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origins of this statistic, revealing it to be an unevidenced estimate that proliferated through scientific literature without critical evaluation. The study found 76 academic articles and 37 popular media items repeating variations of this claim, highlighting the importance of rigorous citation practices in scientific communication.
188:
stating that lichens were the dominant organism in 8% of terrestrial habitats on Earth, attributing this statistic to
Douglas W. Larson. This claim, although unsupported by empirical evidence, became widely cited in both academic literature and popular media. A 2024 study by Drotos et al. traced the
383:
Ahmadjian, V., J. J. Brink, and A. I. Shehata. 1990. Molecular biology of lichens—Search for plasmid DNA and the question of gene movement between bionts. pp. 2–21. Proceedings of
International Symposium on Lichenology, Kyoto, Japan, Nippon Paint
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510:
Schofield, E., and V. Ahmadjian. 1972. Field observations and laboratory studies of some
Antarctic cold desert cryptograms. In, Antarctic Terrestrial Biology. vol. 20. G. A. Llano, ed., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C.,
331:
Ahmadjian, V. 1992. Basic mechanisms of signal exchange, recognition, and regulation in lichens. In, Algae and
Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Explored. W. Reisser, ed., Bristol, Biopress Ltd.,
276:
Ahmadjian, V. 1977. Qualitative requirements and utilization of nutrients: Lichens. In, CRC Handbook. Series in
Nutrition and Food. vol. 1. J. M. Rechcigl, ed., Cleveland, CRc Press, Sec. D. Nutritional Requirements,
313:
Ahmadjian, V. 1990a. What have synthetic lichens told us about real lichens? Contributions to
Lichenology. In honour of A. Henssen. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. vol. 38. H. M. Jahns, ed. Berlin-Stuttgart, J. Cramer,
280:
Ahmadjian, V. 1980. Separation and artificial synthesis of lichens. In, Cellular
Interactions in Symbiosis and Parasitism. C. B. Cook, P. W. Pappas, and E. D. Rudolph, eds., Columbus, Ohio State University Press,
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366:
Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1983. Algal-fungal relationships in lichens: Recognition, synthesis and development. In, Algal
Symbiosis. L. J. Goff, ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 147-172.
442:
Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1971b. The ultrastructure of lichens. IV. Movement of carbon products from alga to fungus as demonstrated by high resolution radioautography. New
Phytologist 70: 47-50.
264:
Ahmadjian, V. 1970a. The lichen symbiosis: Its origin and evolution. In, Evolutionary
Biology. vol. 4. T. Dobzhansky, M. K. Hecht, and W. C. Steere, eds., Appleton-Century Crofts, N.Y., N.Y., 163-184.
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Ahmadjian, V., L. A. Russell, and K. C. Hildreth. 1980. Artificial reestablishment of lichens. I. Morphological interactions between the phycobionts of different lichens and the mycobionts
735:
376:
Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1987. Studies on the development of synthetic lichens. In, Progress and Problems in Lichenology in the Eighties, Bibliotheca Lichenologia. vol. 25.
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Ahmadjian, V., V. M. Chadeganipour, A. M. Koriem and S. Paracer. 1987. DNA and protoplast isolations from lichens and lichen symbionts. Lichen Physiology and Biochemistry, 2-11.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1982c. Algal/fungal symbioses. In, Progress in Phycological Research. vol. 1. F. E. Round and D. J. Chapman, eds., Amsterdam, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 179-233.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1973b. Methods of isolating and culturing lichen symbionts and thalli. In, The Lichens. V. Ahmadjian and M. E. Hale, eds., New York, Academic Press, 653-659.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1987b. Laboratory culture of lichens and lichen symbionts. Proceedings of symposium on tissue culture of lichen and bryophyte. Kyoto, Nippon Paint Co. 1-13.
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Remmer, S. B., and V. Ahmadjian, and T. P. Livdahl. 1986. Effects of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) and kinetin (6-furfurylamino-purine) on the synthetic lichen
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Ahmadjian, V. 1967. A guide to the algae occurring as lichen symbionts: Isolation, culture, cultural physiology, and identification Phycologia 6:127-160.
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Ahmadjian, V., and S. Paracer. 1986. Symbiosis: An introduction to Biological Associations. Hanover, N. H., University Press of New England, 212 pages.
267:
Ahmadjian, V. 1970b. Adaptations of Antarctic terrestrial plants. In, Antarctic Ecology. vol. 2. M. W. Holdgate, ed., London, Academic Press, 801-811.
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Hill, D. J., and V. Ahmadjian. 1972. Relationship between carbohydrate movement and the symbiosis in lichens with green algae. Planta 103: 267-277.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1987a. Coevolution in lichens. In, Endocytobiology. vol. 3. J. Lee and J. F. Fredrick, eds., New York Academy of Sciences, 307-315.
141:. Upon his return to civilian life, Ahmadjian continued his studies at Clark, receiving his MA in 1956, and then went on to achieve his PhD from
182:
Ahmadjian's influence on the field of lichenology extended beyond his direct research contributions. In 1995, he published an invited letter in
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Paracer, Surindar and Vernon Ahmadjian. 2000. Symbiosis, An Introduction to Biological Associations. Second Edition. Oxford University Press,
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Ahmadjian, V., J. B. Jacobs, and L. A. Russell, 1978. Scanning electron microscope study of early lichen synthesis. Science 200: 1062-1064.
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Kieft, T. L., and V. Ahmadjian. 1989. Biological ice nucleation activity in lichen mycobionts and photobionts. Lichenologist 21: 355-362.
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1985. Artificial reestablishment of lichens. IV. Comparison between natural and synthetic thalli of
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Ahmadjian, V. 1973a. Resynthesis of lichens. In, The Lichens. V. Ahmadjian and M. E. Hale, eds., New York, Academic Press, 565-579.
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1969. The ultrastructure of lichens. I. A general survey. Journal of Phycology 5: 227-240.
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Kinraide, W.T. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1970. The effects of usnic acid on the physiology of cultured species of lichen alga
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1982. Artificial re-establishment of lichens. III. Synthetic development of
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Leuckert, C., V. Ahmadjian, C. F. Culberson, and A. Johnson. 1990. Xanthones and depsidones of the lichen
407:, and V. Ahmadjian. 1980. Artificial reestablishment of lichens. II. Secondary products or resynthesized
157:
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518:: Potential for zoospore release and implications for the lichen association. Lichenologist 12: 173-187.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1966. Lichens in Symbiosis. vol. 1. S. M. Henry, ed., New York, Academic Press, 35-97.
133:. After graduating with his BA in 1952 from Clark University, Ahmadjian served for two years in the
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Ahmadjian, V. 1982a. Holobionts have more parts. International Lichenological Newsletter 15(2): 19.
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Ahmadjian, Vernon. 1967. The Lichen Symbiosis. Blaisdell Publishing Co., Waltham, Mass., 152 pages.
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awarded him with the Antarctic Medal in 1967, and gave a peak in the Queen Alexandria Range of the
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Ahmadjian, Vernon. 1993. The Lichen Symbiosis. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 250 pages.
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Ahmadjian, V. 1991. Molecular biology of lichens: A look to the future. Symbiosis 11: 249-254.
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Koriem, A. M., and V. Ahmadjian. 1986. An ultrastructural study of lichenized and cultured
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Wang-Yang, J. R., and V. Ahmadjian. 1972. A morphological study of the algal symbionts of
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1981 Relationship between fungus and alga in the lichen
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Ahmadjian, V. 1989. Studies on the isolation and synthesis of bionts of the cyanolichen
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648:"Scientific telephone: The cautionary tale of the global coverage of lichens"
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1971a. The ultrastructure of lichens. II.
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Ahmadjian, V., and J. B. Jacobs. 1970. The ultrastructure of lichens. III.
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Slocum, R. D., V. Ahmadjian, and K. C. Hildreth. 1980. Zoosporogenesis in
303:: Does it occur free-living? Plant Systematics and Evolution 158: 243-247.
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Withrow, K., and V. Ahmadjian. 1983. The ultrastructure of lichens. VII.
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Jacobs, J. B., and V. Ahmadjian. 1973. The ultrastructure of lichens. V.
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Rosentreter, R., and V. Ahmadjian. 1977. Effect of ozone on the lichen
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and its isolated symbionts. Lichen Physiology and Biochemistry 1: 1-25.
439:: The lichen and its isolated symbionts. Journal of Phycology 7: 71-82.
184:
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Drotos, Katherine H.I.; Larson, Douglas W.; McMullin, R. Troy (2024).
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Ahmadjian, V. 1982b. The nature of lichens. Natural History 91: 30-37.
114:
121:, and wrote several books and numerous publications on the subject.
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Ahmadjian, V., and H. Heikkilä. 1970. The culture and synthesis of
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in nature and of its mycobiont in culture. Mycologia 82: 370-378.
321:
and the question of multinucleate cells in the lichen photobiont
105:(May 19, 1930 - March 13, 2012) was a distinguished professor at
118:
310:(Peltigeraceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 165: 29-38.
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isolates from different lichens. Lichenologist 13: 65-86.
719:
Vernon Ahmadjian – awarded Acharius Medal (Biography)
770:
645:
449:, a fresh water lichen. New Phytologist 72: 155-160.
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Hildreth, K. C., and V. Ahmadjian. 1981. A study of
552:is used to indicate this person as the author when
363:. Journal Hattori Botanical Laboratory 52: 393-399.
639:
1471:
1086:American Bryological and Lichenological Society
148:Owing to his lichen field work in the 1960s at
341:Staurothele clopima. Lichenologist 4: 259-267.
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478:. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research 3: 65-78.
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380:, ed., Berlin-Stuttgart, J. Cramer, 47-48.
671:
622:International Association for Lichenology
219:Ahmadjian, V.; Hale, M. E., eds. (1974).
175:for outstanding research in the field of
169:International Association for Lichenology
571:Category:Taxa named by Vernon Ahmadjian
137:in the Combat Medical Corps during the
129:Ahmadjian was born on May 19, 1930, in
14:
1520:People from Northbridge, Massachusetts
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590:
588:
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167:In 1996, Ahmadjian was honored by the
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596:"In Memory of Vernon Ahmadjian, Ph.D"
299:Ahmadjian, V. 1988. The lichen alga
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24:
25:
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712:
1500:20th-century American botanists
696:International Plant Names Index
529:(L.) Ach. Taiwania 17: 170-181.
459:Puym. Lichenologist 4: 234-247.
688:
610:
192:He died on March 13, 2012, in
164:the name of "Ahmadjian Peak".
13:
1:
1525:Scientists from Massachusetts
576:
1118:Edward Blanchard Chamberlain
892:Marie-Agnès Letrouit-Galinou
373:. Lichenologist 17: 149-165.
325:. Lichenologist 22: 321-324.
223:. New York: Academic Press.
7:
1357:Barbara J. Crandall-Stotler
564:
349:. Lichenologist 4: 268-270.
252:
158:National Science Foundation
131:Whitinsville, Massachusetts
54:Whitinsville, Massachusetts
10:
1541:
1142:Elizabeth Gertrude Britton
356:Tuck. Nature 289: 169-172.
1505:Acharius Medal recipients
1490:Harvard University alumni
1378:
1363:Chicita Frances Culberson
1217:
1092:
964:Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess
779:
731:Photo of Vernon Ahmadjian
507:. Bryologist 80: 600-605.
124:
113:. He specialized in the
92:
78:
60:
39:
32:
27:Lichenologist (1930-2012)
1515:Clark University faculty
1261:Betty Wilson Higinbotham
536:. Mycologia 75: 337-339.
415:. Mycologica 72: 90-109.
199:
162:Transantarctic Mountains
111:Worcester, Massachusetts
96:professor, Lichenologist
1510:Clark University alumni
1495:American lichenologists
1339:William Louis Culberson
1208:Paul Morrison Patterson
1178:William Campbell Steere
1160:Robert Statham Williams
1136:Alexander William Evans
1124:Theodore Christian Frye
982:William Louis Culberson
904:David Leslie Hawksworth
194:Falmouth, Massachusetts
72:Falmouth, Massachusetts
1410:Theodore Lee Esslinger
1327:Thomas Hawkes Nash III
1243:Ruth Schornherst Breen
1196:Henry Shoemaker Conard
1190:Hugo Leander Blomquist
1112:John Michael Holzinger
850:Thomas Hawkes Nash III
664:10.1093/biosci/biae048
534:Chiodectron sanguineum
401:. Mycologia 72: 73-89.
1303:Emanuel David Rudolph
1225:Lewis Edward Anderson
1184:George Elwood Nichols
1166:Edwin Bunting Bartram
618:"Acharius Medallists"
598:. Miles Funeral Homes
317:Ahmadjian, V. 1990b.
1297:Paul Leslie Redfearn
1291:William Alfred Weber
1285:Wilfred B. Schofield
1154:Albert LeRoy Andrews
976:Chicita F. Culberson
796:William Alfred Weber
784:Per Magnus Jørgensen
736:Biology of symbiosis
523:Cladonia rangiferina
516:Trebouxia gelatinosa
490:Cladonia cristatella
437:Cladonia cristatella
413:Lecanora chrysoleuca
409:Cladonia cristatella
399:Lecanora chrysoleuca
395:Cladonia cristatella
354:Cladonia cristatella
1398:James Donald Lawrey
1392:William Russel Buck
1249:John Walter Thomson
1148:Annie Morrill Smith
1030:John Walter Thomson
543:author abbreviation
472:Peltigera rufescens
347:Endocarpon pusillum
337:Endocarpon pusillum
1440:Catherine La Farge
1434:Larry L. St. Clair
1416:Karen S. Renzaglia
1202:Richard T. Wareham
1106:George Newton Best
1084:Presidents of the
940:Christian Leuckert
844:Brian John Coppins
771:Recipients of the
724:2012-02-05 at the
497:Cladonia arbuscula
447:Hydrothyria venosa
143:Harvard University
135:United States Army
87:Harvard University
1467:
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1422:Roger Rosentreter
1309:Ronald A. Pursell
1267:Howard Alvin Crum
1255:Roy Franklin Cain
1051:
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1012:Otto Ludwig Lange
898:David Cecil Smith
868:Rosmarie Honegger
527:Parmelia caperata
505:Cladina stellaris
483:Lecanora dispersa
319:Trebouxia jamesii
230:978-0-12-044950-7
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16:(Redirected from
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1428:A. Jonathan Shaw
1369:Brent D. Mishler
1351:Vernon Ahmadjian
1333:Norton G. Miller
1321:William D. Reese
1273:Harvey A. Miller
1172:Aaron John Sharp
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405:Culberson, C. F.
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1072:
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1042:Antonín Vězda
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920:
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914:
911:
908:
905:
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890:
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886:Ludger Kappen
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869:
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862:Hannes Hertel
860:
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93:Occupation(s)
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63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
31:
19:
1458:Daphne Stone
1379:2000-present
1350:
1345:Dale H. Vitt
1231:Geneva Sayre
994:Aino Henssen
958:Syo Kurokawa
927:
874:Mark Seaward
814:Bruce McCune
700:
690:
655:
651:
641:
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
621:
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600:. Retrieved
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166:
147:
128:
102:
101:
66:(2012-03-13)
50:May 19, 1930
1485:2012 deaths
1480:1930 births
1460:(2023–2025)
1454:(2021–2023)
1448:(2019–2021)
1442:(2017–2019)
1436:(2015–2017)
1430:(2013–2015)
1424:(2011–2013)
1418:(2009–2011)
1412:(2007–2009)
1406:(2005–2007)
1400:(2003–2005)
1394:(2001–2003)
1388:(1999–2001)
1371:(1997–1999)
1365:(1995–1997)
1359:(1993–1995)
1353:(1992–1993)
1347:(1989–1991)
1341:(1987–1989)
1335:(1985–1987)
1329:(1981–1983)
1323:(1979–1981)
1317:(1977–1979)
1311:(1975–1977)
1305:(1974–1975)
1299:(1971–1973)
1293:(1969–1970)
1287:(1967–1969)
1281:(1965–1967)
1275:(1964–1965)
1269:(1962–1963)
1257:(1960–1961)
1251:(1958–1959)
1245:(1956–1957)
1239:(1954–1955)
1233:(1952–1953)
1227:(1950–1951)
1210:(1948–1949)
1204:(1946–1947)
1198:(1942–1945)
1192:(1940–1941)
1186:(1938–1939)
1180:(1936–1937)
1174:(1933–1935)
1168:(1931–1932)
1162:(1924–1930)
1156:(1922–1923)
1150:(1920–1921)
1144:(1916–1919)
1138:(1911–1915)
1126:(1908–1909)
1120:(1905–1907)
1114:(1903–1904)
1108:(1901–1902)
1102:(1899–1900)
1018:Josef Poelt
1006:Hildur Krog
1000:Peter James
946:Ernie Brodo
838:Leif Tibell
802:Allan Green
378:E. Peveling
221:The Lichens
177:lichenology
1474:Categories
1130:Bruce Fink
1036:Hans Trass
910:Teuvo Ahti
832:Ana Crespo
652:BioScience
632:2021-02-03
577:References
185:BioScience
154:Antarctica
139:Korean War
46:1930-05-19
1446:Doug Ladd
1218:1950–1999
1093:1899-1949
880:Jack Elix
548:Ahmadjian
501:Trebouxia
457:Trebouxia
420:Trebouxia
323:Trebouxia
301:Trebouxia
145:in 1960.
115:symbiosis
79:Education
18:Ahmadjian
722:Archived
682:39156616
673:11328143
565:See also
499:and the
384:Company.
332:675-697.
277:203-215.
253:Articles
511:97-142.
119:lichens
1263:(1962)
1132:(1910)
1044:(1992)
1038:(1992)
1032:(1992)
1026:(1992)
1020:(1992)
1014:(1992)
1008:(1992)
1002:(1992)
996:(1992)
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984:(1992)
978:(1992)
972:(1992)
966:(1994)
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948:(1994)
942:(1996)
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918:(2000)
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894:(2004)
888:(2004)
882:(2004)
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870:(2008)
864:(2008)
858:(2008)
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840:(2012)
834:(2012)
828:(2014)
822:(2014)
816:(2016)
810:(2016)
804:(2016)
798:(2018)
792:(2021)
786:(2021)
680:
670:
602:2 July
554:citing
474:, and
464:Nostoc
244:
227:
212:
156:, the
125:Career
314:3-12.
281:3-29.
200:Books
678:PMID
604:2013
422:and
411:and
397:and
339:and
242:ISBN
225:ISBN
210:ISBN
61:Died
40:Born
668:PMC
660:doi
152:in
117:of
109:in
1476::
698:.
676:.
666:.
656:74
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650:.
620:.
585:^
556:a
470:,
196:.
179:.
85:,
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
764:e
757:t
750:v
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684:.
662::
635:.
606:.
560:.
248:.
233:.
48:)
44:(
20:)
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