2055:
439:
494:. Conversely, Florence’s vocal exile community judged his rule as harsh, depraved, and incompetent, an assessment debated by historians. In 1535, the exiles enlisted Cardinal Ippolito to meet with Emperor Charles V to denounce Alessandro's government; however, en route to the meeting, Ippolito died under questionable circumstances. Rumors spread that he was poisoned on Alessandro's orders. After the exiles voiced their complaints to Charles, Florentine diplomat
539:
38:
333:
527:
582:
Alessandro with a dagger several times while the Duke fought back to the point that he bit off a significant portion of one of
Lorenzino's fingers. Eventually, Alessandro succumbed to his wounds and Lorenzino and Scoronconcolo fled from the palace – after locking the door to the chamber to prevent their crime from being discovered too quickly."
462:. Clement’s choice increased tension between the Medici cousins; for the rest of Ippolito’s life, he spoke openly about wanting to overthrow Alessandro and lead Florence. Alessandro arrived in Florence to rule on 5 July 1531. Nine months later he was made hereditary duke by Charles, as Tuscany was technically part of the
477:
Duke
Alessandro’s government drew both praise and criticism. His “common sense and his feeling for justice won his subjects’ affection”; and he “enjoyed some status as the champion of the poor and the helpless, as ballads and novelle record.” He was also a patron of the arts, commissioning notable
469:
The
Florentine Constitution of 1532 consolidated Duke Alessandro’s power. While Clement lived, Alessandro ruled "with the advice of elected councils, trying to calm the nerves of the defeated republicans"; however, as his reign progressed he showed authoritarian tendencies. In 1534, he ordered
581:
On 5/6 January, the Night of
Epiphany, Lorenzino entrapped Duke Alessandro through the ruse of a promised sexual encounter with a beautiful widow. As Duke Alessandro waited alone and unarmed, Lorenzino and his servant Piero di Giovannabate, also called Scoronconcolo, ambushed him and "stabbed
402:. Unfortunately, Alessandro and Ippolito were “alike in one respect only, their mutual hatred of each other.” They openly feuded throughout their short lives. Passerini was extremely unpopular with the anti-Medici faction in Florence, as well as with members of the Medici family such as
299:, the court historian of the Medicean grand duchy writes that "...some whose authority is credible and that have obtained this secret from penetralia servants, think he was son of Clement, born of a servant of the house when he was a knight of Saint John."
498:
responded, “his
Excellency’s virtue, his fame, the opinion of him held throughout the city, of his prudence, of his virtuous habits, are a sufficient reply". Emperor Charles dismissed the complaints, continuing to support Alessandro.
1488:
Baker, Nicholas Scott. 2010. "Power and
Passion in Sixteenth-century Florence: The Sexual and Political Reputations of Alessandro and Cosimo I De' Medici". Journal of the History of Sexuality 19 (3). University of Texas Press:
429:
were advised to leave the city with
Cardinal Passerini. Many of the Medicis’ main supporters fled Florence; but eight-year-old Catherine de' Medici was left behind. Alessandro lived in exile for the next three years.
1993:
410:. She disparaged not only Passerini but Alessandro as well, calling him unworthy of the family name. Outrage over the Medici-backed Passerini regency led to a popular revolt four years later.
1924:
596:
Lorenzino, in a declaration published later, said that he had killed
Alessandro to preserve the Republic of Florence. When Florence's anti-Medici faction failed to rise, Lorenzino fled to
1983:
697:
2114:
722:
Origins of legislative sovereignty and the legislative state: Modern origins,developments, and perspectives against the
Background of "Machiavelism".Book I: Pre-Modern "Machiavelism"
2347:
267:
to rule
Florence as a hereditary monarch, Alessandro was also the last Medici from the senior line of the family to lead the city. His assassination at the hands of distant cousin
2159:
2109:
1566:
Brackett, John (2005) "Race and Rulership: Alessandro de' Medici, first Medici Duke of Florence, 1529–1537," in T.F. Earle and K.J.P. Lowe,
1521:
2219:
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1594:
online page discussing his ancestry, and his heirs (Note: this article is known to contain at least one elementary error, involving the well-known Medici tombs.). Updated in
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2149:
2265:
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379:(1519); and eventually Pope Leo X (1521). This prompted Cardinal Giulio (then Gran Maestro of Florence, later Pope Clement VII), to relocate the remaining Medici heirs to
329:
too, described this rumour as unfounded, instead tracing Alessandro's mother to a peasant from the Roman countryside who would later go on to marry a carrier from Lazio.
2285:
2209:
2194:
2179:
585:
For fear of starting an uprising if news of his death became public, Medici officials wrapped Alessandro's corpse in a carpet and secretly carried it to the cemetery of
2743:
2199:
1502:, J. M.ª y Gutiérrez Baños, F. (coords.), Estudios de historia del arte. Homenaje al profesor De la Plaza Santiago. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. pp. 161–66.
474:, “to secure the Medici’s control of the city following their recent return after the Siege of Florence, and to provide lodging for a massive contingent of troops.”
398:
When Cardinal Giulio became Pope Clement VII in 1523, he left leadership of Florence to Alessandro and Ippolito, under the regency of Papal representative Cardinal
321:. French author Jean Nestor reported in the 1560s that the claim of a Moorish slave origin was a false rumor first spread by Alessandro's exiled enemies in Naples.
1468:
1113:
2214:
2169:
1998:
2134:
628:
2644:
2332:
2306:
2270:
2129:
2104:
1899:
2768:
687:
1627:
605:
1227:
990:
1498:
Cfr. Pascual Molina, JesĂşs F. (2009). "Alexander Florentiae Dux: el primer duque de Florencia y el Imperio. Muerte, polĂtica y arte" en
2040:
2763:
1315:
2758:
391:, (later Vice-Chancellor of the Catholic Church). In 1522, Cardinal Giulio purchased the title 'Duke of Penne' for Alessandro from
376:
2773:
1712:
372:
1050:
2748:
371:
and Cardinal Giulio de’ Medici. During those years, a number of unexpected deaths occurred in the Medici family’s senior line:
1717:
1507:
1209:
1025:
910:
811:
730:
214:
2280:
1967:
1301:
1169:
1117:
2587:
2382:
1894:
1441:
1387:
1097:
933:
777:
586:
458:
troops, Alessandro was named head of state. Pope Clement VII chose him for the position over Ippolito, who was made
2753:
2184:
1657:
616:
511:
176:
1522:"A Renaissance Mystery Solved: Lorenzino de' Medici's assassination was ordered by the Emperor Charles V Habsburg"
2204:
1595:
867:
863:
838:
491:
451:
256:
1988:
1904:
890:
600:, where he was killed in 1548 at the direct orders of Emperor Charles V. Florence's Medici supporters – called
2520:
1919:
1692:
392:
1284:
1588:
834:
318:
2446:
2357:
2240:
2084:
1794:
1591:
2738:
2174:
2019:
1804:
1784:
692:
54:
2089:
2014:
1779:
574:
283:
Born in Florence, Alessandro was recognized by a plurality of his contemporaries as the only son of
2733:
2352:
2094:
1799:
636:
364:
337:
284:
342:
19:
This article is about the first Duke of Florence. For the Alessandro de' Medici who was pope, see
2695:
2557:
2245:
2099:
1909:
1820:
1789:
1575:
The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
1380:
The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
754:
The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici
547:
459:
384:
268:
2592:
2473:
1914:
1883:
1774:
1766:
1756:
1728:
495:
426:
322:
92:
82:
2504:
346:. Motto: "Non buelvo sin vencer" (old Spanish for "I shall not return without victory") (From
291:"the Magnificent". Others believed him to be the illegitimate son of Giulio de' Medici (later
2392:
2250:
2024:
1702:
1697:
801:
407:
288:
1355:
1148:
1132:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2478:
2453:
2436:
2426:
2275:
1687:
1650:
1453:
1341:
624:
515:
422:
188:
182:
119:
8:
2685:
2639:
1825:
1543:
1319:
1229:
Glory and Infamy: Making the Memory of Duke Alessandro de' Medici in Renaissance Florence
640:
418:
414:
306:
363:
Alessandro spent his early childhood in Rome, where he received a humanist education by
2690:
2311:
1932:
1555:
1070:
593:, Spain, at the imperial court of Charles V, a solemn funeral was held for Alessandro.
388:
309:, present two hypotheses as to Alessandro de Medici's ancestry: he was "rumoured to be
272:
2054:
1952:
2458:
2431:
2119:
1947:
1937:
1503:
1437:
1383:
1093:
1074:
1021:
929:
906:
886:
807:
773:
726:
503:
487:
471:
463:
296:
168:
148:
136:
466:. This ended the Florentine Republic and started over 200 years of Medici monarchy.
2680:
2670:
2629:
2139:
1962:
1877:
1846:
1743:
1722:
1617:
1062:
660:
620:
569:
551:
507:
417:
in 1527, a faction of Florentines overthrew the Medici and installed a theocratic,
399:
326:
310:
292:
218:
62:
1415:
1246:
1183:
502:
In 1536, Emperor Charles kept a promise to Pope Clement by marrying his daughter,
2541:
2525:
1957:
1666:
1643:
1473:
960:
923:
767:
720:
561:
483:
403:
380:
264:
247:(22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537), nicknamed "il Moro" due to his dark complexion,
438:
2665:
2660:
2483:
2378:
2337:
2189:
1942:
1356:"Alessandro de' Medici, 1512-1537, 1st Duke of Florence 1523 [obverse]"
550:, "Lorenzaccio" ("bad Lorenzo"), assassinated him. The event is the subject of
479:
455:
443:
314:
252:
868:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/mediciupdate.html
864:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/mediciupdate.html
2712:
2255:
2076:
50:
302:
His nickname "il Moro" is attributed to his relatively dark pigmentation.
2624:
2441:
2399:
2387:
2260:
2224:
964:
956:
878:
347:
1066:
506:, to Duke Alessandro. He seems to have remained faithful to one mistress,
2634:
2608:
2562:
2373:
1888:
1851:
556:
236:
20:
2342:
1051:"Mistaken Identities?: Alessandro de' Medici and the Question of "Race""
688:"Africans in Medieval & Renaissance Art: Duke Alessandro de' Medici"
2468:
1871:
1841:
1707:
590:
538:
368:
2327:
526:
37:
2582:
2499:
2463:
601:
835:"The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Alessandro De Medici"
609:
260:
115:
46:
1635:
619:(aged four at the time of his father's death) married to Angelica
2675:
604:
from the balls on the Medici arms – ensured that power passed to
332:
199:
632:
597:
531:
204:
1342:"Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence – the Medici Family"
1302:"The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence"
1170:"The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence"
1114:"The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence"
546:
In 1537, Duke Alessandro's distant cousin and close friend
248:
1232:(PhD thesis). The City University of New York. p. 10.
803:
Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes
615:
Alessandro was survived by two illegitimate children: son
313:
son by either a Moorish slave or a peasant woman from the
1454:"Lorenzino de' Medici | Italian writer and assassin"
1092:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 33–40.
608:, the first of the "junior" branch of the Medici to rule
995:
The Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti
1434:
Medici Women: Portraits of Power, Love, and Betrayal
1210:"Queens of Infamy: The Rise of Catherine de' Medici"
977:
Histoire des hommes illustres de la maison de Medici
921:
765:
514:(c. 1533/37–1600), who had illegitimate issue, and
43:
Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici, duke of Florence
799:
387:, (later Queen Consort of France); and his cousin
2744:16th-century people from the Republic of Florence
1149:"The Tragedies of the Medici, by Edgcumbe Staley"
955:So named because for being a native or living in
2710:
915:
1225:
991:"ALESSANDRO de' Medici, primo duca di Firenze"
718:
1651:
383:, near Florence: Alessandro; his half-sister
317:". His mother was identified in documents as
295:), but at the time that was a minority view.
858:
856:
759:
756:(London: Bodley Head, 2016), pp. 16, 280–81.
1020:. Manchester: Carcanet Press. p. 192.
959:, a small town in the historical region of
793:
2041:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
1658:
1644:
263:from 1530 to his death in 1537. The first
36:
1055:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
853:
827:
530:Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici in the
1572:
1554:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1296:
1294:
1271:
1221:
1219:
1164:
1162:
1087:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
905:, p. 9 (Oxford University Press, 2008),
537:
525:
437:
352:Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose
331:
1542:
1436:. University of Toronto Press, p. 233.
1402:
1259:
1241:
1239:
746:
712:
2711:
1548:The House of Medici, Its Rise and Fall
1015:
997:. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
925:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
769:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
442:Portrait of Alessandro de’ Medici, by
2769:Assassinated heads of state in Europe
1639:
1568:Black Africans in Renaissance Europe.
1466:
1366:
1291:
1216:
1159:
1035:
682:
680:
678:
377:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
1416:"Alessandro | duke of Florence"
1247:"Alessandro | duke of Florence"
1236:
883:World's Great Men of Color, Volume 2
589:, where it was hurriedly buried. In
373:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
271:caused the title of Duke to pass to
1665:
1469:"'Lorenzaccio': Murder Most Medici"
1382:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
928:. Harper Perennial. pp. 236–.
772:. Harper Perennial. pp. 151–.
700:from the original on 5 January 2019
661:"Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici"
433:
275:, from the family's junior branch.
13:
2588:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
2420:Painters, sculptors and architects
1130:
969:
675:
450:In 1530, after a nearly ten month
215:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
16:Duke of Florence from 1532 to 1537
14:
2785:
1582:
1519:
988:
2764:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
2493:Poets and other literary figures
2053:
1596:A View on Race and the Art World
1467:Marks, Peter (25 January 2005).
521:
2759:16th-century monarchs in Europe
1513:
1492:
1482:
1460:
1446:
1426:
1408:
1396:
1348:
1334:
1308:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1202:
1176:
1141:
1124:
1106:
1081:
1009:
982:
949:
895:
492:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
257:Duke of the Florentine Republic
157:
2774:16th-century murdered monarchs
1049:Gallucci, Mary (Summer 2015).
872:
653:
510:, who bore his only children:
1:
2749:16th-century Italian nobility
2671:Stories set to music: "opera"
646:
393:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
358:
1573:Fletcher, Catherine (2016).
1378:Fletcher, Catherine (2020).
1116:. March 2016. Archived from
1090:The Black Prince of Florence
1088:Fletcher, Catherine (2016).
922:Christopher Hibbert (2003).
885:, p. 31 (Touchstone, 1996),
766:Christopher Hibbert (2003).
663:. Philadelphia Museum of Art
7:
2447:Michelangelo and the Medici
2291:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
2241:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
1432:Langdon, Gabrielle (2006).
1134:The Tragedies of the Medici
1016:Bedini, Silvano A. (1997).
903:Murder of a Medici Princess
806:. McFarland. pp. 74–.
800:George L. Williams (2004).
470:construction of Florence’s
367:, under the supervision of
73:1 May 1532 – 6 January 1537
10:
2790:
2514:Humanists and philosophers
2266:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
1536:
693:Victoria and Albert Museum
259:(from 1532), was ruler of
55:Philadelphia Museum of Art
18:
2653:
2617:
2601:
2575:
2550:
2534:
2513:
2492:
2419:
2412:
2366:
2320:
2299:
2233:
2075:
2068:
2051:
2033:
2015:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
2007:
1976:
1860:
1834:
1813:
1765:
1742:
1698:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
1680:
1673:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1190:. Encyclopedia Britannica
319:Simonetta da Collevecchio
305:Some historians, such as
232:
228:Simonetta da Collevecchio
224:
210:
198:
167:
142:
125:
102:
98:
88:
78:
68:
61:
35:
30:
1274:, pp. 482, 513–514.
365:Pierio Valeriano Bolzani
2754:Italian Roman Catholics
2246:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
1977:Bishops and archbishops
1420:Encyclopedia Britannica
1226:Tracy E. Robey (2012).
719:A. London Fell (1993).
278:
2593:Order of Saint Stephen
2474:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
1767:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
1520:Leeds, University of.
575:The Revenger's Tragedy
543:
535:
496:Francesco Guicciardini
447:
355:
323:University of Florence
2393:Cappella dei Principi
2300:Fountains and gardens
1752:Alessandro "The Moor"
1734:Alessandro "The Moor"
1285:"History of Florence"
1067:10.1353/jem.2015.0023
637:Bernadetto de' Medici
627:, married firstly to
578:, among other works.
541:
529:
441:
408:Piero the Unfortunate
338:Alessandro de' Medici
335:
285:Lorenzo II de' Medici
245:Alessandro de' Medici
31:Alessandro de' Medici
2558:Emilio de' Cavalieri
2521:Pico della Mirandola
2479:Jacopo della Quercia
2454:Bernardo Buontalenti
2437:Filippo Brunelleschi
2427:Bartolomeo Ammannati
2276:Palazzo delle Vedove
1708:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
1589:Alessandro de Medici
1544:Hibbert, Christopher
1322:on 26 September 2021
1212:. 27 September 2018.
1137:. Project Gutenberg.
901:Caroline P. Murphy,
752:Catherine Fletcher,
568:; and the basis for
548:Lorenzino de' Medici
120:Republic of Florence
2583:Medici coat of arms
2505:Niccolò Machiavelli
1968:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
1560:History of Florence
1556:Schevill, Ferdinand
1316:"Fortezza da Basso"
1262:, pp. 250–252.
1120:on 28 January 2021.
1018:The Pope's Elephant
696:. 13 January 2011.
542:Margaret of Austria
504:Margaret of Austria
427:Ippolito de' Medici
307:Christopher Hibbert
93:Cosimo I de' Medici
83:Ippolito de' Medici
2312:Villa di Pratolino
1688:Cosimo "The Elder"
1131:Staley, Edgcumbe.
641:Prince of Ottajano
629:Francesco Cantelmo
544:
536:
448:
356:
343:DĂĽrer's Rhinoceros
289:Lorenzo de' Medici
273:Cosimo I de Medici
2739:Dukes of Florence
2706:
2705:
2645:Arazzeria Medicea
2571:
2570:
2459:Leonardo da Vinci
2432:Sandro Botticelli
2408:
2407:
2348:San Piero a Sieve
2049:
2048:
1948:Bernardo Salviati
1938:Giovanni Salviati
1744:Dukes of Florence
1703:Piero "The Brief"
1693:Piero "The Gouty"
1681:Lords of Florence
1634:
1633:
1625:Succeeded by
1508:978-84-8448-521-6
1153:www.gutenberg.org
1027:978-1-85754-277-6
911:978-0-19-531439-7
862:{{cite web |url=
813:978-0-7864-2071-1
732:978-0-275-93975-5
516:Giulia de' Medici
512:Giulio de' Medici
488:Benvenuto Cellini
472:Fortezza da Basso
464:Holy Roman Empire
452:siege of Florence
425:. Alessandro and
311:Cardinal Giulio's
297:Scipione Ammirato
242:
241:
189:Porzia de' Medici
183:Giulia de' Medici
177:Giulio de' Medici
149:Margaret of Parma
137:Duchy of Florence
2781:
2681:Pazzi conspiracy
2640:Venus de' Medici
2630:Medici porcelain
2500:Agnolo Poliziano
2417:
2416:
2175:Poggio Imperiale
2073:
2072:
2063:
2057:
1989:Bernardo Antonio
1963:Ferrante Gonzaga
1814:Queens of France
1678:
1677:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1618:Duke of Florence
1610:Preceded by
1602:
1601:
1578:
1563:
1551:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1500:Parrado del Olmo
1496:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1364:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1046:
1033:
1031:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
989:Spini, Giorgio.
986:
980:
973:
967:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
919:
913:
899:
893:
876:
870:
860:
851:
850:
848:
846:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:
763:
757:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
684:
673:
672:
670:
668:
657:
570:Thomas Middleton
552:Alfred de Musset
508:Taddea Malaspina
434:Duke of Florence
400:Silvio Passerini
293:Pope Clement VII
219:Pope Clement VII
161:
159:
132:
112:
110:
74:
63:Duke of Florence
53:, c. 1534–1535,
40:
28:
27:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2734:House of Medici
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2649:
2613:
2597:
2567:
2546:
2542:Galileo Galilei
2530:
2526:Marsilio Ficino
2509:
2488:
2404:
2362:
2316:
2307:Medici fountain
2295:
2229:
2115:Poggio a Caiano
2064:
2059:
2058:
2045:
2029:
2003:
1972:
1958:Lorenzo Strozzi
1953:Niccolò Ridolfi
1933:Luigi de' Rossi
1927:
1920:Francesco Maria
1856:
1830:
1809:
1761:
1738:
1669:
1667:House of Medici
1664:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1585:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1474:Washington Post
1465:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1367:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1047:
1036:
1028:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
987:
983:
979:, 1564, p. 187.
974:
970:
954:
950:
940:
938:
936:
920:
916:
900:
896:
877:
873:
861:
854:
844:
842:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
814:
798:
794:
784:
782:
780:
764:
760:
751:
747:
737:
735:
733:
717:
713:
703:
701:
686:
685:
676:
666:
664:
659:
658:
654:
649:
623:, and daughter
562:Alexandre Dumas
524:
484:Jacopo Pontormo
436:
404:Clarice Strozzi
381:Poggio a Caiano
361:
281:
194:
163:
160: 1536)
155:
151:
134:
130:
114:
108:
106:
72:
57:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Galilean moons
2663:
2661:Medici giraffe
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2484:Giorgio Vasari
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2379:Medici Chapels
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Palazzo Madama
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Montevettolini
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Innocenzo Cybo
1940:
1935:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:Regnal titles
1600:
1599:
1584:
1583:External links
1581:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1552:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1512:
1491:
1481:
1459:
1445:
1425:
1407:
1405:, p. 254.
1395:
1388:
1365:
1347:
1333:
1307:
1290:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1235:
1215:
1201:
1175:
1158:
1140:
1123:
1105:
1098:
1080:
1034:
1026:
1008:
981:
968:
948:
934:
914:
894:
871:
852:
826:
812:
792:
778:
758:
745:
731:
711:
674:
651:
650:
648:
645:
635:, and then to
631:, the Duke of
523:
520:
480:Giorgio Vasari
444:Giorgio Vasari
435:
432:
406:, daughter of
360:
357:
315:Roman Campagna
287:, grandson of
280:
277:
255:and the first
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
212:
208:
207:
202:
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:(illegitimate)
186:
185:(illegitimate)
180:
179:(illegitimate)
173:
171:
165:
164:
153:
147:
146:
144:
140:
139:
133:(aged 26)
129:6 January 1537
127:
123:
122:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
59:
58:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
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2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
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2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
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2448:
2445:
2444:
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2422:
2418:
2415:
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2398:
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2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Palazzo Pitti
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Cerreto Guidi
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Collesalvetti
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:Festina Lente
2056:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:(Clement VII)
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Ferdinando II
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:(Clement VII)
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:0-8020-3825-5
1439:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1389:9780190092146
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1304:. March 2016.
1303:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1272:Schevill 1936
1268:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1172:. March 2016.
1171:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1099:9780190612726
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1012:
996:
992:
985:
978:
975:Jean Nestor,
972:
966:
962:
958:
952:
937:
935:0-688-00339-7
931:
927:
926:
918:
912:
908:
904:
898:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Rogers, J. A.
875:
869:
865:
859:
857:
840:
836:
830:
815:
809:
805:
804:
796:
781:
779:0-688-00339-7
775:
771:
770:
762:
755:
749:
734:
728:
724:
723:
715:
699:
695:
694:
689:
683:
681:
679:
662:
656:
652:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
540:
533:
528:
522:Assassination
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
475:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
454:supported by
453:
445:
440:
431:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
334:
330:
328:
327:Giorgio Spini
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
172:
170:
166:
150:
145:
141:
138:
128:
124:
121:
117:
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:oil on canvas
48:
45:, painted by
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2625:Medici lions
2602:Institutions
2442:Michelangelo
2400:Old Sacristy
2388:New Sacristy
2261:Villa Medici
2185:L'Ambrogiana
2170:Arena Metato
2060:
2020:Don Giovanni
1928:
1910:Giovan Carlo
1900:Ferdinando I
1867:
1805:Gian Gastone
1785:Ferdinando I
1751:
1733:
1616:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1547:
1525:
1515:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1472:
1462:
1448:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1403:Hibbert 1999
1398:
1379:
1359:
1350:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1310:
1279:
1267:
1260:Hibbert 1999
1255:
1228:
1204:
1194:11 September
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1184:"Alessandro"
1178:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1126:
1118:the original
1108:
1089:
1083:
1058:
1054:
1017:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
994:
984:
976:
971:
965:Papal States
957:Collevecchio
951:
939:. Retrieved
924:
917:
902:
897:
882:
874:
843:. Retrieved
829:
817:. Retrieved
802:
795:
783:. Retrieved
768:
761:
753:
748:
736:. Retrieved
721:
714:
702:. Retrieved
691:
665:. Retrieved
655:
614:
595:
584:
580:
573:
565:
555:
545:
501:
476:
468:
449:
421:-influenced
415:Sack of Rome
412:
397:
362:
351:
348:Paolo Giovio
341:
304:
301:
282:
244:
243:
131:(1537-01-06)
113:22 July 1510
42:
25:
2729:1537 crimes
2724:1537 deaths
2719:1510 births
2635:Medici Vase
2609:Medici Bank
2563:Jacopo Peri
2383:San Lorenzo
2374:Magi Chapel
2008:Condottieri
1929:female line
1847:Clement VII
1780:Francesco I
1360:www.nga.gov
725:. Praeger.
587:San Lorenzo
557:Lorenzaccio
413:During the
340:, based on
269:Lorenzaccio
237:Catholicism
79:Predecessor
21:Pope Leo XI
2713:Categories
2686:Savonarola
2535:Scientists
2469:Michelozzo
2321:Fortresses
2165:Marignolle
2145:Camugliano
2140:La Petraia
2135:Spedaletto
2125:Mezzomonte
2085:Cafaggiolo
1889:Alessandro
1800:Cosimo III
1718:Lorenzo II
1622:1532–1537
1612:new office
1188:Britannica
1001:16 January
891:0684815826
845:22 October
819:12 January
738:12 January
647:References
591:Valladolid
419:Savonarola
369:Pope Leo X
359:Early life
336:Emblem of
325:historian
135:Florence,
109:1510-07-22
2691:TV series
2551:Musicians
2464:Donatello
2413:Patronage
2220:Seravezza
2155:La Topaia
2105:La Quiete
2069:Buildings
2034:Genealogy
1925:Francesco
1868:male line
1861:Cardinals
1790:Cosimo II
1075:153239187
1061:(3): 44.
963:, in the
841:. c. 1995
839:Frontline
621:Malaspina
602:Palleschi
566:Lorenzino
478:works by
385:Catherine
89:Successor
2696:episodes
2576:Heraldry
2358:Volterra
2338:Piombino
2333:Grosseto
2286:Materdei
2210:Artimino
2190:La MĂ gia
2120:Castello
1994:Giuliano
1915:Leopoldo
1895:Giovanni
1891:(Leo XI)
1884:Ippolito
1872:Giovanni
1821:Caterina
1775:Cosimo I
1757:Cosimo I
1729:Ippolito
1713:Giuliano
1628:Cosimo I
1558:(1936).
1546:(1999).
1326:16 April
698:Archived
610:Florence
572:’s play
554:’s play
460:cardinal
423:Republic
389:Ippolito
375:(1516);
261:Florence
233:Religion
116:Florence
47:Pontormo
2676:Albizzi
2654:Related
2367:Chapels
2343:Pistoia
2271:Livorno
2234:Palaces
2200:Coltano
2195:Liliano
2180:Lapeggi
2150:Stabbia
2100:Fiesole
2095:Careggi
2090:Trebbio
2025:Mattias
1984:Filippo
1874:(Leo X)
1537:Sources
1489:432–57.
941:10 June
785:10 June
564:’ play
456:Spanish
446:(1534).
354:, 1557)
162:
154:
2328:Arezzo
2225:Madama
2130:Agnano
2077:Villas
1999:Zanobi
1878:Giulio
1852:Leo XI
1723:Giulio
1674:People
1506:
1440:
1386:
1096:
1073:
1024:
961:Sabina
932:
909:
889:
810:
776:
729:
639:, the
633:Popoli
625:Giulia
617:Giulio
606:Cosimo
598:Venice
532:Uffizi
490:, and
265:Medici
225:Mother
211:Father
205:Medici
143:Spouse
2353:Siena
1905:Carlo
1842:Leo X
1835:Popes
1826:Maria
1526:PRLog
1071:S2CID
704:6 May
667:7 May
253:Penne
217:, or
200:House
169:Issue
156:(
152:
69:Reign
2281:Pisa
2215:Buti
1504:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1328:2023
1196:2021
1094:ISBN
1022:ISBN
1003:2022
943:2022
930:ISBN
907:ISBN
887:ISBN
847:2022
821:2012
808:ISBN
787:2022
774:ISBN
740:2012
727:ISBN
706:2018
669:2023
279:Life
249:Duke
126:Died
103:Born
2618:Art
1592:PBS
1063:doi
350:'s
251:of
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2381:,
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