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228:. The second version they cite Hecht (1995) as coining "hard" agroecology which they identify as more reactive to environmental politics but rooted in measurable units and technology. They themselves name "soft" agroecology which they define as trying to measure agroecology in terms of "soft capital" such as culture or experience.
336:
dedicated their attention to the cultivated systems in agriculture, but in the 1970s agronomists saw the value of ecology, and ecologists began to use the agricultural systems as study plots, studies in agroecology grew more rapidly. More books and articles using the concept of agroecosystems and the
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and others. Agroecology uses different sciences to understand elements of ecosystems such as soil properties and plant-insect interactions, as well as using social sciences to understand the effects of farming practices on rural communities, economic constraints to developing new production methods,
557:
Within those academic research areas that focus on topics related to agriculture or ecology such as agronomy, veterinarian science, environmental science, and others, there is much debate regarding what model of agriculture or agroecology should be supported through policy. Agricultural departments
148:
Wojtkowski differentiates the ecology of natural ecosystems from agroecology inasmuch as in natural ecosystems there is no role for economics, whereas in agroecology, focusing as it does on organisms within planned and managed environments, it is human activities, and hence economics, that are the
260:
The history of agroecology depends on whether you are referring to it as a body of thought or a method of practice, as many indigenous cultures around the world historically used and currently use practices we would now consider utilizing knowledge of agroecology. Examples include
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and intercropping occurs across hundreds of years and many different cultures. Indigenous peoples also currently make up a large proportion of people using agroecological practices, and those involved in the movement to move more farming into an agroecological paradigm.
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Altieri, Miguel A., Peter Rosset, and Lori Ann Thrupp. "The
Potential of Agroecology to Combat Hunger in the Developing World." A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment.(1998). Brief 55. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
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caused the public to be aware of the environmental costs of agricultural production, which caused more research in sustainability starting in the 1980s. The view that the socio-economic context are fundamental was used in the 1982 article
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Suárez-Torres, J., Suárez-López, J. R., López-Paredes, D., Morocho, H., Cachiguango-Cachiguango, L. E., & Dellai, W. (2017, June 1). Agroecology and Health: Lessons from
Indigenous Populations. Current Environmental Health Reports.
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Friederichs, K. (1930) Die
Grundfragen und Gesetzmäßigkeiten der land- und forstwirtschaftlichen Zoologie. Vol. 1: Ökologischer Teil, Vol. 2: Wirtschaftlicher Teil. Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, Berlin, Germany, 417 and 443
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studied how the consolidation of the farms and cropping systems impact pest populations, and
Gliessman how socio-economic, technological, and ecological components gave rise to producer choices of food production systems.
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Integrated
Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology) by Thomas Gitau, Margaret W. Gitau, David Waltner-ToewsClive A. Edwards June 2008 | Hardback: 978-1-4200-7277-8 (CRC
509:
Garí wrote two papers for the FAO in the early 2000s about using an agroecological approach which he called "agrobiodiversity" to empower farmers to cope with the impacts of the AIDS on rural areas in Africa.
50:. The term can refer to a science, a movement, or an agricultural practice. Agroecologists study a variety of agroecosystems. The field of agroecology is not associated with any one particular method of
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may be the first to be titled 'agroecology'. He analyzed the different components (plants, animals, soils and climate) and their interactions within an agroecosystem as well as the impact of human
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Sustainable
Agroecosystem Management: Integrating Ecology, Economics and Society. (Advances in Agroecology) edited by Patrick J. Bohlen and Gar House 2009 | Hardback: 978-1-4200-5214-5 (CRC Press)
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scale. Agroecology in Latin
American countries can be used as a tool for providing both ecological, economic, and social benefits to the communities that practice it, as well as maintaining high
1386:
Altieri, Miguel A. "Part 1." Agroecological
Innovations: Increasing Food Production with Participatory Development. By Norman Thomas. Uphoff. London: Earthscan Publications. (2002): 3-71.
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Structure and
Function in Agroecosystem Design and Management (Advances in Agroecology) edited by Masae Shiyomi, Hiroshi Koizumi 2001 | Hardback: 978-0-8493-0904-5 (CRC Press)
231:
The term agroecology may used by people for a science, movement or practice. Using the name as a movement became more common in the 1990s, especially in the
Americas.
145:. Agroecology is not limited to any one scale; it can range from an individual gene to an entire population, or from a single field in a given farm to global systems.
101:
Agroecology is a holistic approach that seeks to reconcile agriculture and local communities with natural processes for the common benefit of nature and livelihoods.
240:
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Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems (Advances in Agroecology) by Louise E. Buck, James P. Lassoie, and Erick C.M. Fernandes (Hardcover - Oct 1, 1998)
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Garí, Josep A. (2004). Plant diversity, sustainable rural livelihoods and the HIV/AIDS crisis. Bangkok: UNDP & FAO, 2004. Published in English and Chinese.
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which he identifies as being oriented towards developing knowledge and practices to agriculture more sustainable. The third long-standing variety Buttel calls
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of agriculture and forestry, followed by American crop physiologist Hansen in 1939, both using the word for the application of ecology within agriculture.
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which he defines as critiquing the politics and economy of agriculture and weighted to radical politics. The smallest and newest variety Buttel coins
4727:
1534:
Biodiversity in Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology) edited by Wanda W. Collins, Calvin O. Qualset 1998 | Hardback: 978-1-56670-290-4 (CRC Press)
964:
Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2002) Agroecological Perspectives in Agronomy, Forestry and Agroforestry. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, 356p.
2968:
298:., agronomy and ecology were first linked with the study of crop ecology by Klages in 1928. This work is a study of where crops can best be grown.
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Buttel, F.H. and M.E. Gertler 1982. Agricultural structure, agricultural policy and environmental quality. Agriculture and Environment 7: 101–119.
4449:
94:. refer to agroecology as the study of the interactions between plants, animals, humans and the environment within agricultural systems. Francis
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Robertson, Philip, and Scott M Swinton. "Reconciling agricultural productivity and environmental integrity: a grand challenge for agriculture."
774:
4485:
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1972:
1935:
471:, agroecological practices have a long history and vary between regions but share three main approaches or levels: plot scale, farm scale, and
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Giraldo, Omar Felipe; Rosset, Peter M. (2018-03-19). "Agroecology as a territory in dispute: between institutionality and social movements".
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Paoletti, M.G., B.R. Stinner, and G.G. Lorenzoni, ed. Agricultural Ecology and Environment. New York: Elsevier Science Publisher B.V., 1989.
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Agroecosystem Sustainability: Developing Practical Strategies (Advances in Agroecology) by Stephen R. Gliessman (Hardcover - Sep 25, 2000)
1111:
Altieri, M.A. 1992. Agroecological foundations of alternative agriculture in California. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 39: 23-53
603:
193:, which he says is very similar to the first, but is derived from the science of ecology primarily based on the more modern theories of
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Soil Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture (Advances in Agroecology) by Fred Magdoff and Ray R. Weil (Hardcover - May 27, 2004)
1470:
638:
235:, whom Buttel groups with the "political" agroecologists, has published prolifically in this sense. He has applied agroecology to
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Interactions Between Agroecosystems and Rural Communities (Advances in Agroecology) by Cornelia Flora (Hardcover - Feb 5, 2001)
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Soil Tillage in Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology) edited by Adel El Titi 2002 | Hardback: 978-0-8493-1228-1 (CRC Press)
401:
by Montaldo, who argues that this context cannot be separated from agriculture when designing agricultural practices. In 1985
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that in many ways mirrors the use of composting in sustainable agriculture today. The use of agroecological practices such as
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Tropical Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology) edited by John H. Vandermeer 2002 | Hardback: 978-0-8493-1581-7 (CRC Press)
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1308:
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in these countries. Due to its broad scope and versatility, it is often referred to as "a science, a movement, a practice."
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Gliessman, Stephen. R Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. Ann Arbor: Sleeping Bear Press, 1998.
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305:. say the first mention of the term agroecology was in 1928, with the publication of the term by Basil Bensin. Dalgaard
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433:. Agroecology has also been utilized by farmers to resist global agricultural development patterns associated with the
1511:
Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management (Advances in Agroecology) by Lech Ryszkowski (Hardcover - Dec 27, 2001)
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Wojtkowski, Paul A. (2006) Introduction to Agroecology: Principles and Practices. Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY, 404p.
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220:. identify different points of view: what they call early "integrative" agroecology, such as the investigations of
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primary governing forces that ultimately control the field. Wojtkowski discusses the application of agroecology in
988:"Envisioning the Future Development of Farming in the USA: Agroecology between Extinction and Multifunctionality?"
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plantation where the Ixcacao Mayan Belizean Chocolate company grows and produces chocolate using Mayan techniques.
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of different countries support agroecology to varying degrees, with the UN being perhaps its biggest proponent.
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or cultural factors determining farming practices. The system properties of agroecosystems studied may include:
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In 2011, the first encounter of agroecology trainers took place in Zimbabwe and issued the Shashe Declaration.
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Gliessman describes that post-WWII ecologists gave more focus to experiments in the natural environment, while
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1987:
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Carrol, C. R., J.H. Vandermeer and P.M. Rosset. 1990. Agroecology. McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New York.
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Several social movements have adopted agroecology as part of their larger organizing strategy. Groups like
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1992:
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Altieri, M.A. 1987. Agroecology: the scientific basis of alternative agriculture. Boulder: Westview Press
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899:"Agroecology for a Sustainable Agriculture and Food System: From Local Solutions to Large-Scale Adoption"
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Vandermeer, J. 1995. The ecological basis of alternative agriculture. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26: 201-224
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Buttel identifies four varieties of agroecology in a 2003 conference paper. The main varieties he calls
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Wibblemann et al. (2013) Mainstreaming Agroecology: Implications for Global Food and Farming Systems.
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309:. claim the German zoologist Friederichs was the first to use the name in 1930 in his book on the
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98:. also use the definition in the same way, but thought it should be restricted to growing food.
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considered the economics of systems, ecological impacts, and ethics and values in agriculture.
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1020:. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7 (1): 3-18. |doi=10.3763/ijas.2009.040
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Applying Agroecology to Enhance the Productivity of Peasant Farming Systems in Latin America
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A quantitative and qualitative historical analysis of the scientific discipline agroecology
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Agrobiodiversity strategies to combat food insecurity and HIV/AIDS impact in rural Africa
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concepts to the structure, performance, and management of sustainable agroecosystems. In
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31:
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Perfecto, Ivette; Rice, Robert A.; Greenberg, Russell; Van Der Voort, Martha E. (1996).
1170:"Biodiversity and Indigenous Agroecology in Amazonia: The Indigenous Peoples of Pastaza"
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Conway, Gordon R. 1985. Agroecosystem analysis. Agricultural Administration, 20, 31-55.
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Monbiot, George. 2022. "Regenesis: Feeding the World without Devouring the Planet."
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Tischler, W. (1965). Agrarökologie. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Germany, 499 pp.
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Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Agroecosystems (Advances in Agroecology) by
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as "the study of the relation of agricultural crops and environment." Dalgaard
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Wezel, A.; Bellon, S.; Doré, T.; Francis, C.; Vallod, D.; David, C. (2009).
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Wezel, A., Bellon, S., Doré, T., Francis, C., Vallod, D., David, C. (2009).
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150:
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Agroecology is inherently multidisciplinary, including sciences such as
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341:., it probably was the concept of "process ecology" such as studied by
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130:
78:, although some use the name specifically for alternative agriculture.
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Crop ecology and ecological crop geography in the agronomic curriculum
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349:, which they consider the foundation of modern agroecology. Dalgaard
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UC Santa Cruz Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems
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word agroecology started to appear in 1970s. According to Dalgaard
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1309:"Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review"
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Ewert, Frank; Baatz, Roland; Finger, Robert (5 October 2023).
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Agroecology Europe - A European association for Agroecology
829:." Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 100(2003): 39-51.
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in the 1970s led to new education programs in agroecology.
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and a "landscape perspective" is agroecology, as well as
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Dalgaard, Tommy, and Nicholas Hutchings, John Porter. "
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pre-colonization of the Americas used a process called
1348:"Shade Coffee: A Disappearing Refuge for Biodiversity"
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415:
Sustainable Agriculture and Integrated Farming Systems
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in the 1930s which inspired Harper's 1974 concept of
995:
New Directions in Agroecology Research and Education
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357:'s investigations on ecology using social sciences,
525:supports the use of sustainable practices, such as
201:of constituent species, and their relationships to
772:Agroecology as a science, a movement or a practice
369:of plants using different scientific disciplines.
1406:. FAO / Population and Development Service, Rome.
997:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 1–14.
46:to bear can suggest new management approaches in
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2413:
960:
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781:. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development
429:have used agroecology as a method for achieving
4450:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
4486:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
1522:2003 | Hardback: 978-0-8493-1067-6 (CRC Press)
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1479:"Farming for a Small Planet: Agroecology Now"
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1152:"Chinampa Agricultural System of Mexico City"
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181:and focuses less on the rural sociology, and
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827:Agroecology, Scaling and Interdisciplinarity
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16:Study of ecological processes in agriculture
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604:Agriculture in Concert with the Environment
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1626:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
852:"Agroecology: the ecology of food systems"
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1193:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0146-z
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694:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
269:, and many other indigenous peoples. The
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1565:International Agroecology Action Network
1471:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
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639:Effects of climate change on agriculture
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4538:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
3999:Canadian system of soil classification
1434:"EUR-Lex - 52019DC0640 - EN - EUR-Lex"
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1061:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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915:10.1146/annurev-resource-102422-090105
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4476:International Union of Soil Sciences
2355:
1313:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
1167:
890:
4503:Soil and Water Conservation Society
2367:
1560:Agroecology by Project Regeneration
1494:Advances in Agroecology Book Series
1477:Moore Lappé, Frances (April 2016).
903:Annual Review of Resource Economics
679:Environmental impact of agriculture
420:
294:According to Gliessman and Francis
13:
3983:Unified Soil Classification System
3515:Soil retrogression and degradation
2218:Environmental impact of irrigation
1453:
1219:. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 20:336-353.
856:Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
399:Agroecologia del Tropico Americano
14:
4749:
3988:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1597:One Million Voices of Agroecology
1542:
173:which he claims derives from the
4666:
4651:
4650:
4639:
4531:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
4471:Indian Institute of Soil Science
4455:Canadian Society of Soil Science
4286:
4285:
3461:
3369:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2502:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2331:
2330:
1580:
582:
568:
463:that involves the adaptation of
451:This section is an excerpt from
445:
4509:Soil Science Society of America
2671:Science, technology and society
2286:Agriculture and the environment
2023:British Agricultural Revolution
1676:
1609:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1426:
1409:
1389:
1232:
1222:
1209:
1184:
1144:
1126:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1078:
1069:
1023:
576:Agriculture and agronomy portal
4514:World Congress of Soil Science
4498:Soil Science Society of Poland
4004:Australian Soil Classification
3995:(French classification system)
2230:Climate change and agriculture
2003:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1575:The 10 elements of Agroecology
1253:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1016:Wezel, A., Soldat, V. (2009).
967:
946:
784:
744:System of Rice Intensification
373:Efraim Hernandez X.'s work on
86:Agroecology is defined by the
1:
3525:Soil compaction (agriculture)
1265:10.1080/03066150.2017.1353496
986:Buttel, Frederick H. (2003).
850:Francis; et al. (2003).
796:Glossary of Statistical Terms
755:
81:
42:production systems. Bringing
4718:Environmental social science
2415:Environmental social science
2008:Arab Agricultural Revolution
619:Agroecology in Latin America
453:Agroecology in Latin America
440:
187:ecological political economy
164:
7:
4466:German Soil Science Society
4024:List of vineyard soil types
2454:Environmental communication
1631:European Master Agroecology
1483:Great Transition Initiative
561:
255:
10:
4756:
4738:Environmental conservation
4645:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
4481:International Year of Soil
4009:Polish Soil Classification
3448:Environmental soil science
2439:Environmental anthropology
1968:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1602:
798:. OECD. February 22, 2003.
699:International volunteering
624:Agroecology in West Africa
614:Agroecological restoration
494:Overlooking a large shade
479:and providing refuges for
450:
317:Post-WWII academic thought
250:
4713:Agricultural soil science
4635:
4575:
4522:
4442:
4369:
4303:
4283:
4033:Non-systematic soil types
4032:
3969:
3896:
3720:
3675:
3470:
3459:
3453:Agricultural soil science
3395:
3377:
3289:
3246:
3158:
3104:
3067:
3026:
3003:
2975:
2882:
2731:
2511:
2500:
2421:
2327:
2318:Universities and colleges
2294:
2238:
2186:
2047:
1951:
1936:Universities and colleges
1748:
1741:
1707:
1684:
654:Climate change adaptation
599:Agricultural biodiversity
552:
516:
504:
365:'s investigations of the
290:Pre-WWII academic thought
4603:Infiltration (hydrology)
4397:Geotechnical engineering
4019:List of U.S. state soils
2469:Environmental psychology
2303:Agriculturist profession
1780:Agricultural engineering
1765:Agricultural cooperative
1548:
1157:. FAO.org. July 7, 2017.
1134:"Indigenous Agroecology"
724:Regenerative agriculture
649:Conventional agriculture
4733:Sustainable food system
4698:Sustainable agriculture
4672:List of soil scientists
4014:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
3993:Référentiel pédologique
3977:FAO soil classification
3261:Ecological anthropology
2474:Environmental sociology
2449:Environmental economics
2429:Ecological anthropology
2208:Agricultural wastewater
1931:Sustainable food system
1926:Sustainable agriculture
1817:Animal-free agriculture
1785:Agricultural technology
1395:Garí, Josep A. (2003).
749:Sustainable development
739:Sustainable agriculture
674:Environmental economics
327:agricultural management
241:alternative agriculture
237:sustainable agriculture
191:agro-population ecology
28:/ˌæ.ɡroʊ.i.ˈkɑː.lə.dʒi/
4443:Societies, Initiatives
3665:Soil water (retention)
3271:Ecological engineering
2464:Environmental politics
2308:Agricultural machinery
2266:History of agriculture
2251:Agriculture by country
2246:Agricultural machinery
2203:Agricultural pollution
2198:Agricultural expansion
1973:Austronesian expansion
1884:Mechanised agriculture
541:standards through the
499:
273:people that inhabited
4662:Category soil science
4346:Soil salinity control
2559:Ecological humanities
2459:Environmental history
2313:Government ministries
2256:Agriculture companies
2092:Convertible husbandry
1770:Agricultural supplies
1720:Agricultural Engineer
1215:Klages, K.H.W. 1928.
876:10.1300/J064v22n03_10
644:Community development
527:precision agriculture
493:
375:traditional knowledge
329:on these components.
321:Tischler's 1965 book
245:traditional knowledge
183:agronomic agroecology
171:ecosystem agroecology
114:environmental science
44:ecological principles
4427:Agricultural science
4321:Soil guideline value
4145:Calcareous grassland
3722:World Reference Base
3266:Ecological economics
3193:Evolutionary ecology
3160:Ecological phenomena
2990:Quantitative ecology
2651:Integrated geography
2529:Behavioral geography
2434:Ecological economics
1963:Neolithic Revolution
1822:Cellular agriculture
1775:Agricultural science
1325:10.1051/agro/2009004
1168:Garí, Josep (2001).
664:Ecological economics
609:Agriculture effluent
393:The Limits to Growth
36:ecological processes
4523:Scientific journals
3714:Soil classification
3655:Soil organic matter
3616:Pore water pressure
3312:Restoration ecology
3302:Glossary of ecology
3248:Interdisciplinarity
2995:Theoretical ecology
2969:Branches of ecology
2922:Research institutes
2444:Environmental crime
1614:Montpellier, France
924:20.500.11850/621594
868:2003JSusA..22c..99F
714:Nutrient management
709:Life cycle analysis
523:European Commission
199:population dynamics
32:academic discipline
4618:Impervious surface
3898:USDA soil taxonomy
3724:for Soil Resources
3611:Pore space in soil
3554:Soil acidification
3510:Soil contamination
3297:History of ecology
3203:Functional ecology
3168:Behavioral ecology
3047:Population ecology
2892:Environment portal
2646:Industrial ecology
2097:Rotational grazing
2013:Columbian exchange
1619:2021-02-24 at the
1473:3.1 (2005): 38–46.
1402:2019-07-30 at the
1090:2006-04-22 at the
777:2019-10-30 at the
719:Pollinator decline
669:Ecosystem services
500:
459:Agroecology is an
367:population ecology
209:, and the role of
195:population ecology
161:in his 2002 book.
4680:
4679:
4311:Soil conservation
4297:
4296:
3571:Soil biodiversity
3418:Soil microbiology
3337:
3336:
3276:Political ecology
3218:Molecular ecology
3213:Landscape ecology
3081:Microbial ecology
3057:Ecosystem ecology
3052:Community ecology
2935:
2934:
2774:Green criminology
2534:Community studies
2489:Political ecology
2381:
2380:
1941:Urban agriculture
1914:Rice-duck farming
1862:Intensive farming
1832:Extensive farming
1438:eur-lex.europa.eu
729:Rural development
704:Landscape ecology
359:community ecology
355:Frederic Clements
226:Frederic Clements
175:ecosystem ecology
4745:
4670:
4669:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4492:OPAL Soil Centre
4289:
4288:
4185:Hydrophobic soil
3707:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3648:Soil respiration
3465:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3173:Chemical ecology
3145:Tropical ecology
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2822:natural resource
2506:
2494:Regional science
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2178:Wildlife farming
2028:Green Revolution
1979:Ancient history
1919:Rice-fish system
1827:Contract farming
1812:Animal husbandry
1671:
1664:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1520:Mario Giampietro
1486:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1037:. Archived from
1036:
1027:
1021:
1014:
999:
998:
992:
983:
974:
971:
965:
962:
953:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
926:
894:
888:
887:
847:
830:
823:
800:
799:
788:
782:
768:
684:Food-feed system
592:
587:
586:
585:
578:
573:
572:
571:
435:green revolution
431:food sovereignty
427:La Via Campesina
421:Social movements
283:nutrient cycling
54:, whether it be
29:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4723:Organic farming
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4631:
4613:Crust (geology)
4593:Land management
4588:Land conversion
4571:
4518:
4438:
4417:Earth materials
4365:
4351:Erosion control
4336:Soil governance
4316:Soil management
4299:
4298:
4293:
4279:
4250:Subaqueous soil
4235:Serpentine soil
4095:Parent material
4028:
3965:
3892:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3671:
3591:Soil resilience
3520:Soil compaction
3488:Soil morphology
3466:
3457:
3391:
3373:
3368:
3338:
3333:
3324:Natural history
3307:Applied ecology
3285:
3281:Systems ecology
3242:
3238:Thermal ecology
3233:Spatial ecology
3208:Genetic ecology
3178:Disease ecology
3154:
3110:biogeographical
3100:
3063:
3022:
2999:
2971:
2966:
2936:
2931:
2878:
2727:
2698:Systems ecology
2682:Sustainability
2676:science studies
2661:Rural sociology
2507:
2498:
2484:Human geography
2417:
2412:
2382:
2377:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2290:
2281:Poultry farming
2234:
2189:
2182:
2153:Poultry farming
2043:
2019:Modern history
1999:Post-classical
1947:
1946:
1945:
1889:Organic farming
1744:
1743:
1739:
1703:
1680:
1675:
1645:
1621:Wayback Machine
1605:
1592:Agroecology Map
1583:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1456:
1454:Further reading
1451:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1404:Wayback Machine
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1365:10.2307/1312989
1344:
1340:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:Miguel Altieri
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:Wayback Machine
1085:Agroecology.org
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1032:"Archived copy"
1030:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1002:
990:
984:
977:
972:
968:
963:
956:
951:
947:
937:
935:
895:
891:
848:
833:
824:
803:
790:
789:
785:
779:Wayback Machine
769:
762:
758:
753:
689:Genetic erosion
588:
583:
581:
574:
569:
567:
564:
555:
533:, agroecology,
531:organic farming
519:
507:
502:
501:
461:applied science
456:
448:
443:
423:
409:In 1995, Edens
319:
292:
258:
253:
207:biogeochemistry
167:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4753:
4752:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4658:
4647:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4622:Surface runoff
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4545:Plant and Soil
4541:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4371:
4370:Related fields
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Prime farmland
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:Fuller's earth
4177:
4172:
4170:Expansive clay
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3640:
3635:
3633:Soil biomantle
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3606:Soil structure
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Soil fertility
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3498:Soil formation
3495:
3490:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Soil chemistry
3440:
3438:Soil mechanics
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Social ecology
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Forest ecology
3132:
3130:Desert ecology
3127:
3126:
3125:
3123:Arctic ecology
3114:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3091:Insect ecology
3088:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:Environmental
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
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1543:External links
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384:Works such as
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343:Arthur Tansley
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233:Miguel Altieri
179:Howard T. Odum
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4291:Types of soil
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3188:Ecotoxicology
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3183:Ecophysiology
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3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
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3150:Urban ecology
3148:
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3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:Polar ecology
3116:
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3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3096:Human ecology
3094:
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3086:Plant ecology
3084:
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3005:Spatial scale
3002:
2996:
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2985:Field ecology
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2895:
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2889:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2873:
2872:environmental
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
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2837:environmental
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:environmental
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:environmental
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:environmental
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2754:Ecopsychology
2752:
2748:
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2740:
2739:
2738:Architecture
2737:
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2722:
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2579:
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2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:environmental
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Anthrozoology
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
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2479:Human ecology
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2301:
2297:
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2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Meat industry
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Biotechnology
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2188:Environmental
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Sheep farming
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
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2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
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2072:Dairy farming
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2049:Farming Types
2046:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Ancient Egypt
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Paludiculture
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
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1825:
1823:
1820:
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1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:Biotechnology
1793:
1791:
1788:
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1778:
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1773:
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1768:
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1751:
1747:
1736:
1733:
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1728:
1726:
1723:
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1718:
1716:
1715:Agriculturist
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
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1642:
1639:
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1634:
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1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:Organisations
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1421:974-92021-4-7
1418:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1174:Etnoecologica
1171:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1044:on 2016-05-22
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:
989:
982:
980:
970:
961:
959:
949:
934:
930:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:(3): 99–118.
861:
857:
853:
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4412:Biogeography
4407:Hydrogeology
4382:Geochemistry
4355:
4304:Applications
4200:Martian soil
3628:Soil horizon
3601:Soil texture
3576:Soil quality
3532:Soil sealing
3505:Soil erosion
3433:Soil physics
3428:Soil ecology
3423:Soil zoology
3413:Soil biology
3371:Soil science
3329:Biogeography
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3223:Paleoecology
3198:Fire ecology
3140:Soil ecology
3028:Organisation
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2758:Engineering
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2223:Overdrafting
2082:Goat farming
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906:
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547:Farm to Fork
535:agroforestry
520:
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40:agricultural
19:
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4708:Agriculture
4693:Agroecology
4608:Groundwater
4422:Archaeology
4356:Agroecology
4326:Soil survey
4265:Terra rossa
4260:Terra preta
4240:Spodic soil
4160:Duplex soil
4140:Brown earth
4120:Alkali soil
4110:Rhizosphere
4105:Laimosphere
3979:(1974–1998)
3936:Inceptisols
3843:Plinthosols
3808:Kastanozems
3638:Soil carbon
3561:Soil health
3542:Alkali soil
3471:Soil topics
3396:Main fields
3256:Agroecology
2977:Methodology
2803:Management
2747:sustainable
2519:Agroecology
2373:Wikiproject
2213:Overgrazing
2148:Pig farming
2131:Paddy field
2104:Hydroponics
2077:Fur farming
2062:Aquaculture
2057:Agrivoltaic
2038:Monoculture
1959:Prehistory
1909:Polyculture
1730:Farm worker
1708:Occupations
1678:Agriculture
1555:Agroecology
1138:Maramatanga
634:Agrophysics
473:food system
334:agronomists
151:agriculture
38:applied to
20:Agroecology
4687:Categories
4598:Vegetation
4341:Soil value
4245:Stagnogley
4195:Lunar soil
4150:Dark earth
4135:Brickearth
4100:Pedosphere
4070:Soil crust
3878:Technosols
3863:Solonchaks
3783:Ferralsols
3748:Anthrosols
3623:Soil crust
3596:Soil color
3581:Soil value
3483:Pedosphere
3408:Edaphology
3042:Synecology
3037:Autecology
2762:ecological
2716:metabolism
2666:Sexecology
2563:Economics
2547:ecological
2539:Demography
2239:Categories
1904:Plantation
1852:Free range
1847:Feed ratio
1443:2020-06-24
1352:BioScience
1048:2015-05-19
756:References
659:Edaphology
549:Strategy.
543:Green Deal
465:ecological
82:Definition
68:industrial
64:integrated
4627:Petrichor
4402:Hydrology
4387:Petrology
4331:Soil test
4230:Quicksand
4175:Fill dirt
4115:Bulk soil
3961:Vertisols
3951:Spodosols
3941:Mollisols
3931:Histosols
3916:Aridisols
3888:Vertisols
3883:Umbrisols
3873:Stagnosol
3838:Planosols
3833:Phaeozems
3813:Leptosols
3798:Gypsisols
3788:Fluvisols
3768:Chernozem
3763:Cambisols
3758:Calcisols
3753:Arenosols
3677:Soil type
3566:Soil life
2833:Planning
2812:fisheries
2742:landscape
2711:geography
2582:education
2271:Livestock
2114:Livestock
1842:Farmhouse
1281:149061121
1273:0306-6150
933:1941-1340
441:By region
279:chinampas
216:Dalgaard
165:Varieties
135:stability
122:economics
118:sociology
76:extensive
72:intensive
4703:Agronomy
4583:Land use
4576:See also
4432:Agrology
4215:Paleosol
4130:Blue goo
4085:Gypcrust
3956:Ultisols
3926:Gelisols
3921:Entisols
3911:Andisols
3906:Alfisols
3868:Solonetz
3858:Retisols
3853:Regosols
3828:Nitisols
3823:Luvisols
3818:Lixisols
3803:Histosol
3793:Gleysols
3778:Durisols
3773:Cryosols
3743:Andosols
3733:Acrisols
3643:Soil gas
3403:Pedology
3319:Ecosophy
3069:Taxonomy
3030:or scope
2927:Scholars
2917:Journals
2907:Concepts
2902:Category
2847:regional
2842:land use
2641:Forestry
2337:Category
2163:Orchards
2136:Pastoral
1807:Agronomy
1617:Archived
1400:Archived
1333:22947720
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1088:Archived
1057:cite web
775:Archived
562:See also
545:and the
353:. claim
256:Overview
211:genetics
197:such as
155:forestry
106:agronomy
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4660:
4462:(India)
4377:Geology
4165:Eluvium
4125:Bay mud
4090:Caliche
4080:Hardpan
4075:Claypan
4065:Subsoil
4060:Topsoil
3946:Oxisols
3848:Podzols
3738:Alisols
3726:(1998–)
3549:Soil pH
3382:History
2912:Degrees
2863:Policy
2852:spatial
2778:Health
2732:Applied
2721:studies
2706:ecology
2691:studies
2686:science
2634:zoology
2629:ecology
2607:justice
2602:studies
2597:science
2543:Design
2512:Related
2361:Commons
2173:Terrace
2119:Pasture
2087:Grazing
2033:Organic
1953:History
1867:animals
1790:Digital
1750:General
1694:History
1689:Outline
1603:Courses
1374:1312989
1294:States.
884:4138242
864:Bibcode
311:zoology
267:Nahuatl
251:History
203:climate
126:history
110:ecology
56:organic
52:farming
4649:
4275:Yedoma
4210:Muskeg
2867:energy
2817:forest
2797:public
2702:Urban
2624:botany
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2572:thermo
2567:energy
2422:Fields
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2190:impact
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1725:Farmer
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931:
882:
553:Debate
517:Europe
505:Africa
379:Mexico
301:Wezel
271:Mexica
4255:Takir
4190:Loess
3387:Index
3290:Other
3106:Biome
3073:taxon
2857:urban
2827:waste
2295:Lists
2158:Ranch
2126:Mixed
1877:crops
1699:Index
1570:Spain
1549:Topic
1370:JSTOR
1329:S2CID
1277:S2CID
1155:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
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880:S2CID
496:cacao
485:fauna
481:flora
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1872:pigs
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1417:ISBN
1269:ISSN
1063:link
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