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Although the facility was a military establishment, it had its fair share of prison escapes. 29 escapes were reported involving 80 convicts out of which 62 were caught and tried while the rest of the prisoners were not traced. In the prison escape of
November 28, 1918, there were four prisoners who escaped in rafts, and they were seen at Sutro Forest. However, only one was caught and the others escaped.
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With many new enlistees, the military personnel on
Alcatraz increased to over 350 by the end of April 1861. The army slowly increased the number of men assigned to Alcatraz throughout the Civil War, reaching a high point of 433 men in early 1865. The army shipped most of these soldiers out to the Southwestern frontier; however, some were sent to battlefields in the East.
362:. Fremont had expected a large compensation for his initiative in purchasing and securing Alcatraz Island for the U.S. government, but the U.S. government later invalidated the sale and paid Fremont nothing. Fremont and his heirs sued for compensation during protracted but unsuccessful legal battles that extended into the 1890s.
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of the citadel. Other buildings included
Batteries Rosecranz and Halleck in the north, the barracks building in the northeast, Battery McClellan and Fog Bell House in the south, Battery McPherson in the west and Batteries Stevens and Mansfield in the northwest and the lighthouse aside the main citadel.
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Alcatraz was renamed as the "Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison" in 1907, and as the importance of the Island citadel became less and less obvious due to modernization of the naval facilities, infantry soldiers were shifted and prison guards brought in their place. It developed a reputation for its
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As the number of prisoners to be housed in the citadel increased, more space was built in the form of the Upper Prison, which consisted of three wooden structures, each of two tiers, with the lower prison getting converted as a workshop. However, both Upper and Lower Prison cells, being made of wood,
404:
The start of construction was a citadel, in this case meaning a lightly fortified barracks, at the top of sandstone rock outcrops. In every other Third System works, such structures are masked from direct fire by more solid fortifications, but not here. The upper part of the island was encircled with
639:
which devastated the city, and the prison population dramatically increased as prisoners were temporarily transferred to the island due to damage in the city. In 1907, Alcatraz
Citadel ceased function as a military defense and became the Pacific Branch, U.S. Military Prison solely. When the original
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Alcatraz
Citadel consisted of a basement, which contained the kitchen, bakery, bedrooms, storerooms and jail cells, and two levels above ground which contained the military personnel quarters, servant quarters, parlors and a mess room. In-ground water tanks and water tanks were situated on the roof
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walls built of stone and bricks abutting the rock faces, unlike most other Third System works, which laid a heavier hand on the natural landscape. Near the wharf, though, a later sallyport and a fortified barracks showed a more conventional design. A lighthouse was built and 11 cannons were fixed.
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on a $ 250,000 budget on the site of the remains and short-lived upper prison building. Many of the former tunnels and chambers of the original fort remain today and are still accessible. This building was modernized in 1934 when it reopened as a federal penitentiary, the notorious
Alcatraz prison
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the army continued to work on
Alcatraz throughout 1860 and 1861, expanding and improving the island's existing fortifications. The military also used the island as a training ground for soldiers. New troops continually arrived on the island, underwent training, and departed for other assignments.
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weighing over 25 tons, capable of launching a 330-pound explosive 4,680 yards when angled at 25 degrees. The Parade
Grounds were located in the left centre. When the new concrete prison was built in 1910–1912, iron staircases in the interior were retained from the old citadel and massive granite
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In 1915 Alcatraz was renamed the "Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary
Barracks", to indicate that rehabilitation as well as punishment were to be provided. Soldiers with minor offences could be re-trained and returned to the army. As a result, many reformed prisoners returned to active service.
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1860s citadel collapsed in 1908, the
Citadel was demolished in 1909 up to its basement over which the new prison was built by the military prisoners between 1909 and 1911 and named as "the Pacific Branch, U.S. Disciplinary Barracks for the U.S. Army," which became popular as "The Rock."
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of fixed fortifications, although very different from most other Third System works. Initially completed in 1859, it was also used for mustering and training recruits and new units for the Civil War from 1861 and began secondary use as a long-term
541:, among others. Consequent to this, more and more were arrested for treason or enemy sympathies. To hold the increased number of prisoners, a temporary makeshift wooden prison was built in 1863 to the north of the guardhouse. In 1864, 15-inch
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Major improvements, needed because of changes in artillery, began in the 1870s, but were underfunded and never fully completed, as the post came to be seen less as defense and more as a jail. The site was not used for any major works of the
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The island continued to develop in the 1880s and in 1898 the population of Alcatraz increased dramatically from 26 to over 450 due to the Spanish–American War and placed a demand for new buildings. The original barracks evolved into
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In 1882 the citadel was enlarged to provide more accommodation for the families of the military officers working on Alcatraz. Between 1873 and 1895, 32 Native Americans were imprisoned at the citadel on Alcatraz, including 19
505:(1861–1865), having some 111 cannons encircling the island at peak, and was also used as a war camp. During the Civil War, the local federal forces had the onerous task of preventing local fighting between the Union and
620:, the number of prisoners increased substantially to 461 by 1902. In 1904, an upper prison building was built at a higher level on the island and replaced the lower prison, with a capacity of 307 inmates.
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were frequently subject to fire hazards, and this led to change of the structural form of the barracks; concrete structures were built, replacing the wooden ones.
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ordered the prisoners, aided by mules, to assist in changing the natural landscape of the island and creating a top level, dumping debris into the coves and bay.
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as a confederate privateer, intending it to prey on the Pacific Mail ships, which often carried cargoes of precious metals. The plan was interrupted early by the
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Indian word), were the earliest known inhabitants. They gathered bird eggs and other products there, but did not generally permanently live on the island.
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opened in August 1934, ending some eighty years of U.S. Army occupation. 32 hardened Army prisoners remained at Alcatraz while the rest were shifted to
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ordered that Alcatraz Island be set aside specifically for military purposes based upon the U.S. acquisition of California from Mexico following the
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The number of cells were increased in 1867 and the facility became a long-term military prison in 1868. Alcatraz was crucial to defense during the
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420:, later to become a prominent general during the Civil War, was one of the earliest commanders to serve on Alcatraz in 1858. In 1859 Captain
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Alcatraz was used to house soldiers who were guilty of crimes as early as 1859. By 1861, the fort was the military prison for the
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494:(POWs) as early as that year. Starting in 1863, the military also held private citizens accused of treason, after the writ of
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that followed the civil war, Indians who went against the government were sent to the Alcatraz prison. On June 5, 1873,
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Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios, and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West of the Mississippi River to 1898
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As the civil war ended, the military prison housed Confederate sympathizers who celebrated Lincoln's death. During the
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A large concrete prison block was erected between 1910 and 1912. In 1933–1934, this was modernized and became the
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821:"Alcatraz–World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary"
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which sought a high-security site to combat prison escapes and prison breaks connected to the Prohibition and
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With a small peacetime budget, and a small military, the Army was amenable to transferring the post to the
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and personal friend of Pio Pico. Later in 1846, acting in his capacity as Military Governor of California,
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in June 1846, with the understanding that Workman would build a lighthouse on it. Workman was co-owner of
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1235:(January). Improvement Fund, Pacific Branch United States Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz, California: 3
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barracks built. By end of the Civil War in 1865, there were more than one hundred cannon on the island.
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blocks originally used as gun mounts were reused as the wharf's bulkheads and retaining walls.
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men held in captivity there between January and August 1895 after being transferred from
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was the first Native American who was imprisoned there on transfer from Camp McDermit in
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The Alcatraz citadel building, completed in the 1850s and razed in 1909; 1908 photo
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began studying Alcatraz Island for coastal batteries to protect the entrance to
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Following the acquisition of California by the United States as a result of the
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began fortifying the island, continuing until 1859, at cost of $ 87,698
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The earliest recorded owner of Alcatraz was William Workman, of the
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Seeds of the Kingdom: Utopian Communities in the Americas
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which held America's most ruthless criminals until 1963.
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The main mode of transport accessing the island was the
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in 1905. The first hospital on Alcatraz opened in 1893.
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Modernization of the prison began in October 1933 and
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Full text of "The expeditions of John Charles Frémont"
725:, continuing to the top of the island, and crossing a
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James B. McPherson, Joseph Stewart, William A. Winder
56:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
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509:supporters who were both part of the population of
347:, bought the island for $ 5,000 in the name of the
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1085:. Legendsofamerica.com. p. 3. Archived from
1052:. Legendsofamerica.com. p. 2. Archived from
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848:. University of California Press. p. 18.
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740:Battery McClellan was equipped with a 15-inch
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767:. Vol. 2. University of Illinois Press.
1175:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 19.
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761:Mary Lee Spence & Donald Jackson (ed.).
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545:were added to the fort's armament, and more
454:. There might be a discussion about this on
1225:"A Brief History of the Island of Alcatraz"
1273:Military installations established in 1859
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1116:. National Park Service. February 27, 2015
1018:Alcatraz: History and Design of a Landmark
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647:in 1910–1912 under the command of Colonel
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474:Learn how and when to remove this message
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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951:A History of Alcatraz Island:: 1853–2008
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631:A view of the island and citadel in 1908
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412:Lighthouse and citadel building, c. 1893
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52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
27:United States Army coastal fortification
985:. National Park Service. March 19, 2015
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842:California Coastal Conservancy (1995).
729:over the 12 feet (3.7 m) deep dry
624:brutal methods of torturing prisoners.
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1268:Government buildings completed in 1859
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1141:. Oxford University Press. p. 9.
1015:MacDonald, Donald; Nadel, Ira (2012).
954:. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 12–30.
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1288:Military prisons in the United States
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796:"Alcatraz, San Francisco, California"
424:became commander of the active fort.
399:United States Army Corps of Engineers
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635:Alcatraz was barely affected by the
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275:’s plan for the defense of the Bay.
186:Golden Gate National Recreation Area
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689:United States Penitentiary, Atlanta
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1021:. Chronicle Books. pp. 6–20.
660:Transfer to the Justice Department
496:habeas corpus in the United States
393:. In 1853, under the direction of
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1278:1859 establishments in California
845:San Francisco Bay Shoreline Guide
162:Military defense; military prison
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369:Hopi inmates of Alcatraz citadel
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1204:"A Brief History of Alcatraz"
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677:Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
637:1906 San Francisco earthquake
381:(1848), and the onset of the
280:Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
948:Wellman, Gregory L. (2008).
645:entirely rebuilt in concrete
116:Model of Alcatraz, 1866–1868
7:
1206:. Federal Bureau of Prisons
375:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
295:Native Americans, known as
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1169:Frazer, Robert W. (1975).
1135:Peterson, Anna L. (2005).
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887:. Lucent Books. pp.
703:Architecture and fittings
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323:to whom it was given by
983:"Civil War at Alcatraz"
823:. National Park Service
143:37.82667°N 122.423333°W
879:Barter, James (1999).
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321:Workman-Temple family
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244:coastal fortification
148:37.82667; -122.423333
699:and several others.
618:Spanish–American War
444:confusing or unclear
383:California Gold Rush
379:Mexican–American War
360:Mexican–American War
223:Garrison information
45:factual accuracy is
1263:Forts in California
1114:"Fortress Alcatraz"
354:In 1850, President
218:Masonry, earthworks
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343:and leader of the
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176:United States Army
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318:
307:19th century
294:
277:
269:
260:Third System
239:
238:
202:Site history
192:Open to
72:
66:January 2019
63:
44:
1210:6 September
1188:5 September
1154:5 September
1093:6 September
1060:6 September
1034:5 September
967:5 September
904:5 September
861:5 September
827:5 September
802:5 September
780:5 September
616:During the
594:Building 64
562:Indian Wars
507:Confederate
146: /
134:122°25′24″W
122:Coordinates
1252:Categories
1239:8 November
1083:"Alcatraz"
1050:"Alcatraz"
749:References
742:Rodman gun
727:drawbridge
723:sally port
697:New Jersey
566:Paiute Tom
511:California
446:to readers
267:in 1868.
256:California
230:commanders
131:37°49′36″N
102:California
547:bombproof
387:U.S. Army
327:governor
215:Materials
54:talk page
1229:The Rock
1120:March 7,
989:March 7,
883:Alcatraz
693:Fort Jay
570:Nebraska
526:schooner
329:Pio Pico
47:disputed
442:may be
325:Mexican
286:History
1179:
1145:
1025:
958:
895:
852:
771:
685:Kansas
528:, the
397:, the
297:Ohlone
891:–27.
798:. BBC
538:Cyane
301:Miwok
207:Built
172:Owner
104:, US
1241:2014
1212:2012
1190:2012
1177:ISBN
1156:2012
1143:ISBN
1122:2019
1095:2012
1062:2012
1036:2012
1023:ISBN
991:2019
969:2012
956:ISBN
906:2012
893:ISBN
863:2012
850:ISBN
829:2012
804:2012
782:2012
769:ISBN
731:moat
582:Hopi
536:USS
228:Past
210:1859
159:Type
588:.
517:.
299:(A
254:in
246:on
197:Yes
1254::
1231:.
1227:.
1103:^
1070:^
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993:.
914:^
889:26
871:^
812:^
695:,
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