155:
372:, treatable with minor surgery or intralesional corticosteroids, as with ainhum. It has even been seen in psoriasis or it is acquired by the wrapping toes, penis or nipple with hairs, threads or fibers. Oral retinoids, such as tretinoin, and antifibrotic agents like tranilast have been tested for pseudo-ainhum. Impending amputation in Vohwinkel syndrome can sometimes be aborted by therapy with oral etretinate. It is rarely seen in the United States but often discussed in the international medical literature.
22:
289:, and it is not related to injury. Walking barefoot in childhood had been linked to this disease, but ainhum also occurs in patients who have never gone barefoot. Race seems to be one of the most predisposing factors and it may have a genetic component, since it has been reported to occur within families. Dent et al. discussed a genetically caused abnormality of the blood supply to the foot. It has been related to inadequate
131:
198:
after years. In about 75 percent of cases both feet are affected, though not usually to the same degree. There is no case reported where it begins in any other toe than the fifth, while there is occasionally a groove on the fourth or third toe. The distal part of the toe swells and appears like a small potato. The swelling is due to lymphatic
332:
is seen in the region of the proximal interphalangeal joint with a characteristic tapering effect. Dispersal of the head of the proximal phalanx is frequently seen. Finally, after autoamputation, the base of the proximal phalanx remains. Radiological examination allows early diagnosis and staging of
197:
The groove begins on the lower and internal side of the base of the fifth toe, usually according to the plantar-digital fold. The groove becomes gradually deeper and more circular. The rate of spread is variable, and the disease may progress to a full circle in a few months, or still be incomplete
396:
could relieve pain and prevent autoamputation in Grade I and Grade II lesions. Grade III lesions are treated with disarticulating the metatarsophalangeal joint. This also relieves pain, and all patients have a useful and stable foot. Intralesional injection of corticosteroids is also helpful.
405:
Ainhum is an extremely rare disease with prevalence reported between 0.015% and 2.2% of the population. Ainhum occurs worldwide, but is most common in people of sub-Saharan
African origin. It is more common in men than in women (2:1) between 20 and 50 years of age. The average age is about
210:
of tendons, vessels and nerves occurs. Bone is absorbed by pressure, without any evidence of infection. After a certain time all structures distal the stricture are reduced to an avascular cord. The toeâs connection to the foot becomes increasingly slender, and if it is not amputated, it
327:
Soft tissue constriction on the medial aspect of the fifth toe is the most frequently presented radiological sign in the early stages. Distal swelling of the toe is considered to be a feature of the disease. In grade III lesions
318:
causing the groove. The junctional tissue is reduced to a slender fibrous thread, almost avascular, and all the tissues beyond the constricting band is repressed by a fibro-fatty mass covered by hyperkeratotic integument.
264:
Pain is present in about 78% of cases. Slight pain is present in the earliest stage of ainhum, caused by pressure on the underlying nerves. Fracture of the phalanx or chronic sepsis is accompanied with severe pain.
873:
858:
973:
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The first description of ainhum in the West appears to have been provided by
English surgeon Robert Clarke, who made a passing reference to "dry gangrene of the little toe" as a common occurrence in the
560:
Destructive deformation of the digits with auto-amputation: a review of pseudo-ainhum. Rashid RM, Cowan E, Abbasi SA, Brieva J, Alam M. J Eur Acad
Dermatol Venereol. 2007 Jul;21(6):732-7. Review.
345:
Ainhum is an acquired and progressive condition, and thus differs from congenital annular constrictions. Ainhum has been much confused with similar constrictions caused by other diseases such as
427:". Ainhum was first recognized as a distinct disease and described as such in detail by Brazilian physician JosĂ© Francisco da Silva Lima (1826–1910), in 1867. The name "ainhum" (from the
966:
959:
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Ainhum of the left foot of a Zulu patient in
Ngwelezane Hospital, KZN, South Africa.(The little toe on the opposite foot had auto-amputated several years earlier
1455:
1304:
666:"Familial ainhum: a case report of multiple toe involvement in a father and son, staging of ainhum with insight into different types of constricting bands"
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1503:
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da Silva Lima JF (1867). "Estudo sobre o "ainhum", molestia ainda nĂŁo descripta, peculiar Ă raça ethiopica, e affectando os dedos mĂnimos dos pĂ©s".
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spontaneously drops off without any bleeding. Normally it takes about five years for an autoamputation to occur.
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Tchouakam, Diego
Nitcheu; Tochie, Joel Noutakdie; Guifo, Marc Leroy; Choukem, Simeon Pierre (2019-08-12).
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Norton ML, Sala AM, Silverstein ME (September 1957). "Ainhum (dactylosis spontanea); report of a case".
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951:
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distal to the constriction. After a time crusts can appear in the groove which can be infected with
154:
2217:
2077:
1949:
1776:
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1022:
1017:
899:
423:, but did not recognize it as a distinct entity and believed it to be a consequence of "suppressed
54:
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32:
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Incisions across the groove turned out to be ineffective. Excision of the groove followed by
1229:
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thirty-eight. The youngest recorded patient was seven years old. Ainhum is often familial.
2010:
1966:
1656:
1518:
1470:
1299:
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1163:
1113:
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8:
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1648:
1508:
1415:
1346:
1326:
1118:
877:
743:
607:"Ainhum, a rare mutilating dermatological disease in a female Cameroonian: a case report"
462:
173:
168:
434:, meaning "to saw" or "to file") was used to refer to the disease by Yoruba speakers in
2191:
1998:
1944:
1528:
1341:
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628:
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515:
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143:
2186:
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Clarke R (1863). "Remarks on
Topography and Diseases of Gold Coast and West Coast".
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Wearing shoes to protect barefoot trauma has shown decrease in incidence in ainhum.
79:
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1892:
1672:
1553:
1523:
1336:
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739:
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636:
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2137:
2119:
2098:
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2041:
1976:
1902:
904:
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570:
Browne, SG. (1965). "True Ainhum: Its
Distinctive and Differentiating Features".
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Priya, Bt; Suganthy, Rajakumari R.; Manimegalai, M.; Krishnaveni, A. (2015).
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and published in 1872, and the first imaging studies were conducted in 1924.
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2017:
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538:
Fitzpatrick's
Dermatology In General Medicine, Seventh Edition: Volume one
1833:
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996:
361:
148:
981:
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273:
The true cause of ainhum remains unclear. It is not due to infection by
2064:
1910:
1877:
1816:
1811:
1558:
988:
329:
274:
2004:
1220:
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793:. SĂŁo Paulo: Cia. Editora Nacional. pp. 131â144. Archived from
21:
1754:
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layer, and this is responsible for the laying down of condensed
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435:
286:
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199:
1178:
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The first histological studies of ainhum were conducted by
424:
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cannot be prevented and can lead to serious birth defects.
333:
ainhum. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent amputation.
207:
182:
130:
540:. McGraw-Hill Companies. 2007-10-17. pp. 562â563.
337:
shows decreased blood flow in posterior tibial artery.
510:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
729:
181:, is a painful constriction of the base of the fifth
982:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
840:
1295:
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
512:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1456:Lupus erythematosusâlichen planus overlap syndrome
2275:
817:
1504:Morpheaâlichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
1722:
967:
813:
811:
490:. Landes Bioscience. 2001. pp. 338â340.
185:frequently followed by bilateral spontaneous
786:
1736:
1729:
1715:
974:
960:
808:
782:
780:
778:
771:. London: John W. Davies. pp. 76â128.
153:
129:
1068:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
699:
681:
640:
622:
340:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1309:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
1280:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
1102:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
1085:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
764:
725:
723:
721:
719:
1962:Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
1154:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
1139:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
775:
2276:
1011:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
758:
569:
504:
438:, Brazil, where Silva Lima practiced.
214:Cole describes four stages of ainhum:
1710:
1601:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
1305:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
955:
716:
192:
1129:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
744:10.1001/archsurg.1957.01280150163018
532:
530:
528:
482:
480:
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472:
206:. While the groove becomes deeper,
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
1581:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
305:
13:
1683:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
1576:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
1514:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
14:
2315:
1624:Reactive perforating collagenosis
1258:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
836:
525:
469:
421:Epidemiological Society of London
239:floor of the groove is ulcerated
1073:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
310:Histology shows a change in the
20:
2289:Dermal and subcutaneous growths
2023:Infantile cortical hyperostosis
1639:Acquired perforating dermatosis
1629:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
1569:JadassohnâPellizzari anetoderma
400:
31:needs additional citations for
1957:Complex regional pain syndrome
1063:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
657:
598:
563:
554:
455:
1:
1596:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
1268:Patch-type granuloma annulare
1144:Inverted follicular keratosis
670:Indian Journal of Dermatology
448:
375:
368:. In this case, it is called
1564:SchweningerâBuzzi anetoderma
1263:Localized granuloma annulare
387:
300:
7:
1290:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
1189:Waxy keratosis of childhood
1058:Common seborrheic keratosis
1053:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
1035:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
790:Doenças Africanas no Brasil
293:circulation and absence of
10:
2320:
2160:LeggâCalvĂ©âPerthes disease
1006:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
409:
322:
2228:
2202:
2145:
2136:
2128:Osteochondritis dissecans
2118:
2111:
2086:
2063:
2054:
1934:
1901:
1851:
1792:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1665:
1647:
1609:
1539:
1479:
1414:
1399:
1370:
1317:
1228:
1215:
1078:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
1001:Keratoderma climactericum
987:
925:
844:
624:10.1186/s12895-019-0092-6
584:10.1302/0301-620X.47B1.52
419:in an 1860 report to the
142:
137:
128:
123:
2172:OsgoodâSchlatter disease
2078:Relapsing polychondritis
1950:Osteonecrosis of the jaw
1777:Osteitis fibrosa cystica
1634:Perforating folliculitis
1586:Semicircular lipoatrophy
1023:Drug-induced keratoderma
683:10.4103/0019-5154.147879
514:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
268:
1888:Paget's disease of bone
1839:Vertebral osteomyelitis
1591:Follicular atrophoderma
1379:eosinophilic dermatosis
382:Congenital pseudoainhum
291:posterior tibial artery
1738:Bone and joint disease
1319:Foreign body granuloma
1230:Necrobiotic/palisading
1124:Chronic scar keratosis
821:Gazeta MĂ©dica da Bahia
341:Differential diagnosis
223:Pathological progress
179:dactylolysis spontanea
2218:Scheuermann's disease
2094:Slipping rib syndrome
1916:HajduâCheney syndrome
1494:Localized scleroderma
1275:Necrobiosis lipoidica
1207:Cutis verticis gyrata
1134:Hydrocarbon keratosis
1018:Aquagenic keratoderma
787:de Freitas O (1935).
2299:Causes of amputation
2011:Aneurysmal bone cyst
1967:Nonossifying fibroma
1657:Pyoderma gangrenosum
1519:Pansclerotic morphea
1300:Rheumatoid nodulosis
1285:Granuloma multiforme
1164:Reactional keratosis
1114:Ichthyosis acquisita
1097:Acanthosis nigricans
1048:Seborrheic keratosis
989:Epidermal thickening
572:J Bone Joint Surg Br
488:Tropical dermatology
40:improve this article
1509:Generalized morphea
1347:Zirconium granuloma
1327:Beryllium granuloma
1195:other hypertrophy:
1149:Lichenoid keratosis
1119:Arsenical keratosis
189:a few years later.
2243:Kienböck's disease
1999:Skeletal fluorosis
1945:Avascular necrosis
1529:Linear scleroderma
1342:Silicone granuloma
1238:Granuloma annulare
926:External resources
366:Vohwinkel syndrome
193:Signs and symptoms
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2107:
2106:
2050:
2049:
1982:Fibrous dysplasia
1847:
1846:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1499:Localized morphea
1471:Rowell's syndrome
1395:
1394:
1385:Granuloma faciale
1332:Mercury granuloma
1202:Hypertrophic scar
1184:Warty dyskeratoma
1174:Thermal keratosis
949:
948:
443:O. E. H. Wucherer
262:
261:
247:bone involvement
177:), also known as
162:
161:
118:Medical condition
116:
115:
108:
90:
2311:
2233:
2209:
2177:Blount's disease
2150:
2143:
2142:
2116:
2115:
2061:
2060:
1926:Gorham's disease
1893:Hypophosphatasia
1800:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1673:Calcinosis cutis
1554:Lichen sclerosus
1524:Morphea profunda
1412:
1411:
1337:Silica granuloma
1226:
1225:
1169:Stucco keratosis
976:
969:
962:
953:
952:
842:
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829:
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306:Histolopathology
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24:
16:
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2310:
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2308:
2274:
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2272:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2203:
2198:
2192:Sever's disease
2146:
2132:
2120:Osteochondritis
2103:
2099:Tietze syndrome
2082:
2073:Costochondritis
2046:
2042:Pycnodysostosis
1977:Stress fracture
1930:
1903:Bone resorption
1897:
1843:
1793:
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1763:
1740:
1735:
1705:
1696:
1661:
1643:
1605:
1544:
1535:
1484:
1475:
1417:
1416:Cutaneous lupus
1404:
1391:
1371:Other/ungrouped
1366:
1313:
1211:
1179:Viral keratosis
983:
980:
950:
945:
944:
921:
920:
853:
839:
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833:
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662:
658:
611:BMC Dermatology
603:
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37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
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2286:
2269:
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2260:
2258:
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2256:
2255:
2253:Panner disease
2247:
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2234:
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2222:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:Köhler disease
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
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2162:
2153:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2133:
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2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:Melorheostosis
2030:Osteosclerosis
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1979:
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1972:Pseudarthrosis
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1302:
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1245:
1234:
1232:
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1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:PUVA keratosis
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1093:hyperkeratosis
1088:
1087:
1082:
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1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1020:
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96:December 2008
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57: â
56:
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51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2230:
2204:
2147:
2018:Hyperostosis
2003:
1920:
1883:Osteomalacia
1866:Osteoporosis
1861:Bone density
1824:Sesamoiditis
1794:
1764:
1755:Inflammation
1687:
1546:atrophoderma
1432:Panniculitis
1377:
1362:Carbon stain
1253:Subcutaneous
1027:
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909:
898:
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819:
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
789:
767:
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738:(3): 473â8.
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401:Epidemiology
391:
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312:prickle cell
309:
295:plantar arch
272:
263:
213:
196:
178:
164:
163:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1992:Polyostotic
1834:Periostitis
1782:Brown tumor
1611:Perforating
1481:Scleroderma
1449:ungrouped:
1352:Soot tattoo
1248:Generalized
1243:Perforating
1217:Necrobiosis
997:keratoderma
362:scleroderma
208:compression
149:Dermatology
2294:Amputation
2278:Categories
2065:Chondritis
1987:Monostotic
1941:Ischaemia
1911:Osteolysis
1878:Osteopenia
1817:Involucrum
1812:Sequestrum
1649:Skin ulcer
1559:Anetoderma
1425:chronic:
1405:localized
911:DiseasesDB
801:2014-04-19
676:(1): 106.
449:References
417:Gold Coast
376:Prevention
330:osteolysis
169:Portuguese
66:newspapers
2005:bone cyst
1853:Metabolic
1796:infection
1766:endocrine
1466:Verrucous
1451:Chilblain
1221:granuloma
1044:keratosis
1029:psoriasis
935:eMedicine
692:1998-3611
633:1471-5945
617:(1): 12.
522:. pp. 607
388:Treatment
301:Diagnosis
275:parasites
144:Specialty
2112:Combined
1871:Juvenile
1541:Atrophic
1443:Neonatal
1439:subacute
940:derm/594
752:13457622
710:25657437
651:31401977
592:14296246
578:: 52â5.
463:"Ainhum"
394:z-plasty
354:gangrene
351:diabetic
283:bacteria
174:/aj.ËÉČĆ©/
55:"Ainhum"
1486:Morphea
1427:Discoid
905:D000387
701:4318043
642:6689862
410:History
347:leprosy
335:Doppler
323:Imaging
316:keratin
231:groove
80:scholar
2249:elbow
2239:wrist
1921:Ainhum
1688:Ainhum
1401:Dermis
1357:Tattoo
1197:Keloid
1109:Callus
1091:other
894:103400
750:
708:
698:
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494:
429:Yoruba
167:(from
165:Ainhum
151:
124:Ainhum
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2206:spine
2183:foot
2167:tibia
2138:Child
2087:Other
2056:Joint
1935:Other
1666:Other
1461:Tumid
916:29442
883:136.0
868:L94.6
436:Bahia
287:virus
279:fungi
269:Cause
220:Grade
200:edema
87:JSTOR
73:books
2304:Toes
2231:arm:
2156:hip
2148:leg:
1746:Bone
900:MeSH
889:OMIM
878:9-CM
748:PMID
706:PMID
688:ISSN
647:PMID
629:ISSN
588:PMID
542:ISBN
516:ISBN
492:ISBN
432:ayĂčn
425:yaws
59:news
1407:CTD
874:ICD
859:ICD
740:doi
696:PMC
678:doi
637:PMC
619:doi
580:doi
364:or
285:or
244:III
183:toe
42:by
2280::
1441::
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863:10
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574:.
527:^
471:^
360:,
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349:,
297:.
281:,
277:,
252:IV
236:II
1798::
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1219:/
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851:D
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582::
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465:.
228:I
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
