54:(IATA), Airport Council International (ACI) and the Worldwide Airport Coordinator Group (WWACG). All airports worldwide are categorized as either Level 1 (Non-Coordinated Airport), Level 2 (Schedules Facilitated Airport), or Level 3 (Coordinated Airport). At Level 2 airports, the principles governing slot allocation are less stringent; airlines periodically submit proposed schedules to the administrating authority, rather than historic performance. Participation is not mandatory, but reduces congestion and non-participants are penalized if the airport must later be designated level 3.
470:
In the United
Kingdom, the Department for Transport has stated the slot system "is not designed to stimulate a competitive market environment and has no means of taking into account broader objectives". Reform could make the system more efficient, competitive and environmentally friendly.
64:
or empty flights to preserve slot allocations. To avoid pollution and financial losses caused by an excessive number of empty flights, these rules have occasionally been waived during periods of temporary but widespread travel disruption, including after the
81:. Maintenance of the rules forces airlines to schedule extra unnecessary flights to keep their slots, wasting fuel; a 2021 expiration of a waiver in the United States was projected to cause 20,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions per day.
522:
116:. As supply is limited, slot trading became the main solution to enter Heathrow and transfers grew from 42 in 2000 to 526 in 2012 and over 10 years the average priced slot was equivalent to Ā£4 per passenger.
480:
637:
43:
at a specific time and date. Slots should be administered by an independent slot coordinator, often a government aviation regulator such as the U.S.
659:
605:
683:
60:
If an airline does not use an allocation of slots (typically 80% usage over six months), it can lose the rights. Airlines may operate
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506:
57:
As of the summer 2022 scheduled season, a total of 156 airports in the world are Level 2 airports, and 195 are Level 3 airports.
51:
534:
50:
Slots are allocated in accordance with guidelines set down by the
Worldwide Airport Slot Board with 7 members each from
44:
499:
47:. In some countries, airport operators are appointed as coordinators even though they are interested parties.
96:
at London
Heathrow Airport, $ 52.3m each. The highest price paid for a pair of take-off and landing slots at
560:
645:
666:
727:
619:
66:
698:
757:
582:"US airlines are planning to unnecessarily burn 20,000 tons of CO2 per day because of FAA rules"
84:
Allocated landing slots may have a commercial value and can be traded between airlines. In 2008
113:
85:
8:
105:
599:
109:
78:
703:
641:
97:
623:
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for a prized early morning arrival, reported in
February 2016. A year before,
31:
is a permission granted by a slot coordinator to use the infrastructure of an
751:
70:
547:
93:
101:
665:. Airport Coordination Limited. 30 September 2012. Archived from
40:
36:
32:
697:
Pickett, Lewis; Dempsey, Noel; Hirst, David (27 November 2020).
684:"Heathrow Airport's slot machine: hitting the jackpot again?"
660:"Heathrow Airport: An introduction to Secondary Slot Trading"
719:
565:
89:
690:
500:"Worldwide Slot Guidelines, 9th Edition English Version"
561:"Ghost flights: Why our skies are full of empty planes"
481:
List of cities with more than one commercial airport
696:
638:"Oman breaks Heathrow record with deal for slots"
92:209 million for four pairs of landing slots from
749:
35:designated as Level 3 (Coordinated Airport) for
580:Yanofsky, NicolƔs Rivero, Clarisa Diaz, David.
527:
604:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
558:
523:Slot Administration - U.S. Level 2 Airports
535:"List of all Level 2 and Level 3 airports"
16:Permission to use airport infrastructure
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686:. CAPA centre for aviation. 8 May 2013.
52:International Air Transport Association
750:
518:
516:
579:
13:
728:"Airport slots: A short explainer"
644:. 14 February 2016. Archived from
620:"Continental pays Heathrow record"
513:
14:
769:
726:Butcher, Louise (29 June 2020).
676:
45:Federal Aviation Administration
652:
630:
612:
573:
559:Paul Sillers (12 March 2020).
552:
548:Green anger at 'ghost flights'
541:
537:. iata.org. 21 September 2021.
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410:GB Airways/Alitalia/Air France
1:
509:. 1 January 2019. p. 14.
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7:
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10:
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67:September 11, 2001 attacks
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120:Heathrow slot valuations
732:House of Commons Library
648:on February 15, 2016.
114:Scandinavian Airlines
86:Continental Airlines
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100:was $ 75m, paid by
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110:American Airlines
79:COVID-19 pandemic
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140:slot value (Ā£M)
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134:daily slot pairs
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735:. Retrieved
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709:. Retrieved
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667:the original
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589:. Retrieved
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29:airport slot
28:
25:takeoff slot
24:
21:landing slot
20:
18:
407:Continental
351:Air Jamaica
191:SN Brussels
591:2021-09-24
487:References
171:BA Connect
94:GB Airways
77:, and the
752:Category
600:cite web
475:See also
390:Alitalia
102:Oman Air
37:take-off
737:19 July
711:19 July
706:Library
430:unknown
387:unknown
41:landing
39:and/or
33:airport
586:Quartz
466:Reform
447:Etihad
348:Virgin
268:Qantas
248:Virgin
231:United
151:Air UK
131:Seller
73:, the
670:(PDF)
663:(PDF)
503:(PDF)
459:15.4
439:15.4
427:Delta
419:26.1
416:104.5
399:22.3
311:Malev
271:Flybe
251:Flybe
211:SWISS
128:Buyer
88:paid
62:ghost
27:, or
739:2023
713:2023
606:link
507:IATA
456:46.2
444:2013
436:30.8
424:2013
404:2008
384:2007
379:9.9
373:77.7
365:2007
360:5.1
345:2007
340:4.1
325:2007
320:3.5
305:2007
291:BWIA
285:2006
265:2004
245:2004
225:2003
220:2.8
217:22.5
205:2003
200:3.9
197:27.5
185:2002
180:2.6
165:2002
160:3.9
157:15.6
145:1998
125:Year
90:US$
566:CNN
450:Jet
376:770
368:BMI
357:5.1
334:7.3
280:10
104:to
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602:}}
598:{{
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337:30
331:BA
328:BA
308:BA
300:5
288:BA
277:20
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240:6
237:12
228:BA
208:BA
188:BA
177:13
168:BA
148:BA
23:,
19:A
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154:4
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