668:, an association of some 3,000 petty and great sheep holders in Castile, in reaction to less wool being exported from the traditional sites in England. This organization later became exceedingly powerful in the country (as wool became Castile's first major exportable commodity and reported a trade surplus, called "white gold", as the wool amount was critical to the health of the population during the winter), and eventually its privileges were to prove a deadly wound in the Castilian economy. One side effect of the quickly expanding sheep herds was the decimation to the Castilian farmland through which the sheep grazed.
2366:
42:
602:, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories. According to some scholars Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles although this is not a view taken by all. Others have argued that his efforts were too singularly focused on the diplomatic and financial arrangements surrounding his bid to become Holy Roman Emperor.
2687:
4312:
4336:
3022:
710:
4348:
2169:
1022:
4324:
2150:
583:
4300:
730:
with a white banner and a legion of knights fighting a war above the soldiers of Spain. This vision of a heavenly army fighting in Jerez and participation in military campaigns likely left
Alfonso X with a high degree of knowledge and respect for military operations and chivalric knights. Alfonso's
989:
Old
Testament mixed with myths and histories from the classical world, mostly Egypt, Greece, and Rome. This world history was left incomplete, however, and so it stops at the birth of Christ. The main significance of this work lies in the translations from Latin into Castilian. Much like his
930:'s theory of astronomy was "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler." Gingerich (1990) says that a form of this alleged quotation was mentioned (but rejected) as early as the 16th century by the historian
959:, completed in 1264. This chronicle sought to establish a general history and drew from older chronicles, folklore and Arabic sources. This work enjoyed renewed popularity starting in the sixteenth century, when there was a revival of interest in history;
629:. Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. A bitter civil war broke out resulting in Alfonso's being forced in 1282 to accept Sancho as his heir instead of his young grandsons; only the cities of
546:. The little trade of his dominions was ruined, and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him in 1272. Reconciliation was bought by Alfonso's son Ferdinand in 1273.
1105:
Violante was twelve or thirteen years old at the time of her marriage to
Alfonso; she produced no children for several years and it was feared that she was barren. Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled, but they went on to have eleven children:
656:, they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. A reaction in his favor was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at Seville in 1284, leaving a will, by which he endeavored to exclude Sancho, and a heritage of civil war.
737:(2,21) where he wrote that knights should be, "of good linage and distinguished by gentility, wisdom, understanding, loyalty, courage, moderation, justice, prowess, and the practical knowledge necessary to assess the quality of horse and arms (
805:. This evolved version of the Castilian language also acquired significant relevance in the royal chancery, where it came to replace Latin, which until then had been the language commonly used for royal diplomacy in Castile and León.
1133:, Infante of Castile (23 October 1255 – 25 July 1275). He married Blanche, the daughter of King Louis IX of France, by whom he had two children. Because he predeceased his father, his younger brother Sancho succeeded to the throne.
808:
The very first translation, commissioned by his brother, Fernando de la Cerda—who had extensive experience, both diplomatic and military, among the
Muslims of southern Iberia and north Africa—was a Castilian version of the
322:
on the Moon is named after him. He also sponsored the work of historians, who for the first time placed Spain in the context of world history. As a lawmaker he introduced the first vernacular law code in
Castile, the
1710:
573:
and be crowned in
Lombardy; he was however halted in his imperial ambitions in Provence by the Pope who, after a long negotiation, obtained Alfonso's oral renunciation of any claims to the Holy Roman Empire.
1039:) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work. It was completed in 1283. The Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection of writings on
405:. In 1240, he married Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, but the marriage was later annulled and their issue declared illegitimate. In the same period (1240–1250) he conquered several Muslim strongholds in
4180:
1148:
1136:
378:. Little is known about his upbringing, but he was most likely raised in Toledo. For the first nine years of his life Alfonso was only heir to Castile until his paternal grandfather king
1905:
Liuzzo Scorpo, Antonella (2011), "Religious
Frontiers and Overlapping Cultural Borders: The Power of Personal and Political Exchanges in the Works of Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284)",
777:, had begun to use it for some documents). This translation of Arabic and Classic documents into vernacular encouraged the development of Spanish sciences, literature, and philosophy.
743:, 21,1–10)." These efforts to make a codified standard of chivalric conduct were likely meant to both encourage strength of arms (prowess) and to restrain the use of violence for only
4270:
4150:
1206:
765:
and Latin translated into vernacular
Castilian in his court. Alfonso "turned to the vernacular for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside
720:
From a young age
Alfonso X showed an interest in military life and chivalry. In 1231 Alfonso traveled with Pérez de Castron on a military campaign in lower Andalusia. Writing in
3937:
4040:
3967:
1229:
4028:
926:
is named after him. One famous, but apocryphal, quote attributed to him upon his hearing an explanation of the extremely complicated mathematics required to demonstrate
829:
The primary intellectual work of these scholars centered on astronomy and astrology. The early period of
Alfonso's reign saw the translation of selected works of magic (
3985:
3961:
1577:
Wollesen, Jens T. "Sub specie ludi...: Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 53:3, 1990. pp. 277–308.
1221:
3913:
4168:
3955:
3943:
519:
misled him into complicated schemes that involved excessive expense but never succeeded. Alfonso never even traveled to Germany, and his alliance with the Italian
4022:
3931:
2140:
1237:
4100:
4016:
4408:
4126:
902:. He surrounded himself with mostly Jewish translators who rendered Arabic scientific texts into Castilian at Toledo. His fame extends to the preparation of the
2109:
1345:. Burns, Robert I., Alfonso X, King of Castile and Leon, 1221–1284., Scott, Samuel Parsons. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2001. pp. xix.
1316:
says "Some historians have been only too quick to label him, most unfairly, as a brilliant intellectual who was bungling and inefficient in practical affairs."
4076:
960:
1716:
990:
chronicles, the ability of Alfonso's court to compile writings from a variety of cultures and translate them into Castilian left a historic impact on Spain.
3973:
955:
785:
From the beginning of his reign, Alfonso employed Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars at his court, primarily for the purpose of translating books from
333:, an association of sheep farmers in the central plain, but debased the coinage to finance his claim to the German crown. He fought a successful war with
4264:
4276:
2100:
3875:
4106:
1878:
1120:
188:
3302:
2311:
801:). Their final output promoted Castilian as a learning language both in science and literature, and established the foundations of the new
621:, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of
793:
into Latin and Castilian, although he always insisted on personally supervising the translations. This group of scholars formed his royal
3148:
2892:
1160:
907:
204:
697:
remain fundamental law in the American Southwest, he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the House of Representatives chamber of the
2577:
1110:
184:
1674:, Cambridge, Mass.: Department of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University, pp. 30–45, reprint in Owen Gingerich,
444:
Alfonso succeeded his father as King of Castile and León in 1252. The following year he invaded Portugal, capturing the region of the
4428:
4388:
4378:
2124:
1670:
Gingerich, Owen (1990), "Alfonso the Tenth as a Patron of Astronomy", in Márquez-Villanueva, Francisco; Vega, Carlos Alberto (eds.),
606:
693:, which, however, thwarted by the nobility of Castile, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Because of this, and because the
1564:
information compiled in her dissertation consolidates the range of research concerning the initiation and completion dates of the
1898:
394:
4413:
875:, and then back into Castilian and Latin. Most of the texts first translated at this time survive in only one manuscript each.
591:
4398:
4393:
3868:
2002:
1979:
1812:
761:
King Alfonso X developed a court culture that encouraged cosmopolitan learning. Alfonso had many works previously written in
4433:
4228:
2046:
2017:
Weiler, Björn (2007), "Kings and Sons: Princely Rebellions and the Structures of Revolt in Western Europe, c.1170–c.1280",
507:, Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim through the
3901:
1194:
1124:
453:
402:
216:
2065:
1970:
3109:
2736:
2382:
1854:
934:, and that Soriano Viguera (1926) states that "nothing of the sort can be found in Alfonso's writings." Nevertheless,
851:
survives in its entirety) containing what was believed to be secret knowledge on the magical properties of stones and
3665:
3645:
3625:
3295:
2106:
1794:
1596:
1350:
1175:
1154:
773:
instead of Latin as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents (although his father,
679:
As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide the kingdoms expanded under his father with a
212:
200:
3086:
2713:
2350:
1672:
Alfonso X of Castile: The Learned King (1221–1284): An International Symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984
4423:
3861:
3670:
3660:
3630:
3517:
2304:
1712:
Los Libros de Acedrex Dados E Tablas: Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's Book of Games
731:
respect for chivalry can also be seen in his writing of Spanish law. Spanish Chivalric conduct was codified in the
367:
17:
3081:
2708:
2345:
1955:
Remensnyder, Amy G. (2011), "The Virgin and the King: Alfonso X's Cantigas de Santa Maria", in Jason Glenn (ed.),
1213:
220:
4438:
3690:
3640:
3482:
2885:
2120:
1187:
1117:, but her fiancé died prematurely in 1260. She entered the convent in Las Huelgas, where she was living in 1284.
4418:
3748:
3710:
3705:
3685:
3586:
2570:
999:, a typical granary from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The oldest document containing an image of an
4216:
599:
4443:
4156:
3837:
3763:
3700:
3695:
3675:
3650:
3635:
3615:
3571:
3448:
3443:
3269:
2859:
2506:
2267:
2039:
Alfonso X of Castile-León : royal patronage, self -promotion and manuscripts in thirteenth-century Spain
985:. This work was an attempt at a world history that drew from many sources and included translations from the
542:
To obtain money, Alfonso debased the coinage and then endeavored to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary
3925:
3091:
2718:
2355:
1245:
3680:
3655:
3576:
3502:
3453:
3438:
3433:
3288:
3173:
2251:
2134:
1778:
Contribución al conocimiento de los trabajos astronómicos desarrollados en la Escuela de Alfonso X el Sabio
1183:
798:
398:
288:
3990:
4383:
3512:
3477:
3428:
2297:
968:
671:
The original function of the Mesta was to separate the fields from the sheep-ways linking grazing areas.
386:. He began his career as a soldier, under the command of his father, when he was only sixteen years old.
4186:
931:
452:
had to surrender, but he gained an agreement by which, after he consented to marry Alfonso X's daughter
4290:
3804:
3720:
3603:
2878:
2320:
2227:
2130:
1643:
Burns, Robert I. (1990), "Stupor Mundi: Alfonso X of Castile, the Learned", in Burns, Robert I. (ed.),
1374:
196:
4222:
3949:
3592:
3124:
2751:
4252:
4046:
4034:
3832:
3813:
3794:
3561:
2901:
2563:
1892:
1059:
Alfonso X commissioned or co-authored numerous works of music during his reign. These works included
558:
3919:
610:
3772:
3598:
3133:
2991:
2760:
2586:
2407:
2231:
2220:
2183:
938:(U.S. Secretary of State, 1949–1953) used it as the basis for the title and epigraph of his memoir
847:(Yhuda Mosca, in the Old Spanish source texts). These were all highly ornate manuscripts (only the
774:
461:
359:
242:
232:
80:
62:
4240:
1094:
595:
4234:
3884:
3393:
3311:
3181:
3153:
2981:
2775:
2641:
2606:
2422:
2392:
2258:
2081:
1065:
1005:
756:
727:
488:
4210:
4204:
3998:
3114:
3076:
2741:
964:
4448:
3753:
3522:
3242:
3038:
2832:
2651:
2616:
2479:
1198:
449:
41:
4052:
3853:
3205:
3058:
2795:
2703:
2676:
2442:
2340:
1556::31). Although Musser Golladay is not the first to assert that 1283 is the finish date of the
4058:
3539:
3487:
3459:
3238:
3158:
3030:
2828:
2780:
2621:
2611:
2598:
2475:
2427:
2402:
2387:
2365:
1130:
698:
550:
524:
508:
504:
457:
390:
192:
3979:
3119:
3048:
2746:
2666:
2661:
2631:
1233:
855:. In addition to these books of astral magic, Alfonso ordered the translation of well-known
379:
295:
on 1 April. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the
4373:
4368:
3785:
3739:
3620:
3527:
3497:
3223:
3143:
2913:
2813:
2770:
2460:
2417:
2281:
2271:
2241:
1645:
Emperor of Culture: Alfonso X the Learned of Castile and His Thirteenth-Century Renaissance
1142:
770:
618:
468:
342:
341:. The end of his reign was marred by a civil war with his eldest surviving son, the future
90:
3895:
3053:
2671:
2636:
722:
8:
4403:
4352:
4082:
3566:
3556:
3544:
3382:
3353:
3338:
3324:
3251:
3233:
3213:
2996:
2841:
2823:
2803:
2526:
2516:
2488:
2470:
2450:
1762:. Vol. II The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance. Cambridge at the University Press.
1090:
1070:
1035:
823:
687:
was undoubtedly his work. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of law, the
532:
480:
363:
334:
252:
48:
4144:
4138:
4070:
3043:
2656:
2646:
883:
As an intellectual he gained considerable scientific fame based on his encouragement of
826:: stories and sayings meant to instruct the monarch in proper and effective governance.
586:
Portrait of Alfonso X from the codex Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (Dated between 1229 and 1255)
4340:
3581:
3472:
3409:
3373:
3228:
3191:
2905:
2818:
2521:
2511:
2465:
2397:
2324:
2099:, Códice rico, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, MS T-I-1,
2010:
1990:
1922:
1883:
1368:
1169:
1114:
923:
911:
622:
614:
570:
492:
476:
472:
433:
397:, but the move was unsuccessful. At the same time, he had a romantic relationship with
338:
319:
296:
284:
208:
110:
3068:
2695:
2626:
2590:
2332:
1965:
1085:. They consist of 420 poems with musical notation. The poems are for the most part on
590:
Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of
383:
280:
4174:
3414:
3343:
3261:
3247:
3218:
2851:
2837:
2808:
2544:
2498:
2484:
2455:
2061:
2042:
2030:
1998:
1975:
1926:
1808:
1790:
1602:
1592:
1356:
1346:
819:
653:
626:
528:
429:
425:
171:
151:
138:
4192:
4132:
797:, continuing the tradition of the twelfth-century Escuela de Traductores de Toledo (
4304:
3609:
3507:
3387:
3333:
3163:
2785:
2536:
2432:
2154:
2026:
1914:
1591:. Cash, Annette Grant, 1943–. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 31.
903:
892:
867:. The first of these was, ironically, translated from Latin (it was used among the
844:
802:
665:
484:
371:
358:
Born 23 November 1221 in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso was the eldest son of
315:
300:
268:
4246:
4064:
3128:
2755:
4316:
4116:
3466:
3358:
3348:
2113:
1918:
1870:
The Wise King: A Christian Prince, Muslim Spain, and the Birth of the Renaissance
1839:
1511:
981:
872:
814:
790:
786:
762:
713:
646:
292:
276:
58:
4112:
645:
when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with
4162:
3907:
3492:
3423:
3399:
2686:
2191:
766:
689:
554:
516:
375:
325:
4088:
393:, Ferdinand tried to arrange a marriage for Alfonso with Theobald's daughter,
4362:
4094:
4010:
3823:
3197:
1606:
1360:
1048:
1044:
919:
106:
4335:
4328:
4198:
3368:
3319:
935:
810:
680:
4311:
1220:, he held the title of "Señor de Molina y Mesa" through his marriage with
1113:(1253 – after 1284). She was betrothed to Louis, the son and heir of King
3533:
2058:
Dead Voice : Law, Philosophy, and Fiction in the Iberian Middle Ages
1082:
794:
512:
3021:
2086:
4258:
3842:
2976:
2966:
971:. Sepúlveda wrote a number of romances having Alfonso X as their hero.
915:
709:
520:
406:
3280:
2870:
2289:
2144:
3101:
2961:
2951:
2728:
2374:
1957:
The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources
1078:
950:
895:
888:
884:
868:
460:. In 1263 he returned Algarve to the King of Portugal and signed the
995:
769:." He is credited with encouraging the extensive written use of the
370:, to whom Alfonso is often compared. His maternal grandparents were
4120:
3729:
2971:
2921:
2555:
2163:
2159:
2091:
1009:(song CLXXXVII) from XII A.C. In this depiction, three rectangular
922:
understanding in astronomy. Because of this work, the lunar crater
835:
744:
566:
562:
414:
557:. In 1275 Alfonso tried to meet with his imperial vicar in Italy,
4347:
3011:
2986:
2941:
2931:
2926:
1086:
1021:
986:
927:
650:
638:
630:
445:
227:
126:
617:
invasion armies, leaving two infant sons. Alfonso's second son,
3883:
3006:
3001:
2956:
2946:
2936:
1974:. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 122.
1647:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 1–13
856:
852:
634:
543:
536:
410:
1663:
Alfonso X e l'Italia: rapporti politici e linguaggi del potere
1172:(1265–1296). She married Diego López V de Haro, Lord of Biscay
549:
In the end, after Richard's death, the German princes elected
487:, to which Castile had been a pretender since the marriage of
1751:
Alfonso X and the Cantigas De Santa Maria: A Poetic Biography
1040:
642:
641:
remained faithful to him. Son and nobles alike supported the
582:
418:
330:
1901:) Cf. especially section on "The Alfonso X 'Book of Games'".
1283:
1093:. One of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in
1295:
1271:
899:
483:: with this act Alfonso renounced forever all claim to the
1715:, Tucson: PhD diss., University of Arizona, archived from
1343:
The medieval church : the world of clerics and laymen
561:(who had succeeded Ezzelino) and his Ghibelline allies in
1627:
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
306:
Alfonso's scientific interests—he is sometimes nicknamed
1959:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 285–298
1863:] (in Spanish), Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia
1848:] (in Spanish), Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia
1823:
Framing Iberia: Maqamat and Frametales in Medieval Spain
467:
In 1254 Alfonso X signed a treaty of alliance with King
456:, the land would be returned to their heirs. In 1261 he
1856:
Opúsculos Legales del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio: Tomo II
1769:
Alfonso X of Castile: Patron of Literature and Learning
1182:
Alfonso X also had several illegitimate children. With
1073:
and figures among the most important of his works. The
382:
died and his father united the kingdoms of Castile and
2082:
Lewis E 245 Fuero real (Royal municipal code) at OPenn
1861:
Legal Booklets of King Don Alfonso the Wise: Volume II
1841:
Opúsculos Legales del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio: Tomo I
1248:
in 1264, but died young leaving behind no descendants.
4288:
1846:
Legal Booklets of King Don Alfonso the Wise: Volume I
993:
Alfonso X is credited with the first depiction of an
287:
from 1 June 1252 until his death in 1284. During the
1744:, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
979:
Alfonso's court compiled in Castilian a work titled
1742:
The Learned King: The Reign of Alfonso X of Castile
1633:
1069:("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which was written in
2060:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1589:Daily life depicted in the Cantigas de Santa Maria
1232:, his aunt, the illegitimate daughter of the King
1077:form one of the largest collections of vernacular
914:maintained that these tables formed the basis for
4360:
1802:
1775:
1748:
1739:
1708:
1678:(New York: American Institute of Physics, 1993)
1553:
1485:
1463:. Hull: Centre for Systems Studies. p. 27.
1423:
1399:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1289:
865:Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas
4409:13th-century people from the Holy Roman Empire
1784:
1704:, Translated by Odille Cisneros, Leiden: Brill
1691:Márquez, Francisco (1995), "Vita: Alfonso X",
1676:The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler
1277:
1205:With Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, daughter of
1151:(1258 – 22 August 1280), a nun at Las Huelgas.
3869:
3296:
2886:
2571:
2305:
1904:
1785:Thacker, Shelby; Escobar, Jose, eds. (2002),
1757:
1506:
1504:
1301:
738:
732:
535:, went to Germany and was crowned in 1257 at
1995:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1654:Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews
1319:
569:to celebrate the victory against the Guelph
3885:Authors honoured on Galician Literature Day
1954:
1244:Berenguela Alfonso of Castile, who married
967:used it as the chief source of his popular
949:Alfonso also commissioned a compilation of
843:) all translated by a Jewish scholar named
3876:
3862:
3303:
3289:
2893:
2879:
2578:
2564:
2312:
2298:
1527:
1525:
1501:
1190:and of María González Girón, he fathered:
553:(1273), Alfonso being declared deposed by
475:. In the same year Alfonso's half-sister,
40:
27:King of Castile and León from 1252 to 1284
2125:International Music Score Library Project
2041:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
1867:
1852:
1837:
1669:
1473:
1452:
1036:"Libro de los Juegos" (The Book of Games)
471:, supporting him in the war against King
314:)—led him to sponsor the creation of the
1993:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
1945:
1805:Alfonso X: La forja de la España moderna
1730:
1699:
1682:
1660:
1458:
1387:
1330:
1020:
708:
581:
366:. His mother was the paternal cousin of
3310:
2900:
2319:
2055:
2036:
1932:
1766:
1758:Previté-Orton, Charles William (1952).
1690:
1685:A King for the Stars (planetarium show)
1651:
1624:
1531:
1522:
1496:
1446:
1411:
1313:
1266:The Book of Chess, Dice and Board Games
683:and a consistent judicial system. The
674:
527:deprived him of the initial support of
275:; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was
14:
4361:
2151:Works by or about Alfonso X of Castile
2016:
1997:. New York: Springer. pp. 29–31.
1963:
1876:
1760:The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
1733:The Transformation of Europe 1300–1600
1586:
1512:"Alfonso X – king of Castile and Leon"
859:astrological compendia, including the
818:, a book that belongs to the genre of
436:, although betrothed already in 1246.
291:, a dissident faction chose him to be
3857:
3284:
2874:
2559:
2293:
1988:
1820:
1642:
1634:Ballesteros-Beretta, Antonio (1963),
1542:
1434:
1163:(March or April 1262 – 25 June 1319).
2585:
1877:Gordon, Stewart (July–August 2009).
1789:, The University Press of Kentucky,
704:
498:
368:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
2131:Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile
2121:Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile
1948:Alfonso X, the Learned: A Biography
1891:(4). Houston: 18–23. Archived from
1702:Alfonso X, The Learned: a Biography
1125:William VII, Marquess of Montferrat
974:
841:Libro de las formas et las ymagenes
345:, which continued after his death.
24:
1971:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1941:] (in Spanish), Madrid: MAPFRE
1831:
1807:, Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy,
659:
189:Beatrice, Marchioness of Monferrat
25:
4460:
3902:Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao
2117:– Images of manuscript from 1276.
2075:
1665:, Alessandria: Edizioni dell'Orso
1461:Bogdanov's Tektology: Book !
1031:Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas
1013:of Gothic style are illustrated.
337:, but a less successful one with
4429:Spanish male classical composers
4389:People associated with astronomy
4379:13th-century Kings of the Romans
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
3020:
2685:
2364:
2167:
2031:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2007.00450.x
1964:Thomas, Phillip Drennon (1970).
1161:John, Lord of Valencia de Campos
750:
726:, Alfonso describes having seen
205:John, Lord of Valencia de Campos
2145:Cancioneros Musicales Españoles
1803:Valdeón Baruque, Julio (2003),
1749:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1998).
1709:Musser Golladay, Sonja (2007),
1580:
1571:
1547:
1536:
1490:
1479:
1467:
1440:
1428:
1417:
1405:
780:
185:Berengaria, Lady of Guadalajara
160:
46:Portrait of Alfonso X from the
2107:Libros del Saber de Astronomía
1946:Martínez, H. Salvador (2010),
1776:Soriano Viguera, José (1926),
1700:Martinez, H. Salvador (2010),
1393:
1381:
1335:
1307:
1259:
1061:Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer
409:alongside his father, such as
364:Elizabeth (Beatrice) of Swabia
13:
1:
4414:13th-century writers in Latin
4271:Francisco Fernández del Riego
2160:Works by Alfonso X of Castile
1683:Hamilton, Thomas Wm. (1975),
1252:
1214:Alfonso Fernández de Castilla
1178:(August 1266 – 9 August 1284)
1157:(June 1260 – 10 October 1283)
944:
353:
4399:13th-century Spanish writers
4394:Burials at Seville Cathedral
3174:Portuguese House of Burgundy
2141:Alfonso X de Castilla y León
2135:Choral Public Domain Library
1935:El concepto cultural alfonsí
1919:10.1080/09503110.2011.623910
1868:Doubleday, Simon R. (2015),
1459:Bogdanov, Alexander (1996).
1207:Rodrigo Fernández de Villada
963:published a new edition and
898:as known to him through the
878:
799:Toledo School of Translators
745:just (state-sponsored) usage
577:
511:line. Alfonso's election as
389:After the accession of King
7:
4434:Spanish classical composers
4181:Xosé María Álvarez Blázquez
2166:(public domain audiobooks)
1933:Márquez, Francisco (1994),
1767:Procter, Evelyn S. (1951),
1216:(1242–1281), also known as
906:, based on calculations of
728:St. James on a white horse
600:Esteban Fernández de Castro
401:, who bore him a daughter,
217:Beatrice, Queen of Portugal
177:
10:
4465:
4151:Antón Avilés de Taramancos
3926:Florentino López Cuevillas
3805:North German Confederation
3721:Confederation of the Rhine
2092:Alphonso X – Book of Games
2056:Velasco, Jesús R. (2020).
1656:, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
1617:
1278:Thacker & Escobar 2002
1081:songs to survive from the
754:
299:in 1254, his claim on the
197:Sancho IV, King of Castile
72:1 June 1252 – 4 April 1284
4047:Francisca Herrera Garrido
4041:Aquilino Iglesia Alvariño
4029:Armando Cotarelo Valledor
3968:Xoán Manuel Pintos Villar
3891:
3822:
3803:
3784:
3762:
3738:
3719:
3408:
3367:
3318:
3260:
3204:
3190:
3172:
3100:
3067:
3029:
3018:
2912:
2850:
2794:
2727:
2694:
2683:
2597:
2535:
2497:
2441:
2373:
2362:
2331:
2278:
2263:1 April 1257–1275
2256:
2248:
2238:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2177:
2037:Kennedy, Kirstin (2019).
1939:Alphonso cultural concept
1780:, Madrid: Alberto Fontana
1771:, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1123:(1254–1280). She married
1100:
1063:and the vast compilation
613:against the Moroccan and
559:William VII of Montferrat
503:In 1256, at the death of
424:In 1249, Alfonso married
248:
238:
226:
170:
145:
133:
116:
100:
96:
86:
76:
68:
57:
39:
34:
3938:Marcial Valladares Núñez
3773:Archduke John of Austria
2184:Castilian House of Ivrea
1821:Wacks, David A. (2007),
1740:O'Callaghan, F. (1993),
1731:Nicholas, David (1999),
1629:, New York: W. W. Norton
1587:Keller, John E. (2015).
1222:Blanca Alfonso de Molina
1054:
1016:
940:Present at the Creation.
664:In 1273, he created the
462:Treaty of Badajoz (1267)
439:
243:Ferdinand III of Castile
233:Castilian House of Ivrea
4424:Medieval male composers
4253:Ricardo Carballo Calero
4223:Xosé Filgueira Valverde
3962:Xoán V. Viqueira Cortón
3950:Valentín Lamas Carvajal
3182:Ferdinand I of Portugal
2112:14 January 2009 at the
2097:Cantigas de Santa María
2087:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1872:, New York: Basic Books
1661:Demontis, Luca (2012),
1652:Carroll, James (2002),
1516:Encyclopedia Britannica
1188:Guillén Pérez de Guzmán
1184:Mayor Guillén de Guzmán
1075:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1066:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1006:Cantigas de Santa Maria
757:Literature of Alfonso X
716:of Alfonso X of Castile
489:Alfonso VIII of Castile
428:, the daughter of King
399:Mayor Guillén de Guzmán
380:Alfonso IX of León
348:
209:Violant, Lady of Biscay
4439:13th-century composers
4217:Xosé María Díaz Castro
4023:Manuel Leiras Pulpeiro
3986:Antonio López Ferreiro
3932:Antonio Noriega Varela
3920:Manuel Curros Enríquez
1787:Chronicle of Alfonso X
1625:Acheson, Dean (1969),
1486:Soriano Viguera (1926)
1424:Valdeón Baruque (2003)
1373:: CS1 maint: others (
1238:Teresa Gil de Soverosa
1199:Afonso III of Portugal
1176:James, Lord of Cameros
1155:Peter, Lord of Ledesma
1026:
908:al-Zarqali, "Arzachel"
739:
733:
717:
609:, died in 1275 at the
605:Alfonso's eldest son,
587:
479:, married Henry's son
450:Afonso III of Portugal
272:
213:James, Lord of Cameros
201:Peter, Lord of Ledesma
4419:13th century in chess
4241:María Victoria Moreno
4145:Frei Martín Sarmiento
4127:Roberto Blanco Torres
4059:Celso Emilio Ferreiro
3031:Astur-Leonese dynasty
2179:Alfonso X of Castile
1989:Samsó, Julio (2007).
1554:Musser Golladay (2007
1246:Pedro Núñez de Guzmán
1230:María Alfonso de León
1166:Isabella, died young.
1131:Ferdinand de la Cerda
1095:Puerto de Santa María
1029:Alfonso also had the
1024:
712:
699:United States Capitol
592:Nuño González de Lara
585:
551:Rudolph I of Habsburg
525:Ezzelino IV da Romano
505:William II of Holland
391:Theobald I of Navarre
193:Ferdinand de la Cerda
4444:Alfonso X of Castile
4211:Roberto Vidal Bolaño
4205:Valentín Paz-Andrade
4169:Manuel Lugrís Freire
4035:Antón Losada Diéguez
4005:Alfonso X of Castile
3999:Manuel Antonio Pérez
3956:Manuel Lago González
3944:Gonzalo López Abente
3786:German Confederation
3740:German Confederation
2189:Cadet branch of the
1145:(13 May 1258 – 1295)
1143:Sancho IV of Castile
965:Lorenzo de Sepúlveda
918:'s development of a
891:at the time and the
675:Legislative activity
469:Henry III of England
139:Cathedral of Seville
129:, Kingdom of Castile
4187:Ramón Piñeiro López
4101:Xesús Ferro Couselo
4083:Eduardo Blanco Amor
4053:Ramón Otero Pedrayo
4017:Luís Amado Carballo
3325:Carolingian dynasty
3312:Monarchs of Germany
3206:House of Trastámara
2796:House of Trastámara
2599:Astur-Leonese house
2443:House of Trastámara
2019:Historical Research
1879:"The Game of Kings"
1638:, Barcelona: Salvat
1071:Galician-Portuguese
861:Libro de las cruzes
824:Mirrors for Princes
596:Diego López de Haro
533:Richard of Cornwall
454:Beatrice of Castile
253:Elisabeth of Swabia
49:Libro de los juegos
4384:Castilian infantes
3980:Antón Villar Ponte
3914:Francisco Añón Paz
3410:Kingdom of Germany
3374:Kingdom of Germany
3192:House of Lancaster
2101:link to manuscript
1966:"Alfonso el Sabio"
1884:Saudi Aramco World
1853:Alfonso X (1836),
1838:Alfonso X (1836),
1636:Alfonso X el Sabio
1302:Previté-Orton 1952
1234:Alfonso IX of León
1115:Louis IX of France
1089:attributed to the
1027:
932:Jerónimo de Zurita
912:Alexander Bogdanov
771:Castilian language
718:
623:proximity of blood
588:
571:Charles I of Anjou
493:Eleanor of England
473:Louis IX of France
434:Yolande of Hungary
360:Ferdinand III
297:Kingdom of England
111:Kingdom of Castile
4286:
4285:
4265:Florencio Delgado
4077:Fermín Bouza-Brey
3896:Rosalía de Castro
3851:
3850:
3777:
3776:(Imperial Regent)
3415:Holy Roman Empire
3344:Louis the Younger
3278:
3277:
3262:House of Habsburg
3102:House of Burgundy
2868:
2867:
2852:House of Habsburg
2729:House of Burgundy
2553:
2552:
2499:House of Habsburg
2375:House of Burgundy
2288:
2287:
2279:Succeeded by
2239:Succeeded by
2004:978-0-387-31022-0
1981:978-0-684-10114-9
1814:978-84-8460-277-4
1400:O'Callaghan (1993
1025:Chess problem #35
961:Florián de Ocampo
887:, which included
820:wisdom literature
723:Estoria de España
705:Military training
654:sultan of Morocco
627:agnatic seniority
529:Pope Alexander IV
499:Imperial election
430:James I of Aragon
329:. He created the
258:
257:
221:Alfonso Fernández
152:Violant of Aragon
16:(Redirected from
4456:
4351:
4350:
4339:
4338:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4139:Eladio Rodríguez
4071:Álvaro Cunqueiro
3994:
3974:Ramón Cabanillas
3878:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3775:
3334:Louis the German
3305:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3069:House of Jiménez
3024:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2696:House of Jiménez
2689:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2537:House of Bourbon
2368:
2333:House of Jiménez
2314:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2249:Preceded by
2218:Preceded by
2208:
2201:
2200:23 November 1221
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2155:Internet Archive
2071:
2052:
2048:978-946-2988-972
2033:
2008:
1985:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1929:
1896:
1895:on 20 July 2009.
1873:
1864:
1849:
1826:
1817:
1799:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1735:, London: Arnold
1727:
1726:
1724:
1705:
1696:
1693:Harvard Magazine
1687:
1679:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1611:
1610:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1290:O'Callaghan 1998
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1043:, with over 100
975:Historical works
904:Alfonsine tables
845:Yehuda ben Moshe
803:Spanish language
742:
736:
485:Duchy of Gascony
372:Philip of Swabia
320:Alphonsus crater
316:Alfonsine tables
301:Duchy of Gascony
289:election of 1257
181:
164:
162:
123:
104:23 November 1221
44:
32:
31:
21:
18:Alfonso el Sabio
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4117:Johan de Cangas
3988:
3887:
3882:
3852:
3847:
3818:
3799:
3780:
3758:
3734:
3715:
3582:Frederick (III)
3413:
3404:
3372:
3363:
3359:Louis the Child
3349:Charles the Fat
3323:
3314:
3309:
3279:
3274:
3256:
3200:
3186:
3168:
3096:
3063:
3025:
3016:
2908:
2899:
2869:
2864:
2846:
2790:
2723:
2690:
2681:
2627:Alfonso Fróilaz
2593:
2584:
2554:
2549:
2531:
2493:
2437:
2369:
2360:
2327:
2318:
2284:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2259:King of Germany
2254:
2244:
2235:
2228:King of Castile
2223:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2168:
2114:Wayback Machine
2078:
2068:
2049:
2005:
1982:
1950:, Leiden: Brill
1834:
1832:Further reading
1829:
1825:, Leiden: Brill
1815:
1797:
1722:
1720:
1719:on 17 July 2011
1695:, Jan.-Feb.: 54
1620:
1615:
1614:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1566:Libro de Juegos
1558:Libro de Juegos
1552:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1474:Gingerich (1990
1472:
1468:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:Nicholas (1999)
1329:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1209:, he fathered:
1197:, married King
1103:
1057:
1019:
982:General Estoria
977:
956:Crónica general
947:
881:
815:Kalila wa-Dimna
783:
759:
753:
714:Equestrian seal
707:
677:
662:
660:Economic policy
647:Abu Yusuf Yakub
611:Battle of Écija
580:
517:prince-electors
501:
442:
356:
351:
293:king of Germany
277:King of Castile
263:(also known as
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:among others...
175:
174:
166:
163: 1249)
158:
154:
141:
125:
121:
105:
59:King of Castile
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4277:Luísa Villalta
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4235:Carlos Casares
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4193:Uxío Novoneyra
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4163:Lorenzo Varela
4160:
4157:Xaquín Lorenzo
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4133:Manuel Murguía
4130:
4124:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3908:Eduardo Pondal
3905:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3795:Franz Joseph I
3791:
3789:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3769:
3767:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Lothair II/III
3480:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3231:
3226:
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2329:
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2317:
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2309:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2275:as contenders
2255:
2250:
2246:
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2240:
2237:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:Regnal titles
2210:
2209:
2192:House of Ivrea
2188:
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2172:
2157:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2076:External links
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:978-0812251869
2066:
2053:
2047:
2034:
2025:(215): 17–40,
2014:
2003:
1986:
1980:
1961:
1952:
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1913:(3): 217–236,
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1532:Procter (1951)
1521:
1500:
1497:Acheson (1969)
1489:
1478:
1476::40 and 44n36)
1466:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1388:Martinez (2010
1380:
1351:
1334:
1318:
1314:Márquez (1995)
1306:
1304:, p. 902.
1294:
1282:
1270:
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1225:
1203:
1202:
1186:, daughter of
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1128:
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1049:chess variants
1045:chess problems
1018:
1015:
976:
973:
946:
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880:
877:
782:
779:
755:Main article:
752:
749:
740:Siete Partidas
734:Siete Partidas
706:
703:
690:Siete Partidas
676:
673:
661:
658:
579:
576:
555:Pope Gregory X
500:
497:
458:captured Jerez
441:
438:
376:Irene Angelina
355:
352:
350:
347:
343:Sancho IV
326:Siete Partidas
308:the Astrologer
256:
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124:(aged 62)
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2:
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4449:City founders
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4095:Rafael Dieste
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
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4075:
4072:
4069:
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4065:Luís Pimentel
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4011:Vicente Risco
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3838:Frederick III
3836:
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3824:German Empire
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3649:
3647:
3646:Maximilian II
3644:
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3198:John of Gaunt
3195:
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3134:Ferdinand III
3132:
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2761:Ferdinand III
2759:
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2408:Ferdinand III
2406:
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2253:
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2234:
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2229:
2222:
2221:Ferdinand III
2216:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2176:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
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2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
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1900:
1894:
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1847:
1843:
1842:
1836:
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1824:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1796:0-8131-2218-X
1792:
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1779:
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1598:9780813159096
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1507:
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1498:
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1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1447:Carroll (2002
1443:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1412:Márquez (1995
1408:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1362:
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1354:
1352:9780812217384
1348:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1292:, p. 46.
1291:
1286:
1280:, p. 20.
1279:
1274:
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1247:
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1052:
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1046:
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1038:
1037:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:is Alfonso's
1002:
998:
997:
991:
988:
984:
983:
972:
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962:
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952:
942:
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905:
901:
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894:
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886:
876:
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870:
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858:
854:
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838:
837:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:
812:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
778:
776:
775:Ferdinand III
772:
768:
764:
758:
751:Court culture
748:
746:
741:
735:
729:
725:
724:
715:
711:
702:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
672:
669:
667:
657:
655:
652:
649:, the ruling
648:
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628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
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593:
584:
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568:
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560:
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552:
547:
545:
540:
538:
534:
531:. His rival,
530:
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522:
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510:
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496:
494:
490:
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478:
474:
470:
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19:
4353:Christianity
4229:Manuel María
4199:Lois Pereiro
4175:María Mariño
4113:Martín Codax
4004:
3671:Ferdinand IV
3661:Ferdinand II
3631:Maximilian I
3608:
3591:
3550:
3549:
3534:Henry (VIII)
3532:
3518:Frederick II
3473:Conrad (III)
3465:
3458:
3392:
3369:East Francia
3320:East Francia
3154:Ferdinand IV
3138:
3115:Ferdinand II
2776:Ferdinand IV
2765:
2742:Ferdinand II
2423:Ferdinand IV
2412:
2393:Alfonso VIII
2266:
2257:
2226:
2207:4 April 1284
2204:
2197:
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2137:(ChoralWiki)
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1893:the original
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882:
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811:animal fable
807:
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678:
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541:
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122:(1284-04-04)
120:4 April 1284
47:
29:
4374:1284 deaths
4369:1221 births
4341:Middle Ages
4089:Luís Seoane
3989: [
3826:(1871–1918)
3807:(1867–1871)
3788:(1850–1866)
3766:(1848/1849)
3754:Ferdinand I
3742:(1815–1848)
3723:(1806–1813)
3691:Charles VII
3641:Ferdinand I
3523:Henry (VII)
3498:Frederick I
3243:Ferdinand V
3149:Prince John
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3059:Bermudo III
2833:Ferdinand V
2737:Alfonso VII
2704:Ferdinand I
2677:Bermudo III
2607:Alfonso III
2480:Ferdinand V
2383:Alfonso VII
2341:Ferdinand I
2011:PDF version
1991:"Alfonso X"
1899:PDF version
1435:Wacks (2007
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1083:Middle Ages
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513:German king
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3730:Napoleon I
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3706:Leopold II
3686:Charles VI
3599:Wenceslaus
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3488:Conrad III
3417:(962–1806)
3412:within the
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3239:Isabella I
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3120:Alfonso IX
3087:Alfonso VI
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2967:Hermeneric
2829:Isabella I
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2747:Alfonso IX
2714:Alfonso VI
2667:Bermudo II
2662:Ramiro III
2642:Ordoño III
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2527:Charles II
2517:Philip III
2476:Isabella I
2428:Alfonso XI
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2351:Alfonso VI
2236:1252–1284
1723:10 October
1253:References
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1079:monophonic
951:chronicles
945:Chronicles
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685:Fuero Real
521:Ghibelline
407:Al-Andalus
354:Early life
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4305:Biography
3833:William I
3814:William I
3749:Francis I
3701:Joseph II
3696:Francis I
3676:Leopold I
3651:Rudolf II
3636:Charles V
3621:Albert II
3616:Sigismund
3572:Henry VII
3528:Conrad IV
3449:Henry III
3444:Conrad II
3376:(919–962)
3371:(911–919)
3327:(843–911)
3270:Charles I
3224:Henry III
3144:Sancho IV
3139:Alfonso X
3082:Sancho II
3077:García II
3054:Alfonso V
3039:Ordoño II
2992:Theodemar
2962:Remismund
2952:Richimund
2860:Charles I
2814:Henry III
2771:Sancho IV
2766:Alfonso X
2709:Sancho II
2672:Alfonso V
2652:Ordoño IV
2637:Ramiro II
2622:Fruela II
2617:Ordoño II
2522:Philip IV
2512:Philip II
2507:Charles I
2461:Henry III
2418:Sancho IV
2413:Alfonso X
2346:Sancho II
2282:Rudolph I
2242:Sancho IV
1927:145264164
1607:900344519
1449::327–328)
1369:cite book
1361:847550277
1149:Constance
924:Alphonsus
896:cosmology
893:Ptolemaic
889:astrology
885:astronomy
879:Astronomy
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853:talismans
849:Lapidario
831:Lapidario
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303:as well.
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91:Sancho IV
87:Successor
35:Alfonso X
4317:Monarchy
4121:Mendinho
3681:Joseph I
3656:Matthias
3577:Louis IV
3567:Albert I
3557:Rudolf I
3503:Henry VI
3454:Henry IV
3439:Henry II
3434:Otto III
3383:Conrad I
3339:Carloman
3252:Philip I
3234:Henry IV
3214:Henry II
3044:Sancho I
2982:Chararic
2972:Veremund
2922:Hermeric
2902:Monarchs
2842:Philip I
2824:Henry IV
2804:Henry II
2657:Sancho I
2647:Sancho I
2612:García I
2587:Monarchs
2545:Philip V
2489:Philip I
2471:Henry IV
2451:Henry II
2321:Monarchs
2164:LibriVox
2110:Archived
1907:Al-Masaq
1753:. Brill.
1437::86–128)
1240:he had:
1195:Beatrice
1121:Beatrice
1087:miracles
969:romances
871:), into
836:Picatrix
822:labeled
695:Partidas
615:Granadan
567:Lombardy
563:Piedmont
415:Alicante
403:Beatrice
335:Portugal
273:el Sabio
265:the Wise
4291:Portals
3593:Günther
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3545:Richard
3540:William
3513:Otto IV
3478:Henry V
3467:Hermann
3429:Otto II
3388:Henry I
3229:John II
3012:Malaric
2987:Ariamir
2942:Maldras
2932:Rechiar
2927:Rechila
2906:Galicia
2819:John II
2466:John II
2398:Henry I
2325:Castile
2272:Rudolph
2268:Richard
2252:William
2153:at the
2133:in the
2127:(IMSLP)
2123:at the
1618:Sources
1402::65–66)
1390::82–83)
1218:el Niño
1170:Violant
1137:Eleanor
1011:hórreos
987:Vulgate
928:Ptolemy
651:Marinid
639:Badajoz
631:Seville
515:by the
477:Eleanor
448:. King
446:Algarve
426:Violant
395:Blanche
339:Granada
285:Galicia
269:Spanish
165:
157:
127:Seville
4279:(2024)
4273:(2023)
4267:(2022)
4261:(2021)
4255:(2020)
4249:(2019)
4243:(2018)
4237:(2017)
4231:(2016)
4225:(2015)
4219:(2014)
4213:(2013)
4207:(2012)
4201:(2011)
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3970:(1975)
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3946:(1971)
3940:(1970)
3934:(1969)
3928:(1968)
3922:(1967)
3916:(1966)
3910:(1965)
3904:(1964)
3898:(1963)
3604:Rupert
3508:Philip
3460:Rudolf
3424:Otto I
3400:Otto I
3394:Arnulf
3354:Arnulf
3250:&
3248:Joanna
3241:&
3219:John I
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3092:Urraca
3007:Audeca
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2937:Aioulf
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2809:John I
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1001:hórreo
996:hórreo
953:, the
873:Arabic
857:Arabic
791:Hebrew
787:Arabic
763:Arabic
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544:tariff
537:Aachen
481:Edward
411:Murcia
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239:Father
146:Spouse
134:Burial
107:Toledo
52:(1283)
4329:Spain
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3610:Jobst
3562:Adolf
3164:Peter
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2786:Peter
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2205:Died:
2198:Born:
2143:, at
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