157:
1381:
1429:
1377:
1105:
3162:
2721:
1207:), established by English educated left-leaning middle-class intellectuals in Singapore in 1945, emerged to support the proposal with the caveat that Singapore was included in the Union.
3017:
2746:
1782:, the constituent organisations either withdrew from the coalition, went underground, or in the case of the MDU, voluntarily dissolved itself and the AMCJA ceased to exist as a body.
3182:
3152:
1389:
3127:
1433:
1182:
opposition to the Union was spontaneous and widespread as it was seen as a departure from the traditional pro-Malay policies of the
British and the removal of sovereignty of the
1143:, a policy of constitutional development which incorporated the twin goals of constitutional unity and a common citizenship within Malaya was developed as the basis for eventual
3007:
2756:
1445:
1359:
3212:
3197:
1385:
2781:
2766:
2701:
551:
1578:
The PUTERA-AMCJA constitutional proposals was adopted by the constituent members of both coalitions on 10 August 1947 and presented to the public on 21 September as the
3137:
3012:
1373:
1200:
3172:
3002:
2741:
1735:, on 20 October 1947 to coincide with the opening of the session of the British Parliament where the Revised Constitutional Proposals were to be tabled and debated.
1421:
3132:
2761:
1417:
3047:
1749:
The hartal was also successfully carried out in Singapore, which received the prominent support of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce led by its chairman
1413:
3321:
1425:
202:
1571:(ACCC) considered to be indicative of communist domination and the MNP considered to include only non-Malays, the name of the PMCJA was changed to become the
2189:
3147:
1449:
414:
321:
2167:
1700:
A Conference of Rulers was formalised. Ethnic representation in the Federal Legislative Council was set with no provisions for an elected legislature
3351:
1865:
Great Britain, Colonial Office (1946). "Malayan Union and Singapore; Summary of proposed constitutional changes" (Document). London: HMSO. Cmd 6949.
1627:
Birth qualifications, language test, and long residential terms imposed, effectively restricting the access to citizenship of domiciled non-Malays
1277:
1270:
1218:) as they were unwilling to allow the Malay opposition to the Union develop into an anti-British attitude in the same way that had happened in the
1075:
3227:
3083:
1287:
1210:
With the widespread opposition among the Malays, the British administration entered into secret negotiations with the Malay aristocracy and the
3346:
3336:
3090:
3052:
2158:
2030:
1297:
1260:
1022:
733:
2851:
2686:
329:
383:
1739:
1013:
1191:
and second generation non-Malays failed to appreciate the implications of the Union until it was abandoned by the British. Only openly
977:
3341:
2907:
2182:
1401:
2962:
2706:
2641:
2546:
2262:
2227:
815:
547:
3326:
2328:
1615:
and an appointed Federal Legislative Council of fifty unofficial members, fourteen official members and eleven free members (the
1766:
sympathizers had also begun to lobby for the withdrawal of ACCC support from the PUTERA-AMCJA due to the intensification of the
2489:
706:
2579:
2205:
566:
511:
476:
463:
77:
1392:
operating on the three principles adopted during the November meeting. Tan Cheng Lock was appointed the chairman with MDU's
3222:
2997:
2731:
2726:
2646:
2420:
2252:
2175:
1680:
Foreign affairs and defence to be the joint responsibility of the government of Malaya and the government of Great Britain
1364:
1068:
869:
1624:
A citizenship granting equal rights to all who made Malaya their permanent home and the object of their undivided loyalty
1547:
Foreign affairs and defence to be the joint responsibility of the government of Malaya and the government of Great Britain
2846:
2595:
2551:
2528:
2280:
1612:
1511:
A citizenship granting equal rights to all who made Malaya their permanent home and the object of their undivided loyalty
1323:
A citizenship granting equal rights to all who made Malaya their permanent home and the object of their undivided loyalty
753:
269:
3177:
3122:
2992:
2952:
2651:
2197:
1211:
726:
3237:
3117:
2957:
2574:
2389:
2089:
1978:
1930:
1898:
1849:
1824:
1031:
1683:
All portfolios remained within the prerogative of the British High Commissioner and the government of Great Britain
3112:
3102:
3022:
2987:
2636:
2610:
2479:
2318:
1738:
The hartal turned out to be a major success although UMNO held counter demonstrations in the more rural areas like
411:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
2605:
2430:
2313:
2257:
1231:
On 19 November 1946, a meeting was held to discuss the formation of a united front. Attending this meeting were:
1061:
1004:
455:
443:
2937:
2932:
2912:
2776:
1688:
A Council of Races to be set up to block any discriminatory legislation that is based on ethnicity or religion
2771:
2736:
2661:
2615:
2494:
2399:
2285:
923:
887:
806:
719:
532:
226:
99:
3242:
3207:
3073:
2927:
2676:
2510:
2371:
914:
561:
3331:
3257:
3167:
2977:
2656:
2623:
2600:
2569:
2474:
540:
386:
375:
286:
253:
229:
3262:
3232:
2942:
2346:
2295:
1746:
contributing to the rise in ethnic tensions and the cancellation of the planned strike in those areas.
1632:
Malay Rulers to have real sovereign power responsible to the people through popularly elected Councils
664:
304:
261:
1514:
Malay Rulers to have real sovereign power responsible to the people through popularly elected Councils
3301:
List of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency
3187:
2982:
2972:
2902:
2841:
2696:
2499:
2415:
2356:
2290:
986:
797:
363:
355:
316:
158:
2027:
2947:
2861:
1723:
Agitation against the Revised Constitutional Approvals grew throughout September with a successful
1477:"all interested communities in Malaya have had full and free opportunity of expressing their views"
1152:
595:
3247:
3217:
3078:
2751:
2681:
2394:
2366:
2247:
2217:
1651:
Special provisions for the advancement of the Malays politically, economically and educationally
1648:
Special provisions for the advancement of the Malays politically, economically and educationally
1494:
1341:
1333:
1196:
959:
778:
612:
395:
1635:
Malay Rulers recognised as sovereign monarchs with inherent prerogatives, powers and privileges
1524:
Special provisions for the advancement of the Malays politically, economically and educationally
143:
3252:
3097:
3057:
2922:
2897:
2856:
2671:
2435:
2305:
1816:
1640:
Malay customs and religion to be fully controlled by the Malay people through special councils
1393:
1148:
522:
500:
366:
332:
194:
179:
135:
2111:
1890:
1883:
1517:
Malay customs and religion to be fully controlled by the Malay people through special councils
3267:
3107:
2691:
2631:
2538:
2425:
2338:
851:
652:
590:
585:
505:
451:
428:
403:
345:
82:
1808:
3290:
2967:
2716:
2323:
1774:
1117:
842:
787:
617:
600:
166:
109:
72:
8:
3202:
2484:
2457:
2013:
1586:
published in July 1947 based on the report of the Government Consultative Committee are:
1472:, that the proposals were conditionally accepted by the British government provided that
1397:
1168:
296:
1712:(the ACCC was a participant in the Government Consultative Committee) and appeal to the
1603:
A federation of the Malay states and the former Straits Settlements excluding Singapore
1332:
On 14 December 1946, the MDU sponsored a meeting in Singapore which was attended by the
1139:
In seeking to solve some of the administrative incoherence in the pre-war British ruled
2871:
2666:
2520:
2504:
2381:
2351:
2152:
2099:
1713:
659:
640:
495:
2711:
2561:
2085:
1974:
1926:
1894:
1845:
1820:
1809:
1779:
1767:
1582:. A summary of the differences between the People's Constitutional Proposals and the
1575:
or AMCJA in August 1947 and the PUTERA-PMCJA coalition became known as PUTERA-AMCJA.
1219:
860:
761:
436:
2836:
2361:
2272:
1717:
1643:
Malay customs and religion placed within the sole jurisdiction of the Malay Rulers
485:
150:
3295:
2239:
2034:
1245:
1188:
1051:
968:
697:
685:
646:
490:
272:
210:
2876:
2866:
1750:
1564:
1537:
1457:
1337:
1310:
1140:
1097:
38:
1997:
Tribune Staff Reporter (23 December 1946). "K.L. Forms New 'Action Council'".
3315:
2892:
1672:
Melayu to be the title of any proposed citizenship and nationality in Malaya
1616:
1192:
1156:
1134:
941:
905:
878:
824:
622:
307:
264:
1842:
The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire
1608:
A popularly elected Central Government and popularly elected State councils
2917:
2831:
2223:
2219:
1508:
A popularly elected Central Government and popularly elected State councils
1320:
A popularly elected Central Government and popularly elected State councils
1183:
1179:
1172:
1101:
950:
932:
627:
606:
256:
245:
218:
123:
33:
1619:
of the 9 Malay states and 1 representative each from Penang and Malacca).
1743:
1560:
1469:
1465:
995:
896:
187:
692:
1763:
1544:) to be the title of any proposed citizenship and nationality in Malaya
2458:
Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies
1667:
A national flag was adopted with no provisions for a national anthem
1396:
as secretary-general. A memorandum of protest was sent by the CJA to
1147:
and independence of the territory. The first proposal called for the
1144:
1460:
re-elected chairman with MDU's Gerald de Cruz as secretary-general.
1452:. A press conference in Kuala Lumpur announced the formation of the
1408:
This CJA was expanded on 22 December 1946 with the inclusion of the
2200:
2045:
2043:
1306:
1223:
independence, a united front was mulled to oppose the proposals.
1164:
2079:
2040:
2082:
The People's Constitutional Proposals for Malaya 1947 (Reprint)
2011:
1724:
1659:
Malay recognised as an official language together with English
1171:
to join the new federation while Singapore remained a separate
1160:
1100:
formed to participate in the development of a constitution for
237:
1354:
The immediate result of this meeting was the formation of the
1811:
The Politics of Nation Building and Citizenship in Singapore
1720:
to review and reverse the Revised Constitutional Proposals.
1468:
on 24 December 1946 together with a note from the Governor,
2016:. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Union Government Press. p. 92.
1889:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p.
1728:
1096:) was a coalition of political and civic organisations in
1885:
Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir
1104:
Malaya in preparation for independence and to oppose the
3053:
United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)
2687:
Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)
2063:
2061:
1996:
1973:. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 320.
1442:
Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Ex-Comrades Association
396:
High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak
2732:
Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)
1858:
1464:
Anglo-Malay proposals were published as a government
3228:
United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)
1992:
1990:
1675:
No provisions for a Malayan nationality was adopted
2073:
2058:
2050:"PUTERA, CJA Constitutional Proposals Now Ready'".
2005:
1844:. Buffalo: William S. Hein & Co. p. 1228.
1555:Due to concerns about the implications of the term
1882:
1291:
1264:
1249:
3193:Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)
2809:
1987:
1155:to be joined into a larger federation styled the
3313:
2547:United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)
2963:United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)
2908:Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)
2263:United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)
2727:Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
3322:Defunct political party alliances in Malaysia
3143:Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)
2606:Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
2183:
2067:
1971:Political Development of Singapore, 1945–1955
1964:
1962:
1864:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1069:
727:
2707:Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)
2642:Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)
2580:Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)
2490:All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1876:
1874:
1872:
3113:Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)
2998:Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)
2421:Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)
2390:Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)
2080:PUTERA-AMCJA; Edited by Ban Ah Kam (2005).
1907:
1611:An appointed Executive Council headed by a
1116:) which eventually formed the basis of the
3118:Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)
2827:All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)
2722:Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)
2281:United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)
2190:
2176:
2157:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2133:The Straits Times, 22 October 1947, Page 5
2084:. Kuala Lumpur: 1st Edition. p. 100.
1833:
1795:
1756:
1076:
1062:
734:
720:
3183:Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)
3158:United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)
2953:United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)
2913:Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)
2652:Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)
2637:Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
2611:Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)
2575:Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)
2314:United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)
1939:
1869:
1402:Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
1358:(CJA) comprising the MDU, PKMM, MIC, the
1313:, three central principles were adopted:
3352:Political parties disestablished in 1948
3238:Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)
2958:United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)
2938:Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)
2772:Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)
2480:Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)
2142:
2012:Government of the Malayan Union (1946).
1920:
1487:
1226:
3223:Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)
3163:Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)
3103:North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)
3023:Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
2777:Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)
2747:Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)
2400:Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)
1569:Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce
246:House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
3314:
3208:Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)
3178:Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)
3028:Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)
2657:Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)
2529:Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)
1839:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1521:
1502:
1410:Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions
1370:Pan Malayan Federation of Trade Unions
1281:
3347:Political parties established in 1946
3337:1946 establishments in British Malaya
3198:Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)
3128:Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)
3038:Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)
2988:Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)
2933:Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)
2847:Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)
2808:
2737:Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)
2570:Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)
2456:
2431:Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)
2216:
2171:
1880:
1691:No such provisions were provided for
1530:A national flag and a national anthem
1438:Malayan New Democratic Youth's League
512:List of political parties in Malaysia
3168:United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)
3018:Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)
2903:Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)
2886:Defunct former parliamentary parties
2495:Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)
2347:Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)
2319:Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)
1968:
1806:
1706:
1600:A united Malaya including Singapore
1400:, a trade unionist who was then the
1382:Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce
1365:Singapore Federation of Trade Unions
3133:Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)
3008:National Association of Perak (NAP)
2702:Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)
2511:Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)
2286:Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)
2124:Indian Daily Mail, 14 November 1947
1613:British High Commissioner in Malaya
1573:All Malaya Joint Council for Action
1505:A united Malaya including Singapore
1482:
1454:Pan-Malayan Council of Joint Action
1430:Selangor Indian Chamber of Commerce
1378:Straits Chinese British Association
1344:(MIC) and various other groups to:
1317:A united Malaya including Singapore
1106:Constitutional Proposals for Malaya
13:
3243:Community Coalition Congress (CCC)
3213:Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)
3153:United People's Party (1976) (UPP)
3074:Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)
3033:Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)
2789:Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)
2782:Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)
2677:Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)
2624:Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)
2475:Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)
2329:Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)
1656:Malay to be the official language
1592:People's Constitutional Proposals
1212:United Malay National Organisation
1090:All-Malaya Council of Joint Action
1023:UN Security Council Resolution 125
834:All-Malaya Council of Joint Action
122:
26:All-Malaya Council of Joint Action
14:
3363:
3188:Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)
2978:Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)
2717:Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)
2697:Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)
2662:Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)
2601:Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)
2296:Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)
1923:South East Asia, Colonial History
1595:Revised Constitutional Proposals
1580:People's Constitutional Proposals
1527:Malay to be the official language
3342:1948 disestablishments in Malaya
3286:* denotes non-registered parties
3263:Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)
3233:Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)
2943:Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)
2616:People's Alternative Party (PAP)
2372:Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)
2357:Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR)
2199:
2145:The Left-wings in Southeast Asia
1925:. London: Taylor & Francis.
1584:Revised Constitutional Proposals
1045:
760:
691:
679:
435:
412:Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak
236:
209:
186:
142:
3173:Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)
3138:Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)
2973:Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)
2928:National Convention Party (NCP)
2596:Malaysian Indian People’s Party
2500:Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)
2291:Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)
2136:
2127:
2118:
1815:. Florence: Routledge. p.
1005:Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement
816:British Military Administration
444:Election Commission of Malaysia
18:Political party in Malaysia
3327:Political parties in Singapore
2862:Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)
2742:Malaysian National Party (PNM)
2552:Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
2367:Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)
2020:
1:
3123:Social Democratic Party (SDP)
3098:Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)
3079:Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
2993:United Democratic Party (UDP)
2983:People's Justice Front (AKAR)
2898:Sarawak National Party (SNAP)
2810:Defunct parties and coalition
2762:Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)
2752:Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)
2692:Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)
2682:Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)
2647:People's Welfare Party (KITA)
2395:Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)
2258:National Trust Party (AMANAH)
2248:Democratic Action Party (DAP)
2206:Political parties in Malaysia
1789:
1588:
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978:F. of Malaya Independence Act
888:Communities Liaison Committee
807:Japanese occupation of Malaya
541:Chief ministers of the states
3253:Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)
3058:Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)
3043:Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)
3003:Muslim League of Malaya (ML)
2968:Sabah National Party (SANAP)
2923:Labour Party of Malaya (Lab)
2786:Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S)
2757:People First Party (URPARTI)
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2306:Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)
2253:People's Justice Party (PKR)
1390:Singapore Women's Federation
1327:
1233:
1199:(MCP) and the more moderate
7:
3268:Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)
3108:Selangor Labour Party (SLP)
3048:Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)
2632:Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)
2628:Socialist Alternative (SA)*
2539:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)
2468:Friends of Barisan Nasional
2426:Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)
2339:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)
2218:Parties represented in the
1716:for the establishment of a
1664:A national flag and anthem
1434:Selangor Women's Federation
1386:Singapore Tamil Association
1195:movements like the radical
870:Federal Legislative Council
387:Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim
230:Awang Bemee Awang Ali Basah
10:
3368:
3248:Sabah People's Front (SPF)
3218:Sabah People's Party (PRS)
2767:Barisan Penyatuan Nasional
2620:Malaysian Hope Party (PHM)
2505:Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)
2324:Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)
1921:Kratoska, Paul H. (2001).
1773:The implementation of the
1167:would be severed from the
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1265:Malayan Communist Party
1250:Malay Nationalist Party
1201:Malayan Democratic Union
1153:Unfederated Malay States
270:Leader of the Opposition
262:Leader of the Government
98:This article is part of
3013:Radical Party (RADICAL)
2918:National Party (Negara)
2872:Barisan Alternatif (BA)
2712:Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)
2562:Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA)
2521:Perikatan Nasional (PN)
2382:Perikatan Nasional (PN)
1757:Decline and dissolution
1342:Malayan Indian Congress
1334:Malay Nationalist Party
1197:Malayan Communist Party
1159:. It was expected that
779:Early Malay nationalism
580:Ideologies and concepts
2362:Love Sabah Party (PCS)
1969:Yeoh, Kim Wah (1973).
1840:Dupont, Jerry (2000).
1807:Hill, Micheel (1979).
1762:strikes by the PMFTU.
1559:which groups like the
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1149:Federated Malay States
754:Independence of Malaya
367:Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat
333:Shamsul Azri Abu Bakar
195:Parliament of Malaysia
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3067:Other defunct parties
2273:Barisan Nasional (BN)
1881:Hwang, InWon (2003).
1488:People's Constitution
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1114:Anglo-Malay Proposals
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151:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
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3291:Politics of Malaysia
2857:Kumpulan Maju (MAJU)
2837:Socialist Front (SF)
2240:Pakatan Harapan (PH)
2143:Thompson, V (1950).
2054:. 11 September 1947.
2033:11 June 2008 at the
1775:Federation of Malaya
1495:Pusat Tenaga Ra'ayat
1360:General Labour Union
1118:Federation of Malaya
1110:Federation Proposals
915:1952 local elections
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73:Politics of Malaysia
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2665:
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2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:Other parties
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:Other parties
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
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2336:
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2327:
2325:
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2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
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2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2113:
2101:
2093:
2091:983-40821-4-2
2087:
2083:
2076:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1980:0-8214-0486-5
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1932:0-415-24784-5
1928:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1900:981-230-185-2
1896:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1853:
1851:0-8377-3125-9
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1826:0-415-10052-6
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1752:
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1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1617:Menteri Besar
1614:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1546:
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1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1456:(PMCJA) with
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1292:Unaffiliated
1289:
1288:H. B. Talalla
1285:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:anti-colonial
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Malayan Union
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1135:Malayan Union
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
979:
976:
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972:
970:
967:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
943:
942:Barnes Report
940:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
909:
907:
906:Member System
904:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
880:
879:Malayan Forum
877:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
826:
825:Malayan Union
823:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
799:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
768:
767:
763:
759:
758:
755:
748:
747:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
717:
715:
714:
708:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:
677:
676:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
636:
629:
626:
624:
623:Islam Hadhari
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
568:
564:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
546:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
526:
519:
518:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
473:
472:
465:
462:
461:
457:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
438:
432:
425:
424:
416:
413:
410:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:Chief Justice
362:
361:
358:
357:
356:Federal Court
353:
352:
349:
342:
341:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
317:Civil service
314:
313:
309:
308:Anwar Ibrahim
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
283:
282:
274:
271:
268:
266:
265:Anwar Ibrahim
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
241:
239:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
216:
215:
214:
212:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
189:
183:
176:
175:
168:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
145:
139:
137:Head of State
132:
131:
125:
121:
120:
117:
108:
107:
104:
101:
95:
94:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
37:
35:
31:
22:
16:
3088:
3081:
2826:
2224:Dewan Rakyat
2220:Dewan Negara
2144:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2081:
2075:
2051:
2022:
2007:
1998:
1970:
1922:
1884:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1810:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1710:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1556:
1554:
1533:
1491:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1453:
1407:
1380:(SBCA), the
1369:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1331:
1305:Following a
1304:
1298:Khoo Teik Ee
1261:Liew Yit Fun
1240:Affiliation
1230:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1184:Malay rulers
1178:Significant
1177:
1173:Crown Colony
1138:
1113:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1087:
951:Razak Report
933:Baling Talks
833:
653:
645:
634:
633:
628:Asian values
607:Rukun Negara
605:
596:Conservatism
560:
531:
442:
406:
394:
374:
354:
315:
295:
257:Johari Abdul
244:
235:
217:
208:
193:
149:
96:
61:Headquarters
15:
2436:Independent
2147:. New York.
1744:Bagan Datoh
1561:Tan Kah Kee
1557:Pan-Malayan
1470:Edward Gent
1466:White Paper
1307:telegrammed
1255:Musa Ahmad
1120:Agreement.
1014:Article 160
996:Merdeka Day
897:Briggs Plan
750:Part of the
181:Legislature
112:Politics of
3316:Categories
2037:(in Malay)
1790:References
1764:Kuomintang
1129:Background
654:Bumiputera
524:Federalism
2153:cite book
2100:cite book
1780:emergency
1740:Senggaram
1394:John Eber
1328:Formation
1145:self-rule
618:Reformasi
591:Communism
586:Anarchism
430:Elections
384:President
347:Judiciary
288:Executive
227:President
83:Elections
64:Singapore
53:Dissolved
2031:Archived
1448:and the
1422:Selangor
1388:and the
1102:post-war
601:Feminism
322:agencies
115:Malaysia
100:a series
2226:and/or
1418:Malacca
1165:Malacca
1124:History
1112:or the
552:members
297:Cabinet
254:Speaker
45:Founded
2088:
1977:
1929:
1897:
1848:
1823:
1725:hartal
1534:Melayu
1444:, the
1440:, the
1436:, the
1432:, the
1428:, the
1414:Penang
1384:, the
1376:, the
1161:Penang
1141:Malaya
1098:Malaya
769:Events
407:Vacant
102:on the
34:Leader
2069:7171.
1542:Malay
1538:Malay
1426:Perak
1338:Malay
1237:Name
1180:Malay
1094:AMCJA
2159:link
2112:help
2086:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1742:and
1729:Ipoh
1567:led
1563:and
1424:and
1216:UMNO
1163:and
1151:and
1088:The
567:list
456:2022
56:1948
1891:400
1817:285
1205:MDU
506:GRS
501:GPS
3318::
2222:,
2155:}}
2151:{{
2104::
2102:}}
2098:{{
2060:^
2042:^
1989:^
1941:^
1909:^
1893:.
1871:^
1819:.
1797:^
1770:.
1753:.
1540::
1420:,
1416:,
1175:.
496:PN
491:PH
486:BN
454::
3093:)
3089:(
3086:)
3082:(
2507:*
2191:e
2184:t
2177:v
2161:)
2114:)
2094:.
2001:.
1983:.
1935:.
1903:.
1854:.
1829:.
1536:(
1214:(
1203:(
1092:(
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
735:e
728:t
721:v
569:)
565:(
554:)
550:(
324:)
320:(
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