679:'s chief said that the province had not entered into any consultation with indigenous communities before proposing the sovereignty act. A statement released by Treaty 8 chiefs to Premier Smith, said that Treaties are the "exclusive reason of which Canada, and all the Provinces and Territories exist today" and that with this bill, the government of Alberta was acting in "dishonour of Treaty No. 8." In response to an APTN News request for a response to the November 18 press conference and releases, Premier Smith said that she will be booking meetings with Treaty chiefs to discuss the act. In statements released after Bill 1 was introduced, Treaty 6 chiefs said the sovereignty act could potentially apply to any federal law including treaties, which are "international agreements" that "take legal precedence over provincial and federal law". The
640:
33:
354:
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267:, and constitutional lawyer, Derek From. It was described by it its authors as a joint initiative with the Alberta Institute, a libertarian think tank founded in 2018 by Peter McCaffrey, who also is its President. Anderson was also Smith's campaign chair during the run-up to the 2022 UCP leadership election. Smith was not a part of the "Free Alberta Strategy" nor did she contribute to the document, but after reading it, she liked the idea of the sovereignty act. In a September 2022
300:, she announced in a June 15, 2022, Twitter post that she would introduce the Alberta Sovereignty Act on her first day as premier. The act, also known as Bill 1, would give the province the authority to "refuse to enforce any federal law or policy that attacks Alberta's interest or our provincial rights." Smith said that Alberta should emulate British Columbia and Quebec in asserting citizens' rights. In a June 16, 2022,
510:
Included in the list of federal policies that she considered to be unconstitutional, are Bill C-69—which former
Premier Jason Kenney referred to as the "No New Pipelines Act"; fertilizer reduction requirements; emissions and production reductions in the Alberta energy industry; reduction in fossil fuel electricity generation; and the federal government firearm restriction and buyback program.
675:, said that the Treaties are "international agreement and the highest law to govern the land, resources, and our Peoples" on unceded territories. He added that, the proposed bill could potentially grant Alberta the right to "extract resources at an unprotected rate, exacerbating the fight for their rights to land and resources and moving them away from a sustainable future".
636:—held a press conference specifically to speak out against the Alberta Sovereignty Act that Smith was proposing. By November 30, three of them—Brian Jean, Travis Toews and Rajan Sawhney—with ministerial posts in Premier Smith's cabinet—were ready to vote in favour of the bill because Smith had responded to their concerns, including the "separatism aspect".
718:
bill can only be constitutional if it permits the province to exercise existing powers under our federal system. If it offends these principles in its application, then the courts will be justified in intervening. But we would reiterate that the fact that provincial non-enforcement is constitutional does not necessarily mean that it is advisable."
600:" to Albertans. Following a debate of the resolution in the legislative assembly, an open vote would be held. The resolution would pass if a majority of Members of the Legislative Assembly vote in favour of the resolution. The legislature can make recommendations to cabinet on how to proceed on resolutions that require cabinet action.
795:
not "interested in fighting with the
Alberta government". The prime minister responded to concerns by delegates at the assembly that the act and Saskatchewan's Bill 88 were "shutting out Indigenous voices". He said that it was through the courts that disagreements between the federal and provincial governments can be settled.
794:
special assembly in Ottawa, Prime
Minister Trudeau responded to questions on the act, saying that it was being used by Premier Smith as a "political tool" to attempt to engage in a "fight" with the federal government. While he expressed "extreme concern" about what the act represented, he said he was
759:
of the province's constitutional authority, and affirmed the authority of the lieutenant governor to reserve royal assent. The
Supreme Court in responding to questions posed by the government of Alberta confirmed the validity of reservation, with the court unanimously confirming the powers were still
603:
As originally introduced to the legislature, once the resolution was passed, Bill 1 would grant the cabinet unilateral powers to change laws, and/or enact measures, which could include giving specific directives to "provincial entities". Cabinet could also take any other action that they are "legally
513:
Smith said that one example of how the
Alberta Sovereignty Act could be implemented would be to place intra-provincial highway or power plant projects under the auspices of the provincial government instead of the federal government, therefore removing the project from the jurisdiction of the federal
408:
both moving reasoned amendments, in
Canadian legislative bodies, if a reasoned amendment is adopted, it has the effect of defeating a bill, the reasoned amendments were defeated 9 for, 26 against and 9 for, 28 against respectively. Debate on second reading was ended on December 6, when the government
583:
The act compels "provincial entities" to follow directives issued by
Executive Council, which may include defying or ignoring federal laws deemed to harm Alberta, be unconstitutional or to be in violation of the Charter. While the act compels provincial entities, it does not compel private companies
416:
immediately after it had passed second reading, where the government proposed an amendment to remove the provisions in the bill that would have granted the cabinet unilateral powers to change laws or enact measures. The government then passed a time allocation motion on
December 7 to force a vote on
717:
does not prevent provinces from declining to enforce federal laws and that the act "as written appears to be constitutional and consistent with our constitutional tradition, in which federalism is a foundational principle that does not entail central domination." However, they later added that "the
571:
University of
Calgary law professors, Martin Olszynski and Nigel Bankes note that the act has ten "operative sections". The bill includes a section on definitions and another on interpretation, a third clause describing the resolution process for triggering the law into action, a description of the
344:
In the bill's third reading just before it was passed in the legislature, Premier Smith explained the justification for the "reset" in the provincial-federal relationship: "It's not like Ottawa is a national government. The way our country works is that we are a federation of sovereign, independent
284:
opinion piece, to enable
Alberta to become—like Quebec—a "nation within a nation". In the op-ed, Smith called for a resurrection of the Firewall letter. During her 2022 electoral campaign, Smith said that the Alberta Sovereignty Act, was not about separating from Canada but asserting the province's
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Opposition leader Rachel Notley described the act as a "thoughtless legal collection of mumbo jumbo... creates nothing but uncertainty—and through that: economic uncertainty—at a time when Albertans are desperately looking for economic recovery." She described Premier Smith, Barry Cooper and their
509:
in freezing protesters' funds and in jail terms for the organizers; federal censorship of Alberta-based news media, and the "mandatory participation by Albertans or information sharing by provincial agencies of Albertans’ personal data for the purpose of a Federal digital identification program".
332:
has been described as a living tree in constitutional law, as it adapts to "new situations and new social realities". Historically, conflicts concerning jurisdiction, finances, culture, or perceived favouritism have occurred between provinces and each other, and with the federal government. These
271:
interview, Cooper clarified that the act itself was deliberately "unconstitutional" to put the federal government on notice that Alberta would "no longer recognize their claimed authority over provincial areas of constitutional sovereignty." The document also called for the province of Alberta to
683:
said that the even with amendments, they would not support Bill 1. In an interview with reporters, Alberta Indigenous relations minister, Rick Wilson, said that the UCP should have done more consultation on the bill as there was some "confusion among Indigenous leaders" in regards to the term
721:
Lieutenant Governor Salma Lakhani said that she would evaluate the constitutionality of the legislation before granting royal assent. Typically, in the modern political environment, royal assent is an automatic process and viceroys defer to their premiers. The last time that a bill was not
802:
article said that the act "radically circumscribes federal authority, advancing the agenda of the province's far-right secessionist movement." Premier Smith's statement that Ottawa was not a "national government" was "widely disputed by constitutional experts", according to the article.
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The act directs "political entities"—including municipalities, school boards, municipal police forces, and regional health authorities—to not enforce "federal rules deemed harmful to Alberta's interests." A proposed use of the act would be triggered when a member of the
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A proposed application of the act can be triggered with a motion introduced in the legislative assembly by the premier or any minister identifying a specific federal policy or regulation which is deemed by them to be unconstitutional, contrary to the Charter or
183:
from federal laws and policies that the Alberta legislature deems to be unconstitutional or harmful to Albertans or the province's economic prosperity, in areas such as natural resources, gun control, COVID-19 public health, education, and agriculture.
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supporters as a "very extreme fringe of the Alberta population". Notley said that there are good arguments for the Alberta to achieve greater control of its own "economic destiny" but Bill 1 was "completely and entirely disconnected from that object."
473:
is intended to prevent instances of alleged overreach by the federal government. Legislation and programs that have been viewed by the Alberta government as overreaching federal jurisdiction that may be considered as test cases for the act include the
790:, questioned the prime minister on the potential for the act to undermine Canadian federal laws. The prime minister said that he would wait to see how Albertans responded to the act as a "lot of eyebrows" were raised in Alberta. During the December 8
710:, as well as the "impermissible delegation of legislative authority"—the so-called Henry VIII clause. They added that the Bill 1 was both "significant" and "unprecedented" in the way in which it intrudes into Canada's superior courts' jurisdictions.
250:
The concept of an Alberta Sovereignty Act was the cornerstone of the policy document called the "Free Alberta Strategy", which has been described as the act's "unofficial blueprint". The 50-page September 28, 2021 document was co-authored by former
695:'s constitutional law expert, Emmett Macfarlane, said that enacting a provincial law that declares a clear intent to attempt to 'negate' valid federal jurisdiction would almost certainly be considered to be exceeding the scope of provincial powers—
1511:
443:, which was defeated 7 for, 27 against. Debate on third reading was ended late on the night of December 7–8 when the government passed a time allocation motion to force a vote on third reading. Third reading was passed with 27 for, 7 against.
317:
A key feature of Canadian federalism is the way in which legislative powers are distributed among the different levels of government. Legislative powers of the provinces and the Parliament of Canada are set out in sections 91 to 95 of the
592:, post-secondary institutions, school boards, municipalities, and police services. Furthermore, section 1(e)(iv) includes a broad definition of entities that receive grant funding from the province of Alberta to provide a public service.
1374:
771:, host Matt Galloway described Cooper as in "many ways the architect" of the act. Cooper, told Galloway that if Canada does not change the Constitution, the next option would be an Alberta independence referendum in reference to the
572:
Lieutenant Governor in Council's relevant powers, a section on time limits on special measures arising from application of the law, a section on potential effects of directives arising from the law, a section confirming that the
345:
jurisdictions. They are one of those signatories to the Constitution and the rest of us, as signatories to the Constitution, have a right to exercise our sovereign powers in our own areas of jurisdiction."
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The reaction by some politicians and legal scholars has been negative. Former premier Jason Kenney described it as a "full-frontal attack on the rule of law", as well as a step towards separation and a
2017:
Were it to do so, debate on the bill would end, as would debate on the motion for second or third reading of the bill. The order relating to the bill would then disappear from the Order Paper.
1671:"As your Premier, on day 1, I'm introducing the Alberta Sovereignty Act. It's time put Alberta First! To become your Premier and stand up to Ottawa, I need to win the @Alberta_UCP nomination"
632:
Six of Smith's opponents in the leadership race criticized it. In a September 8 press conference, four of these contenders for the UCP leadership—Brian Jean, Travis Toews, Rajan Sawhney, and
1363:
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or individuals to comply with a directive of Executive Council. Under section 1(e) of the act, provincial entities that may be compelled by a directive include provincial public agencies,
2954:
1238:
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is intended to shield the province of Alberta from perceived overreach by the federal government in areas of provincial constitutional jurisdictions, including those outlined in
272:
replace the Canada Revenue Agency with its own tax collection service, establish a provincial police force to replace the RCMP, as well as an Alberta pension plan to replace the
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This may include overreach and interference in areas our government considers provincial jurisdiction such as firearms, energy, natural resources and COVID healthcare decisions.
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cancellation. Another issue is the perspective that the other provinces oppose the Albertan oil industry while enjoying the profits from it. The Government of Alberta held a
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to explain how Alberta could opt out of enforcing federal law. The Alberta sovereignty act propelled her into office and became her signature piece of legislation.
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chiefs immediately stated their opposition to the act through news conferences and in public statements and criticized the government for not consulting with them.
2628:
476:
2685:
Reference re The Power of the Governor General in Council to Disallow Provincial Legislation and the Power of Reservation of a Lieutenant-Governor of a Province
548:
in 2021 asking if equalization should be removed from the constitution, with a turnout of 39% and a majority of 61% of those voting being in favour of removal.
2500:
499:
During her United Conservative Party leadership campaign, Smith listed a number of federal policies that may be unconstitutional or may be in violation of the
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Director of the UBC Centre for Constitutional Law and Legal Studies, Geoffrey Sigalet, alongside PhD candidate and lawyer, Jesse Hartery, argued that the
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able to take" relevant to the resolution. Amendments were introduced to require Cabinet to introduce any legislative changes to the legislature.
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2234:
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Law professors, Olszynski and Bankes identified three potential constitutional challenges to the Bill, including both the separation and the
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The rationale for the act is that Alberta in particular is considered unfairly treated by the rest of Canada, due to programs like the
285:
rights within Canada by self-governance of a "Nation within a Nation", similar to Quebec's self-governance and Saskatchewan's proposed
231:
poll said that 32% of Albertans agreed that the act was "necessary to stand up to the federal government", against 42% who disagreed.
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385:(NDP) voted against the first reading of Bill 1. A recorded division of the assembly is a rare occurrence for a first reading in a
2403:
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500:
197:
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or harmful to Albertans. After a Legislative Assembly debate on the merits of the resolution, all members would take part in a
1765:
1206:"Alberta Sovereignty Act would impose constitutional order on 'lawless' Ottawa, Danielle Smith says as more details released"
2606:
2428:
1898:
1102:
1041:
1997:
264:
2447:
1796:
1239:"Running Afoul the Separation, Division, and Delegation of Powers: The Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act"
2709:
2669:
2213:
1861:
739:
568:, natural resources, agriculture, firearms, regulation of the economy, health, education, and other social programs.
409:
passed a time allocation motion to force a vote on second reading. Second reading was passed with 30 for, 9 against.
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2800:
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on the "impugned law, ruling or regulatory decision". If passed, the resolution would be reviewed within two years.
334:
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publicly opposed the proposed legislation at a November 18 news conference held in Edmonton. Chief Tony Alexis of
2932:
2801:"Trudeau says he doesn't want fight with Alberta on sovereignty act but will consider legislation's implications"
2432:
2247:
2182:
2147:
2112:
2077:
2042:
1974:
1936:
1338:
948:
910:
872:
703:. Failing to enforce a federal law or regulation "would be blatantly unconstitutional", according to Macfarlane.
537:
531:
193:
60:
40:
1512:"Free Alberta Strategy Group (Including Med. Hat MLA) Calls on Premier to Make Alberta a Sovereign Jurisdiction"
196:
identifying a specific federal law or policy that may be considered to be unconstitutional, in violation of the
1301:
455:
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of the amended bill was moved. Again, several NDP MLAs attempted to filibuster passage of third reading, with
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2266:
1066:
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518:. Another example would be to compel Alberta's credit unions to not comply with any future injunction of the
481:
239:
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393:
132:
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421:
382:
305:
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122:
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171:, is an act introduced on November 29, 2022, the first day of the fall sitting of the 4th Session of the
234:
The Alberta Sovereignty Act was a key component of Smith's campaign when she successfully contested the
2005:
672:
2939:
791:
541:
293:
256:
1339:"Change the Constitution or face Alberta independence referendum, says architect of Sovereignty Act"
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493:
374:
280:, which Smith—then a columnist and a 770 CHQR radio host— had referred to in her October 17, 2019,
172:
2774:
Change the Constitution or face Alberta independence referendum, says architect of Sovereignty Act
2554:"'It's a mess': Alberta NDP demands Smith drop sovereignty act as former UCP critics fall in line"
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589:
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503:. Potential Charter violations includes federal mandatory vaccination policies, the use of the
489:
485:
413:
329:
320:
2749:
1702:"UCP leadership contender Danielle Smith wants Alberta to ignore federal laws it doesn't like"
1434:"Justice minister's mandate includes Alberta sovereignty act, protection for the unvaccinated"
1175:"UCP leadership contender Danielle Smith wants Alberta to ignore federal laws it doesn't like"
573:
1741:
714:
676:
325:
260:
2831:"Trudeau says Ottawa not interested in 'fighting' with Alberta after Sovereignty Act passes"
2501:"Danielle Smith's proposed Alberta Sovereignty Act would create a 'banana republic': Kenney"
1408:"The Alberta Sovereignty Act finally lands. It's so tough Ottawa might consider disallowing"
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wrote "there is no room for serious argument" that reservation was no longer a valid power.
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812:
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492:. Smith has also stated the Government of Alberta will challenge the federal government's
8:
273:
90:
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1899:"Alberta sovereignty act: Municipalities, local police could get provincial directives"
1042:"Alberta sovereignty act: Municipalities, local police could get provincial directives"
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585:
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Several law experts and professors said that the act could be unconstitutional. Treaty
32:
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565:
2206:"Alberta passes Sovereignty Act, but first strips out sweeping powers for cabinet"
1001:"Alberta passes Sovereignty Act, but first strips out sweeping powers for cabinet"
1831:"Alberta passes sovereignty act, but first strips out sweeping powers to cabinet"
1797:"Alberta 'sovereignty act' sets province on collision course with Justin Trudeau"
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immediately granted royal assent in Alberta was in 1937 when Lieutenant Governor
626:
577:
505:
405:
252:
201:
2474:"Kenney attacks 'cockamamie' sovereignty act, defends Alberta Lt.-Gov. comments"
373:
was introduced by Premier Danielle Smith as Bill 1 of the fourth session of the
3025:
3015:
2982:
2448:"Opinion: Danielle Smith's sovereignty act faces unexpected in-house criticism"
1666:
975:"Alberta Premier Danielle Smith seeks more sovereignty from Canada in new bill"
440:
436:
362:
277:
176:
115:
2920:"Introduction of Bills: Bill 1 Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act"
2267:"Five things to know about the Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act"
429:
341:—as well as attempts by provinces to define their authorities for themselves.
3045:
3010:
2767:
2733:
2629:"Why Alberta's Danielle Smith is attacking Lieutenant Governor Salma Lakhani"
1873:
1808:
860:"Introduction of Bills Bill 1 Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act"
783:
761:
723:
648:
458:
224:
1732:
Brideau, Isabelle; Brosseau, Laurence; Lowenger, Allison (January 3, 2022).
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2725:
1461:
Free Alberta Strategy: A Strong, Free & Sovereign Alberta Within Canada
1270:"Treaty chiefs oppose proposed sovereignty act, say it infringes on rights"
617:
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that fund provinces with lower GDPs and environmental initiatives like the
451:
433:
425:
401:
310:
297:
75:
2607:"Opinion: Alberta's Sovereignty Act is constitutional but it needs nuance"
3005:
2995:
2678:
698:
633:
220:
2741:
2528:"4 UCP leadership candidates rally against 'fairy tale' sovereignty act"
1862:"Conservatives in Western Canada Pass Law Rejecting Federal Sovereignty"
3000:
2347:
Jacques, Olivier; Bélandré, Daniel; Lecours, André (October 13, 2021).
1956:
1954:
612:
484:, planned fertilizer emissions reductions, and conditional funding for
397:
2969:
2227:
1302:"Alberta chiefs call Sovereignty Act 'self-centred and short-sighted'"
564:. Specific areas of concern brought forward by Danielle Smith include
353:
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1951:
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1133:
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216:
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208:
1129:"Alberta could ignore court rulings under Smith's sovereignty act"
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2142:
2107:
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2037:
1969:
1931:
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the amendment. The amendment was passed with 27 for, 12 against.
180:
50:
2092:
1745:. Parliamentary Information, Education and Research Services: 23
1459:
Anderson, Rob; Cooper, Barry; From, Derek (September 28, 2021).
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
308:
prior to its legalization through the October 17, 2018, federal
238:, contributing to her election as UCP leader and appointment as
2378:"MLA Ron Orr: Equalization is fundamentally unfair to Alberta"
2162:
2404:"Alberta referendum results are in, Kenney speaks to results"
2293:"Where the Alberta government accuses Ottawa of overreaching"
1452:
1103:"Opinion: The constitutional confusions of a sovereignty act"
879:
2899:
A 3-page government policy document that accompanied Bill 1.
2127:
2022:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1487:"The Alberta sovereignty act is unconstitutional on purpose"
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
2889:. Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act. p. 3
597:
428:
moving another reasoned amendment, which was defeated in a
236:
United Conservative Party (UCP) leadership election in 2022
179:, and passed on December 8, 2022. The act seeks to protect
2581:"The Alberta Sovereignty Act appears to be constitutional"
1550:"Discussing The Free Alberta Strategy With Danielle Smith"
1766:"What the spectre of Alberta separatism means for Canada"
1622:
1223:
684:"sovereignty". He said the act "respects treaty rights".
2794:
2792:
1916:
480:, commonly known as Bill C-69, the federal government’s
420:
Immediately after it had completed the committee stage,
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of Bill 1 on November 30. Several NDP MLAs attempted to
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on November 29, 2022. The first reading was passed in a
2057:
1892:
1890:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1605:"Smith: Alberta should become a nation within a nation"
854:
852:
850:
848:
477:
Impact Assessment Act and Canadian Energy Regulator Act
227:
also stated her opposition to the act. A December 2022
2710:"Constitutional Amendment by Constitutional Desuetude"
2605:
Hartery, Jesse; Sigalet, Geoffrey (December 7, 2022).
2579:
Sigalet, Geoffrey; Hartery, Jesse (December 1, 2022).
2346:
831:
Third Reading was carried 1:01 AM on December 8, 2022.
767:
In a December 8 interview with Cooper as his guest on
2789:
1989:
1734:"The Distribution of Legislative Powers: An Overview"
1644:(Press release). Information sheet. November 29, 2022
1237:
Olszynski, Martin; Bankes, Nigel (December 6, 2022).
292:
When Smith was a contender for the leadership of the
2761:
2759:
1887:
1720:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
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782:
During Question Period in the House on November 30,
2349:"Alberta, Quebec, and the politics of equalization"
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2314:
2285:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1168:
1166:
1164:
304:, Smith used the example of the lax enforcement of
2972:2022 United Conservative Party leadership election
2905:"The Alberta Sovereignty Act – Questions answered"
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2821:
2657:
2439:
2323:"The Alberta Sovereignty Act – Questions answered"
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1199:
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1160:
1158:
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576:, a provision on immunity, another on a potential
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753:the Supreme Court struck down the three bills as
3043:
2799:Smith, Alanna; Bailey, Ian (November 30, 2022).
2311:
2299:. Edmonton. The Canadian Press. December 1, 2022
2261:
2259:
2257:
2030:"Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act"
1962:"Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act"
1924:"Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act"
1822:
1693:
1635:"Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act"
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1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1067:"Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act"
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2703:
2701:
1848:
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1192:
1141:
2861:Alberta Sovereignty within a United Canada Act
2604:
2578:
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2519:
2429:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
1783:
1656:
1392:
1319:
1256:
1059:
968:
966:
558:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
471:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
448:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
371:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
359:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
164:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
96:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
25:Alberta Sovereignty Within a United Canada Act
2955:
2664:. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. p. 229.
2254:
1127:Bellefontaine, Michelle (September 6, 2022).
1126:
1087:
1018:
925:
651:was critical of the proposed Sovereignty Act.
620:was critical of the proposed Sovereignty Act.
2698:
1764:Wesley, Jared; Young, Lisa (July 14, 2022).
1593:
743:until their legality could be tested at the
2798:
2770:, Barry Cooper(guests) (December 8, 2022).
1763:
1504:
963:
754:
696:
2962:
2948:
2197:
1995:
681:Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations
276:. Cooper was also a co-author of the 2001
31:
2652:
2445:
2203:
1573:
1547:
972:
638:
611:
562:Section 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867
525:
352:
2714:The American Journal of Comparative Law
2626:
2498:
2471:
1828:
1300:Paradis, Danielle (November 30, 2022).
1299:
998:
501:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
198:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
3044:
2707:
1998:"Amendments to the Motion for Reading"
1859:
1699:
1484:
1380:from the original on December 27, 2022
1203:
1172:
760:in operation and exercisable. Justice
735:Credit of Alberta Regulation Act, 1937
348:
296:(UCP) to replace then Alberta Premier
2943:
2902:
2627:Leavitt, Kieran (September 2, 2022).
2622:
2620:
2551:
2525:
2499:Kanygin, Jordan (September 6, 2022).
2446:Cryderman, Kelly (December 3, 2022).
2320:
1896:
1794:
1665:
1602:
1432:Graveland, Bill (November 10, 2022).
1405:
1336:
1268:Szulc, Katarina (November 18, 2022).
1267:
1101:Adams, Eric M. (September 28, 2022).
1100:
1039:
2401:
1603:Smith, Danielle (October 17, 2019).
1574:McDonald, Marci (October 12, 2004).
1518:. September 28, 2021. Archived from
580:, and finally regulation authority.
16:2022 Canadian provincial legislation
2766:Matt Galloway (host), Carrie Tait,
2472:Bennett, Dean (September 2, 2022).
2372:
2204:Barnnett, Dean (December 8, 2022).
1795:Cecco, Leyland (December 8, 2022).
1337:Moran, Padraig (December 8, 2022).
1204:Dawson, Tyler (September 6, 2022).
973:Williams, Nia (November 30, 2022).
13:
2935:. November 29, 2022. pp. 4–5.
2617:
2465:
2402:Guse, Jessika (October 26, 2021).
1996:Bosc, Marc; Gagnon, André (2017).
1897:Mertz, Emily (November 29, 2022).
1829:Bennett, Dean (December 8, 2022).
1431:
1040:Mertz, Emily (November 29, 2022).
999:Bennett, Dean (December 8, 2022).
875:. November 29, 2022. pp. 4–5.
14:
3083:
2853:
2552:Amato, Sean (November 30, 2022).
2526:Bruch, Timm (September 8, 2022).
2250:. December 15, 2022. p. 452.
2214:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1860:Austen, Ian (December 25, 2022).
1364:"Post State of the Province Poll"
740:Accurate News and Information Act
306:cannabis laws in British Columbia
2903:Smith, Danielle (October 2022).
2321:Smith, Danielle (October 2022).
1406:Braid, Don (November 29, 2022).
522:to freeze protesters' accounts.
400:passage of second reading, with
2933:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2928:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2835:CBC News via the Canadian Press
2646:
2598:
2572:
2492:
2433:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2395:
2366:
2340:
2248:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2243:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2183:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2178:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2148:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2143:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2113:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2108:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2078:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2073:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2043:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
2038:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1975:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
1970:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1937:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
1932:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1700:Dawson, Tyler (June 17, 2022).
1576:"The Man behind Stephen Harper"
1485:Cooper, Barry (June 21, 2022).
1425:
1356:
1173:Dawson, Tyler (June 17, 2022).
1120:
949:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
944:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
911:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
906:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
873:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
868:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
532:Equalization payments in Canada
61:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
41:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
3052:Alberta provincial legislation
2480:. Edmonton. The Canadian Press
2185:. December 7, 2022. p. 10
1977:. December 5, 2022. p. 24
1939:. December 1, 2022. p. 19
992:
951:. December 7, 2022. p. 12
913:. December 7, 2022. p. 11
825:
456:Lieutenant Governor of Alberta
333:conflicts resulted in various
1:
2150:. December 7, 2022. p. 8
2115:. December 7, 2022. p. 5
2080:. December 7, 2022. p. 6
2045:. December 6, 2022. p. 6
1548:Anderson, Rob (May 2, 2022).
936:"Government Bills and Orders"
898:"Government Bills and Orders"
838:
750:Reference Re Alberta Statutes
412:The bill was then moved to a
245:
647:and the Official Opposition
464:
383:Alberta New Democratic Party
7:
1835:Canadian Press via CTV News
806:
607:
551:
175:by the Premier of Alberta,
10:
3088:
2006:House of Commons of Canada
673:Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation
529:
361:was introduced by Premier
2991:
2979:
792:Assembly of First Nations
574:Crown is bound by the act
542:Northern Gateway Pipeline
294:United Conservative Party
151:
141:
131:
121:
110:
100:
89:
84:
74:
66:
56:
46:
39:
30:
23:
2708:Albert, Richard (2014).
2135:"Committee of the Whole"
2065:"Committee of the Whole"
818:
786:, leader of the federal
482:firearms buyback program
375:30th Alberta Legislature
263:'s political scientist,
173:30th Alberta Legislature
167:, commonly known as the
3020:Alberta Sovereignty Act
777:1995 Quebec referendums
745:Supreme Court of Canada
590:Alberta Health Services
192:tables a motion in the
169:Alberta Sovereignty Act
2726:10.5131/AJCL.2014.0018
2660:Canada's First Century
1667:Smith, Danielle Smith
755:
697:
693:University of Waterloo
652:
621:
414:committee of the whole
366:
335:independence movements
330:Constitution of Canada
324:. According to a 2022
321:Constitution Act, 1867
287:Saskatchewan First Act
2887:Government of Alberta
1742:Library of Parliament
1642:Government of Alberta
1554:Free Alberta Strategy
1522:on September 28, 2021
1071:Government of Alberta
727:reserved royal assent
715:Canadian Constitution
687:In an email with the
677:Bearspaw First Nation
642:
615:
538:equalization payments
526:Equalization payments
516:Impact Assessment Act
392:The government moved
356:
326:Library of Parliament
261:University of Calgary
3067:2022 in Canadian law
2170:"Government Motions"
2100:"Government Motions"
1466:(Report). p. 50
1440:. The Canadian Press
813:Canadian sovereignty
788:New Democratic Party
659:Chiefs representing
381:, as the opposition
194:Legislative Assembly
3057:Politics of Alberta
2880:"Information sheet"
2866:. November 29, 2022
349:Legislative history
274:Canada Pension Plan
85:Legislative history
2837:. December 8, 2022
2805:The Globe and Mail
2452:The Globe and Mail
2297:The Globe and Mail
2273:. December 2, 2022
1866:The New York Times
1107:The Globe and Mail
708:division of powers
653:
622:
586:Crown corporations
387:Westminster system
367:
240:Premier of Alberta
47:Territorial extent
3039:
3038:
2654:Creighton, Donald
2376:(June 16, 2021).
1669:(June 15, 2022).
731:Bank Taxation Act
616:Outgoing Premier
379:recorded division
190:Executive Council
159:
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127:November 29, 2022
80:December 15, 2022
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461:on December 15.
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278:Firewall letter
255:MLA and lawyer
253:Wild Rose Party
248:
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432:. Alberta NDP
394:second reading
363:Danielle Smith
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