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43:, from 1639 to around 1680. Ali succeeded his father Umar in 1639 and had a relatively long reign. During the early years of his reign, the empire was threatened with incursions from its neighbors, the
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in the south. He was able to hold both forces at bay and finally defeated them in 1668. After his victory, he consolidated his kingdom, controlling the vital
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routes, and rekindling
Islamic teaching in the empire. He is remembered for his piety, constructing four
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This biography of a member of an
African royal house is a
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The
Cambridge History of Africa: From c.1600 to c.1790
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H. J. Fisher. "The Sahara and the
Central Sudan" in
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