702:
39:
572:
with Henri, the new king awarded him a large pension of several hundred thousand livres. he was instructed on the king's return to spend some time in
Germany, to be able to report to the court on the situation there. Upon his return to France he resigned the office of Constable which he had held with
1058:
Histoire généalogique de la maison de Gondi, tom. II, pag. 360 ; les comptes de l’ordinaire des guerres et dans les registres de la connétablie. Moréri et l’historien des Grands
Officiers de la Couronne se trompent donc, lorsqu’ils datent cette nomination, le premier de 1567, le second de
462:
As war with Spain increasingly loomed as a possibility in mid 1572 after the debacle of the Genlis expedition, Retz was alleged to have assured several ambassadors that he would ensure the council voted against war. In response leading
Protestant nobles threatened to kill him. Retz acted as an
511:
and Alençon. Retz was treated with great pomp during his stay, despite his recorded involvement in the recent massacre. Elizabeth was concerned however about the prince's appearance and Retz promised to provide a more flattering portrait, returning to France in
September.
187:. Alongside his military potential the court saw his diplomatic potential and he played a role in the marriages of the king, and of his sister. In 1572 he was deeply implicated in the decision to massacre the Protestant leadership in Paris that spiralled out into the
604:. Before the reign of Henri II a governor being allowed to name their successor had been exceedingly rare. Still loyal to his patron Catherine, he continued to champion her policy at court even after she herself reduced her involvement in the council of state.
683:, and was constituted of a wide scale austerity program, with large restructuring of France's finances. To lead the discussions of the notables in considering these proposals matters were divided into three chambers which were led by Retz,
451:, the comte de Retz was made governor and lieutenant-general in the pays messin, and governor of the town of Metz, by provisions granted at Duretal on 30 November 1571. He was then made captain of the first company of gentlemen of the
662:
was assumed by a collaboration of important nobles, among them Retz. As a body they attempted every fiscal mechanism they could conceive of in hopes of getting out of the massive deficit the regime was in by this point.
523:. The French king raised this town to a marquisate and granted it to Retz. With La Rochelle entering revolt in the wake of the Massacre, Retz fought in the siege that followed. During the siege Charles urged
314:(1581-1626), comte de Joigny, marquis de Belle-Isle, baron de Montmirel, général des Galères de France, who married Françoise de Silly (+1625), dame de Commercy, daughter of Antoine, comte de La Rochepot.
573:
Henri in his role as king of the
Commonwealth. While no longer Constable he was granted the office of first gentleman of the chamber, a post he shared with Villequier each taking six months of the year.
631:
When the king proposed in 1587, that he would meet the invading German army personally, Retz was among those councillors who virulently opposed such a plan, however he was unable to convince the king.
642:
dominated body. Retz paid them little mind, like many of the politiques around Henri he was more interested in the duels of court than the legal wranglings of the estates. Retz also patronised the
401:
and new courtiers whose loyalty could be more easily tied to the throne, most prominent among them Retz. In 1565 Retz became comte de Retz. The following year he was made governor of the king.
397:
As
Catherine sought to separate herself and her son from the great families who had dominated the throne over the past decade she increasingly turned to uncommitted Catholics such as
1275:
266:
675:
at Rouen. Their purpose was to consider several proposals to alleviate the financial hardship the kingdom was experiencing. One package was prepared by the king's minister
495:
was agreed upon the following evening. When blame is cast for the figure on the council who convinced
Charles to order the killings, Retz is often blamed by historians.
527:
to follow the military suggestions of Retz for the conduct of the campaign. Retz would be shot in the kidney by the defenders during the attempted capture of the city.
1270:
Chronologie militaire, tom. II, pag. 322 ; Histoire généalogique de la maison de Gondi, Histoire des Grands
Officiers de la Couronne, de Thou, et Moréri.
547:
however he had agreed to resign it on his death, which occurred in June 1573, in favour of Retz on condition Retz resigned his governorship of the city of
311:
273:
456:
433:
612:
After having held the office of first gentleman of the chamber for 15 years, he was obliged to surrender it in 1581, so that the king's favourite
1330:
194:
Again entrusted as a diplomat he was sent to
England to negotiate the marriage of the king's brother. On his return he fought at the
676:
551:
to
Tavannes' son. As a result of Tavannes' death there was also a vacancy in the marshalate, Retz was granted the honour at the
1335:
628:
who angrily demanded the city back. Parma was ill-inclined to go to war over Cambrai and a truce was agreed in December 1584.
277:
1340:
684:
589:
railed against in his declaration of rebellion. Retz was assigned to lead one of the armies against Damville, campaigning in
364:, at the sieges of Ulpiau and Coni and the taking of Verceil. He also served with great distinction in the expeditions into
1325:
624:
to the king. Henri in turn offered the city to his mother who accepted. Retz was sent to negotiate with the Spanish leader
425:
1320:
1315:
144:
in 1554, and in many of the campaigns into Italy in the following years, before returning to France for the disastrous
698:
which appropriated 1/20th of the revenue of goods, and a year long suspension of royal wages among other resolutions.
625:
484:
219:
195:
444:
1305:
569:
373:
242:
Albert de Gondi was the son of Guidobaldo, seigneur de Perron, who became a banker at Lyon, and his mother was
145:
487:
on 22 August, Retz attended the wounded Admirals bedside with the king, urging him to accept residence in the
492:
250:. The Gondi family were fairly recent elevations to nobility, having been ennobled in the fifteenth-century.
188:
491:
while he recovered, Coligny declined. He was among those who held council with Catherine when the policy of
405:
254:
176:
91:
593:. Retz was again attacked in Alençon's manifesto when he joined Damville in rebellion the following year.
1300:
600:
about the practice, Retz resigned his governorship of Provence in favour of a successor of his choosing,
377:
149:
705:
Albert de Gondi portrait "D'or, à deux masses d'armes de sable, passées en sautoir et liées de gueules".
295:
617:
504:
167:
brought him into her circle, hoping he would act as a counterweight at court to the great families of
1310:
736:
Noble Power during the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy
672:
448:
437:
398:
317:
680:
635:
597:
516:
160:
601:
586:
508:
262:
215:
835:
The Kings Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576
552:
463:
intermediary between Catherine and the clergy of Paris as their approval for the marriage of
243:
109:
1295:
1290:
413:
350:
184:
172:
826:
The Wars of Religion in France 1559-1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici and Philip II
8:
688:
540:
524:
520:
472:
354:
321:
164:
468:
464:
334:
679:
and proposed various quick expedients to secure a cash flow, the other was devised by
655:
507:
during the negotiations between France and England for a prospective marriage between
231:
44:
701:
199:
129:
30:
544:
409:
346:
203:
180:
163:
which broke out in 1562. As an Italian outsider to much of the French aristocracy,
338:
613:
342:
299:
283:
Claude-Marguerite (1570-1650), who married Florimond, marquis de Piennes (+1592);
247:
141:
694:
In the end, the notables agreed to the establishment of a new tax, known as the
475:
who would assent, it was agreed the act of having consulted them would suffice.
214:
to Tavannes' son. In the fifth civil war Retz led an army into Provence against
276:(1569-1596), marquis de Belle-Isle, général des Galères de France, who married
168:
38:
1284:
452:
124:– 1602) seigneur du Perron, comte, then marquis de Belle-Isle (1573),
258:
156:
137:
81:
754:
Anatomy of a Power Elite: the Provincial Governors in Early Modern France
424:
With many connections in imperial circles, Retz was entrusted to pick up
381:
198:
where he was shot in the stomach. Soon thereafter he was elevated to the
125:
26:
763:
The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion
206:. Tavannes had also agreed that Retz would inherit his governorship of
133:
745:
Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris
582:
503:
Retz travelled to England at the request of Catherine as a proxy for
772:
The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State
292:
Hyppolite (+1646) who married LĂ©onor de Magdelaine marquis de Ragny;
590:
536:
365:
207:
121:
76:
56:
621:
369:
223:
488:
581:
As civil war again resumed in 1574, with the rebellion of the
432:
to bring her to her new husband, Charles. Charles met them at
361:
337:
on his accession in 1547 and around 1550 joined a company of
548:
515:
Upon his return Retz commanded a squadron and forced count
429:
353:. He continued to occupy these posts under Charles IX and
211:
175:. As part of the royal party he fought at the victories of
1146:
1074:
289:
Gabrielle who married Claude de Bossut, seigneur d'Escry;
286:
Françoise (+1627), who married Lancelot Grognet de Vassé;
956:
896:
646:
which undertook philosophical debates during this time.
1086:
218:. Returning to the role of diplomat he negotiated with
1254:
1242:
1040:
808:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1122:
1098:
980:
920:
872:
848:
253:
On 4 September 1565, he became the second husband of
1062:
1028:
1016:
1004:
968:
944:
908:
860:
790:
Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589
992:
932:
884:
471:was sought. Unable to find many theologians in the
1134:
1110:
443:Knighted on the king's orders, he won a place as
1282:
727:History of the Rise of the Huguenots: Vol 2 of 2
478:
404:He fought with his company at their head at the
380:. He was in 1559 made captain of a company of
267:Claude de Clermont-Tonnerre, baron de Dampierre
210:in return for Retz ceding his governorship of
159:in 1559, Retz found himself caught up in the
372:. On 10 August 1557 he participated in the
799:Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d'Albret 1528-1572
596:In 1578 despite the protests of the recent
152:both of which saw the French army savaged.
1080:
962:
902:
814:
742:
543:. The governorship had originally gone to
37:
616:could assume the role. Upon the death of
585:Retz was among the 'foreign influences',
1092:
823:
700:
493:liquidation of the Protestant leadership
318:Jean-François de Gondi, cardinal de Retz
237:
1260:
1248:
1152:
1046:
974:
926:
914:
878:
854:
796:
769:
751:
733:
715:
671:In November 1596, the king convoked an
666:
360:In 1555, he made a name for himself in
345:and soon afterward Henry II made him a
1283:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1128:
1104:
1068:
1022:
1010:
950:
890:
866:
805:
787:
778:
387:
341:. On 13 August 1554 he served at the
1034:
938:
817:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition
724:
558:
535:Retz was granted the governorship of
255:Claude Catherine de Clermont-Tonnerre
222:to smooth over the French seizure of
92:Claude Catherine de Clermont-Tonnerre
1140:
1116:
998:
986:
832:
760:
649:
328:
392:
13:
576:
136:. Beginning his career during the
14:
1352:
1331:Household of Catherine de' Medici
1276:Maison de Gondi on web.genealogie
246:. His siblings included cardinal
296:Henri de Gondi, cardinal de Retz
278:Antoinette d'Orléans-Longueville
269:, with whom he had 10 children:
226:. In 1594 he took a role in the
1052:
563:
774:. Manchester University Press.
349:and master of the wardrobe to
101:Guidobaldo, seigneur du Perron
1:
1336:Court of Charles IX of France
842:
837:. Cambridge University Press.
765:. Cambridge University Press.
738:. Cambridge University Press.
716:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009).
479:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
189:Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
66:
1341:Court of Henry III of France
743:Diefendorf, Barbara (1991).
447:. On the death of marshal
416:on the following 3 October.
412:on 13 March 1569 and at the
118:Albert de Gondi, duc de Retz
7:
1326:Court of Henry II of France
828:. Chicago University Press.
815:Sutherland, Nicola (1980).
801:. Harvard University Press.
620:in 1584, the prince willed
607:
459:in December the same year.
428:from the imperial court at
419:
376:and on 13 July 1558 at the
155:With the conclusion of the
43:Albert de Gondi, circle of
10:
1357:
1321:17th-century French people
1316:16th-century French people
747:. Oxford University Press.
709:
530:
498:
770:Jouanna, Arlette (2007).
729:. Hodder & Stoughton.
658:in 1594, his role in the
485:attempt on Coligny's life
105:
97:
87:
75:
62:
51:
36:
25:
18:
824:Thompson, James (1909).
819:. Yale University Press.
756:. Yale University Press.
752:Harding, Robert (1978).
734:Carroll, Stuart (2005).
436:and the two were wed at
408:on 10 November 1567, at
347:gentleman of the chamber
305:Louise (1572-1661), nun;
797:Roelker, Nancy (1968).
788:Knecht, Robert (2016).
779:Knecht, Robert (1998).
598:Estates General of 1576
455:after the death of the
374:Battle of Saint-Quentin
333:He joined the court of
308:Madelaine (+1662), nun;
161:French Wars of Religion
146:battle of Saint-Quentin
1306:Nobility from Florence
806:Salmon, J.H.M (1975).
706:
685:the duc de Montpensier
638:met in 1588, it was a
587:Henri I de Montmorency
725:Baird, Henry (1880).
704:
406:battle of Saint-Denis
244:Marie Catherine Gondi
238:Early life and family
110:Marie Catherine Gondi
833:Wood, James (2002).
781:Catherine de' Medici
673:Assembly of Notables
667:Assembly of Notables
660:conseil des finances
438:Charleville-Mézières
426:Elizabeth of Austria
378:battle of Gravelines
228:conseil des finances
196:siege of La Rochelle
150:battle of Gravelines
132:and a member of the
120:(4 November 1522 in
1155:, pp. 120–121.
810:. Metheun & Co.
761:Holt, Mack (2002).
654:After the death of
568:Upon travelling to
553:château de Boulogne
541:Honorat I de Savoie
388:Reign of Charles IX
322:archbishop of Paris
320:(1584-1654), first
230:after the death of
165:Catherine de Medici
128:(from 1581), was a
1301:Marshals of France
707:
677:the baron de Rosny
644:Académie du Palais
559:Reign of Henri III
539:upon the death of
469:Margaret of Valois
335:Henry II of France
202:with the death of
989:, pp. 26–27.
650:Reign of Henri IV
602:the comte de Suze
445:conseiller d’État
351:Charles of France
329:Reign of Henri II
312:Philippe-Emmanuel
140:he fought at the
130:marshal of France
115:
114:
31:Marshal of France
1348:
1311:French courtiers
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
689:Marshal Matignon
636:estates of Blois
570:the Commonwealth
453:king's household
393:Early civil wars
71:
68:
55:4 November 1522
41:
16:
15:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1081:Sutherland 1980
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
963:Diefendorf 1991
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
903:Sutherland 1980
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
845:
712:
669:
652:
614:Anne de Joyeuse
610:
579:
577:Fifth civil war
566:
561:
555:on 6 July 1573
533:
501:
481:
457:duc de Roannois
422:
395:
390:
343:battle of Renty
331:
300:bishop of Paris
248:Pierre de Gondi
240:
142:Battle of Renty
69:
47:
45:François Clouet
29:
21:
20:Albert de Gondi
12:
11:
5:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1263:, p. 727.
1253:
1251:, p. 726.
1241:
1239:, p. 302.
1229:
1227:, p. 125.
1217:
1215:, p. 245.
1205:
1203:, p. 247.
1193:
1191:, p. 218.
1181:
1179:, p. 208.
1169:
1167:, p. 139.
1157:
1145:
1133:
1131:, p. 101.
1121:
1109:
1107:, p. 176.
1097:
1095:, p. 497.
1085:
1083:, p. 221.
1073:
1061:
1051:
1049:, p. 127.
1039:
1037:, p. 527.
1027:
1015:
1003:
1001:, p. 264.
991:
979:
967:
955:
953:, p. 186.
943:
941:, p. 443.
931:
929:, p. 380.
919:
907:
905:, p. 205.
895:
883:
881:, p. 134.
871:
869:, p. 151.
859:
857:, p. 132.
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
711:
708:
691:respectively.
668:
665:
651:
648:
609:
606:
578:
575:
565:
562:
560:
557:
532:
529:
500:
497:
480:
477:
440:the same day.
421:
418:
394:
391:
389:
386:
330:
327:
326:
325:
315:
309:
306:
303:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
265:, daughter of
257:, baroness of
239:
236:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
64:
60:
59:
53:
49:
48:
42:
34:
33:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1143:, p. 53.
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1119:, p. 47.
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1094:
1093:Thompson 1909
1089:
1082:
1077:
1071:, p. 71.
1070:
1065:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1025:, p. 62.
1024:
1019:
1013:, p. 61.
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
965:, p. 96.
964:
959:
952:
947:
940:
935:
928:
923:
917:, p. 50.
916:
911:
904:
899:
893:, p. 41.
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
863:
856:
851:
847:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
755:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
713:
703:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
664:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
605:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
574:
571:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
518:
513:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:chevau-légers
336:
323:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:(1572-1622),
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
28:
24:
17:
1261:Babelon 2009
1256:
1249:Babelon 2009
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1153:Harding 1978
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1054:
1047:Harding 1978
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
977:, p. 6.
975:Jouanna 2007
970:
958:
946:
934:
927:Roelker 1968
922:
915:Jouanna 2007
910:
898:
886:
879:Carroll 2005
874:
862:
855:Harding 1978
850:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
792:. Routledge.
789:
783:. Routledge.
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
695:
693:
670:
659:
656:François d'O
653:
643:
639:
633:
630:
611:
595:
580:
567:
564:Commonwealth
534:
514:
502:
482:
461:
449:Vieilleville
442:
423:
403:
396:
359:
332:
252:
241:
232:François d'O
227:
193:
157:Italian Wars
154:
138:Italian Wars
134:Gondi family
117:
116:
82:Gondi family
77:Noble family
1296:1602 deaths
1291:1522 births
1237:Salmon 1975
1225:Knecht 2016
1213:Salmon 1975
1201:Knecht 2016
1189:Knecht 1998
1177:Knecht 2016
1165:Knecht 2016
1129:Knecht 2016
1105:Knecht 1998
1069:Knecht 2016
1023:Knecht 2016
1011:Knecht 2016
951:Salmon 1975
891:Knecht 2016
867:Salmon 1975
583:Politique's
519:to abandon
509:Elizabeth I
399:Vielleville
177:Saint-Denis
173:Montmorency
126:duc de Retz
70: 1602
27:Duc de Retz
1285:Categories
1035:Baird 1880
939:Baird 1880
843:References
634:While the
521:Belle-Isle
517:Montgomery
483:After the
414:Moncontour
200:Marshalate
185:Moncontour
1141:Holt 2002
1117:Holt 2002
999:Wood 2002
987:Holt 2002
720:. Fayard.
681:Bellièvre
382:gendarmes
355:Henry III
263:Dampierre
88:Spouse(s)
718:Henri IV
696:pancarte
608:Eclipsed
591:Provence
545:Tavannes
537:Provence
473:Sorbonne
420:Diplomat
366:Piedmont
216:Damville
208:Provence
204:Tavannes
122:Florence
57:Florence
710:Sources
622:Cambrai
618:Alençon
531:Marshal
505:Alençon
499:England
465:Navarre
370:Corsica
274:Charles
261:and of
224:Cambrai
489:Louvre
410:Jarnac
181:Jarnac
106:Mother
98:Father
1059:1574.
640:ligue
626:Parma
525:Anjou
434:Sedan
362:Italy
220:Parma
169:Guise
687:and
549:Metz
467:and
430:Wien
368:and
259:Retz
212:Metz
183:and
171:and
148:and
63:Died
52:Born
1287::
384:.
357:.
234:.
191:.
179:,
67:c.
324:.
302:.
280:;
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