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241:
1135:, an expert on political files, to compile documents related to Drăghici's involvement in the execution of Pătrășcanu as part of a wider investigation into Drăghici's handling of high-level positions. Ceaușescu desired Drăghici's elimination in an effort to "purify" the party, as the crimes committed under Drăghici were public knowledge; Ceaușescu also selected the former Securitate head as a scapegoat for all the repression that had occurred from 1952 to 1965, and claimed not to have been aware of the beatings carried out after the Hungarian revolution. Drăghici unwittingly aggravated Ceaușescu when, against the
773:
1120:, fearful of seeing Drăghici come to power, all backed Ceaușescu as the new leader. Maurer also considered that Ceaușescu had stood up to Khrushchev, while Drăghici was seen as a loyal follower of the Soviet Union. Bacon writes: "So powerful was the apparatus of terror that its chief, Alexandru Drghici, challenged Ceauescu for political power following Gheorghiu-Dej's death. It is a tribute to Ceauescu's political agility and confidence that he was able to both purge Drghici and launch a brief period of
809:, who had allowed prosecution to open a case against the wardens at Salcia labor camp. These had been found guilty of murdering at least 63 prisoners in their care, and of torturing many others. Drăghici intervened with his superiors, claiming that the court's ruling was exaggerated. He obtained, in 1959, an early release for all of his former employees at Salcia. They were reemployed, with back-pay, and granted a month's vacation at the state's expense.
421:. While incarcerated, he joined the PCR nucleus formed around future leader Gheorghiu-Dej, while at the same time becoming a rival to Gheorghiu-Dej's successor, Nicolae Ceaușescu. For decades, Gheorghiu-Dej played one against the other, as a method of controlling each potential rival. Drăghici, who enjoyed prison seniority over Ceaușescu, was for a while Gheorghiu-Dej's cellmate, and allegedly acted as his personal servant.
987:. The April 1964 Declaration of the Romanian party, which officially announced that Romania could no longer accept Sovietization, was first ran by the Securitate employees. During such informative sessions, Drăghici exceeded in tone the Declaration's framework, issuing strong accusations against the Soviets: he alleged that Khrushchev's media portrayed Romania as a "
28:
1127:
As a preliminary step, Ceaușescu promoted Drăghici to second in command while placing a former subordinate in the
Interior Ministry. This promotion actually marked the beginning of the end for Drăghici's career. By talking about liberalization, Ceaușescu made predictable the neutralization of the two
978:
As the regime gained surer control over the country, Interior
Ministry forces shifted from anti-resistance measures to less violent duties, and a substantial number of personnel were also freed up once political detainees were released in 1964. Drăghici disowned his favorite Securitate man, Aranici,
515:). In 1950 he was promoted directly from common soldier to major general and named head of the Interior Ministry's political directorate. From 1951, he was also adjunct to the Interior Minister, and from 1950, he sat on the party's organizational bureau. The last three posts all expired in May 1952.
440:
into the Bureau, and who singled out Drăghici for his incompetence in controlling "Progressive Youth" organizations during the 1930s. Also according to Brătescu, Drăghici played a role in increasing the PCR's control over student activists, and then in persecuting non-communist fraternal bodies such
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and Drăghici excluded from the party altogether. Over the course of the year, he was removed from the CC's politburo and permanent presidium; from the deputy premiership; and from his officer's rank, being downgraded to a common soldier in the reserves. However, he suffered no further consequences,
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community. Gheorghiu-Dej recommended his minister to come up with indictments of the
Catholic leaders as agents of "foreign, hostile, circles"; Drăghici's order to his police forces, written in ungrammatical Romanian, was to try the Catholics behind closed doors, and then publicize the verdict. The
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Drăghici himself was given other political assignments. He was deputy prime minister from 1961 to 1965 and 1967 to 1968, and secretary of the CC from July 1965 to 1967. From 1965 to 1968, he was on the CC's executive committee and its permanent presidium. In tandem with suppressing most pockets of
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elements" survived in monasteries, and that "monks are always swelling in numbers with the arrival of elements that have been indoctrinated with counterrevolutionary ideas". Scholar George Enache describes Drăghici's claims about fascist activities in the Church as farcical. He notes that the main
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through reshuffling, and rebels such as
Constantinescu were sidelined. The first priority on Drăghici's agenda was dealing with the "Hungarian nationalists" or "Magyar chauvinists". During May 1957, he told his subordinates that the Autonomous Region was riddled with saboteurs and collaborators of
1006:
of the 1950s, he exclaimed: "Comrades, there is not one invention, not one thing new in this world, without there also being a
Russian coming right up, for them to be telling us that this Russian has in fact 'uncovered' that new fact, that new invention, beforehand!!" . Claiming to cite a SovRom
969:
Repression against the
Orthodox revivalists was at the top of Drăghici's agenda even in later years. Citing one of his reports for 1962, Iustin Marchiș states: "Drăghici the only internal enemy still confronting the people's democratic state was the Romanian Orthodox Church, led at the time by
701:
The echoes of de-Stalinization were still faint in
Romania, and Gheorghiu-Dej himself was never touched by it. In compensation, Ceaușescu spoke against Drăghici during a series of meetings in March 1956, accusing him of taking advantage of his relations with the leader to bring the party under
958:. While others opened files supposedly tracing Stancu's links with the Iron Guard and the mystics, Drăghici also accused the novelist of having spied on the communists imprisoned before 1944. At the height of the phenomenon, he decided against striking out terror tactics and, in 1963, ordered
623:
Under Drăghici's auspices, Gheorghiu-Dej used the
Securitate to impose his own political line. His political liaison, General Evghenie Tănase, would later accuse the new ministry chief of working to replace the entire Securitate officers corps. The measure, inspired by Gheorghiu-Dej's latent
804:
Drăghici began issuing new directives, which state his purpose of placing the
Securitate under full party control (in effect, under Gheorghiu-Dej's command), and further away from Soviet influence. Part of Drăghici's activity was focused on overturning the contributions of his predecessor,
812:
The late 1950s saw the virtual liquidation of the anti-communist partisans; part of Drăghici's responsibilities included commanding troops to combat that guerrilla force. In
December 1957, he expressed dissatisfaction that the Securitate had not yet been able to capture one agent of
616:, as well as spearheaded brutal campaigns of terror against the populace. Backed by Gheorghiu-Dej, Drăghici orchestrated a long series of trials and frame-ups. The party leader placed his trust in Drăghici, who was even given the task of spying on Gheorghiu-Dej's actress daughter,
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specified that this was not their final word, and requested more information. In December 1992, the Romanian side renewed its extradition request, arguing that the 1989 revolution had suspended the statute of limitations, a legally dubious move. The request was again denied.
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who, in 1954, created a disturbance and began swearing at Drăghici in a cafeteria where the latter was eating. The latter ordered his liquidation; Sefit was arrested and the same night taken to a forest by a team of four Securitate officers, shot, and buried on the spot.
797:. In his words, these figures were guilty of "conspiracy with the evident purpose of destabilizing the democratic-popular regime." With Drăghici's consent, Bishop Márton was placed under house arrest, but the threat of popular revolt was high, and CC representative
853:. According to the prosecution in that case, when apprehended, the Ioanids were preparing the assassinations of Drăghici and Leonte Răutu, the latter of whom was tasked by the party with controlling the Jewish community from within. During August 1959, Drăghici,
668:, and the Paukers, who lived nearby, were forced to move out. Drăghici was himself involved in the surveillance of Pauker family members, including his former colleague Brătescu. Records of the PCR-PMR sessions show that he considered Brătescu a camouflaged
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villa. In the 1980s, he was sometimes seen standing in line to buy groceries, a rigid expression on his face, his eyes averted. Late in that decade, he was reportedly pleased by the increasing isolation and seeming self-destruction of Ceaușescu's regime.
632:
that "advisers" on security matters were no longer required. Sources of the day have it that Drăghici wanted "only those with special responsibilities" to be interviewed by the Soviet advisers, and only within the framework of "conventional provisions".
737:", Drăghici demanded a more serious verdict, that of "anti-party and fractionist" activity. Still, researchers note, the confrontation evidenced that the special relationship between the communist leader and his minister had passed the test of time.
288:
An industrial worker by profession, Drăghici made his entry into the underground communist movement around the age of twenty. He was arrested for illegal political activity, and spent time in prison before and during World War II. He was close to
1240:
cemetery refused a plot for him, and he was finally buried in a cemetery following a religious service in 2003. By then, a controversy had erupted regarding the display of his portrait in an official gallery honoring the presidents of Romania's
593:), sitting as full member from 1955 to July 1965. From 1954, he was assigned to supervise the politburo's own involvement in police work, and drafted a list of "our most dangerous compatriots who have settled abroad", including those of the
729:
ideologue, who challenged the politburo about the decade of repression and murder. Drăghici, again supporting Gheorghiu-Dej, informed Constantinescu that he was only incriminating himself, an assessment equally supported by Ceaușescu.
664:'s inner party faction. Pauker and Luca stood accused of atrocities, but the claims were cherry-picked so that Drăghici's own contributions would not be brought to light. Following the purge, he took up a luxurious residence on
2615:
Mihai Croitor, "Introducere: Ipostaze ale legislației privind natalitatea în cadrul regimurilor comuniste. O analiză comparatistă", in Constantin Bărbulescu, Elena Bărbulescu, Mihai Croitor, Alexandru Onojescu (eds.),
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Securitate control. Ceaușescu presented himself as a liberal in contrast with the brutality of the secret police under the command of Drăghici, who was labeled as "fanatical" and "merciless" by political scientist
506:
of Bucharest schools. He was also assigned to represent the National Federation of Formerly Detained and Deported Antifascists, participating in the designation of communist memorials in such places as Doftana and
574:, promising freedom for him and all his colleagues in exchange for a public penance. Flueraș was killed in prison just days after, allegedly because he refused that bargain. Drăghici's term saw the prosecution of
789:, and implicitly accused local police of being too lenient. He also chided his subordinates for not purging "hostile elements" from among the Hungarian teaching staff, and called for a trial of community leaders
1291:. This novel shows the Securitate chief involved in a complicated relationship with the other leaders, and transmitting Gheorghiu-Dej's secrets to the Soviet leadership. A key moment in the narrative shows
836:
The Securitate and other police forces were left to deal with independent anti-communist cells, whose sabotage actions embarrassed the Romanian communist government. Drăghici was involved in destroying the
970:
Patriarch Justinian Marina . This fact, I believe, is a very important point to stress in debating with many of those who claim that the then-Patriarch or the Church leadership as a whole did nothing ."
1236:, Drăghici died in Budapest that December. He had refused to grant any interviews and apparently expressed no remorse. He was cremated and his ashes smuggled into Romania by family members. The Catholic
1068:, indicating through Crăciunaș that Romania would allow them to leave for the West in exchange for foreign currency. This proposal had the added benefit of generating false trust in Crăciunaș amid the
398:(CFR). In 1930 or 1934 he joined the banned Communist Party (PCR, later PMR). From 1931, he took part in rail workers' strikes, being one of the communist youth leaders at the Bucharest railway yards.
983:
resistance, the regime experienced a growth in popularity: disagreements between Gheorghiu-Dej and Khrushchev saw Romania drifting away from the Soviet Union, and becoming more independent within the
355:. Ceaușescu used his influence in the party to incriminate Drăghici of all publicly known Securitate crimes, then deposed him. Drăghici was not brought to justice, but lived in anonymity in the
1331:
3092:: "VS Chou is met inside the building by Mr Ceausescu and Mr Maurer plus other comrades including Chivu Stoica, Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Birladeanu, Emil Bodnares and Alexandru Draghici"
756:"—on such grounds, the academic institution was infiltrated by the Securitate, and ultimately shut down. With his approval, the Securitate also began exercising tighter control over the
1280:" and her husband's purported would-be assassins, who were two of the Securitate's most prominent victims. This connection embarrassed Drăghici, and was kept secret for a long time.
1276:, whose own career during the underground period had been far less impressive. Through Márta's family, Drăghici was for a while related to Alexandru and Paul Ioanid, leaders of the "
710:, who still made a point of criticizing Drăghici for not sharing his intelligence data with the CC plenum, suggesting to limit Drăghici's monopoly over the Romanian secret agencies.
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allegedly because Aranici would wear an unbecoming yellow shirt at committee meetings; the former leader of the "Gangs" section was sent to do menial police work in the provinces.
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At the same time, in 1954, work on the Canal and other labor camps was halted, and beatings in prison outlawed. The Securitate was again on the alert just two years later, when
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558:(western Romania). On August 14, he ordered the police structures there to begin "the liquidation and destruction of gangs, bandits and runaways". On October 1, he promoted
1889:
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1026:
The Romanian leadership registered with satisfaction the Declaration's genuine popularity, until Gheorghiu-Dej became aware that regular citizens were airing traditional
744:, charged with suppressing unrest by any means necessary, including ordering security forces to open fire. Like other Securitate overseers, Drăghici was suspicious of
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exiles. According to Drăghici's own justification, selling off Romanian nationals to other countries was a banal occurrence, particularly so for Jews emigrating to
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Drăghici was promoted to lieutenant general in 1952 and colonel general in 1955. At the May 1952 party plenum, Drăghici was elected a supplementary member of the
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in August 1944. By March 1945, he had been assigned to service the PCR's central committee (CC). He took up office as head of its Youth Bureau, working alongside
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Drăghici fell from power at the CC plenary of April 1968, when he came into conflict with Ceaușescu for supremacy within the party. The plenary saw Pătrășcanu
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In 1957, Drăghici again became Interior Minister, remaining until July 1965. His reappointment was a calculated move on Gheorghiu-Dej's part: the cabinet was
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950:, asking him to cease all recruitment (Dorz refused, and was promptly arrested). The Minister was additionally involved, as a denouncer, in the downfall of
555:
936:, writer and monk, who was officially accused of organizing an underground unit for the Iron Guard. Under similar pretense, the Securitate arrested writer
760:. Nevertheless, when the revolution leaders were arrested and brought to Romania, Drăghici was the only involved party who objected to their being sent to
2590:"Despre 'poporul muncitor unic' și locul minorităților naționale în cadrul 'națiunii socialiste'. Maghiari, germani și evrei în România lui Ceaușescu (I)"
464:. Researchers note that the Bucharest section, where Drăghici had been assigned, sentenced surprisingly few people (187, compared to the 668 sentenced in
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alongside future rival Ana Pauker, receiving a sentence of 9 years and 3 months imprisonment and being labeled a "notorious communist". He spent time at
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2255:
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Luminița Banu and Florian Banu, "Alexandru Drăghici la ora naționalismului – popularizarea 'Declarației din aprilie 1964' în structurile MAI", in
2335:
547:, the disgraced PCR financier. Under Gheorghiu-Dej's watch, Drăghici organized Koffler's interrogation, which involved daily beatings and humiliation.
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42:
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At the PMR's political and administrative section, Drăghici was adjunct (until August 1948) and director (1948–1949). Drăghici was elected to the
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1257:. Born in Bucharest, she was an activist in the party when it was banned; her two brothers, Nándor and Lőrinc, were militants of the left-wing
401:
Being part of the PCR's proletarian wing, he quickly ran into trouble for illegal political activity. He was arrested in 1935 and tried in the
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and other teenagers accused of counterrevolutionary activities. However, the Minister was also in contact with self-exiled musical celebrity
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and in October 1991, after former political prisoners asked that the late 1960s case against Drăghici be reopened, he and his wife fled to
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293:'s communist faction, and, as such, rose quickly through the Communist Party ranks. He joined the repressive apparatus shortly before the
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Drăghici served as State Security Minister from 1952 until March 1957. In this position, he collaborated closely with Gheorghiu-Dej and
4321:
2292:
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Gheorghiu-Dej's 60th birthday, November 1961. Drăghici (back row, middle) and Ceaușescu (back row, right) flanking the communist leader
452:, Drăghici became an alternate member of the CC in October 1945. He rose to full member in February 1948, after the establishment of a
2592:
4326:
2669:
2262:
1166:, Drăghici retired in 1972. He was given a lavish pension as an older-generation party member and continued to reside in a luxurious
535:
had been allowed to torture his fellow prisoners into submission, but was also involved in setting up the show trial relating to the
1128:
most prominent exponents of political repression and cultural dogmatism of the Gheorghiu-Dej era: Drăghici and Răutu, respectively.
4381:
4351:
1016:
721:, we still have haughtiness, even though Comrade Drăghici will tell you he is not haughty". Drăghici also withstood an attack from
3030:
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in 1952 and from 1957 to 1965, and State Security Minister from 1952 to 1957. In these capacities, he exercised control over the
653:. He approved the arrest of barrister Vișinescu, an ethnic Romanian, probably as retribution for his defense of a Jewish woman.
491:
until 1968. He was president of the latter body from December 1949 to January 1950, and sat on its presidium from 1965 to 1968.
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1387:, at the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and the Memory of the Romanian Exile site; accessed April 19, 2012
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351:. Drăghici still had important assignments after Gheorghiu-Dej's death, but was bitterly opposed to emerging communist leader
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394:. He attended four grades of primary school and four years of vocational school, becoming a locksmith and mechanic for the
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In August 1992, the Romanian general prosecutor asked for Drăghici's extradition, but this was denied in December, as the
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who had refused to align themselves with the communists. According to one account, he approached their imprisoned leader,
2969:
1143:, he supported a continued Hungarian autonomy. The two figures still agreed on other national policy aspects, including
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1261:. The couple, who met in prison, had a son and a daughter. Drăghici was a committed atheist, and his wife, born into a
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exposed himself by openly criticizing Gheorghiu-Dej, and also nominated Drăghici as a wrongdoer: "we still have the
432:, the future historian of medicine, and C. Drăgan. As recalled by Brătescu, Drăghici had a conflict with party boss
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Drăghici was infamous especially for the various campaigns he initiated against selected groups that resisted
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In 1993 new charges were filed against Drăghici for the assassination he had ordered of one Ibrahim Sefit in
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Drăghici's first stint as Interior Minister came from May to September 1952, when he replaced the disgraced
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325:
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Parliamentary Assembly, Forty-fourth Ordinary Session (Seventh Part). Documents, Working Papers, Vol. XIII
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304:. He began early on, with purges of the youth movements and teaching staff, joined in the denunciation of
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1199:, etc.) as evidence that "those who tortured opponents of President Ceaușescu" were indeed facing trial.
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with his family, despite Romanian efforts to have him extradited. Shortly before his death, a trial held
336:
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In 1949–1950, Drăghici served as first secretary of the Bucharest party committee. Working closely with
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706:. Cautiously, Ceaușescu took distance from the more virulent of Drăghici's critics. So did party boss
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941:
910:), had no links whatsoever with the Guard, and suggests that Drăghici was merely trying to discredit
539:. The Interior Minister encouraged torture and inhumane treatment of political prisoners, as well as
448:
Benefiting from his CFR and Caransebeș pedigree at a time when Gheorghiu-Dej's faction turned into a
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was officially introduced by the Soviet Union. When Romanian intellectuals first heard rumors about
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students. In his opinion, the university promoted deviation from the party line, and "the ideas of
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Bucureștiul maghiar: scurtă istorie a maghiarilor din București de la începuturi până în prezent
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833:). This may have prompted his staff to fabricate espionage cases against suspected dissidents.
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3984:
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3167:
3046:
1718:"Lichidarea social-democrației din România. Cazul Ion Flueraș (august 1944 – iunie 1953)"
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460:. This court was tasked with investigating war crime cases, specifically those related to the
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Together, Gheorghiu-Dej and his minister produced the so-called "Meges Case", a purge of the
582:, Orlea's uncle, and may have hinted that Orlea could be released should Enescu return home.
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309:
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925:, and barred women under 50 from joining the nunneries. According to Church historiographer
609:
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4162:
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1042:' ones" relied on a political program devised by Drăghici, but was "largely unsuccessful."
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With Gheorghiu-Dej, Ceaușescu, and Pauker, Drăghici is a main character in the 1998 novel
733:
While the party leadership, Gheorghiu-Dej included, reprimanded Constantinescu for being "
352:
8:
4004:
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3345:
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1191:, the Romanian government cited the Drăghici case (and the indictments of his colleagues
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Ceaușescu and other Communist Party leaders on a visit to the recently renamed Hungarian
940:
and other mystics involved with the "Burning Pyre". Reportedly, Drăghici also confronted
718:
360:
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3242:
2704:, "The Security Services since 1989: Turning over a New Leaf", in Henry F. Carey (ed.),
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991:" nation, that the Soviet envoys were being excessively suspicious of their hosts, that
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2091:"Mărturii din lagărele de muncă de la Dunărea de Jos în epoca lui Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej"
1630:
1332:" 'Am adus cenușa lui Alexandru Drăghici în România, ascunsă sub bancheta mașinii' "
1080:
from this source alone, and to have thus enriched the national budget. As historian
740:
Later that year, both Drăghici and Ceaușescu were part of a high command during the
528:
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2757:"Victimele terorii comuniste. Arestați, torturați, întemnițați, uciși. Dicționar S"
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to the flat of their daughter, who had moved there in 1988. In its bid to join the
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target for repression, the "Burning Pyre" prayer group (headed by the incarcerated
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3355:
1779:"Iuliu Maniu și Constantin I.C. Brătianu comemorați la Istanbul, în ianuarie 1956"
929:, Drăghici's campaign resulted in the expulsion of at least 5,000 monks and nuns.
532:
4250:
4102:
3934:
3505:
3390:
3275:
3270:
3157:
2863:
2790:
2701:
2626:
2596:
2346:
2296:
2266:
2130:
2097:
1869:
1671:
1641:
1384:
946:
781:
563:
3844:
3601:
3101:
1230:
Found guilty of incitement to murder at a trial that began in May and sentenced
571:
562:
as head of the Ministry's "Gangs" section, whose initial task was uprooting the
550:
Additionally, Drăghici took precautionary violent measures against the emerging
499:
484:
391:
185:
4270:
4260:
4245:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4167:
4024:
3899:
3889:
3859:
3839:
3425:
3207:
3182:
3152:
2973:, Editura Ministerului Internelor și Reformei Administrative, Bucharest, 2007.
1237:
1121:
1046:
951:
886:
734:
642:
406:
4191:
3691:
3445:
1038:, Gheorghiu-Dej's attempt "to supplant 'bourgeois nationalist' feelings with '
764:, which earned him sympathy from the Hungarian government in the early 1990s.
4285:
4265:
4255:
4014:
3924:
3701:
3661:
3656:
3611:
3485:
3435:
3430:
3405:
3290:
3285:
3227:
2988:"Represiunea religioasă în România comunistă. Studiu de caz: 'Rugul aprins' "
1003:
901:
movement). He reported to the political leadership that many "Iron Guard and
590:
579:
544:
503:
410:
3706:
414:
3671:
3646:
3626:
3573:
3450:
3350:
2492:
2466:
2398:
1693:
1113:
1085:
1081:
996:
984:
629:
449:
348:
1167:
566:
partisans. Also then, the Interior Minister tackled the activity of those
418:
27:
3731:
3726:
3500:
3415:
3330:
1277:
1027:
963:
907:
902:
870:
838:
625:
602:
465:
433:
321:
932:
Drăghici is said to have personally ordered the brutal incarceration of
645:. Also then, Drăghici was involved in the persecution of anti-communist
4137:
3716:
3696:
2105:
Studium. Revista studenților, masteranzilor și doctoranzilor în istorie
1077:
1007:
engineer, Drăghici compared the Soviet treatment of Romanians with the
894:
661:
657:
313:
305:
274:
962:
in "misleading and demoralising political prisoners" to take place at
698:, Drăghici extended secret police surveillance to the academic field.
456:. From May 1945 to June 1946, he served as a public prosecutor at the
3568:
3192:
3039:
Liviu Pleșa, "Dosarul de Securitate al istoricului Silviu Dragomir",
2650:"Marele bal – reabilitarea lui Pătrășcanu și excluderea lui Drăghici"
1223:
890:
753:
695:
586:
417:
prisons before being transferred in April 1944 to the prison camp at
356:
3772:
3051:
Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism
3006:"Raportul secret al lui Nikita Hrușciov și efectele sale în România"
2926:
Transilvania roșie. Comunismul român și problema națională 1944–1965
2736:, Publishing and Documentation Service, Strasbourg, 1993, pp. 17–8.
1265:
family, was not religious either; their children were not baptized.
656:
As two of Gheorghiu-Dej's supporters, Drăghici and his subordinate,
312:
community. Drăghici is also remembered for his participation in the
3686:
3666:
3636:
1184:
1144:
922:
495:
201:
3095:
387:
181:
3593:
1517:
1012:
898:
889:. After 1958, Minister Drăghici was involved in the clampdown on
669:
650:
364:
277:
secret police during a period of active repression against other
266:
211:
1581:
Banu and Banu, pp. 11-2; S. Neagoe, p. 249; Neagoe-Pleșa, p. 158
885:
revival, that had seen growth after Romania's admittance to the
2929:, Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities &
1163:
1073:
992:
830:
761:
612:
to orchestrate the judicial murder of estranged PCR ideologist
508:
1084:
notes, this initiative of his was the culmination of periodic
1215:
861:
agents managed to kidnap Oliviu Beldeanu, known for his 1955
858:
3029:
Elis Neagoe-Pleșa, "'Camarila' lui Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej",
2815:, Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2011, p. 185.
308:'s communist faction, and then focused his attention on the
1159:
perhaps because he knew too much compromising information.
866:
641:
repression resulted in the torture and death of missionary
442:
2619:
Documente privind politica sanitară în România (1965—1989)
1618:, 19 May 2007; accessed April 19, 2012, at the 9am.ro site
1174:
1162:
Sent in 1968 to head a state-run agricultural factory in
1034:" in standard communist rhetoric. According to historian
2530:
Bacon, p. 179; Neagoe-Pleșa, p. 159; Tismăneanu, p. 196
999:, and even that the Soviets intended to annex Romania.
881:
The Ministry's attention was focused especially on the
527:. He put an end to the "reeducation" experiment at the
2670:"Ceaușescu decapitează Securitatea lui Gheorghiu Dej"
1064:
Drăghici himself released political captives such as
944:
preacher Traian Dorz, of the Orthodox splinter group
893:, officially depicted as a recruiting ground for the
2706:
Romania since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society
1559:
Literatura și artele în România comunistă. 1948–1953
1535:
1533:
1514:
International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania
1245:(nominal successor to the Great National Assembly).
1206:
had expired under Hungarian law. However, Hungary's
1056:, with false anti-communist credentials, inside the
995:-type companies had become the butt of jokes in the
821:, and not even one working for their "instruments" (
487:
areas in the Assembly of Deputies as well as in the
2340:"Zaharia Stancu, în luptele cu 'înalta societate' "
1395:
1393:
2561:"Cum l-a salvat Maurer pe Drăghici de la pușcărie"
1295:rewarding Drăghici's services with an impractical
1272:advance through the ranks, was deeply disliked by
601:, was later kidnapped by Securitate operatives in
3131:
3041:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica
3034:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica
1725:Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica
1612:"Alexandru Drăghici – biografia unui asasin"
1530:
4283:
2497:"Emigrarea: un reflex de păstrare a identității"
2370:, Aldershot & Burlington, 2004, pp. 72, 84.
1390:
1104:(1965). Drăghici is front row, fourth from right
1088:purges inside and outside the party structures.
1049:campaign launched by the Securitate. The latter
876:
675:
436:, who objected to the idea of incorporating the
265:; September 27, 1913 – December 12, 1993) was a
3069:Perfectul acrobat. Leonte Răutu, măștile răului
1854:
1852:
713:Others were more rebellious. Veteran communist
468:), and the punishments were generally lighter.
386:Drăghici was born into a peasant family in the
4201:
4177:
4083:
3785:
2656:, 16 December 2012; accessed December 16, 2012
2485:
2483:
1783:Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Barițiu
324:", and his clampdown on religious groups—both
3758:
3117:
2857:"Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej ca personaj de roman"
2629:, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca, 2010, pp. 10–1.
2247:
2245:
2115:
2113:
1686:
1684:
1299:while the other Romanian communists look on.
801:had to negotiate a deal with the protesters.
381:
4307:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
1890:"De ce am colaborat la redactarea volumelor
1849:
1794:Grigore and Șerbu, p. 311; S. Neagoe, p. 249
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1399:Grigore and Șerbu, p. 311; S. Neagoe, p. 248
1131:In late 1965 or early 1966, Ceaușescu asked
767:
511:(in memory of both 1930s repression and the
95:September 20, 1952 – March 19, 1957
2784:"Intrarea în NATO a lui Alexandru Drăghici"
2567:, 14 February 2004; accessed April 19, 2012
2480:
2290:" 'Ce straniu poate fi destinul unui om!' "
2029:Bottoni, pp. 205, 242–43; S. Neagoe, p. 248
1418:
1416:
1414:
1015:", the speaker paid tribute to neighboring
3765:
3751:
3124:
3110:
2676:, 20 October 2007; accessed April 19, 2012
2364:Petre Țuțea: Between Sacrifice and Suicide
2242:
2206:
2204:
2110:
2082:
2080:
1944:
1942:
1681:
1338:, 3 February 2004; accessed April 19, 2012
917:. On Drăghici's recommendation, the state
849:, and may even have forced them to act in
660:, were instrumental in the liquidation of
518:
269:communist activist and politician. He was
55:May 28, 1952 – September 20, 1952
26:
4317:Presidents of the Great National Assembly
3067:Vladimir Tismăneanu and Cristian Vasile,
1863:"Monseniorul Ghika, un sfânt sub ciomege"
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1479:
1218:. Sefit was a mentally-ill and alcoholic
1076:. He claimed to have collected 6,250,000
502:, he exercised direct influence over the
347:signaled Romania's emancipation from the
3019:, Editura Machiavelli, Bucharest, 2007.
2948:Ce-a fost să fie. Notații autobiografice
2477:, 22 February 2008; accessed May 9, 2012
2409:, 16 November 2007; accessed May 9, 2012
1803:Neagoe-Pleșa, p. 159; Tismăneanu, p. 301
1411:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1253:Drăghici was married to Márta Czikó, an
1095:
771:
335:Both Gheorghiu-Dej and Drăghici opposed
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2380:
2201:
2077:
2002:Bottoni, pp. 225–26; Tismăneanu, p. 153
1939:
1704:, 19 October 2007; accessed May 9, 2012
1539:Banu and Banu, p. 11; S. Neagoe, p. 249
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1268:Czikó, whose influence probably helped
1108:When Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965,
373:convicted him of incitement to murder.
131:March 19, 1957 – July 27, 1965
4312:Members of the Great National Assembly
4284:
2967:Constantin Grigore and Miliana Șerbu,
2767:, 5 July 2011; accessed April 20, 2012
2761:"Exploatarea servitorului în comunism"
1876:, 22 August 2007; accessed May 9, 2012
1833:
1584:
1402:
1175:Later years and efforts at prosecution
1124:during the second half of the 1960s."
1002:Turning his attention to the condoned
694:, and began questioning Romania's own
3746:
3105:
2897:, Manchester, 1984, pp. 162–84.
2190:Gabriela Boeriu, Lucia Hossu Longin,
1476:Bottoni, p. 205; Neagoe-Pleșa, p. 150
1308:
1141:discarding the administrative regions
260:
4302:Romanian Communist Party politicians
2688:
2323:, 20 June 2009; accessed May 9, 2012
2198:, 4 March 2008; accessed May 9, 2012
1341:
1011:. Although Romania still condemned "
3031:1 December University of Alba Iulia
1722:1 December University of Alba Iulia
1665:"Fortăreața fisurată a Securității"
973:
424:Drăghici was freed right after the
84:Romanian Minister of State Security
13:
2797:, Nr. 667; accessed April 24, 2012
2603:, Nr. 158; accessed April 24, 2012
2178:Tismăneanu and Vasile, pp. 23, 103
1984:Bottoni, p. 206; E. Neagoe, p. 151
1045:Drăghici was also involved in the
552:anti-communist resistance movement
359:area from 1968 to 1989. After the
14:
4398:
4322:Deputy prime ministers of Romania
3082:
3043:, Nr. 90/I, 2005, pp. 218–29
3036:, Nr. 10/I, 2006, pp. 147–63
2998:, Vol. III, 2004, pp. 135–53
1548:Tismăneanu and Vasile, pp. 257-61
597:government-in-exile—one of them,
120:Romanian Minister of the Interior
43:Romanian Minister of the Interior
4327:Ministers of interior of Romania
4073:
3012:, Vol. II, 2003, pp. 135–58
2970:Miniștrii de interne (1862–2007)
2137:, Nr. 1074; accessed May 8, 2012
921:some monastery lands, shut down
239:
4382:Romanian expatriates in Hungary
2843:
2834:
2825:
2800:
2770:
2746:
2722:
2679:
2659:
2639:
2606:
2579:
2570:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2389:
2356:
2326:
2306:
2276:
2233:
2224:
2221:, Nr. 964; accessed May 8, 2012
2181:
2172:
2149:
2140:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1879:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1730:
1707:
1678:, Nr. 849; accessed May 8, 2012
1651:
1621:
1575:
1551:
1542:
1503:
1470:
1461:
285:members and ordinary citizens.
262:[alekˈsandrudrəˈɡit͡ʃʲ]
3990:Constantin Cantacuzino-Pașcanu
3965:Constantin Cantacuzino-Pașcanu
3778:Chamber of Deputies of Romania
3071:, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2008.
3055:University of California Press
2759:, pp. 182–83; Toma Roman Jr.,
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
863:attack on the Romanian embassy
845:dissidents who had robbed the
363:, he lived his final years in
1:
4347:20th-century Romanian lawyers
4332:Romanian Land Forces generals
3133:Interior Ministers of Romania
2876:
2254:Nicolae Stroescu Stînișoară,
1287:("A Prisoner in Europe"), by
954:, disgraced president of the
877:Against the religious revival
676:Drăghici vs. de-Stalinization
589:(together with Ceaușescu and
3945:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
3915:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
1727:, Nr. 10/I, 2006, pp. 129–30
1467:Brătescu, pp. 187-88, 189–90
1248:
742:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
543:. An early case was that of
376:
297:was officially established.
7:
4387:Fugitives wanted by Romania
3820:Manolache Costache Epureanu
3810:Manolache Costache Epureanu
2895:Manchester University Press
2891:Communism in Eastern Europe
2712:, Lexington, 2004, p. 505.
1635:"Koffler, cu K de la Kafka"
1565:, Bucharest, 2010, p. 166.
1091:
1058:Romanian National Committee
758:Hungarian Autonomous Region
628:, was intended to show the
595:Romanian National Committee
458:Romanian People's Tribunals
10:
4403:
4352:Căile Ferate Române people
3815:Nicolae Calimachi-Catargiu
3805:Alexandru Emanoil Florescu
3094:(1966 Romanian newsreel);
3090:Chou En Lai Visits Rumania
2362:Alexandru Daniel Popescu,
2230:Enache, pp. 142–44, 150–51
1520:, Iași, 2004, pp. 313–14.
1440:Neagoe-Pleșa, pp. 157, 158
1147:: they both supported the
382:Origins and early activity
4362:Inmates of Târgu Jiu camp
4357:Inmates of Doftana prison
4200:
4176:
4089:(Grand National Assembly)
4082:
4071:
3784:
3592:
3529:
3251:
3139:
2887:Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone
2471:"O istorie cu spioni (V)"
2386:Grigore and Șerbu, p. 313
2260:"Biserica și represiunea"
1948:Grigore and Șerbu, p. 312
1892:Anchete și procese uitate
1747:, Nr. 439, September 2008
1741:"Istoria unor turnătorii"
1408:Grigore and Șerbu, p. 311
1378:Biografiile nomenklaturii
1102:"Mureș" Autonomous Region
960:"reeducation" experiments
768:Drăghici's political peak
568:Romanian Social Democrats
295:Romanian communist regime
283:anti-communist resistance
247:
235:
227:
217:
207:
191:
168:
163:
159:
147:
135:
124:
119:
109:
99:
88:
83:
71:
59:
48:
41:
37:
25:
18:
4372:People from Buzău County
4367:Inmates of Jilava Prison
2418:Banu and Banu, pp. 15–22
2403:"Fiul bucătăresei (VII)"
1966:Tismăneanu, pp. 147, 186
1302:
1259:Hungarian People's Union
537:Danube – Black Sea Canal
222:Romanian Communist Party
4085:Marea Adunare Națională
3145:Principality of Romania
2503:, Nr. 101, January 2002
2192:"Ministerul Adevărului"
2169:, Nr. 289, October 2005
2074:Banu and Banu, pp. 14–5
1900:, Nr. 101, January 2002
1821:Banu and Banu, pp. 11–2
1330:Adriana Oprea-Popescu,
1021:Eastern Bloc dissidence
638:Romanian Roman Catholic
519:First ministerial posts
489:Great National Assembly
320:, his quashing of the "
258:Romanian pronunciation:
4202:
4183:(Assembly of Deputies)
4178:
4084:
4060:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
4010:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod
3910:Constantin Grădișteanu
3865:Constantin N. Brăiloiu
3791:(Assembly of Deputies)
3786:
3017:Oameni politici români
1936:Brătescu, pp. 288, 396
1698:"Fiul bucătăresei (V)"
1204:statute of limitations
1105:
851:the filmed reenactment
777:
361:overthrow of communism
291:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4207:(Chamber of Deputies)
4153:Constantin Pîrvulescu
4108:Constantin Pârvulescu
3895:Constantin A. Rosetti
3880:Constantin A. Rosetti
3870:Constantin A. Rosetti
3141:United Principalities
2933:, Cluj-Napoca, 2010.
2317:"În numele credinței"
2107:, Nr. 1 (2011), p. 80
1993:E. Neagoe, pp. 156–57
1179:The communist regime
1149:1966 ban on abortions
1099:
1032:bourgeois nationalism
775:
554:, particularly so in
479:. He represented the
477:1946 general election
4342:Romanian prosecutors
4179:Adunarea Deputaților
4163:Miron Constantinescu
3885:Dimitrie C. Brătianu
3787:Adunarea Deputaților
3010:Anale. Seria Istorie
2996:Anale. Seria Istorie
2992:University of Galați
2883:Walter M. Bacon, Jr.
2576:Bottoni, pp. 225–226
2445:Banu and Banu, p. 21
2436:Banu and Banu, p. 18
2427:Banu and Banu, p. 19
2215:"Patimile lui Zahei"
2102:University of Galați
1846:Banu and Banu, p. 13
1830:Banu and Banu, p. 12
1812:Neagoe-Pleșa, p. 159
1449:Brătescu, pp. 184-88
1431:Neagoe-Pleșa, p. 157
1289:Alex Mihai Stoenescu
1036:Walter M. Bacon, Jr.
841:", a small group of
819:British Intelligence
723:Miron Constantinescu
473:Assembly of Deputies
462:Holocaust in Romania
345:socialist patriotism
339:, but their talk of
4337:Securitate generals
4005:Constantin Meissner
3985:Constantin Olănescu
3940:Constantin Olănescu
3047:Vladimir Tismăneanu
2954:, Bucharest, 2003.
2755:Cicerone Ionițoiu,
2501:Observator Cultural
2271:Convorbiri Literare
2213:Serenela Ghițeanu,
2167:Observator Cultural
2122:Serenela Ghițeanu,
2047:Bottoni, pp. 246–47
2038:Bottoni, pp. 242–43
2011:Bottoni, pp. 238–39
1898:Observator Cultural
1745:Observator Cultural
1285:Prizonier în Europa
1110:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
1040:socialist patriotic
785:the anti-communist
719:cult of personality
704:Vladimir Tismăneanu
614:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
318:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu
32:Drăghici in uniform
4203:Camera Deputaților
4118:Alexandru Drăghici
4030:Petre P. Negulescu
3920:Gheorghe Rosnovanu
3875:George D. Vernescu
3850:Gheorghe Costaforu
3594:Romania since 1989
3531:Socialist Republic
3253:Kingdom of Romania
3057:, Berkeley, 2003.
3004:Elisabeta Neagoe,
2862:2014-03-24 at the
2831:Tismăneanu, p. 205
2789:2016-03-03 at the
2668:Christian Levant,
2625:2013-04-02 at the
2595:2014-03-24 at the
2548:Tismăneanu, p. 196
2539:Tismăneanu, p. 194
2512:Tismăneanu, p. 185
2368:Ashgate Publishing
2345:2010-06-11 at the
2295:2011-08-12 at the
2265:2009-03-08 at the
2239:Enache, pp. 150–51
2129:2011-11-04 at the
2096:2012-06-18 at the
1868:2013-08-31 at the
1756:Tismăneanu, p. 131
1670:2012-06-15 at the
1661:Ruxandra Cesereanu
1640:2008-02-23 at the
1383:2012-03-05 at the
1193:Gheorghe Homoștean
1137:national communist
1106:
778:
750:Hungarian Romanian
715:Gheorghe Vasilichi
610:Iosif Chișinevschi
403:1936 Craiova Trial
341:national communism
310:Hungarian-Romanian
254:Alexandru Drăghici
179:September 27, 1913
20:Alexandru Drăghici
4377:Romanian atheists
4279:
4278:
4128:Constantin Doncea
4020:Duiliu Zamfirescu
3960:Grigore Trandafil
3955:Ștefan C. Șendrea
3930:Petre S. Aurelian
3740:
3739:
3336:I. I. C. Brătianu
3077:978-973-50-2238-9
2979:978-97374-504-8-7
2939:978-606-92512-0-1
2931:Editura Kriterion
2923:Stefano Bottoni,
2821:978-973-8369-97-9
2765:Jurnalul Național
2734:Council of Europe
2635:978-606-543-103-4
2588:Emanuel Copilaș,
2565:Jurnalul Național
2321:Jurnalul Național
2196:Jurnalul Național
2124:"Infernul ascuns"
1975:E. Neagoe, p. 145
1918:E. Neagoe, p. 140
1571:978-973-50-2773-5
1557:Cristian Vasile,
1500:S. Neagoe, p. 249
1422:S. Neagoe, p. 248
1336:Jurnalul Național
1293:Nikita Khrushchev
1189:Council of Europe
1070:Romanian American
1062:Washington, D. C.
938:Vasile Voiculescu
883:Romanian Orthodox
746:Bolyai University
686:Nikita Khrushchev
525:Teohari Georgescu
426:King Michael Coup
396:Romanian Railways
353:Nicolae Ceaușescu
330:Romanian Orthodox
271:Interior Minister
251:
250:
195:December 12, 1993
66:Teohari Georgescu
4394:
4241:Roberta Anastase
4205:
4181:
4143:Gheorghe Apostol
4133:Gheorghe Apostol
4123:Dumitru Petrescu
4113:Dumitru Petrescu
4098:Gheorghe Apostol
4087:
4077:
4065:Mihail Sadoveanu
4050:Ștefan Cicio Pop
4045:Dimitrie Pompeiu
4040:Ștefan Cicio Pop
3995:Mihail Pherekyde
3980:Mihail Pherekyde
3975:Basile M. Missir
3970:Mihail Pherekyde
3950:Mihail Pherekyde
3855:Nicolae Păcleanu
3789:
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3103:
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3015:Stelian Neagoe,
3003:
2985:
2966:
2922:
2909:
2885:, "Romania", in
2871:
2868:România Literară
2853:Alex. Ștefănescu
2851:
2847:
2841:
2840:Brătescu, p. 288
2838:
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2829:
2823:
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2804:
2798:
2778:
2774:
2768:
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2750:
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2728:"Doc. 6918", in
2726:
2720:
2699:
2686:
2685:Brătescu, p. 396
2683:
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1208:Justice Ministry
1197:Tudor Postelnicu
1133:Vasile Patilineț
1054:Silviu Crăciunaș
1009:apartheid regime
974:1964 nationalism
727:Marxist-Leninist
682:de-Stalinization
666:Șoseaua Kiseleff
556:Timișoara Region
454:communist regime
337:de-Stalinization
302:Marxist-Leninism
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4103:Constantin Agiu
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4035:Nicolae Săveanu
3935:Dimitrie Gianni
3905:Lascăr Catargiu
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3825:Lascăr Catargiu
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947:Oastea Domnului
897:(a clandestine
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855:Nicolae Doicaru
843:Jewish Romanian
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564:Banat Mountains
541:death sentences
531:, where inmate
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4226:Valer Dorneanu
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4221:Ion Diaconescu
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927:Iustin Marchiș
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3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:David Popescu
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:C. A. Rosetti
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3063:0-52-023747-1
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:973-99321-7-7
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3002:(in Romanian)
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:(in Romanian)
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2965:(in Romanian)
2963:
2961:
2960:973-50-0425-9
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:(in Romanian)
2919:
2916:
2914:
2908:(in Romanian)
2906:
2904:
2903:0-7190-1704-1
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2870:, Nr. 17/1999
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2850:(in Romanian)
2846:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2809:Hilda Hencz,
2807:(in Romanian)
2803:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:Romulus Rusan
2777:(in Romanian)
2773:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:(in Romanian)
2749:
2743:
2742:92-871-2409-4
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2718:0-7391-0592-2
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2666:(in Romanian)
2662:
2655:
2651:
2646:(in Romanian)
2642:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2613:(in Romanian)
2609:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2586:(in Romanian)
2582:
2573:
2566:
2562:
2558:(in Romanian)
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2521:Bacon, p. 178
2518:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:(in Romanian)
2486:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:(in Romanian)
2460:
2454:Bacon, p. 172
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:(in Romanian)
2392:
2383:
2377:
2376:0-7546-3550-3
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2353:, Nr. 15/2007
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:(in Romanian)
2329:
2322:
2318:
2313:(in Romanian)
2309:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:(in Romanian)
2279:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:(in Romanian)
2248:
2246:
2236:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2211:(in Romanian)
2207:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2188:(in Romanian)
2184:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:(in Romanian)
2152:
2146:Pleșa, p. 223
2143:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2120:(in Romanian)
2116:
2114:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2087:(in Romanian)
2083:
2081:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1957:Pleșa, p. 222
1954:
1945:
1943:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1886:(in Romanian)
1882:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1859:(in Romanian)
1855:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:Liviu Țârău,
1775:(in Romanian)
1771:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1737:(in Romanian)
1733:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:(in Romanian)
1710:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:(in Romanian)
1687:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:(in Romanian)
1654:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:(in Romanian)
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:Mihai Pelin,
1608:(in Romanian)
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1526:973-681-989-2
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:(in Romanian)
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:(in Romanian)
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:Pavel Aranici
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:Lower Chamber
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1156:rehabilitated
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:Emil Bodnăraș
1115:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:Russification
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:National Bank
844:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
808:
802:
800:
799:János Fazekas
796:
792:
791:Bishop Márton
788:
787:Ioan Faliboga
783:
774:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
735:un-party-like
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
708:Emil Bodnăraș
705:
699:
697:
693:
692:
691:Secret Speech
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
649:, especially
648:
647:Romanian Jews
644:
639:
634:
631:
627:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Dumitru Coliu
588:
583:
581:
580:George Enescu
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Pavel Aranici
557:
553:
548:
546:
545:Remus Koffler
542:
538:
534:
533:Eugen Țurcanu
530:
526:
516:
514:
510:
505:
504:communization
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
374:
372:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
255:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
194:
190:
187:
183:
171:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:Cornel Onescu
152:
146:
143:
140:
134:
128:
123:
118:
114:
108:
104:
98:
92:
87:
82:
79:
76:
70:
67:
64:
58:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
4117:
3845:Grigore Balș
3553:
3543:
3491:Petrovicescu
3421:Vaida-Voevod
3168:Kogălniceanu
3089:
3068:
3050:
3040:
3033:
3016:
3009:
2995:
2968:
2947:
2925:
2915:, Nr. 3/2009
2912:
2890:
2867:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2811:
2802:
2794:
2772:
2764:
2748:
2729:
2724:
2705:
2681:
2673:
2661:
2653:
2641:
2618:
2608:
2600:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2500:
2493:Marius Oprea
2474:
2467:Marius Oprea
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2406:
2399:Marius Oprea
2391:
2382:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2328:
2320:
2308:
2303:, Nr. 6/2009
2300:
2278:
2270:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2195:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2151:
2142:
2134:
2104:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1873:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1744:
1732:
1724:
1716:Sorin Radu,
1709:
1701:
1694:Marius Oprea
1675:
1653:
1645:
1623:
1615:
1577:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1510:Final Report
1509:
1505:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1404:
1335:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1252:
1231:
1229:
1213:
1201:
1181:fell in 1989
1178:
1161:
1153:
1130:
1126:
1114:Chivu Stoica
1107:
1082:Marius Oprea
1044:
1025:
1001:
985:Eastern Bloc
981:
977:
968:
945:
931:
919:nationalized
880:
835:
811:
807:Pavel Ștefan
803:
782:Romanianized
779:
739:
732:
712:
700:
689:
679:
655:
635:
630:Soviet Union
622:
607:
584:
572:Ioan Flueraș
549:
522:
500:Leonte Răutu
493:
470:
450:nomenklatura
447:
423:
400:
392:Buzău County
385:
368:
349:Soviet Union
334:
299:
287:
253:
252:
197:(1993-12-12)
186:Buzău County
149:Succeeded by
142:Pavel Ștefan
126:
111:Succeeded by
90:
78:Pavel Ștefan
73:Succeeded by
50:
4297:1993 deaths
4292:1913 births
4192:Marțian Dan
3481:Ghelmegeanu
3461:Franasovici
3401:Cămărășescu
3341:Marghiloman
3311:Cantacuzino
3188:L. Catargiu
3153:B. Catargiu
2944:G. Brătescu
2273:, June 2006
1278:Ioanid Gang
1233:in absentia
1220:ethnic Turk
1086:antisemitic
1028:Russophobia
964:Aiud prison
908:Sandu Tudor
903:reactionary
871:Switzerland
839:Ioanid Gang
748:cadres and
626:nationalism
603:West Berlin
599:Aurel Decei
513:1929 Strike
434:Vasile Luca
430:G. Brătescu
370:in absentia
322:Ioanid Gang
231:Márta Czikó
208:Nationality
137:Preceded by
101:Preceded by
61:Preceded by
4286:Categories
4209:since 1992
4138:Ion Vincze
3774:Presidents
3632:C. Ionescu
3584:Postelnicu
3396:Argetoianu
3351:T. Ionescu
3276:T. Rosetti
3213:A. Golescu
3203:Ș. Golescu
3163:Crețulescu
2877:References
2795:Revista 22
2219:Revista 22
2135:Revista 22
1676:Revista 22
1078:US dollars
1017:Yugoslavia
942:born-again
923:seminaries
895:Iron Guard
662:Ana Pauker
658:Ion Vincze
576:Oana Orlea
415:Caransebeș
314:show trial
306:Ana Pauker
275:Securitate
175:1913-09-27
4185:1990–1992
4091:1948–1989
3793:1862–1947
3712:Tudorache
3579:Homoștean
3539:Georgescu
3521:Georgescu
3511:Sănătescu
3471:Marinescu
3466:Călinescu
3456:Tătărescu
3441:Mironescu
3431:Mihalache
3371:Văitoianu
3366:Sărățeanu
3306:Pherekyde
3238:Teriachiu
2952:Humanitas
1720:, in the
1648:, Nr. 294
1616:Gardianul
1563:Humanitas
1249:Posterity
1224:Ada Kaleh
1168:Dorobanți
915:Justinian
912:Patriarch
891:hesychasm
795:Pál Fodor
754:Imre Nagy
696:Stalinism
587:politburo
481:Hunedoara
445:Romania.
419:Târgu Jiu
390:Commune,
377:Biography
357:Bucharest
281:members,
236:Signature
127:In office
91:In office
51:In office
3622:Tărăcilă
3564:Stănescu
3554:Drăghici
3544:Drăghici
3426:Popovici
3381:Averescu
3376:Mârzescu
3346:C. Arion
3321:Aurelian
3316:Olănescu
3243:Stătescu
3233:Stolojan
3223:Vernescu
3218:Epureanu
3208:A. Arion
3193:I. Ghica
3183:D. Ghica
3178:Florescu
2860:Archived
2787:Archived
2674:Adevărul
2654:Adevărul
2623:Archived
2593:Archived
2343:Archived
2293:Archived
2263:Archived
2127:Archived
2094:Archived
1866:Archived
1668:Archived
1646:Cuvântul
1638:Archived
1381:Archived
1185:Budapest
1145:natalism
1139:plan of
1092:Downfall
815:American
651:Zionists
496:agitprop
267:Romanian
212:Romanian
202:Budapest
3776:of the
3662:Dragnea
3642:Săniuță
3617:Dănescu
3516:Rădescu
3506:Penescu
3476:Ottescu
3446:Inculeț
3411:Știrbey
3326:Pallade
3296:Sturdza
3281:Știrbei
3173:Bosianu
3158:Arsache
3098:archive
3008:, UGAL
2994:(UGAL)
2889:(ed.),
1518:Polirom
1512:of the
1051:planted
1013:Titoism
899:fascist
670:fascist
475:in the
407:Doftana
365:Hungary
3612:Babiuc
3602:Chițac
3559:Onescu
3549:Ștefan
3356:Morțun
3301:Lascăr
3075:
3061:
3023:
2977:
2958:
2937:
2901:
2819:
2740:
2716:
2633:
2374:
1569:
1524:
1164:Buftea
1116:, and
1074:Israel
993:SovRom
831:Mossad
762:Moscow
725:, the
509:Lupeni
413:, and
411:Jilava
228:Spouse
3702:Oprea
3697:Stroe
3682:Berca
3672:Blaga
3657:Oprea
3652:David
3647:Blaga
3627:Dejeu
3574:Coman
3501:Aldea
3436:Iorga
3331:Haret
3291:Fleva
3266:Mihai
3261:Chițu
3096:Pathé
1303:Notes
1238:Bellu
1222:from
1216:Sibiu
989:Gypsy
859:Stasi
498:boss
485:Bacău
388:Tisău
182:Tisău
3732:Bode
3727:Vela
3722:Moga
3707:Tobă
3692:Dușa
3677:Igaș
3667:Nica
3607:Ursu
3569:Bobu
3451:Iuca
3416:Duca
3406:Goga
3391:Lupu
3386:Vlad
3286:Manu
3271:Nacu
3073:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2372:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1522:ISBN
867:Bern
857:and
793:and
483:and
466:Cluj
443:YMCA
343:and
328:and
192:Died
169:Born
115:None
105:None
3717:Dan
3687:Rus
3637:Rus
1060:of
1019:'s
865:in
827:MAH
823:KYP
817:or
688:'s
441:as
316:of
4288::
3053:,
3049:,
2990:,
2950:,
2946:,
2893:,
2866:,
2855:,
2793:,
2782:,
2763:,
2732:,
2708:,
2690:^
2672:,
2652:,
2599:,
2563:,
2499:,
2495:,
2482:^
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173:(
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