Airline - Knowledge

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largely free to negotiate their own operating arrangements with different airports, enter and exit routes easily, and to levy airfares and supply flights according to market demand. The entry barriers for new airlines are lower in a deregulated market, and so the U.S. has seen hundreds of airlines start up (sometimes for only a brief operating period). This has produced far greater competition than before deregulation in most markets. The added competition, together with pricing freedom, means that new entrants often take market share with highly reduced rates that, to a limited degree, full service airlines must match. This is a major constraint on profitability for established carriers, which tend to have a higher cost base.

1446: 40: 3347: 248: 1095: 543: 1241: 2869: 2595: 2429: 2054: 3463: 732: 2097: 1715: 3176: 2155: 1996: 526:, the Chief Administration of the Civil Air Fleet was established in 1921. One of its first acts was to help found Deutsch-Russische Luftverkehrs A.G. (Deruluft), a German-Russian joint venture to provide air transport from Russia to the West. Domestic air service began around the same time, when Dobrolyot started operations on 15 July 1923 between Moscow and Nizhni Novgorod. Since 1932 all operations had been carried under the name 2621:, to sell air services at varying prices simultaneously to different segments. Factors influencing the price include the days remaining until departure, the booked load factor, the forecast of total demand by price point, competitive pricing in force, and variations by day of week of departure and by time of day. Carriers often accomplish this by dividing each cabin of the aircraft (first, business and economy) into a number of 7863: 3209:

airlines, which also share 40% of merchandise value in and out of Europe. Without even pressure from "green activists", targeting lower ticket prices, generally, airlines do what is possible to cut the fuel consumption (and gas emissions connected therewith). Further, according to some reports, it can be concluded that the last piston-powered aircraft were as fuel-efficient as the average jet in 2005.

2811:, the ownership of slots at certain airports (the right to take-off or land an aircraft at a particular time of day or night) has become a significant tradable asset for many airlines. Clearly take-off slots at popular times of the day can be critical in attracting the more profitable business traveler to a given airline's flight and in establishing a competitive advantage against a competing airline. 233: 2761: 897: 1469:, making it Asia's first airline route. Bachrach's death in 1937 paved the way for its eventual merger with Philippine Airlines in March 1941 and made it Asia's oldest airline. It is also the oldest airline in Asia still operating under its current name. Bachrach's majority share in PATCO was bought by beer magnate Andres R. Soriano in 1939 upon the advice of General 2137:" agreements became more common. These agreements take many of these regulatory powers from state governments and open up international routes to further competition. Open skies agreements have met some criticism, particularly within the European Union, whose airlines would be at a comparative disadvantage with the United States' because of 1461:(PAL) was officially founded on February 26, 1941, its license to operate as an airliner was derived from merged Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO) established by mining magnate Emmanuel N. Bachrach on 3 December 1930, making it Asia's oldest scheduled carrier still in operation. Commercial air service commenced three weeks later from 2994:(sometimes systemwide). These are increasingly integrated business combinations—sometimes including cross-equity arrangements—in which products, service standards, schedules, and airport facilities are standardized and combined for higher efficiency. One of the first airlines to start an alliance with another airline was 3502:

and other markets exhibit this trend. The industry has been observed to be cyclical in its financial performance. Four or five years of poor earnings precede five or six years of improvement. But profitability even in the good years is generally low, in the range of 2–3% net profit after interest and

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Despite continuing efficiency improvements from the major aircraft manufacturers, the expanding demand for global air travel has resulted in growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of

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that the government owns and operates. Fully private airlines are subject to much government regulation for economic, political, and safety concerns. For instance, governments often intervene to halt airline labor actions to protect the free flow of people, communications, and goods between different

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Congress sought to provide cash infusions to carriers for both the cost of the four-day federal shutdown of the airlines and the incremental losses incurred through December 31, 2001, as a result of the terrorist attacks. This resulted in the first government bailout of the 21st century. Between 2000

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began producing Europe's most commercially successful line of airliners to date. The added efficiencies for these aircraft were often not in speed, but in passenger capacity, payload, and range. Airbus also features modern electronic cockpits that were common across their aircraft to enable pilots to

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operations, or purchase fuel and aircraft as a bloc to achieve higher bargaining power. However, the alliances have been most successful at purchasing invisible supplies and services, such as fuel. Airlines usually prefer to purchase items visible to their passengers to differentiate themselves from

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Computers also allow airlines to predict, with some accuracy, how many passengers will actually fly after making a reservation to fly. This allows airlines to overbook their flights enough to fill the aircraft while accounting for "no-shows", but not enough (in most cases) to force paying passengers

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tool used by transportation companies like airlines to reduce their exposure to volatile and potentially rising fuel costs. Several low-cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines adopt this practice. Southwest is credited with maintaining strong business profits between 1999 and the early 2000s due to

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In many ways, the biggest winner in the deregulated environment was the air passenger. Although not exclusively attributable to deregulation, indeed the U.S. witnessed an explosive growth in demand for air travel. Many millions who had never or rarely flown before became regular fliers, even joining

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pricing. In this strategy an already established and dominant airline stomps out its competition by lowering airfares on specific routes, below the cost of operating on it, choking out any chance a start-up airline may have. The industry side effect is an overall drop in revenue and service quality.

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The pattern of ownership has been privatized since the mid-1980s, that is, the ownership has gradually changed from governments to private and individual sectors or organizations. This occurs as regulators permit greater freedom and non-government ownership, in steps that are usually decades apart.

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Ultimately, the federal government provided $ 4.6 billion in one-time, subject-to-income-tax cash payments to 427 U.S. air carriers, with no provision for repayment, essentially a gift from the taxpayers. (Passenger carriers operating scheduled service received approximately $ 4 billion, subject to

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loyalty programs and receiving free flights and other benefits from their flying. New services and higher frequencies meant that business fliers could fly to another city, do business, and return the same day, from almost any point in the country. Air travel's advantages put long-distance intercity

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had become the world's largest airline, employing more than 4,000 pilots and 60,000 other service personnel and operating around 3,000 aircraft (of which 75% were considered obsolete by its own standards). During the Soviet era Aeroflot was synonymous with Russian civil aviation, as it was the only

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burned per passenger on an average 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) airline flight is about 353 kilograms (776 pounds). Loss of natural habitat potential associated with the jet fuel burned per passenger on a 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) airline flight is estimated to be 250 square meters

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flight. The passenger is advised however, that airline no. 1 operates the flight from say Chicago to Amsterdam (for example), and airline no. 2 operates the continuing flight (on a different airplane, sometimes from another terminal) to Düsseldorf. Thus the primary rationale for code sharing is to

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Airline financing is quite complex, since airlines are highly leveraged operations. Not only must they purchase (or lease) new airliner bodies and engines regularly, they must make major long-term fleet decisions with the goal of meeting the demands of their markets while producing a fleet that is

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The United States, Australia, and to a lesser extent Brazil, Mexico, India, the United Kingdom, and Japan have "deregulated" their airlines. In the past, these governments dictated airfares, route networks, and other operational requirements for each airline. Since deregulation, airlines have been

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when communicating with airports or air traffic control. Most of these call-signs are derived from the airline's trade name, but for reasons of history, marketing, or the need to reduce ambiguity in spoken English (so that pilots do not mistakenly make navigational decisions based on instructions

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from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006. However it must be compared with the flights increase, only in UK, between 1990 and 2006 terminal passengers increased from 100 000 thousands to 250 000 thousands., according to AEA reports every year, 750 million passengers travel by European

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A complicating factor is that of origin-destination control ("O&D control"). Someone purchasing a ticket from Melbourne to Sydney (as an example) for A$ 200 is competing with someone else who wants to fly Melbourne to Los Angeles through Sydney on the same flight, and who is willing to pay A$

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Because of the complications in scheduling flights and maintaining profitability, airlines have many loopholes that can be used by the knowledgeable traveler. Many of these airfare secrets are becoming more and more known to the general public, so airlines are forced to make constant adjustments.

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lowered federally controlled barriers for new airlines just as a downturn in the nation's economy occurred. New start-ups entered during the downturn, during which time they found aircraft and funding, contracted hangar and maintenance services, trained new employees, and recruited laid-off staff

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With the outbreak of World War II, the airline presence in Asia came to a relative halt, with many new flag carriers donating their aircraft for military aid and other uses. Following the end of the war in 1945, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public

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in its relative cost to the company. However, with the current high fuel prices it has become the largest cost to an airline. Legacy airlines, compared with new entrants, have been hit harder by rising fuel prices partly due to the running of older, less fuel efficient aircraft. While hedging

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Moreover, the industry is structured so that airlines often act as tax collectors. Airline fuel is untaxed because of a series of treaties existing between countries. Ticket prices include a number of fees, taxes and surcharges beyond the control of airlines. Airlines are also responsible for

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World War II, like World War I, brought new life to the airline industry. Many airlines in the Allied countries were flush from lease contracts to the military, and foresaw a future explosive demand for civil air transport, for both passengers and cargo. They were eager to invest in the newly

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Analysis of the 1992–1996 period shows that every player in the air transport chain is far more profitable than the airlines, who collect and pass through fees and revenues to them from ticket sales. While airlines as a whole earned 6% return on capital employed (2–3.5% less than the cost of

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established in 1917 which started operating in February 1919. In its first year, the D.L.R. operated regularly scheduled flights on routes with a combined length of nearly 1000 miles. By 1921 the D.L.R. network was more than 3000 km (1865 miles) long, and included destinations in the

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Thus the last 50 years of the airline industry have varied from reasonably profitable, to devastatingly depressed. As the first major market to deregulate the industry in 1978, U.S. airlines have experienced more turbulence than almost any other country or region. In fact, no U.S.

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structure where each broad area of operations (such as maintenance, flight operations (including flight safety), and passenger service) is supervised by a vice president. Larger airlines often appoint vice presidents to oversee each of the airline's hubs as well. Airlines employ

3111:, both of which receive public funding in most parts of the world. Although many countries continue to operate state-owned or parastatal airlines, many large airlines today are privately owned and are therefore governed by microeconomic principles to maximize shareholder profit. 2130:). Most agreements permit airlines to fly from their home country to designated airports in the other country: some also extend the freedom to provide continuing service to a third country, or to another destination in the other country while carrying passengers from overseas. 929:

wood and muslin biplane flying boat. His passenger was a former mayor of St. Petersburg, who paid $ 400 for the privilege of sitting on a wooden bench in the open cockpit. The Airboat line operated for about four months, carrying more than 1,200 passengers who paid $ 5 each.

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This pattern is not seen for all airlines in all regions. Many major airlines operating between the 1940s and 1980s were government-owned or government-established. However, most airlines from the earliest days of air travel in the 1920s and 1930s were personal businesses.

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and other low-cost carriers began to represent a serious challenge to the so-called "legacy airlines", as did their low-cost counterparts in many other countries. Their commercial viability represented a serious competitive threat to the legacy carriers. However, of these,

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Early European airlines tended to favor comfort – the passenger cabins were often spacious with luxurious interiors – over speed and efficiency. The relatively basic navigational capabilities of pilots at the time also meant that delays due to the weather were commonplace.

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tax. In times of profit, airlines lease new generations of airplanes and upgrade services in response to higher demand. Since 1980, the industry has not earned back the cost of capital during the best of times. Conversely, in bad times losses can be dramatically worse.

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Airlines have substantial fixed and operating costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training,

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If a particular city has two or more airports, market forces will tend to attract the less profitable routes, or those on which competition is weakest, to the less congested airport, where slots are likely to be more available and therefore cheaper. For example,

2211:(an average trip of 1890 km) over 45,091 airline routes served globally. In 2016, air transport generated $ 704.4 billion of revenue in 2016, employed 10.2 million workers, supported 65.5 million jobs and $ 2.7 trillion of economic activity: 3.6% of the global 1271:

Since deregulation in 1978 the average domestic ticket price has dropped by 40%. So has airline employee pay. By incurring massive losses, the airlines of the USA now rely upon a scourge of cyclical Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings to continue doing business.

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establish worldwide standards for safety and other vital concerns. Most international air traffic is regulated by bilateral agreements between countries, which designate specific carriers to operate on specific routes. The model of such an agreement was the

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Growth rates are not consistent in all regions, but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing freedom. This results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth. The U.S., Australia, Canada,

590:, to allow British airlines to compete with stiff competition from French and German airlines that were enjoying heavy government subsidies. The airline was a pioneer in surveying and opening up air routes across the world to serve far-flung parts of the 1265:

Major airlines dominated their routes through aggressive pricing and additional capacity offerings, often swamping new start-ups. In the place of high barriers to entry imposed by regulation, the major airlines implemented an equally high barrier called

3518:. Since governments often restrict ownership and merger between companies in different countries, most consolidation takes place within a country. In the U.S., over 200 airlines have merged, been taken over, or gone out of business since the 2953:

Since airline reservation requests are often made by city-pair (such as "show me flights from Chicago to Düsseldorf"), an airline that can codeshare with another airline for a variety of routes might be able to be listed as indeed offering a

969:. Private operators were the first to fly the mail but due to numerous accidents the US Army was tasked with mail delivery. During the Army's involvement they proved to be too unreliable and lost their air mail duties. By the mid-1920s, the 2830:

Other factors, such as surface transport facilities and onward connections, will also affect the relative appeal of different airports and some long-distance flights may need to operate from the one with the longest runway. For example,

322:, the first regular international service in the world. The airline soon gained a reputation for reliability, despite problems with bad weather, and began to attract European competition. In November 1919, it won the first British civil 5572: 2557:-200 flies 1,252 mi (2,015 km) stages 11.3 block hours per day and costs $ 2,550 per block hour: $ 923 of ownership, $ 590 of maintenance, $ 548 of fuel and $ 489 of crew; or $ 13.34 per 186 seats per block hour. For a 2648:" to describe efforts by airlines to undercut other airlines on competitive routes. Through computers, new airfares can be published quickly and efficiently to the airlines' sales channels. For this purpose the airlines use the 2659:

The extent of these pricing phenomena is strongest in "legacy" carriers. In contrast, low fare carriers usually offer pre-announced and simplified price structure, and sometimes quote prices for each leg of a trip separately.

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1400. Should the airline prefer the $ 1400 passenger, or the $ 200 passenger plus a possible Sydney-Los Angeles passenger willing to pay $ 1300? Airlines have to make hundreds of thousands of similar pricing decisions daily.

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on different pricing structures, leading to almost perfect price discrimination in some cases (that is, filling each seat on an aircraft at the highest price that can be charged without driving the consumer elsewhere).

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In the United States, the airline industry is dominated by four large firms. Because of industry consolidation, after fuel prices dropped considerably in 2015, very little of the savings were passed on to consumers.

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and later merged with newly formed Philippine Airlines with PAL as the surviving entity. Soriano has controlling interest in both airlines before the merger. PAL restarted service on 15 March 1941, with a single

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Airlines assign prices to their services in an attempt to maximize profitability. The pricing of airline tickets has become increasingly complicated over the years and is now largely determined by computerized

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As a result, profitability in a deregulated market is uneven for most airlines. These forces have caused some major airlines to go out of business, in addition to most of the poorly established new entrants.

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Where an airline has established an engineering base at an airport, then there may be considerable economic advantages in using that same airport as a preferred focus (or "hub") for its scheduled flights.

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at the beginning of the jet age, to just above 10 cents since 2000. Those improvements were passed onto the customer due to high competition: fares have been falling throughout the history of airlines.

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Historically, air travel has survived largely through state support, whether in the form of equity or subsidies. The airline industry as a whole has made a cumulative loss during its 100-year history.

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in various respects. The lines between full-service and low-cost airlines have become blurred – e.g., with most "full service" airlines introducing baggage check fees despite Southwest not doing so.

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As in many mature industries, consolidation is a trend. Airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships, long-term, multi-faceted alliances between carriers, equity arrangements,

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enforcing government regulations. If airlines carry passengers without proper documentation on an international flight, they are responsible for returning them back to the original country.

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by newly created and internally led management companies, and thus becoming nothing more than operating units and subsidiaries with limited financially decisive control. Among some of these

949:, the United States found itself swamped with aviators. Many decided to take their war-surplus aircraft on barnstorming campaigns, performing aerobatic maneuvers to woo crowds. In 1918, the 3114:

In December 1991, the collapse of Pan Am, an airline often credited for shaping the international airline industry, highlighted the financial complexities faced by major airline companies.

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local competitors. If an airline's main domestic competitor flies Boeing airliners, then the airline may prefer to use Airbus aircraft regardless of what the rest of the alliance chooses.

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between the US and UK following World War II, which designated airports to be used for transatlantic flights and gave each government the authority to nominate carriers to operate routes.

981:. To supplement this service, they offered twelve contracts for spur routes to independent bidders. Some of the carriers that won these routes would, through time and mergers, evolve into 844:

airspace in the early 1990s has had substantial effect on the structure of the industry there. The shift towards 'budget' airlines on shorter routes has been significant. Airlines such as

6009: 5576: 2126:", a group of generalized traffic rights ranging from the freedom to overfly a country to the freedom to provide domestic flights within a country (a very rarely granted right known as 1036:, which became the first successful American airliner. With a 12-passenger capacity, the Trimotor made passenger service potentially profitable. Air service was seen as a supplement to 2461:

capital), airports earned 10%, catering companies 10–13%, handling companies 11–14%, aircraft lessors 15%, aircraft manufacturers 16%, and global distribution companies more than 30%.

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show that the government recouped the $ 1.6 billion and a profit of $ 339 million from the fees, interest and purchase of discounted airline stock associated with loan guarantees.

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In recognition of the essential national economic role of a healthy aviation system, Congress authorized partial compensation of up to $ 5 billion in cash subject to review by the

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amounted to $ 10 billion, but rebounded with eight consecutive years of profits since 2010, including its four with over $ 10 billion profits. They drop loss-making routes, avoid

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These airlines serve domestic flights within their countries, as well as connections within Latin America and also overseas flights to North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia.

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Domestic air transport grew in China at 15.5 percent annually from 2001 to 2006. The rate of air travel globally increased at 3.7 percent per year over the same time. In the EU

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on high demand flights can help reduce this figure. This is especially crucial during tough economic times as airlines undertake massive cuts to ticket prices to retain demand.

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entered passenger service and successfully crossed the Atlantic 36 times before crashing at Lakehurst, New Jersey, on 6 May 1937. In 1938, a weekly air service from Berlin to

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observes that "newer technology, larger aircraft, and increasingly efficient operations continually drive down the cost of running an airline", from nearly 40 US cents per

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Airline ownership has seen a shift from mostly personal ownership until the 1930s to government-ownership of major airlines from the 1940s to 1980s and back to large-scale

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in 2003. Korean Air and Asiana Airlines comprise one of the largest combined airline miles and number of passenger served at the regional market of Asian airline industry

1500:, which later joined in 1988. The license to operate as an airliner was granted by the federal government body after reviewing the necessity at the national assembly. The 5839: 5676: 4306: 6389: 6231: 5280: 2222:(+6.9% compared to July 2015): 57.6bn in Asia-Pacific, 47.7bn in Europe, 46.2bn in North America, 12.2bn in Middle East, 12.0bn in Latin America and 5.4bn in Africa. 3470: 1299:

By the 1980s, almost half of the total flying in the world took place in the U.S., and today the domestic industry operates over 10,000 daily departures nationwide.

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In 2017, 4.1 billion passengers have been carried by airlines in 41.9 million commercial scheduled flights (an average payload of 98 passengers), for 7.75 trillion

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issued to a different aircraft), some airlines and air forces use call-signs less obviously connected with their trading name. For example, British Airways uses a

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in 1985. The deregulation of the American airline industry increased the financial troubles of the airline which ultimately filed for bankruptcy in December 1991.

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began offering regular scheduled passenger service between Germany and South America, usually every two weeks, which continued until 1937. In 1936, the airship

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and other costs. Thus all but a small percentage of the income from ticket sales is paid out to a wide variety of external providers or internal cost centers.

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The 3 major airline alliances and the current fleet size of their home carriers (excluding subsidiaries, cargo and connecting partners) as of September 2024

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David McCollum, Gregory Gould, and David Greene. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation and Marine Transportation: Mitigation Potential and Policies, 2009.

2978:, and these accounted for over 60% of global commercial air traffic as of 2015. Alliances of airlines coordinate their passenger service programs (such as 2684: 5445: 2922:

flights; Aeroflot operated the flights using Aeroflot aircraft, but JAL sold tickets for the flights as if they were JAL flights. Another example was the

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instruments can be expensive, they can easily pay for themselves many times over in periods of increasing fuel costs, such as in the 2000–2005 period.

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in 1978. Many international airline managers are lobbying their governments to permit greater consolidation to achieve higher economy and efficiency.

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By the early 1920s, small airlines were struggling to compete, and there was a movement towards increased rationalization and consolidation. In 1924,

5618: 6001: 4047: 5476: 1414:(ATSB). The applications to DOT for reimbursements were subjected to rigorous multi-year reviews not only by DOT program personnel but also by the 6517: 604:, delivered on 3 November 1924. In the first year of operation the company carried 11,395 passengers and 212,380 letters. In April 1925, the film 7338: 6721: 4536: 6139: 5498: 4975: 3213:

global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum. North America accounts for nearly 40 percent of the world's GHG emissions from aviation fuel use.

1275:(which has since merged with US Airways) remained a significant survivor from this new entrant era, as dozens, even hundreds, have gone under. 5905: 2966:, which became prevalent in the late 1990s. These alliances can act as virtual mergers to get around government restrictions. The largest are 1067:. Pan Am and Northwest Airways (which began flights to Canada in the 1920s) were the only U.S. airlines to go international before the 1940s. 4104: 3507:

in 1999 said "the money that had been made since the dawn of aviation by all of this country's airline companies was zero. Absolutely zero."

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could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent. The solution would be blending algae fuels with existing jet fuel:

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in 1940. The DC-3, often regarded as one of the most influential aircraft in the history of commercial aviation, revolutionized air travel.

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D-335 became the first aircraft of the company, when Aero took delivery of it on 14 March 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and

5155:"Subject: Aviation Assistance: Compensation Criteria and Payment Equity under the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act" 6534: 4467:

James W. Graue & John Duggan "Deutsche Lufthansa South Atlantic Airmail Service 1934–1939", Zeppelin Study Group, Ickenham, UK 2000

1910:– have international subsidiaries and cover many destinations within the Americas as well as major hubs in other continents. LATAM with 6930: 4744: 2820: 1578:. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name 4871: 7375: 6513: 6264: 4687:

Amick, George. "How The Airmail Got Off The Ground." American History 33.3 (1998): 48. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 November 2011.

3815: 2561:, a low-cost carrier like Southwest have lower operating costs at $ 1,526 than a full service one like United at $ 2,974, and higher 2111: 2100: 1888:. Some industry estimates indicated in 2011 that over 2,000 new aircraft will begin service over the next five years in this region. 1566:. Tata Airlines was also one of the world's first major airlines which began its operations without any support from the Government. 1504:

occupies the largest ownership of Korean Air as well as few low-budget airlines as of now. Korean Air is one of the four founders of

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heritage and unlike most other airlines at the time, became a major investor in airlines outside of Europe, providing capital to

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became the first film to be screened for passengers on a scheduled airliner flight when it was shown on the London-Paris route.

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relatively economical to operate and maintain; comparably Southwest Airlines and their reliance on a single airplane type (the

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travel and bus lines under pressure, with most of the latter having withered away, whilst the former is still protected under

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began a crusade to create an air network that would link America to the world, and he achieved this goal through his airline,

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air carrier. It became the first airline in the world to operate sustained regular jet services on 15 September 1956 with the

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involves one airline selling tickets for another airline's flights under its own airline code. An early example of this was

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for 44%, servicing expense for 29% (traffic 11%, passenger 11% and aircraft 7%), 14% for reservations and sales and 13% for

1394:(P.L. 107–42) in response to a severe liquidity crisis facing the already-troubled airline industry in the aftermath of the 6920: 6905: 5288: 3327: 1181: 579: 6039: 4484: 6714: 5889: 5428: 4767: 3587: 1422:

tax.) In addition, the ATSB approved loan guarantees to six airlines totaling approximately $ 1.6 billion. Data from the

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its fuel hedging policy. Many other airlines are replicating Southwest's hedging policy to control their fuel costs.

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was started in December. It was during this year that the airline was designated as the flag carrier of Philippines.

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made its first flight in 1920, and is the oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Established by aviator

6619: 6605:"Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines," 3rd edition. Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2002. 5927: 2706:, and should rise by 10.7% to $ 834 billion in 2018 for a $ 33.8 billion profit forecast, down by 12% due to rising 5303: 4953: 4939: 3661: 3582: 3170: 1415: 17: 6441: 1640:, newly born Asian countries started to embrace air transport. Among the first Asian carriers during the era were 1382:

has publicly stated: "Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing shows airline industry deregulation was a mistake."

942:, Chalk's claimed to be the oldest continuously operating airline in the United States until its closure in 2008. 7835: 7794: 7606: 6667: 3666: 2584: 1943: 1653: 4397: 7358: 6707: 6649: 6455: 6126: 5449: 3377: 2475:

Many airlines in the U.S. and elsewhere have experienced business difficulty. U.S. airlines that have declared

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passengers departed London on 14 March 1936 following the establishment of a branch from Penang to Hong Kong.

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employees); Reservation agents, usually (but not always) at facilities outside the airport; Crew schedulers.

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which operated 17 different aircraft types, each with varying pilot, engine, maintenance, and support needs.

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There has also been a trend for these national airlines themselves to be privatized such as has occurred for

486: 470: 264: 192:. It was founded on November 16, 1909, with government assistance, and operated airships manufactured by The 95: 5471: 5132: 5130: 4889: 1518:

was also one of the first countries to embrace civil aviation. One of the first Asian airline companies was

492:, and carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. In 1921, KLM started scheduled services. 94:, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an 6925: 6885: 5909: 5611: 3870: 3475: 2824: 1403:

and 2005 US airlines lost $ 30 billion with wage cuts of over $ 15 billion and 100,000 employees laid off.

970: 950: 319: 117:, founded on November 16, 1909. The four oldest non-airship airlines that still exist are the Netherlands' 5052: 4505: 39: 7669: 7621: 5503: 5127: 4054: 3820: 3790: 3716: 3575:, the historically nationally owned airlines that were considered representative of the country overseas. 3029: 3023: 2653: 5945: 4288: 3537:

operate flights by the airline's main operating unit, rather than by regional affiliates or subsidiaries

1378:

survived bankruptcy-free. Among the outspoken critics of deregulation, former CEO of American Airlines,

7853: 7724: 7586: 7365: 6855: 6781: 6506: 3760: 3686: 3646: 2599: 1951: 813: 606: 247: 56: 5189: 5019: 4914: 4531: 773:

Although Germany lacked colonies, it also began expanding its services globally. In 1931, the airship

207:

scheduled airline was started on January 1, 1914. The flight was piloted by Tony Jannus and flew from

7581: 7183: 6960: 6786: 6771: 6560:

Kumar, B. Rajesh (2012), Kumar, B. Rajesh (ed.), "Mergers and Acquisitions in the Airline Industry",

6205: 6188: 5206: 4979: 3810: 3800: 3346: 2219: 1193: 978: 542: 5547: 4079: 3929: 1782: 1227:, made supersonic travel a reality. Concorde first flew in 1969 and operated through 2003. In 1972, 1094: 759: 370: 7799: 7641: 7556: 7385: 6965: 6955: 6761: 5913: 3785: 3519: 3511: 3205: 3118: 2594: 2576: 2172: 2013: 1798: 1697: 1258: 1102: 913:

conducted the United States' first scheduled commercial airline flight on January 1, 1914, for the

315: 31: 5865: 5525: 4108: 1754: 1734: 1240: 7631: 7596: 7561: 7453: 7294: 7224: 7085: 6850: 5109: 4845: 4648: 3033: 2816: 2633: 2165: 2006: 1665: 1579: 1208: 918: 208: 161: 6085: 5138: 1790: 1496:

was one of the first airlines to be launched among the other Asian countries in 1946 along with

7756: 7719: 7271: 7023: 4590: 4160: 3691: 3556: 3534: 3100: 3041: 3010: 2983: 2718: 1955: 1869:

came much after the second world war, as did several others from other countries like Mexico's

1535: 1391: 1174: 1146: 1115: 1029: 954: 762:, and injected with capital to become a major international carrier. In 1933, Aéropostale went 587: 442: 345: 256: 6061: 5386: 5359: 3958: 2736:, with traffic low in winter and peaking in summer. In Europe the most extreme market are the 7746: 7664: 7636: 7626: 7173: 7080: 7033: 6970: 6776: 6538: 6206:"Climate change: Commission proposes bringing air transport into EU Emissions Trading Scheme" 5928:"Seasonality: Jet2.com and Greek Islands most extreme in anna.aero leisure-legacy comparison" 3426:

technicians; Electric System technicians, responsible for maintenance of electrical systems;

3157:

to create more connections, buy used aircraft, reduce international frequencies and leverage

3057: 2637: 1571: 1272: 748: 402: 5718: 2664:

off the aircraft for lack of seats, stimulative pricing for low demand flights coupled with

2569:

per day against 264,284, resulting in a unit cost of 0.38 $ cts/ASM against 1.13 $ cts/ASM.

1742: 7761: 7616: 7526: 7516: 7316: 7310: 7158: 6880: 6156: 3795: 3706: 2819:

attracts profitable routes due partly to its congestion, leaving less-profitable routes to

2618: 2566: 2538: 2484: 1729:

Among the first countries to have regular airlines in Latin America and the Caribbean were

1395: 1185: 1111: 1006: 774: 91: 6268: 4263: 2868: 271:

in 1916; via a series of takeovers and mergers, this company is an ancestor of modern-day

8: 7694: 7646: 7571: 7546: 7511: 7506: 7380: 7353: 7043: 6895: 6730: 5706: 5136: 3312: 2703: 2632:

The advent of advanced computerized reservations systems in the late 1970s, most notably

2208: 2123: 1967: 1794: 1590: 1575: 1458: 1355: 1105:, the first airline to offer landplane flights across the North Atlantic in October 1945. 793: 629: 447: 435: 382: 373:, later known as Aéropostale, which started its first service in late 1918 to Spain. The 352: 252: 48: 6160: 5002:"The American Society for Quality Debuts Quarterly Quality Report with 10-Year Analysis" 4423: 446:

Netherlands, Scandinavia and the Baltic Republics. Another important German airline was

7684: 7323: 6507:"List of Government-owned and Privatized Airlines (unofficial preliminary compilation)" 6481: 6239: 6180: 3631: 3616: 2999: 2800: 2676: 2492: 2469: 2450: 1963: 1935: 1802: 1778: 1703: 1669: 1661: 1434: 1359: 1307: 1134: 1025: 1020:

Service during the early 1920s was sporadic: most airlines at the time were focused on

1010: 705: 641: 625: 268: 5979: 5254: 5001: 4371: 2428: 7883: 7809: 7704: 7679: 7521: 7428: 7405: 7304: 7138: 7060: 7055: 6839: 6608:"The Airline Business in the 21st Century." Rigas Doganis, Routledge, New York, 2001. 6573: 6172: 6122: 5903: 5778: 5724: 5392: 5365: 5342: 5309: 5137:

Bamber, G.J.; Gittell, J.H.; Kochan, T.A.; von Nordenflytch, A. (2009). "chapter 5".

4773: 4468: 4335:. Britannica Digital Learning. 2017. pp. Air France – via Credo Reference. 3985: 3964: 3844: 3696: 3621: 3544: 3427: 3300: 3286: 3276: 3237: 2923: 2832: 2782: 2765: 2530: 2480: 2116: 1946:, Colombia, as well as subsidiaries in various Latin American countries with hubs in 1673: 1470: 1014: 994: 973:

had developed its own air mail network, based on a transcontinental backbone between

778: 6291:"Fuel efficiency of commercial aircraft An overview of historical and future trends" 4890:"The Boeing 747 jumbo jet changed air travel with this momentous event 47 years ago" 3414:

engineers, responsible for airframe, powerplant and electrical systems maintenance;

2865:, agreed to codeshare routes in Latin America when they overlapped with each other. 877:, had no fatal or hull-loss accidents since 1963, and is recognized for its safety. 7576: 7536: 7433: 7400: 7328: 7163: 7143: 7128: 7095: 7090: 6975: 6950: 6824: 6796: 6691: 6565: 6184: 6164: 6147: 3765: 3731: 3721: 3636: 3611: 3550: 3540: 3389: 3373: 3138: 3077: 3073: 2963: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2745: 2607: 2465: 1939: 1866: 1685: 1539: 1363: 1303: 1189: 1170: 1079: 736: 598: 575: 571: 551: 547: 386: 295:, despite a lack of support from the British government. Flown by Lt. H Shaw in an 87: 52: 5711:

Air Transport: Global Economics require Global Regulatory Perspectives round table

1370:

an air carrier of their profitable and worthwhile routes and business operations.

1366:

in air carriers, to rescheme an airlines assets into a profitable organization or

1149:

became the first flagships of the Jet Age in the West, while the Eastern bloc had

1078:

in the 1930s, the U.S. airline industry was generally profitable, even during the

140:

following the mid-1980s. Since the 1980s, there has been a trend of major airline

7867: 7804: 7766: 7734: 7709: 7591: 7493: 7463: 7448: 7443: 7253: 7245: 6980: 6596: 6393: 5228: 5212: 5195: 3676: 3656: 3641: 3566: 3431: 3423: 3381: 3282: 3264: 3191: 3122: 3085: 3061: 3045: 2947: 2789: 2726: 2500: 2488: 2437: 2061: 1959: 1878: 1830: 1563: 1559: 1497: 1379: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1319: 1315: 1289: 1212: 998: 990: 986: 860: 563: 474: 450:, which began operations in 1921. It was a division of the aircraft manufacturer 414: 327: 292: 272: 5499:"Singapore Airlines voted second best airline in the world behind Qatar Airways" 3201:

Growth of the industry in recent years raised a number of ecological questions.

3186:

generated by air traffic over the southeastern United States on 29 January 2004.

2053: 1219:("jumbo jet") service, which is still the standard in international travel. The 98:

or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines may be scheduled or

7840: 7776: 7751: 7729: 7699: 7674: 7656: 7601: 7551: 7541: 7531: 7370: 7230: 7220: 7168: 7133: 7050: 7028: 6990: 6829: 6819: 5413: 5140:

Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees

4563: 3726: 3711: 3578: 3560: 3504: 3439: 3248: 3241: 3195: 3108: 3003: 2979: 2907: 2749: 2558: 1907: 1766: 1718: 1689: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1610: 1493: 1475: 1410:

and up to $ 10 billion in loan guarantees subject to review by a newly created

1375: 1362:

control of distressed airline companies by temporarily investing large sums of

1339: 1280: 1220: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1130:. Most offered increased efficiency from both added speed and greater payload. 1127: 1037: 939: 922: 867:, suffered – particularly with the rapid increase of oil prices in early 2008. 841: 829: 809: 740: 617:

on 1 January 1923. This later merged with four other French airlines to become

591: 583: 466: 212: 157: 67: 6031: 5357: 4238: 3462: 3368:, responsible for the operation of the aircraft. Flight crew members include: 2671:

Over January/February 2018, the cheapest airline surveyed by price comparator

1490:, later to expand with larger aircraft such as the DC-3 and Vickers Viscount. 7877: 7771: 7689: 7458: 7348: 7193: 7038: 6814: 6756: 6746: 6569: 5904:

David W. Gillen; William G. Morrison; Christopher Stewart (October 6, 2008).

5882: 5782: 5573:"Latin America needs more than 2,000 new passenger aircraft in next 20 years" 3755: 3671: 3651: 3626: 3318: 3150: 3126: 3069: 2967: 2939: 2878: 2737: 2722: 2526: 1979: 1975: 1899: 1885: 1722: 1630: 1622: 1523: 1509: 1483: 1450: 1430: 1200:

followed on 26 October with a Boeing 707 service between New York and Paris.

1033: 974: 962: 731: 681: 145: 137: 6602:"The airline encyclopedia, 1909–2000.” Myron J. Smith, Scarecrow Press, 2002 6365: 5154: 3907: 2955: 2096: 7566: 7483: 7473: 7468: 7438: 7286: 7215: 7148: 7100: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7018: 7000: 6766: 6176: 5661: 4723: 3805: 3572: 3146: 3134: 3081: 2622: 2562: 2542: 2514: 2072: 2065: 1971: 1850: 1693: 1324: 1142: 1119: 1083: 1075: 903: 669: 645: 633: 555: 523: 508: 428: 6137: 4617: 3175: 2440:. In October 2008, Virgin Atlantic offered to combine its operations with 1714: 333:

aircraft were lent to the company, to operate the airmail service between

291:, Belgium. On July 15, 1919, the company flew a proving flight across the 168:

tickets and often engage in extensive codesharing (sometimes systemwide).

7786: 7740: 7611: 7477: 7250: 7207: 7123: 6627: 4346: 3681: 3601: 3446: 3397: 3365: 3272: 3158: 3142: 2991: 2987: 2903: 2733: 2665: 2518: 2433: 1826: 1814: 1606: 1267: 1052: 1044: 1021: 946: 926: 910: 786: 661: 559: 489: 458: 349: 330: 311: 165: 156:. Airline alliances coordinate their passenger service programs (such as 99: 83: 6995: 5866:"2018 Global Flight Price Ranking: What's the world's cheapest airline?" 4794:"Air Transportation: The Beginnings of Commercial Transatlantic Service" 1122:. Most of these new aircraft were based on American bombers such as the 7830: 7178: 6985: 3435: 3407: 3358: 2943: 2778: 2725:

than for shorter flights, and more elastic for leisure travel than for

2688: 2554: 2504: 2476: 2179: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2134: 2057: 2020: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1834: 1822: 1810: 1657: 1594: 1527: 1247: 1204: 1138: 1098: 1071: 856: 767: 763: 618: 300: 296: 284: 276: 204: 27:

Company that provides air transport services for passengers and freight

6699: 1203:

The next big boost for the airlines would come in the 1970s, when the

852:

have often grown at the expense of the traditional national airlines.

7825: 7118: 4393: 4289:"Imperial Air Transport Company: Appointment of Government Directors" 3606: 3411: 3385: 3331: 3088:

was the largest passenger airline by number of destinations served).

3037: 2959:

expand one's service offerings in city-pair terms to increase sales.

2836: 2792: 2711: 2680: 2550: 1931: 1846: 1838: 1806: 1762: 1645: 1570:

limited company on 29 July 1946, under the name Air India. After the

1551: 1519: 1367: 1166: 797: 744: 725: 717: 701: 688:

were also charted and demonstrated at this time. Regular services to

677: 673: 665: 614: 482: 197: 71: 6459: 6168: 2154: 1995: 1849:). All the previous airlines started regular operations well before 7501: 7235: 7153: 7010: 6804: 5869: 5825: 4011:"World's First Commercial Airline | The Greatest Moments in Flight" 3515: 3454:

to deal with regulatory procedures and other administrative tasks.

3419: 3415: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3183: 3154: 3130: 3065: 2975: 2935: 2911: 2896: 2740:

with July/August having more than ten times the winter traffic, as

2707: 2672: 2652:(ATPCO), who distribute latest fares for more than 500 airlines to 2645: 2572: 2534: 2138: 2127: 2104: 1954:, Peru, with a smaller operation in Ecuador. Copa has subsidiaries 1923: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1842: 1746: 1614: 1531: 1331: 1285: 1224: 1216: 1162: 1056: 958: 864: 824: 721: 685: 527: 504: 334: 280: 193: 153: 130: 79: 5906:"Air Travel Demand Elasticities: Concepts, Issues and Measurement" 4976:"Mr. Soft Landing: Airline Industry Strategy, Service, and Safety" 2218:

In July 2016, the total weekly airline capacity was 181.1 billion

1534:. On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata himself flew a single engined 1330:

Increasingly since 1978, US airlines have been reincorporated and

232: 144:

and the formation of airline alliances. The largest alliances are

7423: 7415: 7240: 7203: 7110: 6942: 6809: 6387:

Including Aviation into the EU ETS: Impact on EU allowance prices

6138:

Travis, David J.; Carleton, Andrew M.; Lauritsen, Ryan G (2002).

3553:, giving a "basic", "no-frills" and perceived inexpensive service 3451: 3369: 3355: 3351: 3256: 3104: 3049: 2971: 2887: 2808: 2699: 2546: 1942:

group has its main operation in Colombia based around the hub in

1919: 1903: 1895: 1874: 1854: 1750: 1730: 1543: 1505: 1311: 935: 874: 870: 849: 845: 801: 755: 713: 709: 697: 516: 512: 500: 496: 451: 394: 338: 323: 279:

A biplanes that had been modified to carry two passengers in the

149: 141: 122: 110: 75: 44: 5720:

Flying off course : the economics of international airlines

4037:

edited by John Motum, p170 Volume one 1990 Naval Institute Press

3418:

engineers responsible for avionics and instruments maintenance;

3289:

are looking into the technology as part of a biofuel initiative.

1753:(the first airline established in the Americas), Argentina with 7188: 6562:

Mega Mergers and Acquisitions: Case Studies from Key Industries

5883:

Jens Flottau, Adrian Schofield and Aaron Karp (June 12, 2018).

3495: 3393: 3268: 3252: 3161:

to optimize capacities and benefit from overseas connectivity.

2931: 2927: 2919: 2496: 1927: 1884:

The air travel market has evolved rapidly over recent years in

1786: 1770: 1681: 1626: 1618: 1598: 1555: 1547: 1501: 1487: 1479: 1466: 1462: 1293: 1244: 1228: 1197: 1126:, which had spearheaded research into new technologies such as 1064: 1060: 1048: 1002: 982: 817: 649: 478: 390: 378: 359: 355: 307:, the flight took 2 hours and 30 minutes at £21 per passenger. 126: 4940:"The Computer Revolution in the Cockpit | America by Air" 3986:"The History of Commercial Flight: How Global Travel Took off" 925:, passing some 50 feet (15 m) above Tampa Bay in Jannus' 621:, the country's flagship carrier to this day, on 17 May 1933. 441:

The first German airline to use heavier than air aircraft was

242:

oldest running airline still operating under its original name

5819: 4646:

Carey, Susan, First airline offered no frills, many thrills,

3771:

List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft

3499: 3491: 3479: 3401: 3053: 3002:. Both airlines later entered the SkyTeam alliance after the 2915: 1911: 1774: 1758: 1677: 1530:). The airline was founded by India's leading industrialist, 1515: 805: 782: 693: 689: 637: 418: 410: 363: 288: 181: 114: 3326:

call-sign, named after the logo of one of its predecessors,

3247:

The airline industry is responsible for about 11 percent of

2760: 2553:(administration 6% and advertising 2%). An average US major 597:

The first new airliner ordered by Imperial Airways, was the

6102:

Airlines and the canine features of unprofitable industries

5083: 4954:"Air Transportation: The Airline Bankruptcies of the 1980s" 3900:"History - Avianca Holdings S.A. - www.aviancaholdings.com" 3559:, an airline aimed at the business traveler, featuring all 2796: 2741: 2695: 2644:

The intense nature of airfare pricing has led to the term "

1915: 1738: 1602: 1586: 1157:

in the fleets of state-owned carriers such as Czechoslovak

1123: 896: 820:. This was the first time an airline flew across an ocean. 628:

was created in 1926 by merger of two airlines, one of them

6119:

Flying Off Course: The Economics of International Airlines

4213:"Finnair's first flight took place 90 years ago | Finavia" 3295:

has made the first commercial flight with biofuel in 2009.

2839:

due to its proximity, while long-distance routes must use

2748:

with July having seven times the January traffic, whereas

2702:

was $ 754 billion in 2017 for a $ 38.4 billion collective

1478:

NPC-54 aircraft, which started its daily services between

6623: 5358:

Pran Nath Seth; Pran Nath Seth, Sushma Seth Bhat (2003).

3878: 3292: 2995: 2807:

In view of the congestion apparent at many international

2212: 900: 462: 348:

was established in 1919 and used the company's converted

237: 118: 5885:"Airlines' Formula For Protecting Profits: Higher Fares" 5646: 5103:"Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act" 4872:"How the jet travel era began in earnest – 60 years ago" 4698:"Airmail Service: It Began with Army Air Service Pilots" 4188:"Celebrating KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 100th Anniversary" 3434:; Ramp Agents; Remote centralized weight and balancing; 3125:

for 12 years in 31, including four years where combined

2861:

was formed in the 1930s when Pan Am and its subsidiary,

1508:, which was established in 2000. Asiana Airlines joined 1306:

emerged, offering a no-frills product at a lower price.

7300:

Air route authority between the United States and China

5842:. News.cheapflights.co.uk. May 13, 2009. Archived from 5337: 4559:"Data shows Finnair was world's safest airline in 2018" 3317:

Each operator of a scheduled or charter flight uses an

3267:

are collaborating with leading Brazilian biofuel maker

1585:

On 31 July 1946, a chartered Philippine Airlines (PAL)

1354:

sometime recognized worldwide. Less recognized are the

652:

were among the most advanced in the world at the time.

6208:(Press release). EU press release. December 20, 2006. 3530:

There are several types of passenger airlines, mainly

3303:, and some of which are fully operational as of 2013. 1392:

Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act

519:, and it took place on 20 March 1924, one week later. 469:, it was immediately awarded a "Royal" predicate from 341:. In 1920, they were returned to the Royal Air Force. 7851: 3194:, gases and particulate emissions, and contribute to 792:

From February 1934 until World War II began in 1939,

5526:"Top 10 Airlines in Latin America By Arlene Fleming" 3474:

Aircraft of various airlines parked side by side at

3121:, U.S. carriers did not manage to make an aggregate 2617:

Most airlines use differentiated pricing, a form of

6062:"Titans: The Biggest Airlines in the World in 2019" 5972:"India Sees Highest Domestic Market Growth in 2015" 5705: 4447:"First Transatlantic Air Line Links Two Continents" 4131:"Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, N.V. History" 3845:"DELAG: The World's First Airline, using dirgibles" 3438:; Ticket agents; Passenger service agents (such as 672:, following this up with another proving flight to 5763: 5274: 5272: 4869: 3279:and other jet biofuel developers around the world. 3236:of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an 1621:, making PAL the first Asian airline to cross the 6117:Rigas Doganis, "Alternative Pricing Strategies", 1232:fly multiple models with minimal cross-training. 344:Other British competitors were quick to follow – 7875: 6434:"To go green in jet fuel, Boeing looks at algae" 5548:"Bolivia - Transportation | history - geography" 5281:"Big U.S. Airlines Seek Long-term Profitability" 4968: 4461: 3960:The Airline Business in the Twenty-first Century 3590:, airlines with at least $ 1 billion in revenues 2942:/JFK route during the late '60s, using a Sabena 2464:There has been continuing cost competition from 1962:, both in Colombia, while Volaris of Mexico has 1040:service in the American transportation network. 397:, England. Another early French airline was the 7339:Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives 5338:Jane's airlines & airliners By Jeremy Flack 5269: 5253:. Treas.gov. September 22, 2001. Archived from 5053:"Budget airlines changed the world. What next?" 4737:"The Ford Trimotor and Douglas M-2 Mail Planes" 3364:The various types of airline personnel include 3240:scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total 259:, an early British airline established in 1919. 6431: 5723:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 6. 5677:"Virgin proposes tieup with BMI and Lufthansa" 5642:. Flight Global. July–August 2016. p. 78. 5278: 4769:A Companion to International History 1900–2001 4726:". Disciples of Flight. Retrieved 16 July 2015 3569:, operating outside regular schedule intervals 1725:in terms of number of annual passengers flown. 1709: 1302:Toward the end of the century, a new style of 1082:. This trend continued until the beginning of 934:began service between Miami and Bimini in the 708:airliners. Further services were opened up to 405:, offering a mail and freight service between 263:The earliest fixed wing airline in Europe was 7889:Economics of transport and utility industries 6715: 5789: 5364:. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 111. 4618:"Tony Jannus, an enduring legacy of aviation" 2752:are much less with only 85/115% variability. 2683:with $ 0.07/km, while the most expensive was 1358:which often seize managerial, financial, and 1110:emerging flagships of air travel such as the 863:. Other national airlines, including Italy's 758:in 1919 that was bought out in 1927, renamed 186:Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft I 5840:"Recession 'prompts surge in cheap flights'" 5617:. Air Transport Action Group. October 2018. 4586:"Finnair one of the world's safest airlines" 4532:"Finnair is the Safest Airline in the World" 4135:International Directory of Company Histories 3032:can be defined in several ways. As of 2019, 2799:purchases, which are usually second only to 1970:, and the Irelandia group formerly included 358:with a capacity for 12 passengers, to run a 6564:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 226–230, 6407:"A Promising Oil Alternative: Algae Energy" 5820:Steve Saxon and Mathieu Weber (July 2017). 5716: 5604: 3251:emitted by the U.S. transportation sector. 1853:. Puerto Rican commercial airlines such as 1526:in 1932, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now 1051:, with a fleet of flying boats that linked 236:A 1919 advertisement for the Dutch airline 6722: 6708: 6140:"Contrails reduce daily temperature range" 5797:"Airline Operating Costs and Productivity" 4622:Tony Jannus Distinguished Aviation Society 4506:"Alitalia Future Hinges on Rescue Package" 3868: 2821:Baltimore-Washington International Airport 2717:The demand for air transport will be less 1437:control 70% of the U.S. passenger market. 6362:"environmental impact of airline flights" 6265:"About Us » Air Transport in Europe" 6131: 5674: 4915:"The Cold War Race to Build the Concorde" 3816:Airline bankruptcies in the United States 3084:by number of destinations served (though 2195:Learn how and when to remove this message 2112:International Civil Aviation Organization 2101:International Civil Aviation Organization 2036:Learn how and when to remove this message 1934:and formerly with some operations in the 1574:, 49% of the airline was acquired by the 1342:which are relatively well known, are the 1327:and Skybus have since ceased operations. 704:service was inaugurated in 1932 with the 499:, the charter establishing Aero O/Y (now 43:1930s German poster advertising a weekly 5251:"Air Transportation Stabilization Board" 5032: 5022:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4445:Brown, Raymond J., ed. (February 1933), 4264:"History of flight - The first airlines" 4200:In 1921, KLM started scheduled services. 4107:. Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from 3864: 3862: 3781:List of airline mergers and acquisitions 3469: 3466:Map of scheduled airline traffic in 2009 3461: 3345: 3174: 2867: 2759: 2593: 2427: 2095: 2052: 1713: 1444: 1239: 1093: 1032:and began construction of the all-metal 917:. The 23-minute flight traveled between 895: 730: 613:Two French airlines also merged to form 541: 423: 246: 231: 38: 6729: 5384: 4610: 3983: 3956: 3702:International Air Transport Association 3543:, non-"mainline" airlines that operate 2781:and derivatives), with the now defunct 2755: 2444:in an effort to reduce operating costs. 2122:Bilateral agreements are based on the " 965:aircraft that had been procured by the 887:Air transportation in the United States 664:surveyed a flight route from the UK to 640:and Avianca. German airliners built by 375:Société Générale des Transports Aériens 14: 7876: 6396:ICF Consulting for DEFRA February 2006 6012:from the original on December 31, 2019 5709:(November 2000), "The New Economics", 5472:"Singapore Airlines Wins Major Awards" 5411: 5301: 5033:Yglesias, Matthew (December 1, 2011). 4870:Max Kingsley Jones (October 4, 2018). 4765: 4663:"Chalks Airlines Loses Flight License" 3737:Transportation Security Administration 3380:: some older aircraft also required a 2990:tickets and often engage in extensive 1412:Air Transportation Stabilization Board 594:and to enhance trade and integration. 82:to supply these services and may form 6703: 6595:"A history of the world's airlines", 6559: 6212:from the original on January 12, 2008 6042:from the original on December 5, 2019 5809:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5675:Robertson, David (October 29, 2008). 5624:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5434:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5361:An Introduction To Travel And Tourism 4665:. airportbusiness.com. Archived from 4485:"First sustained jet airline service" 4444: 3859: 3228:In the context of climate change and 2841:John F. Kennedy International Airport 2835:is the preferred airport for most of 2636:, allowed airlines to easily perform 2076:regions without compromising safety. 1829:and representing several airlines of 310:On August 25, 1919, the company used 283:, it operated relief flights between 176: 6639:"Global Aviation Markets - Analysis" 5890:Aviation Week & Space Technology 5822:"A better approach to airline costs" 5528:. Airtravel.about.com. June 10, 2010 5448:. September 23, 2020. Archived from 5285:Aviation Week & Space Technology 5171:from the original on October 9, 2022 5079:"Robert Cranall former CEO AA, CNBC" 4400:from the original on October 5, 2010 4185: 3952: 3950: 3839: 3837: 3742:World's busiest passenger air routes 3244:of aviation are taken into account. 2846: 2788:A second financial issue is that of 2479:bankruptcy since 1990 have included 2177:adding citations to reliable sources 2148: 2018:adding citations to reliable sources 1989: 1914:as the central operation along with 1292:through the continuing existence of 1182:British Overseas Airways Corporation 891: 754:France began an air mail service to 6553: 6121:(London: Routledge, 1991), 267-69. 6054: 5946:"Which DC-area airport is busiest?" 5612:"Aviation: Benefits Beyond Borders" 5329: 5143:. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 4816:"history of airliners 1950 to 1959" 4048:"The First Handley Page Transports" 3588:Major airlines of the United States 3232:, there is a debate about possible 3017: 766:, was nationalized and merged into 696:began in 1927 and were extended to 399:Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes 385:plane flew scheduled services from 275:. Using a fleet of former military 24: 6523:from the original on June 7, 2015. 6432:Ángel González (August 30, 2007). 6024: 5994: 5964: 4628:from the original on July 17, 2011 3080:by number of countries served and 2770:Kuala Lumpur International Airport 1589:ferried 40 American servicemen to 1538:carrying air mail (postal mail of 537: 314:to pioneer a regular service from 240:, founded on October 7, 1919, the 25: 7900: 7277:Environmental effects of aviation 6666:. IATA. July 2006. Archived from 6612: 5932:Airline Network News and Analysis 5006:American Society of Quality (ASQ) 4766:Martel, Gordon (April 15, 2008). 4722:Clark, Anders (22 August 2014). " 4420:"Stone & Stone: History Page" 4295:. December 20, 1923. p. 760. 4105:"World Aviation in 1919 - Part 1" 3963:. Psychology Press. p. 185. 3947: 3922: 3892: 3871:"10 oldest airlines in the world" 3834: 3776:List of airline holding companies 2962:A more recent development is the 2650:Airline Tariff Publishing Company 1408:U.S. Department of Transportation 1352:list of airline holding companies 1235: 1177:inaugurated turboprop transport. 915:St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line 796:operated an airmail service from 377:was created in late 1919, by the 217:St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line 7861: 6527: 6499: 6474: 6448: 6425: 6399: 6380: 6354: 6328: 6319: 6283: 4186:Alba, Joseph (October 7, 2019). 3748: 3662:Environmental impact of aviation 3583:Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 3171:Environmental impact of aviation 3091: 2153: 2091: 1994: 1416:Government Accountability Office 880: 7836:Aviation taxation and subsidies 7795:Aircraft maintenance technician 7607:Pre-flight safety demonstration 6589: 6338:. TerraPass.com. Archived from 6257: 6224: 6198: 6111: 6095: 6079: 5938: 5920: 5897: 5876: 5858: 5832: 5813: 5771:"Gambles that haven't paid off" 5737: 5699: 5668: 5628: 5591: 5565: 5540: 5518: 5491: 5464: 5438: 5412:Pandey, B.K. (April–May 2013). 5405: 5391:. APH Publishing. p. 175. 5388:International Environmental Law 5378: 5351: 5302:Horvat, William Joseph (1966). 5295: 5279:Sean Broderick (May 14, 2018). 5243: 5217: 5200: 5183: 5147: 5095: 5071: 5045: 5026: 5012: 4994: 4946: 4932: 4907: 4882: 4863: 4838: 4808: 4786: 4759: 4729: 4716: 4690: 4681: 4655: 4640: 4578: 4551: 4524: 4498: 4477: 4438: 4412: 4396:. Airships.net. June 10, 2009. 4386: 4364: 4339: 4333:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 4325: 4299: 4281: 4256: 4231: 4205: 4179: 4153: 4123: 4097: 4072: 3869:Miquel Ros (November 1, 2023). 3667:Federal Aviation Administration 3581:, US carriers that predate the 3400:on some airlines (most notably 3036:was the largest by fleet size, 2585:Aviation taxation and subsidies 2164:needs additional citations for 2005:needs additional citations for 1654:Pakistan International Airlines 1418:and the DOT Inspector General. 835: 6648:. January 2007. Archived from 6632:History of commercial aviation 6238:. July 4, 2011. Archived from 4978:. Apress. 2007. Archived from 4080:"Airline History 1903 to 1919" 4040: 4035:The Putnam Aeronautical Review 4028: 4003: 3977: 3164: 2698:, the global airline industry 967:United States Army Air Service 932:Chalk's International Airlines 574:was formed from the merger of 13: 1: 7715:Flight cancellation and delay 7344:European Common Aviation Area 6537:. Money Sense. Archived from 6336:"carbon-footprint-calculator" 4239:"Aeroflot History | Aeroflot" 3930:"Founders of Qantas | Qantas" 3827: 3306: 3064:was the largest by number of 2910:codesharing partnership with 2732:Airlines often have a strong 1985: 1648:(founded in September 1946), 1259:airline industry deregulation 1223:and its Western counterpart, 1089: 1070:With the introduction of the 953:won the financial backing of 580:British Marine Air Navigation 487:Aircraft Transport and Travel 369:The first French airline was 265:Aircraft Transport and Travel 227: 6298:www.transportenvironment.org 5910:Department of Finance Canada 5597:"Too Much of a Good Thing." 3398:In-flight security personnel 3341: 3009:Often the companies combine 3004:fusion of KLM and Air France 2825:Dulles International Airport 2654:Computer Reservation Systems 1656:; founded in October 1946), 1625:. A regular service between 1554:. The aircraft continued to 957:to begin experimenting with 951:United States Postal Service 655: 503:) was signed in the city of 473:. Its first flight was from 371:Société des lignes Latécoère 7: 7670:Airline reservations system 7622:Special visual flight rules 6364:. ecofx.org. Archived from 5802:. ICAO. February 20, 2017. 5020:"Airline Industry Overview" 4190:. Metropolitan Airport News 3984:Airways (August 13, 2023). 3791:List of helicopter airlines 3594: 2744:is the most seasonal among 2687:with $ 1.26/km followed by 2679:with $ 0.06/km followed by 2048: 1974:of Mexico; it now includes 1894:Only five airline groups – 1710:Latin America and Caribbean 938:in February 1919. Based in 196:. Its headquarters were in 66:is a company that provides 10: 7905: 7725:Government contract flight 7587:Flight information service 7366:Hague Hijacking Convention 7359:EU–US Open Skies Agreement 6951:Pilot in command (Captain) 6661:"Airline Cost Performance" 6535:"Buffett's spot-on advice" 6232:"Air transport statistics" 4846:"History of JAL | DC-8-32" 4652:, December 31, 2013, p. B4 3761:Airline liveries and logos 3687:Government contract flight 3310: 3168: 3021: 2850: 2600:Global Distribution System 2589: 2582: 2144: 1950:, El Salvador, as well as 1906:, the Irelandia group and 1721:is the largest airline in 1597:, from Nielson Airport in 1385: 1001:(originally a division of 884: 554:. Trains ran from here to 305:Paris – Le Bourget Airport 171: 57:Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei 29: 7818: 7785: 7655: 7582:Flight information region 7492: 7414: 7285: 7262: 7202: 7184:Low-cost carrier terminal 7109: 7009: 6941: 6838: 6795: 6752:Airline holding companies 6737: 5745:"The Southwest effect is" 5715:, unpublished, quoted in 5601:26 March 2016: 23. print. 5227:. Dot.gov. Archived from 4820:www.century-of-flight.net 4772:. John Wiley & Sons. 3811:List of regional airlines 3806:List of national airlines 3801:List of low-cost airlines 3457: 2468:. Many companies emulate 2220:Available Seat Kilometers 961:service, initially using 873:, the largest airline of 401:, established in 1919 by 222: 96:air operating certificate 7800:Aircraft ground handling 7642:Upper information region 7557:Civil aviation authority 7386:Paris Convention of 1919 6570:10.1057/9781137005908_11 6392:15 February 2006 at the 5683:. London. Archived from 5654:"World Airline Rankings" 4956:. centennialofflight.net 4796:. centennialofflight.net 4347:"History of AEROPOSTALE" 4084:www.airlinehistory.co.uk 3821:World's largest airlines 3786:List of defunct airlines 3525: 3520:Airline Deregulation Act 3206:greenhouse gas emissions 3030:world's largest airlines 3024:World's largest airlines 2423: 2294:Operating result ($ bn) 1799:BWIA West Indies Airways 1706:had won quality awards. 1698:Korean National Airlines 1424:U.S. Treasury Department 1103:American Export Airlines 1024:. In 1925, however, the 823:By the end of the 1930s 632:. Lufthansa, due to the 576:Instone Air Line Company 316:Hounslow Heath Aerodrome 90:with other airlines for 32:Airline (disambiguation) 7632:Terminal control center 7597:Instrument flight rules 7454:Baggage handling system 7295:Air transport agreement 7086:In-flight entertainment 6438:Seattle Times Newspaper 5552:Encyclopedia Britannica 5446:"History and Milestone" 5341:, First Edition, 2003, 4649:The Wall Street Journal 4624:. tonyjannusaward.com. 4268:Encyclopedia Britannica 3957:Doganis, Rigas (2001). 3904:www.aviancaholdings.com 3034:American Airlines Group 2984:frequent-flyer programs 2817:Reagan National Airport 2764:The 'Golden Lounge' of 2529:are primarily aircraft 2525:Operating costs for US 2226:Top 150 airline groups 1666:Malayan Airways Limited 1580:Air India International 1558:via Bellary piloted by 1522:, which was founded as 1440: 1209:McDonnell Douglas DC-10 919:St. Petersburg, Florida 735:April 1935 map showing 209:St. Petersburg, Florida 162:frequent-flyer programs 129:(1920) and the Russian 7757:Round-the-world ticket 7720:Frequent-flyer program 6032:"Corporate fact sheet" 5664:on September 30, 2017. 5660:. 2017. Archived from 4724:Now That's a Big Arrow 4591:Good News from Finland 4372:"LZ-127 Graf Zeppelin" 3557:Business class airline 3482: 3467: 3361: 3299:There are projects on 3190:Aircraft engines emit 3187: 3101:positive externalities 3042:revenue passenger mile 2900: 2773: 2625:for pricing purposes. 2602: 2598:Diagram of an airline 2445: 2107: 2068: 1956:Copa Airlines Colombia 1783:Dominicana de Aviación 1726: 1536:De Havilland Puss Moth 1454: 1254: 1175:Lockheed L-188 Electra 1147:Sud Aviation Caravelle 1116:Lockheed Constellation 1106: 1030:Stout Aircraft Company 907: 751: 588:Handley Page Transport 567: 507:on 12 September 1923. 443:Deutsche Luft-Reederei 438: 346:Handley Page Transport 260: 257:Handley Page Transport 244: 68:air transport services 59: 7747:Passenger name record 7665:Airline booking ploys 7637:Uncontrolled airspace 7627:Terminal control area 7264:Environmental effects 7174:International airport 7081:Crew rest compartment 7034:Premium economy class 6777:Non-scheduled airline 6482:"Aviation Regulation" 6456:"Global Load Control" 5452:on September 23, 2020 5414:"Encouraging Changes" 4669:on September 27, 2011 4313:on September 23, 2015 3563:seating and amenities 3473: 3465: 3396:on larger aircraft); 3349: 3178: 3099:One argument is that 3058:market capitalization 2998:, who partnered with 2908:Japan Airlines' (JAL) 2871: 2763: 2638:cost-benefit analyses 2597: 2431: 2326:Operating margin (%) 2099: 2056: 1755:Aerolíneas Argentinas 1735:Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano 1717: 1572:independence of India 1448: 1273:America West Airlines 1262:from other airlines. 1251:Clipper Neptune's Car 1243: 1186:transatlantic flights 1097: 1022:carrying bags of mail 899: 789:, started operating. 734: 545: 427: 403:Louis-Charles Breguet 250: 235: 190:world's first airline 42: 7617:Special use airspace 7527:Airport crash tender 7517:Aircraft safety card 7317:Cross-strait charter 7311:Bermuda II Agreement 6673:on February 26, 2015 6462:on December 27, 2012 6245:on November 23, 2011 5846:on November 30, 2009 5777:. January 19, 2015. 5717:Doganis, R. (2002). 5713:, Brussels: IATA-AEA 5579:on November 19, 2011 5211:17 July 2009 at the 5194:17 July 2009 at the 3796:List of hub airports 3707:International flight 3476:Tokyo Narita Airport 3225:(2700 square feet). 2756:Assets and financing 2619:price discrimination 2539:aircraft maintenance 2485:Continental Airlines 2209:passenger kilometres 2173:improve this article 2071:Many countries have 2014:improve this article 1791:Mexicana de Aviación 1664:; founded in 1947), 1396:September 11 attacks 1390:Congress passed the 1356:private-equity firms 1196:with a Comet 4, and 1112:Boeing Stratocruiser 1007:Trans World Airlines 840:Deregulation of the 700:in 1929. The London- 194:Zeppelin Corporation 125:(1919), Australia's 92:codeshare agreements 30:For other uses, see 7695:Codeshare agreement 7647:Visual flight rules 7572:Controlled airspace 7547:Area control center 7512:Air traffic service 7507:Air traffic control 7396:Sabotage Convention 7381:Montreal Convention 7354:Freedoms of the air 7044:Basic economy class 6731:Commercial aviation 6630:on August 9, 2013. 6411:The Washington Post 6342:on January 31, 2009 6161:2002Natur.418..601T 6108:, 27 September 2005 5982:on January 24, 2020 5952:. November 21, 2018 5707:Jean-Cyril Spinetta 5636:"Capacity snapshot" 4512:. September 7, 2004 3910:on October 15, 2017 3692:Hyper-mobile travel 3313:Aviation call signs 3220:emissions from the 3048:was the largest by 2930:partnership on the 2843:'s longer runways. 2227: 2124:freedoms of the air 2110:Groups such as the 1968:Volaris El Salvador 1795:Trinidad and Tobago 1576:Government of India 1459:Philippine Airlines 1180:On 4 October 1958, 812:and West Africa to 630:Junkers Luftverkehr 448:Junkers Luftverkehr 436:Junkers Luftverkehr 383:Farman F.60 Goliath 366:passenger service. 121:(1919), Colombia's 7685:Bereavement flight 7334:Chicago Convention 7324:Beijing Convention 7313:(UK–US, 1978–2008) 7307:(UK–US, 1946–1978) 6782:Passenger airlines 6687:"Airline industry" 6599:, Oxford U.P, 1964 6092:, 23 February 2006 5916:on April 28, 2009. 5687:on January 7, 2009 5091:on April 29, 2013. 4747:on October 6, 2019 4702:www.historynet.com 4457:(2): 13–15 and 104 4307:"Imperial Airways" 4111:on January 5, 2011 3632:Airlines of Africa 3617:Airline complaints 3483: 3468: 3445:Airlines follow a 3428:Flight dispatchers 3362: 3188: 3149:to increase their 3000:Northwest Airlines 2901: 2774: 2685:Charterlines, Inc. 2677:Tigerair Australia 2656:across the world. 2603: 2493:Northwest Airlines 2470:Southwest Airlines 2451:aviation insurance 2446: 2358:Net result ($ bn) 2225: 2108: 2069: 1964:Volaris Costa Rica 1936:Dominican Republic 1803:Caribbean Airlines 1779:Dominican Republic 1743:Cubana de Aviación 1727: 1704:Singapore Airlines 1662:SriLankan Airlines 1636:During the era of 1455: 1449:1935 Timetable of 1435:Southwest Airlines 1429:The three largest 1360:board of directors 1308:Southwest Airlines 1255: 1135:De Havilland Comet 1133:In the 1950s, the 1107: 1043:At the same time, 1026:Ford Motor Company 1011:Northwest Airlines 908: 794:Deutsche Lufthansa 752: 739:' routes from the 706:Handley Page HP 42 680:. Other routes to 626:Deutsche Lufthansa 602:City of Washington 568: 439: 407:Le Bourget Airport 269:George Holt Thomas 261: 245: 215:, operated by the 177:The first airlines 60: 49:Deutsche Lufthansa 7849: 7848: 7810:Flight dispatcher 7705:Electronic ticket 7680:Airline timetable 7522:Airport authority 7429:Baggage allowance 7406:Warsaw Convention 7305:Bermuda Agreement 7139:Airport rail link 7061:Aircraft seat map 7056:Aircraft lavatory 6787:Regional airlines 6772:Low-cost airlines 6655:on June 16, 2007. 6620:"Chasing the Sun" 6579:978-1-137-00590-8 6413:. January 6, 2008 6236:www.parliament.uk 5872:. April 16, 2018. 5751:. October 8, 2015 5398:978-81-313-0125-8 5371:978-81-207-2482-2 5347:978-0-00-715174-5 5315:978-0-8168-0000-1 5305:Above the Pacific 4060:on April 13, 2016 3970:978-0-415-20883-3 3697:Inflight magazine 3622:Airline timetable 3551:Low-cost carriers 3545:regional aircraft 3541:Regional airlines 3535:Mainline airlines 3390:flight attendants 3319:airline call sign 3301:electric aircraft 3287:Virgin Green Fund 3277:Aquaflow Bionomic 3238:emissions trading 3119:1978 deregulation 2986:), offer special 2847:Airline alliances 2833:LaGuardia Airport 2783:Eastern Air Lines 2766:Malaysia Airlines 2746:low-cost carriers 2531:operating expense 2481:American Airlines 2466:low cost airlines 2421: 2420: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2117:Bermuda Agreement 2073:national airlines 2046: 2045: 2038: 1674:Malaysia Airlines 1471:Douglas MacArthur 1453:, founded in 1932 1346:, along with the 1336:holding companies 1194:New York Idlewild 1015:Eastern Air Lines 995:American Airlines 892:Early development 550:Empire Terminal, 485:, using a leased 381:brothers and the 253:Handley Page W.8b 164:), offer special 16:(Redirected from 7896: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7577:Evacuation slide 7537:Airport security 7434:Baggage carousel 7401:Tokyo Convention 7329:Cape Town Treaty 7164:Domestic airport 7144:Airport terminal 7129:Airport check-in 7091:Inflight smoking 6976:Flight attendant 6825:Vanilla Alliance 6762:Charter airlines 6724: 6717: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6692:Encyclopedia.com 6682: 6680: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6643: 6634: 6626:. Archived from 6583: 6582: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6541:on March 7, 2010 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6516:. July 4, 2008. 6511: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6458:. Archived from 6452: 6446: 6445: 6440:. Archived from 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6403: 6397: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6368:on July 13, 2015 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6307:on July 28, 2020 6306: 6300:. Archived from 6295: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6271:on July 24, 2013 6267:. Archived from 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6187:. Archived from 6144: 6135: 6129: 6115: 6109: 6099: 6093: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6002:"UPS Fact Sheet" 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5978:. Archived from 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5934:. March 1, 2017. 5924: 5918: 5917: 5912:. Archived from 5901: 5895: 5894: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5714: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5640:Airline Business 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5575:. Archived from 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5385:S Bhatt (2007). 5382: 5376: 5375: 5355: 5349: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5291:on May 14, 2018. 5287:. Archived from 5276: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5204: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5164:. June 4, 2004. 5159: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5115:on April 9, 2009 5114: 5108:. Archived from 5107: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5087:. Archived from 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5059:. March 21, 2016 5049: 5043: 5042: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4894:Business Insider 4886: 4880: 4879: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4822:. Archived from 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4743:. Archived from 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4598:on June 16, 2020 4594:. Archived from 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4426:on March 6, 2019 4422:. Archived from 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4309:. Archived from 4303: 4297: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4219:. March 19, 2014 4209: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4053:. Archived from 4052: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3906:. Archived from 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3841: 3766:List of airlines 3732:Regional airline 3722:Low-cost carrier 3637:Airport security 3612:Airline alliance 3567:Charter airlines 3432:Baggage handlers 3249:greenhouse gases 3078:Turkish Airlines 3074:tonne-kilometres 3018:Largest airlines 2964:airline alliance 2914:in the 1960s on 2894: 2885: 2876: 2863:Panair do Brasil 2859:airline alliance 2853:Airline alliance 2691:with $ 1.18/km. 2675:was now-defunct 2608:yield management 2228: 2224: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2157: 2149: 2103:headquarters in 2041: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2021: 1998: 1990: 1867:Vieques Air Link 1686:Garuda Indonesia 1540:Imperial Airways 1340:parent companies 1304:low cost airline 1171:Vickers Viscount 1165:and East-German 1080:Great Depression 737:Imperial Airways 599:Handley Page W8f 572:Imperial Airways 552:Victoria, London 548:Imperial Airways 471:Queen Wilhelmina 387:Toussus-le-Noble 53:Syndicato Condor 21: 18:Airline industry 7904: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7860: 7852: 7850: 7845: 7814: 7805:Baggage handler 7781: 7735:Open-jaw ticket 7710:Fare basis code 7657:Airline tickets 7651: 7592:Flight recorder 7494:Aviation safety 7488: 7464:Checked baggage 7449:Baggage handler 7444:Baggage reclaim 7410: 7391:Rome Convention 7281: 7258: 7246:Travel document 7198: 7105: 7005: 6981:Flight engineer 6937: 6834: 6791: 6733: 6728: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6641: 6637: 6618: 6615: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6444:on May 2, 2017. 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6394:Wayback Machine 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6194:on May 3, 2006. 6191: 6169:10.1038/418601a 6142: 6136: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6106:Financial Times 6100: 6096: 6086:Wings of Desire 6084: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5902: 5898: 5881: 5877: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5669: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5546: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5277: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5257:on July 9, 2008 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5231:on May 27, 2010 5223: 5222: 5218: 5213:Wayback Machine 5205: 5201: 5196:Wayback Machine 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5135: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4982:on June 2, 2012 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4826:on May 17, 2008 4814: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4704:. June 12, 2006 4696: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4451:Popular Science 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4243:www.aeroflot.ru 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4193: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3955: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3875:edition.cnn.com 3867: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3751: 3746: 3717:Virtual airline 3677:Flight planning 3657:Domestic flight 3642:Aviation safety 3597: 3579:Legacy carriers 3528: 3460: 3382:flight engineer 3344: 3315: 3309: 3283:Virgin Atlantic 3265:Air New Zealand 3255:estimates that 3219: 3192:noise pollution 3173: 3167: 3137:battles, limit 3094: 3086:United Airlines 3062:Lufthansa Group 3046:Delta Air Lines 3026: 3020: 2899: 2892: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2874: 2855: 2849: 2758: 2750:legacy carriers 2727:business travel 2592: 2587: 2501:United Airlines 2489:Delta Air Lines 2438:Virgin Atlantic 2426: 2390:Net margin (%) 2262:Revenue ($ bn) 2201: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2170: 2158: 2147: 2133:In the 1990s, " 2094: 2062:British Airways 2051: 2042: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2011: 1999: 1988: 1879:Aserca Airlines 1831:Central America 1712: 1668:in 1947 (later 1564:Nevill Vintcent 1560:Royal Air Force 1498:Asiana Airlines 1443: 1388: 1380:Robert Crandall 1350:, among a long 1348:AMR Corporation 1344:UAL Corporation 1320:Skybus Airlines 1316:AirTran Airways 1290:nationalization 1238: 1213:Lockheed L-1011 1190:London Heathrow 1092: 1028:bought out the 999:United Airlines 991:Braniff Airways 987:Delta Air Lines 894: 889: 883: 861:British Airways 838: 658: 564:Croydon Airport 540: 538:Rationalization 475:Croydon Airport 415:Lesquin Airport 328:Royal Air Force 293:English Channel 273:British Airways 230: 225: 179: 174: 109:was the German 78:. Airlines use 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7902: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7871: 7870: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7841:Mile high club 7838: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7777:Travel website 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:Red-eye flight 7749: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7730:One-way travel 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7700:Continent pass 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7675:Airline ticket 7672: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7602:Overwing exits 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7552:Brace position 7549: 7544: 7542:Airspace class 7539: 7534: 7532:Airport police 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371:Hague Protocol 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7291: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7231:Departure card 7228: 7221:Border control 7218: 7212: 7210: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7134:Airport lounge 7131: 7126: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7051:Aircraft cabin 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7029:Business class 7026: 7015: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991:Aircraft pilot 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Second officer 6958: 6953: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6912:Other regions 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6877:United States 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847:International 6844: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6830:U-FLY Alliance 6827: 6822: 6820:Value Alliance 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6683: 6657: 6635: 6614: 6613:External links 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6600: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6552: 6526: 6498: 6473: 6447: 6424: 6398: 6379: 6353: 6327: 6318: 6282: 6256: 6223: 6197: 6130: 6110: 6094: 6078: 6053: 6023: 5993: 5963: 5937: 5919: 5896: 5875: 5857: 5831: 5812: 5788: 5762: 5736: 5729: 5698: 5667: 5645: 5627: 5603: 5590: 5564: 5539: 5517: 5490: 5477:AirlineRatings 5463: 5437: 5404: 5397: 5377: 5370: 5350: 5328: 5314: 5308:. Hawaii.gov. 5294: 5268: 5242: 5216: 5199: 5182: 5146: 5126: 5094: 5070: 5044: 5025: 5011: 4993: 4967: 4945: 4931: 4906: 4881: 4862: 4837: 4807: 4785: 4778: 4758: 4728: 4715: 4689: 4680: 4654: 4639: 4609: 4577: 4564:Helsinki Times 4550: 4523: 4497: 4476: 4460: 4437: 4411: 4385: 4374:. Airships.net 4363: 4338: 4324: 4298: 4280: 4255: 4230: 4217:www.finavia.fi 4204: 4178: 4152: 4122: 4096: 4071: 4039: 4027: 4002: 3976: 3969: 3946: 3934:www.qantas.com 3921: 3891: 3858: 3847:. Airships.net 3832: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3727:Red-eye flight 3724: 3719: 3714: 3712:Legacy carrier 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3561:business class 3554: 3548: 3538: 3527: 3524: 3505:Warren Buffett 3459: 3456: 3440:airline lounge 3343: 3340: 3311:Main article: 3308: 3305: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3242:external costs 3217: 3196:global dimming 3169:Main article: 3166: 3163: 3153:. They change 3117:Following the 3093: 3090: 3022:Main article: 3019: 3016: 2946:with Austrian 2891: 2882: 2873: 2851:Main article: 2848: 2845: 2757: 2754: 2723:longer flights 2623:travel classes 2591: 2588: 2559:Boeing 737-500 2527:major airlines 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2203: 2202: 2161: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2141:restrictions. 2093: 2090: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1908:LATAM Airlines 1877:, Venezuela's 1819:Puertorriquena 1767:LATAM Airlines 1719:LATAM Airlines 1711: 1708: 1690:Japan Airlines 1650:Orient Airways 1642:Cathay Pacific 1638:decolonization 1611:Johnston Atoll 1601:with stops in 1494:Cathay Pacific 1476:Beech Model 18 1442: 1439: 1431:major carriers 1398:. Through the 1387: 1384: 1376:legacy carrier 1281:frequent flyer 1257:The 1978 U.S. 1237: 1234: 1221:Tupolev Tu-144 1155:Tupolev Tu-124 1151:Tupolev Tu-104 1128:pressurization 1091: 1088: 971:Postal Service 940:Ft. Lauderdale 923:Tampa, Florida 893: 890: 885:Main article: 882: 879: 842:European Union 837: 834: 830:Tupolev Tu-104 810:Canary Islands 657: 654: 607:The Lost World 592:British Empire 584:Daimler Airway 539: 536: 467:Albert Plesman 326:contract. Six 229: 226: 224: 221: 213:Tampa, Florida 178: 175: 173: 170: 70:for traveling 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7901: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7869: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819:Miscellaneous 7817: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7772:Travel agency 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739:Overbooking ( 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7690:Boarding pass 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459:Baggage sizer 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7349:Flight permit 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7272:Hypermobility 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7194:Transit hotel 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039:Economy class 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6966:Third officer 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:First officer 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6815:Star Alliance 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Flag carriers 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Cargo airline 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:Airline codes 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6669: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6597:R.E.G. Davies 6594: 6593: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6502: 6487: 6486:www.hklaw.com 6483: 6477: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6322: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6286: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6155:(6898): 601. 6154: 6150: 6149: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6067: 6066:skyrefund.com 6063: 6057: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6011: 6007: 6006:UPS Pressroom 6003: 5997: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5805: 5798: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775:The Economist 5772: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5732: 5730:9780415213240 5726: 5722: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5658:Flight Global 5655: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5599:The Economist 5594: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5527: 5521: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5408: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5389: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5150: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5131: 5111: 5104: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4779:9780470766293 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4741:Postal Museum 4738: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4539: 4538: 4537:Finland Today 4533: 4527: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4473:0-9514114-5-4 4470: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4373: 4367: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4273:September 14, 4269: 4265: 4259: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4189: 4182: 4166: 4165:KLM Corporate 4162: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4056: 4049: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3951: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3756:Airline codes 3754: 3753: 3749:Related lists 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672:Flight length 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3652:Cargo airline 3650: 3648: 3647:Beyond rights 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3627:Airliners.net 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573:Flag carriers 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3378:first officer 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151:profitability 3148: 3147:regional jets 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092:State support 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070:FedEx Express 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Star Alliance 2965: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2879:Star Alliance 2870: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Greek islands 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2565:with 399,746 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2196: 2188: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2162:This section 2160: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2092:International 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2003:This section 2001: 1997: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1980:Viva Air Peru 1977: 1976:Viva Colombia 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1886:Latin America 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1723:Latin America 1720: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1696:in 1960, and 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1631:San Francisco 1628: 1624: 1623:Pacific Ocean 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524:Tata Airlines 1521: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1510:Star Alliance 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484:Nielson Field 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1451:Tata Airlines 1447: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1034:Ford Trimotor 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979:San Francisco 976: 975:New York City 972: 968: 964: 963:Curtiss Jenny 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 905: 902: 898: 888: 881:United States 878: 876: 872: 868: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 833: 831: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775:Graf Zeppelin 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:British India 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 611: 609: 608: 603: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 535: 531: 529: 525: 520: 518: 515:, capital of 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 444: 437: 433: 430: 426: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 354: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 258: 254: 249: 243: 239: 234: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 146:Star Alliance 143: 139: 138:privatization 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:first airline 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 58: 54: 50: 47:service from 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7567:Control zone 7562:Control area 7484:Luggage lock 7474:Lost luggage 7469:Hand luggage 7439:Baggage cart 7254:(Electronic) 7216:Arrival card 7149:Airside pass 7101:Sickness bag 7076:Buy on board 7071:Airline seat 7066:Airline meal 7019:Travel class 7001:Dead mileage 6840:Trade groups 6738: 6690: 6675:. 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Retrieved 3529: 3509: 3488: 3484: 3444: 3406: 3363: 3335: 3323: 3316: 3298: 3246: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3189: 3182:tracking of 3159:partnerships 3141:growth, add 3135:market share 3116: 3113: 3098: 3095: 3082:UPS Airlines 3040:carried and 3027: 3008: 2961: 2952: 2902: 2856: 2829: 2813: 2806: 2787: 2775: 2731: 2716: 2693: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2643: 2631: 2627: 2616: 2612: 2604: 2571: 2563:productivity 2543:depreciation 2524: 2515:Fuel hedging 2513: 2509: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2217: 2206: 2191: 2185:January 2020 2182: 2171:Please help 2166:verification 2163: 2132: 2121: 2109: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2066:flag carrier 2032: 2023: 2012:Please help 2007:verification 2004: 1972:Viva Aerobus 1948:San Salvador 1893: 1890: 1883: 1881:and others. 1851:World War II 1728: 1702: 1694:Thai Airways 1635: 1584: 1568: 1514: 1492: 1456: 1428: 1420: 1405: 1389: 1372: 1329: 1301: 1298: 1277: 1264: 1256: 1250: 1236:Deregulation 1215:inaugurated 1202: 1179: 1143:Douglas DC-8 1132: 1120:Douglas DC-6 1108: 1084:World War II 1076:Douglas DC-3 1069: 1042: 1019: 944: 909: 904:Douglas DC-3 869: 854: 839: 836:Deregulation 822: 791: 772: 753: 749:South Africa 670:South Africa 659: 623: 612: 605: 601: 596: 569: 556:flying boats 532: 524:Soviet Union 521: 509:Junkers F.13 494: 456: 440: 431: 429:Junkers F.13 368: 343: 309: 267:, formed by 262: 255:was used by 202: 185: 180: 135: 104: 84:partnerships 63: 61: 36: 7787:Ground crew 7741:Overselling 7612:Sky marshal 7478:WorldTracer 7251:Travel visa 7208:Immigration 7124:Airline hub 7024:First class 6971:Relief crew 6677:January 15, 6545:October 20, 6491:October 14, 6071:January 24, 6046:January 24, 6016:January 24, 5986:January 24, 5755:October 14, 5749:Dallas News 5583:February 3, 5557:October 14, 5456:December 1, 5421:SP's AirBuz 5162:www.gao.gov 5063:October 14, 4924:October 14, 4919:HISTORY.com 4899:October 14, 4855:October 14, 4850:www.jal.com 4830:October 14, 4708:October 14, 4673:December 2, 4632:December 2, 4516:October 14, 4351:Aeropostale 4248:October 14, 4194:October 22, 4089:October 14, 4064:October 14, 4020:October 14, 3939:October 14, 3914:October 14, 3682:FlightAware 3602:Air charter 3436:Gate agents 3366:flight crew 3273:New Zealand 3263:Boeing and 3165:Environment 3072:by freight 2992:codesharing 2904:Codesharing 2734:seasonality 2666:overbooking 2519:contractual 2434:Airbus A340 1902:, Mexico's 1898:, Panama's 1827:El Salvador 1815:Puerto Rico 1607:Wake Island 1368:liquidating 1268:loss leader 1053:Los Angeles 1045:Juan Trippe 947:World War I 927:Benoist XIV 911:Tony Jannus 787:Afghanistan 760:Aéropostale 662:Alan Cobham 560:Southampton 331:Airco DH.9A 318:to Paris's 102:operators. 7878:Categories 7831:Air travel 7179:Jet bridge 6986:Loadmaster 6646:Zinnov LLC 6275:January 1, 6216:January 2, 6127:1134887779 6036:United Hub 5850:August 22, 5532:August 22, 5321:August 22, 5261:August 22, 5235:August 22, 5057:CNN Travel 5035:"Air Fail" 4960:August 22, 4800:August 22, 4404:August 22, 4378:August 22, 4317:October 1, 3995:August 24, 3851:August 22, 3828:References 3424:powerplant 3408:Groundcrew 3392:(led by a 3359:Boeing 787 3307:Call signs 3145:feed with 3056:value and 3038:passengers 2956:Düsseldorf 2944:Boeing 707 2857:The first 2779:Boeing 737 2689:Buddha Air 2583:See also: 2555:Boeing 757 2533:including 2505:US Airways 2477:Chapter 11 2135:open skies 2058:Union Jack 1986:Regulation 1835:Costa Rica 1811:Aeropostal 1658:Air Ceylon 1595:California 1528:Tata Group 1248:Boeing 747 1205:Boeing 747 1139:Boeing 707 1099:Boeing 377 1090:Since 1945 1072:Boeing 247 945:Following 857:Aer Lingus 779:Hindenburg 768:Air France 624:Germany's 619:Air France 353:Type O/400 320:Le Bourget 301:RAF Hendon 297:Airco DH.9 285:Folkestone 277:Airco DH.4 228:Beginnings 205:fixed-wing 203:The first 72:passengers 7826:Air cargo 7119:Aerodrome 6797:Alliances 6417:April 23, 6372:April 26, 5956:March 17, 5783:0013-0613 5691:April 23, 5681:The Times 5427:(2): 32. 4490:March 10, 4161:"History" 4015:Space.com 3607:Air ferry 3516:takeovers 3447:corporate 3412:Aerospace 3386:navigator 3384:and/or a 3342:Personnel 3332:SkyEurope 3324:Speedbird 3184:contrails 3155:schedules 3131:fare wars 3066:employees 3006:in 2004. 2988:interline 2837:Manhattan 2681:AirAsia X 2610:systems. 2551:overheads 2507:(twice). 2487:(twice), 2060:tails of 2026:July 2020 1932:Argentina 1847:Nicaragua 1839:Guatemala 1825:based in 1807:Venezuela 1763:LAN Chile 1700:in 1947. 1692:in 1951, 1688:in 1949, 1684:in 1948, 1670:Singapore 1646:Hong Kong 1552:Ahmedabad 1520:Air India 1457:Although 1167:Interflug 1161:, Soviet 798:Stuttgart 745:Australia 726:Hong Kong 718:Singapore 702:Australia 678:Australia 674:Melbourne 666:Cape Town 660:In 1926, 656:Expansion 615:Air Union 562:, and to 483:Amsterdam 198:Frankfurt 166:interline 88:alliances 7884:Airlines 7868:Aviation 7767:Tracking 7502:Air rage 7236:Passport 7225:internal 7159:Boarding 7154:Airstair 7011:Airliner 6805:Oneworld 6739:Airlines 6518:Archived 6466:June 10, 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