218:
167:
31:
186:
parameter measures the relative importance of vorticity and internal velocity dispersion (large values of which stabilise) versus the disk surface density (large values of which destabilise). The parameter is constructed so that
1080:
236:
in the 1970s with his brother Jüri, an astrophysicist and solar physicist. Although the small number of particles in the simulations obscured many processes in galactic collisions, Toomre and Toomre were able to identify
249:. The brothers attempted to reproduce specific galaxy mergers in their simulations, and it was their reproduction of the Antennae galaxies that gave them the greatest pleasure. In 1977 Toomre suggested that
138:
in 1944, Toomre and his family fled to
Germany; they emigrated to the United States in 1949. He received an undergraduate degree in Aeronautical Engineering and Physics from MIT in 1957 and then studied at the
1209:
1273:
1278:
1283:
265:
the observed number of elliptical galaxies are produced if the universe begins with only spiral galaxies. This idea remained controversial and widely debated for some time.
1034:
326:
1184:
158:, he returned again to MIT as part of the faculty, where he stayed. Toomre was appointed an Associate Professor of Mathematics at MIT in 1965, and Professor in 1970.
392:
269:
763:
1293:
727:
1263:
285:
254:
1258:
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483:
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410:
355:
825:
1268:
1298:
1159:
1112:
229:
330:
1137:
115:
79:
58:
1188:
764:"Cannibals of the Cosmos - much more has become known about galaxies, since Edwin Hubble confirmed their existence in 1925"
154:
Toomre returned to MIT to teach after completing his Ph.D. and remained there for two years. After spending a year at the
174:
In 1964, Toomre devised a local gravitational stability criterion for differentially rotating disks. It is known as the
523:
396:
1017:
594:
549:
302:
award in 2014 for his work in numerical galaxy simulations during the 1960s. Two years later, he was elected to the
1108:
135:
303:
1248:
1105:
1303:
961:
155:
83:
767:
673:
1308:
1288:
723:
175:
790:
699:
123:
887:
850:
140:
62:
496:
459:
423:
368:
1243:
986:(2000). "HST Observations of the Nuclear Regions of the Toomre Sequence of Merging Galaxies".
872:
273:
829:
207:
1060:
272:. The sequence begins with two well separated spiral galaxies and follows them (as for the
1238:
1056:
1005:
927:
799:
654:
491:
418:
363:
292:
144:
8:
268:
From this work, the Toomre brothers identified the process of collision evolution as the
111:
1009:
931:
803:
658:
1072:
1046:
995:
943:
917:
627:
299:
939:
610:
Richard A. Kerr (January 21, 2000). "Did the
Dinosaurs Live on a Topsy-Turvy Earth?".
1163:
1101:
1013:
947:
700:"Mixing it up in space: astronomers debate the role mergers play in galaxy formation"
631:
590:
582:
250:
242:
203:
748:
276:) through collisional disruption until they settle into a single elliptical galaxy.
1076:
1064:
935:
807:
619:
47:
1133:
981:
288:
which recognizes "outstanding contributions to the field of
Dynamical Astronomy".
1068:
623:
195:
148:
578:
211:
1232:
983:
527:
258:
246:
233:
107:
1032:
875:. Canadian Astronomical Society/Société Canadienne D'Astronomie Cassiopeia.
574:
199:
982:
Laine, S.; van der Marel, R. P.; Böker, T.; Mihos, J. C.; Hibbard, J. E.;
1051:
1000:
922:
553:
262:
324:
261:. He further showed that based on the local galaxy merger rate, over a
170:
The results of the Toomre brothers' simulations of the
Antennae Galaxies
238:
103:
851:"Peering Far Back in Time to Uncover the Secrets of Galaxy Evolution"
166:
788:
Alar Toomre & Jüri Toomre (1972). "Galactic Tails and
Bridges".
217:
811:
119:
645:
V. Courtillot (Fall 2004). "A Short Review of True Polar Wander".
589:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 363.
1136:. American Astronomical Society/Division on Dynamical Astronomy.
724:"Hubble Reveals Stellar Fireworks Accompanying Galaxy Collisions"
453:"Alar Toomre, Course XVI Senior, To Receive Marshall Scholarship"
99:
1274:
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
1279:
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
30:
411:"Dormcon Prexy Vote Thursday Joe Bowers '57 Only Candidate"
222:
1035:"HI line observations of luminous infrared galaxy mergers"
573:
1284:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Sciences
726:. Space Telescope Science Institute. October 21, 1997.
787:
178:, which is usually measured by a parameter denoted as
964:. Cosmos: The Swinburne Astronomy Online Encyclopedia
325:
1157:
1033:
W. van Driel - Yu Gao - D. Monnier-Ragaigne (2001).
751:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. May 1, 2002.
221:
The
Antennae Galaxies by Brad Whitmore (STScI), and
1102:"AAS Division on Dynamical Astronomy Newsletter 75"
202:, developing the theory of polar wander. Whether
118:. Toomre's research is focused on the dynamics of
241:in his simulations, similar to those seen in the
1230:
393:"SDSC SIMULATION SHOWS COLLISION WITH ANDROMEDA"
353:
1160:"MacArthur 'genius' grants go to four from MIT"
870:
609:
495:. November 16, 1984. p. 22. Archived from
422:. February 26, 1956. p. 6. Archived from
907:
885:
761:
697:
644:
291:Toomre was one of the 1984 recipients of the
161:
888:"Merging Spiral Galaxies Create Ellipticals"
873:"THE GALAXY-CLUSTER-SUPERCLUSTER CONNECTION"
395:. HPC Wire. December 5, 2000. Archived from
1158:Elizabeth A. Thomson (September 28, 2004).
908:Curtis Struck (1999). "Galaxy Collisions".
210:is accountable for all the observations of
1177:
458:. April 9, 1957. p. 6. Archived from
320:
318:
29:
1050:
999:
921:
853:. European Space Agency. December 1, 1992
826:"Merger Remnants and Elliptical Galaxies"
295:, popularly known as the "Genius Grant".
216:
165:
1294:Estonian emigrants to the United States
547:
447:
445:
443:
349:
347:
315:
1264:Alumni of the University of Manchester
1231:
678:Science Notes University of Santa Cruz
354:David B. Oberman (November 16, 1984).
116:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
80:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
59:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
16:American astronomer and mathematician
1259:21st-century American mathematicians
1254:20th-century American mathematicians
518:
516:
440:
344:
279:
228:Toomre conducted the first computer
13:
730:from the original on 20 April 2007
14:
1320:
1162:. MIT news office. Archived from
871:Michael J. West (December 1997).
766:. Natural History. Archived from
513:
484:"Toomre Receives MacArthur Award"
327:"MacArthur Fellows November 1984"
1269:MIT School of Engineering alumni
1140:from the original on 13 May 2007
1115:from the original on 2 July 2007
356:"Toomre Awarded MacArthur Grant"
298:Toomre was the recipient of the
1202:
1151:
1126:
1109:Division on Dynamical Astronomy
1094:
1083:from the original on 2007-09-27
1026:
975:
954:
901:
879:
864:
843:
818:
781:
762:Michael Shara (February 2000).
755:
741:
716:
698:Karen Hartley (April 8, 1989).
691:
666:
638:
603:
214:remains a controversial issue.
206:has been observed on earth, or
1299:Estonian World War II refugees
567:
541:
476:
403:
385:
304:American Philosophical Society
1:
1185:"2014 Autumn General Meeting"
1106:American Astronomical Society
940:10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00030-7
674:"Toomre and the first models"
309:
284:In 1993, Toomre received the
147:where he obtained a Ph.D. in
624:10.1126/science.287.5452.406
156:Institute for Advanced Study
136:Soviet occupation of Estonia
84:Institute for Advanced Study
7:
1134:"The DDA/AAS Brouwer Award"
886:Robert Joseph (Fall 2004).
367:. p. 1. Archived from
10:
1325:
1069:10.1051/0004-6361:20000509
1039:Astronomy and Astrophysics
988:ASP Conference Proceedings
647:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
552:. HPC wire. Archived from
198:in 1969 on the subject of
176:Toomre stability criterion
162:Scientific accomplishments
98:(born 5 February 1937, in
791:The Astrophysical Journal
194:Toomre collaborated with
129:
89:
75:
68:
54:
40:
28:
21:
253:are the remnants of the
141:University of Manchester
110:. He is a professor of
63:University of Manchester
1061:2001A&A...368...64V
524:"MIT Faculty Home page"
1187:. 2014. Archived from
550:"Star Maker Machinery"
225:
171:
220:
208:apparent polar wander
191:implies instability.
169:
124:1984 MacArthur Fellow
1249:American astronomers
1214:search.amphilsoc.org
1210:"APS Member History"
293:MacArthur Fellowship
145:Marshall Scholarship
1304:People from Rakvere
1010:2001ASPC..249..179L
932:1999PhR...321....1S
804:1972ApJ...178..623T
659:2004AGUFM.U31B..08C
251:elliptical galaxies
112:applied mathematics
749:"The Mice at Play"
300:Magellanic Premium
286:Dirk Brouwer Award
226:
172:
1309:Marshall Scholars
1289:MacArthur Fellows
962:"Toomre Sequence"
663:abstract #U31B-08
618:(5452): 406–407.
587:Galactic Dynamics
583:Jeremiah Ostriker
280:Awards and honors
243:Antennae Galaxies
204:true polar wander
102:) is an American
93:
92:
70:Scientific career
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1224:
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1206:
1200:
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1172:
1171:
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1149:
1148:
1146:
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1123:
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1120:
1111:. October 1993.
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1054:
1052:astro-ph/0101003
1030:
1024:
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1001:astro-ph/0106396
984:Zabludoff, A. I.
979:
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972:
970:
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958:
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923:astro-ph/9908269
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895:
883:
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868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
847:
841:
840:
838:
837:
828:. Archived from
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815:
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778:
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759:
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745:
739:
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607:
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571:
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562:
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545:
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526:. Archived from
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389:
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342:
341:
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329:. Archived from
322:
48:Rakvere, Estonia
33:
19:
18:
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980:
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967:
965:
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910:Physics Reports
906:
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893:
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773:
771:
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747:
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742:
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721:
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708:
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672:
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608:
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597:
572:
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559:
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546:
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533:
531:
522:
521:
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486:
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477:
468:
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391:
390:
386:
377:
375:
371:
358:
352:
345:
336:
334:
323:
316:
312:
282:
270:Toomre sequence
259:spiral galaxies
196:Peter Goldreich
164:
149:fluid mechanics
132:
82:
61:
55:Alma mater
50:
45:
44:5 February 1937
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
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1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
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1246:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1201:
1176:
1150:
1125:
1093:
1025:
1018:
974:
953:
916:(1–3): 1–137.
900:
890:. Nã Kilo Hõkũ
878:
863:
842:
817:
812:10.1086/151823
780:
754:
740:
715:
690:
665:
637:
602:
595:
579:Scott Tremaine
566:
540:
512:
475:
439:
402:
399:on 2007-09-28.
384:
343:
313:
311:
308:
281:
278:
234:galaxy mergers
212:paleomagnetism
163:
160:
134:Following the
131:
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91:
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87:
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77:
73:
72:
66:
65:
56:
52:
51:
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42:
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26:
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1244:Living people
1242:
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1234:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1191:on 2017-02-13
1190:
1186:
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1166:on 2013-09-28
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1021:
1019:1-58381-089-7
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997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
963:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
904:
889:
882:
874:
867:
852:
846:
832:on 2007-07-11
831:
827:
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813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
784:
770:on 2011-06-16
769:
765:
758:
750:
744:
729:
725:
719:
705:
701:
694:
680:. Summer 1997
679:
675:
669:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
598:
596:0-691-08445-9
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
556:on 2007-09-28
555:
551:
548:Tim Palucka.
544:
530:on 2013-01-23
529:
525:
519:
517:
502:on 2016-03-03
498:
494:
493:
485:
479:
465:on 2016-03-03
461:
454:
448:
446:
444:
429:on 2016-03-04
425:
421:
420:
412:
406:
398:
394:
388:
374:on 2016-03-04
370:
366:
365:
357:
350:
348:
333:on 2007-09-29
332:
328:
321:
319:
314:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
277:
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271:
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255:major mergers
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109:
108:mathematician
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88:
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81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1179:
1168:. Retrieved
1164:the original
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1045:(1): 64–73.
1042:
1038:
1028:
991:
987:
977:
966:. Retrieved
956:
913:
909:
903:
892:. Retrieved
881:
866:
855:. Retrieved
845:
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
820:
795:
789:
783:
772:. Retrieved
768:the original
757:
743:
732:. Retrieved
718:
707:. Retrieved
704:Science News
703:
693:
682:. Retrieved
677:
668:
650:
646:
640:
615:
611:
605:
586:
575:James Binney
569:
558:. Retrieved
554:the original
543:
532:. Retrieved
528:the original
504:. Retrieved
497:the original
490:
478:
467:. Retrieved
460:the original
431:. Retrieved
424:the original
417:
405:
397:the original
387:
376:. Retrieved
369:the original
362:
335:. Retrieved
331:the original
297:
290:
283:
267:
227:
200:polar wander
193:
188:
183:
179:
173:
153:
133:
95:
94:
76:Institutions
69:
1239:1937 births
798:: 623–666.
653:: U31B–08.
263:Hubble time
239:tidal tails
230:simulations
96:Alar Toomre
23:Alar Toomre
1233:Categories
1219:2021-02-18
1195:2017-04-05
1170:2007-05-18
1144:2007-05-18
1119:2007-05-18
1087:2007-05-18
968:2007-05-18
894:2007-05-18
857:2007-05-18
836:2007-05-18
774:2007-05-18
734:2007-05-18
709:2007-05-18
684:2007-05-18
560:2007-05-18
534:2011-01-16
506:2007-05-18
469:2007-05-18
433:2007-05-18
378:2007-05-18
337:2007-05-18
310:References
122:. He is a
104:astronomer
948:119369136
632:129200632
581:(1994) .
1138:Archived
1113:Archived
1081:Archived
728:Archived
492:The Tech
419:The Tech
364:The Tech
274:Antennae
247:the Mice
120:galaxies
1077:7784821
1057:Bibcode
1006:Bibcode
994:: 179.
928:Bibcode
800:Bibcode
655:Bibcode
612:Science
585:(ed.).
182:. The
114:at the
100:Rakvere
1075:
1016:
946:
630:
593:
577:&
189:Q<1
130:Career
1073:S2CID
1047:arXiv
996:arXiv
944:S2CID
918:arXiv
628:S2CID
500:(PDF)
487:(PDF)
463:(PDF)
456:(PDF)
427:(PDF)
414:(PDF)
372:(PDF)
359:(PDF)
143:on a
1014:ISBN
591:ISBN
245:and
223:NASA
106:and
41:Born
35:1970
1065:doi
1043:368
992:249
936:doi
914:321
808:doi
796:178
620:doi
616:287
257:of
232:of
1235::
1212:.
1104:.
1079:.
1071:.
1063:.
1055:.
1041:.
1037:.
1012:.
1004:.
990:.
942:.
934:.
926:.
912:.
806:.
794:.
702:.
676:.
651:31
649:.
626:.
614:.
515:^
489:.
442:^
416:.
361:.
346:^
317:^
306:.
151:.
126:.
1222:.
1198:.
1173:.
1147:.
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1022:.
1008::
998::
971:.
950:.
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860:.
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814:.
810::
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737:.
712:.
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661:.
657::
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622::
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563:.
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472:.
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381:.
340:.
184:Q
180:Q
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