31:
332:, in northern Khurasan. According to various reports, he was circa 41–60 years old when he died. According to some rumors, the caliph himself had ordered his assassination. Within a short time later Ali Al-Ridha also died. Most modern historians agree that it was al-Ma'mun who ordered the death of both men, despite his deep friendship and solidarity to them (with whom he was related by marriage), politics and the unity of the caliphate.
253:
After defeating al-Amin, al-Ma'mun became the new Caliph throughout the eastern
Islamic world, primarily the Iranian lands, and Fadl was appointed vizier and Emir of these areas. Because of his local role as civil and military leader he received the honorary title of ذو الرئاستين, meaning "the dual
289:. The significance of this victory can hardly be underestimated, since Fadl not only secured the eastern flank of the empire, but also for the influx of new mercenaries and military slaves made for al-Ma'mun's army.
236:
Fadl realized very early on that after Harun al-Rashid's death, his throne was disputed between his sons, and urged al-Ma'mun, the son of a
Persian concubine, to accompany his father on his expedition to
241:, to secure a power-base in Iranian lands. When the arrived events as accurately as Fadl had predicted it, al-Ma'mun made him his chief adviser, and his right hand during the civil war with his brother
300:
as al-Ma'mun's successor. The appointment of Ali al-Ridha as his successor, the general pro-Shiite attitude of the Caliph and the fact that al-Ma'mun continued reside in the
320:. According to some sources, Fadl later rejected a large sum of money from the Caliph and resigned from his office to live a quiet and ascetic life.
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563:
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281:, Fadl led several campaigns in Khurasan and the neighboring areas, and there the local rulers faced decisive defeats, including the
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and branded as "anti-Arab". Fadl was accused of secretly a Shiite takeover of the caliphate and trying to restore the
392:
349:
265:, al-Ma'mun continued to face several revolts and a considerable resistance from the Arab aristocracy, especially in
254:
leadership of violence". In addition, he was rewarded with immense riches and an inheritable estate. Fadl's brother,
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335:
Fadl was seen as a dynamic, sometimes violent and authoritarian politician, but was not selfish or greedy.
138:
384:
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178:
96:
578:
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The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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8:
543:
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225:, Fadl also converted to Islam, probably in 806, and entered the service of the Caliph
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The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
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312:, allowed the enemies of the Caliph, he and his consultants were seen as
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On 13 February 818, Fadl was mysteriously found dead in a bathroom in
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201:(r. 809–813), and was the vizier of the Abbasid Caliphate until 817.
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35:
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399:...the Persian al-Fadl b. Sahl, called Dhu'l-Riyasatain...
167:
Abu’l-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl ibn Sahl ibn Zādānfarrūkh as-Sarakhsī
148:
308:, and not in the Arab heartland of the Caliphate in
165:
49:
493:
292:A significant turning point in the history of the
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174:("the man of the two headships"), was a famous
193:(r. 813–832). He played a crucial role in the
16:Persian Abbasid vizier and official (died 818)
261:Even though he emerged victorious during the
156:أبو العباس الفضل بن سهل بن زادانفروخ السرخسي
513:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
296:was the nomination of a Shiite Imam named
209:Fadl's father Sahl was a Zoroastrian from
521:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 731–732.
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258:was also appointed Minister of Finance.
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467:
536:
554:Converts to Islam from Zoroastrianism
495:"al-Faḍl b. Sahl b. Zad̲h̲ānfarūk̲h̲"
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413:
411:
409:
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564:Khurasan under the Abbasid Caliphate
477:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
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285:(whose leaders had to flee) and the
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13:
404:
197:between al-Ma'mun and his brother
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600:
559:Middle Persian–Arabic translators
422:
350:List of Persian poets and authors
589:9th-century government officials
549:Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
304:, a prominent city populated by
29:
447:"FAŻL, b. SAHL b. Zādānfarrūḵ"
367:
1:
360:
273:. According to the historian
221:. At the urging of Barmakid
48:and al-Fadl, with his title
7:
492:Sourdel, Dominique (1965).
338:
166:
50:
10:
605:
574:9th-century Iranian people
569:People of the Fourth Fitna
435:
385:Cambridge University Press
189:, who served under Caliph
213:, who later converted to
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129:
121:
111:
103:
92:
83:, Abbasid Caliphate (now
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58:
28:
21:
345:List of Iranian scholars
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584:Converts to Shia Islam
452:Encyclopaedia Iranica
170:; died 818), titled
68:, Abbasid Caliphate
355:Iranian Intermezzo
484:978-0-582-40525-7
294:Abbasid Caliphate
256:al-Hasan ibn Sahl
172:Dhu 'l-Ri'āsatayn
164:
145:
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104:Years active
51:Dhu 'l-Ri'āsatayn
596:
579:People from Kufa
530:
497:
488:
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454:, Online Edition
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375:Frye, Richard N.
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249:Political career
223:Yahya ibn Khalid
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23:Al-Fadl ibn Sahl
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18:
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443:Bosworth, C. E.
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318:Sasanian Empire
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227:Harun al-Rashid
217:and joined the
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77:13 February 818
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387:. p. 94.
377:, ed. (1975).
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93:Occupation(s)
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457:. Retrieved
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428:Sourdel 1991
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298:Ali al-Ridha
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283:Karluk Turks
263:Fourth Fitna
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229:and his son
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171:
147:
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107:c. 813 – 817
99:and official
508:Schacht, J.
504:Pellat, Ch.
459:3 September
314:Persophiles
287:Kabul Shahi
544:818 deaths
538:Categories
517:Volume II:
361:References
279:Ibn Babuya
136:(brother)
39:gold dinar
527:495469475
500:Lewis, B.
275:al-Azraqi
231:al-Ma'mun
219:Barmakids
195:civil war
191:al-Ma'mun
161:romanized
130:Relatives
46:al-Ma'mun
41:, naming
510:(eds.).
471:(2004).
445:(1999).
339:See also
306:Persians
239:Khurasan
187:Khurasan
66:Khurasan
436:Sources
330:Sarakhs
267:Baghdad
243:al-Amin
199:al-Amin
185:era in
183:Abbasid
181:of the
176:Persian
163::
141:(niece)
116:Abbasid
81:Sarakhs
36:Abbasid
525:
506:&
481:
391:
205:Family
179:vizier
152:Arabic
122:Father
62:c. 770
43:Caliph
498:. In
324:Death
271:Syria
215:Islam
139:Buran
134:Hasan
523:OCLC
479:ISBN
461:2012
389:ISBN
310:Iraq
302:Merv
277:and
269:and
211:Kufa
125:Sahl
85:Iran
74:Died
59:Born
519:C–G
112:Era
540::
515:.
502:;
449:.
406:^
397:.
245:.
233:.
158:,
154::
529:.
487:.
463:.
150:(
87:)
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