Two-spirit - Knowledge

2285:, I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither 'male' nor 'female', much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, 'gender' would not be relevant to the social personae glosses 'men' and 'women', and 'third gender' likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word 'berdache' certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3-5), but the urban American neologism 'two-spirit' can be misleading." She cautions that modern identity umbrella terms such as two-spirit can't be relied upon for accurate and respectful historical scholarship because they are too general and are produced out of modern contexts that their subjects do not come from. Additionally, she recommends against folding Native and two-spirit gender and sexual identities under the "Indo-European tag 'third gender.'" In academia "one catchword obfuscates the diversity created in human societies and the fluidity conceptualized in many American Indian cultures." She concludes that the best course of action for anthropological professionals when generating language around historical Native artifacts, remains, or societies is to consult with Native professionals "or look into dictionaries, for the people's own words for the social personae 'man,' 'woman,' and whatever additional personae may be recognized." 1511:

their communities the same way, or welcome a pan-Indian term to replace the terms already in use by their cultures. Additionally, not all contemporary Indigenous communities are supportive of their gender-variant and non-heterosexual people now. In these communities, those looking for two-spirit community have sometimes faced oppression and rejection. While existing terminology in many nations shows historical acknowledgement of differing sexual orientations and gender expressions, members of some of these nations have also said that while variance was accepted, they never had separate or defined roles for these members of the community. Among the Indigenous communities that traditionally have roles for two-spirit people, specific terms in their own languages are used for the social and spiritual roles these individuals fulfill. The following list is not

33: 1292:) writes, "The term two-spirit is thus an Aboriginal-specific term of resistance to colonization and non-transferable to other cultures. There are several underlying reasons for two-spirited Aboriginals' desire to distance themselves from the mainstream queer community." German anthropologist Sabine Lang writes that for Aboriginal people, sexual orientation or gender identity is secondary to their ethnic identity. "At the core of contemporary two-spirit identities is ethnicity, an awareness of being Native American as opposed to being white or being a member of any other ethnic group". 2137:

for Aboriginal people. Already there is so much of First Nations culture that has been exploited and appropriated in this country; must our terms of resistance also be targeted for mainstream appropriation and consumption? Two-spirited is a reclaimed term designed by Aboriginals to define our unique cultural context, histories, and legacy. When people do not see the harm in "sharing" the term, they are missing the point and refusing to recognize that by appropriating the term they will inevitably alter its cultural context.

2294: 2704: 2162: 2040:, and other Indigenous communities who have experienced severe cultural damage from colonization, the specific traditions in their communities that might now be seen as two-spirit may have been severely damaged, fragmented, or even lost. While not all communities had these ways, in those that did, for some there may be challenges in reviving older traditions, and to overcoming learned homophobia or other prejudices that may have been introduced with colonization. 9058: 3157: 11206: 7083: 11194: 3143: 1043: 2863:"Self-identified" here is meant as a contrast to the way a traditional two spirit must be recognized as such by the elders of their Indigenous community when the term is used as a synonym for a traditional ceremonial role (for which there will be an already-existing term in that culture's Indigenous language). Inclusion in this list is thus not an indication of whether the person is recognized or not. 2360:, the first European land exploration of what is now the U.S. state of California. At least three diaries were kept during the expedition, but Fages wrote his account later, in 1775. Fages gave more descriptive details about the native Californians than any of the others, and he alone reported the presence of homosexuality in the native culture. The English translation reads: 2818:, she is mentioned in passing as being bisexual). Her character, raised by a white mother and estranged from her Native father, speaks of looking to older ancestors to try to find her own beliefs, much like the other humans in the series. In an interview Jacobs says, "I identify as queer, and not two-spirited, because I'm Mohawk and we don't have that" and that 1563:, "Acts like a woman." There are historical accounts of individuals who engaged in homosexual relationships, or who were born as men but lived their lives as women, possibly for religious or social reasons. These individuals were viewed in a wide variety of ways, from being revered spiritual leaders, brave warriors and 2101:

terminology to describe themselves, it carries some questionable baggage. My concern is not so much over the use of the words but over the social meme they have generated that has morphed into a cocktail of historical revisionism, wishful thinking, good intentions, and a soupçon of white, entitled appropriation.

2075:, says that two-spirit titles are not interchangeable with "LGBT Native American" or "gay Indian": "The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit." He underscores that simply being gay and Native does not make someone a two-spirit, which requires participation in tribal ceremony. 4823:

Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ways to future generations opened the floodgates for early non-Native explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists to write books describing Native peoples and therefore bolstering their own role as experts. These writings were and still are

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Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 37 Quote: "the most intelligent person in the pueblo. Strong character made his word law among both men and women with whom he associated. Though his wrath was dreaded by men

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Traditional Native American cultures that have ceremonial roles for gender-variant members of their communities may require that these people be recognized and assigned this role by tribal elders. In these cultures, a traditional third-gender ceremonial or social role is a given title that cannot be

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According to German anthropologist Sabine Lang, cross-dressing of two-spirit people was not always an indicator of gender identity. Lang believes "the mere fact that a male wears women's clothing does not say something about his role behavior, his gender status, or even his choice of partner". Other

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that may be encompassed by modern two-spirit people vary widely, even among the Native individuals or cultures that use the term. Not all of these cultures have historically had roles for gender-variant people, and among those that do, no one Indigenous culture's gender or sexuality categories apply

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Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a

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The term two-spirited was chosen to emphasize our difference in our experiences of multiple, interlocking oppressions as queer Aboriginal people. When non-Aboriginal people decide to "take up" the term two-spirit, it detracts from its original meaning and diffuses its power as a label of resistance

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for the title of the 2004 Vancouver Queer Film Festival's Indigenous/two-spirit Program, and has written that he came up with this alternative term, "because some LGBTQ Indigenous people don't feel as comfortable with the two-spirit title because it implies some dual gender stuff, which some people

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The binary nature of two-spirit, or the idea of having two spirits in one body, is not a theme found in the traditional gender roles for Native people, and concerns about this misrepresentation have been voiced since the 1990 conference where the term was adopted. Traditional Native Americans asked

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At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as

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It implies that the individual is both male and female and that these aspects are intertwined within them. The term moves away from traditional Native American/First Nations cultural identities and meanings of sexuality and gender variance. It does not take into account the terms and meanings from

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alone, some critics say use of the term two-spirit risks erasing traditional terms specific to different, unique communities, that already have their own terminology for these individuals in their Indigenous languages (if they have them - not all cultures do). Since historically, those recorded as

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Male-bodied two-spirit people, regardless of gender identification, can go to war and have access to male activities such as male-only sweat lodge ceremonies. However, they may also take on "feminine" activities such as cooking and other domestic responsibilities. According to Lang, female-bodied

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has always been repugnant to Indigenous people. De Vries writes, "Berdache is a derogatory term created by Europeans and perpetuated by anthropologists and others to define Native American/First Nations people who varied from Western norms that perceive gender, sex, and sexuality as binaries and

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With over 500 surviving Native American cultures, attitudes about sex and gender can be diverse. Even with the modern adoption of pan-Indian terms like two-spirit, and the creation of a modern pan-Indian community around this naming, not all cultures will perceive gender-nonconforming members of

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journalist Mary Annette Pember argues that this depiction threatens to homogenize diverse Indigenous cultures, painting over them with an overly broad brush, potentially causing the disappearance of "distinct cultural and language differences that Native peoples hold crucial to their identity".

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With the urbanization and assimilation of Native peoples, individuals began utilizing Western terms, concepts, and identities, such as gay, lesbian, transgender, and intersex. These terms separated Native cultural identity from sexuality and gender identity, furthering a disconnect felt by many

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labels because it is a sacred, spiritual and ceremonial role that is recognized and confirmed only by tribal elders of that two-spirit person's Indigenous ceremonial community. In these tribes, two-spirit people have specific duties, and the two-spirit title is not granted unless the person is

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These sort of simplified black-and-white depictions of Native culture and history perpetuate indiscriminate appropriation of Native peoples. Although the current new meme or legend surrounding the term two spirit is certainly laudable for helping LGBTQ people create their own more empowering

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that others have voiced is that they see it as a capitulation to urbanization and loss of culture that, while initially intended to help people reconnect with the spiritual dimension of these roles, was not working out the way it had been intended. In 2009, writing for the

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I have submitted substantial evidence that those Indian men who, both here and farther inland, are observed in the dress, clothing and character of women – there being two or three such in each village – pass as sodomites by profession. ... They are called

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Criticism of "two-spirit" centers on the term's Western origins, interpretations and influence, the lack of emphasis on Indigenous cultural traditions as maintained by tribal elders, and the potential to render tribal traditions indistinct or vanish them completely.

1343:), who also acknowledges the input of those who participated in the series of five conferences that culminated in the discussions at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference in 1990. In 2021, Myra Laramee ( 1119:

Coined in 1990 as a primarily ceremonial term promoting community recognition, in recent years more individuals have taken to self-identifying as two-spirit. Two-spirit, as a term and concept, is neither used nor accepted universally in Native American cultures.

2344:, the historical presence of male-bodied two-spirits "was a fundamental institution among most tribal peoples", with both male- and female-bodied two-spirits having been documented "in over 130 North American tribes, in every region of the continent". However, 2109:

does not acknowledge either the traditional acceptance or the nonacceptance of individuals in various nations and tribes. The idea of gender and sexuality variance being universally accepted among Native American/First Nations peoples has become romanticized.

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who attended the Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conferences, recounts her observations of the discussions that resulted in the term two-spirit at the 1990 conference: "At the conferences that produced the book,

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had laws against such individuals, though there are some authors who feel that this was exaggerated or the result of acculturation, because all of the documents indicating this are post-conquest and any that existed before had been destroyed by the

2021:, transgenders, gender-variant individuals, or 'changing ones', third genders (men who live as women), and fourth genders (women who live as men). Even these categories are limiting, because they are based on Western language and ideas rooted in a 3654:

demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.

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of Indigenous identities and ceremonial ways by non-Natives who do not understand that Indigenous communities see two-spirit as a specifically Native American and First Nations cultural identity, not one to be taken up by non-Natives.

6107: 2013:(2009), an academic textbook, Kylan Mattias de Vries says: "Nations and tribes used various words to describe various genders, sexes and sexualities. Many had separate words for the Western constructs of gays, lesbians, bisexuals, 3597:: "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015 1419:

At the series of conferences where the term was gradually adopted (1990 being the third of five), some Native attendees expressed concern that reservation communities would scorn the idea of two-spirit and never adopt the term.

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addressed the fate of this character by tweeting "I wanted to show the uncomfortable truth that oppressed folks can also be oppressors. It's a story point worth making, but I failed in the way I chose to make it." The term

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Though "two-spirit" has gained far more mainstream recognition and popularity than the traditional terms in Indigenous languages, acceptance of the term is not universal. While use of "two-spirit" to replace the offensive

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was created to reconnect one's gender or sexual identity with her or his Native identity and culture. ... Some Native Americans/First Nations people that hold to more traditional religious and cultural values view

2556:), in a very broad manner, to identify an Indigenous individual fulfilling one of many mixed gender roles in their tribe. Most often these anthropologists applied the term to any male whom they perceived to be 4455:

I think I used it because some LGBTQ Indigenous people don't feel as comfortable with the two-spirit title because it implies some dual gender stuff, which some people just don't feel describes their identity.

2419:, has a single report from 1938 that they did not have an alternative gender and they held such individuals in low esteem, although whether this sentiment is the result of acculturation or not is unknown. 8574: 1545:, "Manly-hearted-woman." This term has a wide variety of meanings ranging from women who performed the roles of men, dressed as men, took female partners, or who participated in activities such as war. 5648: 4686: 1446:

as a cultural and social term, rather than one with any religious or spiritual meaning. ... Since historically, many "berdache/two-spirit" individuals held religious or spiritual roles, the term

6038: 8733: 5824: 1942:, while dressed in "female attire", were often hired for work that required "strength and endurance", while also excelling in traditional arts and crafts such as pottery and weaving. Notable 1785:, contributed to awareness of these terms and cultures. A Navajo gender spectrum that has been described is that of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, masculine man. 8929: 8786: 4777: 2373:

Although gender-variant people have been both respected and feared in a number of tribes, they are not beyond being reproached or, by traditional law, even killed for bad deeds. In the

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have had specialized roles within Cheyenne society, including officiating during the Scalp Dance, organizing marriages, acting as messengers between lovers, and accompanying men to war.

1408: 6493: 1285:) and others have written that conference participants were motivated by the desire to coin a new term that could take the place of the outdated and offensive anthropological term. 2743:

in 2011, and winner of the annual Audience Award for that year, is about two-spirit people, particularly Fred Martinez, who was murdered at age 16 for identifying as a two-spirit.

3352:'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit. 1727:

as regular members of the community, and neither marginalized for their status, nor seen as exceptional. Other writings, usually historical accounts by anthropologists, hold the

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was developed over a series of five conferences, concluding in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference, held in

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females as well. This led to a wide variety of diverse individuals being categorized under this imprecise term. At times they incorrectly implied that these individuals were

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The increasing visibility of the two-spirit concept in mainstream culture has been seen as both empowering and as having some undesirable consequences, such as the spread of

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wrote that in Ojibwe culture "ex usually determined one's gender, and therefore one's work, but the Ojibwe accepted variation. Men who chose to function as women were called

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implies to some a spiritual nature, that one holds the spirit of two, both male and female, traditional Native Americans/First Nations peoples view this as a Western concept.

1416: – which may have nothing to do with those beliefs and ceremonies – can create a disconnection from, and forgetting of, the actual cultural beliefs and ceremonies. 1240:, in English or translated into any other language, is a general term for wider audiences, and is not intended to replace the traditional terms or concepts already in use in 11137: 8958: 8796: 2692:

character Little Horse, portrayed by Robert Little Star, is a gay man who wears clothing more commonly worn by women in the culture. He invites the protagonist, Jack Crabb (

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In academia, there has since 2010 or earlier been a move to "queer the analytics of settler colonialism" and create a "twospirit" critique as part of the general field of

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relationship between gender, sex, and sexuality. This language barrier limits our understanding of the traditional roles within Native American/First Nations cultures."

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The terms used by tribes who have roles for gender-variant persons, both currently and historically, do not translate into any form of 'two spirit', and the Ojibwe form

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that have traditional roles for gender-nonconforming people have names in their own Indigenous languages for these people and the roles they fill in their communities.

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are male-bodied individuals described by those in their communities as "effeminate male", or as "half woman, half man". A 2009 documentary about the tragic murder of

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because of a lack of cultural understanding, specifically around an Indigenous community's worldview, and their particular customs concerning clothing and gender.

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has no traditional cultural significance". Not all tribes have ceremonial roles for these people, and the tribes that do usually use names in their own languages.

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role in the culture and born to fulfill ceremonial roles that can not be filled by either men or women. In contemporary Lakota communities, attitudes towards the

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participate in the pan-Indian Two Spirit community. While historical accounts of their status vary widely, most accounts, notably those by other Lakota, see the

1223:. Credit for developing the term is usually given to several participants in the gatherings. The term was first developed and proposed in English, and later the 5370: 2120:

is most accurately understood as a non-Native idealization of the social acceptance of gender variance, idealizing a romanticized acceptance of gender variance.

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has at times led to rifts rather than unity, with two-spirits feeling like they are just another tacked on initial rather than fully included. Cameron writes:

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researchers in 2004 if they ever considered surgical transition, "none of the respondents found the idea interesting, but rather strange" as their essence as

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communities, so most of the same cultural misunderstandings tend to be found as in the outdated writing of the non-Native anthropologists and "explorers".

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Suzanne Bost, Mulattas and Mestizas: Representing Mixed Identities in the Americas, 1850-2000, (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2003, pg.139

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worked and dressed like men. Both were considered to be strong spiritually, and they were always honoured, especially during ceremonies." The Ojibwe word

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Note: There is not always consensus, even among reporting elders and language workers, about all of these terms and how they are or were applied. See

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creates a disconnection from the past. The terms used by other tribes currently and historically do not translate directly into the English form of

6197: 4581: 6082: 4226:"Native American 'Two-Spirit People' Serve Unique Roles Within Their Communities – One 'Winkte' Talks About Role Of LGBT People In Lakota Culture" 6920: 6513: 6012: 5581: 2309:. Depicting a group of male warriors dancing around a male-bodied person in a woman's dress, non-Native artist George Catlin titled the painting 10437: 1251:

was a deliberate act to differentiate and distance themselves from non-Native gays and lesbians, as well as from non-Native terminology such as

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profession on the accurate and respectful use of language for Native American subjects in anthropological research and archeological projects,

1701:. In contemporary Lakota culture, the term is most commonly associated with simply being gay. Both historically and in modern culture, usually 4785: 4491: 4430: 10523: 6229: 4864:"The 'Berdache'/'Two-Spirit': A Comparison of Anthropological and Native Constructions of Gendered Identities Among the Northern Athapaskans" 3191: 677: 1281:, which means "passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute", has always been offensive to Indigenous peoples. Journalist Mary Annette Pember ( 11152: 10167: 8948: 7833: 7785: 6518: 6508: 2185:; revival of their Indigenous cultural traditions, including preserving the old languages, skills and dances; and otherwise working toward 1936:, men who at times may also take on the social and ceremonial roles performed by women in their culture. Accounts from the 1800s note that 512: 6173: 5948: 5716: 3535: 11167: 11037: 10881: 10396: 8331: 8273: 8125: 3916: 1437:

Native American/First Nations peoples in negotiating the boundaries of life between two worlds (Native and non-Native/Western). The term

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tribe, for instance, they frequently become medicine persons and, like all who deal with the supernatural, are at risk of suspicion of

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Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 380

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Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 3, Chapter 2). W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.)

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was constructed and proposed to honor the language of the Indigenous peoples in whose territory the conference was being held.

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proceeded, particularly in academic practice, the word has sometimes replaced culturally-specific terms and their attendant

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implications of the term "Two Spirit", such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are "both male and female".

3665: 1611:, "A woman dressed/living/accepted as a man."; also given as "someone who fights everyone to prove they are the toughest". 1477:

Writing on possible misinterpretations from English speakers who hold binary gender views, Kylan Mattias de Vries says in

11162: 10851: 10562: 10548: 10317: 9441: 8934: 8678: 8308: 8263: 6039:"Extraordinary Women Making History: Five Fast Facts About Rebecca Nagle, The Indigenous Activist Upsetting Rape Culture" 4191: 4009: 3720: 3385: 1241: 1030: 945: 594: 552: 3871:

Cameron, Michelle. (2005). Two-spirited Aboriginal people: Continuing cultural appropriation by non-Aboriginal society.

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A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary, including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature

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When Indigenous people from communities that are less-accepting of two-spirits have sought community among non-Native

1577:, a cross-gender or third gender person, typically a male-bodied person who takes on the roles and duties of a woman. 1143:

has been controversial since its adoption, the term has experienced more academic and social acceptance than the term

10744: 10702: 10102: 8882: 8852: 8700: 6337: 5417: 5376: 5223: 5165: 4952: 4918: 4845: 4324: 4263: 4084: 3975: 3791: 2547: 617: 6144: 5989: 11252: 11237: 10680: 10648: 10626: 10327: 9928: 9161: 8586: 8405: 8390: 8086: 7826: 7700: 7046: 6794: 6503: 6448: 6431: 6389: 6384: 5560: 4192:"Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories by Beatrice Medicine" 1412:

gender-variant individuals are often mentioned in the context of having held spiritual, ceremonial roles, the term

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Both the English and Ojibwe terms were coined at the 1990 conference, and are not found in the historical record.

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is used anachronistically in the series, being set in the 1950s whilst the term itself was coined in the 1990s.

11047: 10806: 10711: 10307: 10196: 9461: 9392: 9073: 8919: 8618: 8451: 8326: 6978: 6701: 6488: 6323: 4976: 2952: 1850:, however, because their function in society was still in keeping with their sex. If widowed, the spouse of an 851: 755: 712: 463: 148: 3996: 11267: 10846: 10749: 10675: 10491: 10322: 10192: 10172: 9271: 9040: 9025: 8847: 8810: 8633: 8591: 8418: 8096: 7845: 7790: 7041: 6809: 4711: 4199: 2948: 2826: 1621:, "A man dressed/living/accepted as a woman."; possibly not a respectful term; others have suggested it is a 1010: 297: 8688: 6858:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

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entrenched in the perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men. ~ Mary Annette Pember (

804: 718: 707: 492: 319: 237: 5678: 10687: 10616: 10356: 10254: 10153: 9387: 8835: 8346: 7430: 6478: 2798: 2197: 1347:) reported that she proposed the term at the 1990 gathering after the phrase came to her in a dream. 1015: 965: 787: 624: 451: 292: 6125: 5239: 4312: 3942: 11272: 10984: 10836: 10473: 10453: 10239: 9557: 8231: 8108: 7092: 6819: 5487: 5145: 4969:

Fages, P.; Priestley, H. I.; Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía (Mexico) (1937).

3188:, those "in the middle", between the polar genders, in some Pacific Islander Indigenous communities 2793: 1344: 1289: 1229: 896: 891: 652: 347: 304: 5905:"The extraordinary rise of Jeremy Dutcher: 2018 gave Canada the two-spirit Polaris prince we need" 4661: 4502: 4442: 2722:. In the film, Nibley "affirms Martinez' Navajo sense of being a two spirit 'effeminate male', or 2483:

in men's bodies", who do the work that their culture usually associates with women. When asked by

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Lapahie, Harrison, Jr. Hosteen Klah (Sir Left Handed). Lapahie.com. 2001 (retrieved 19 Oct 2009)

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Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

6597: 6528: 6394: 6329: 5829: 5348: 5142:

Sex and conquest: Gendered violence, political order, and the European conquest of the Americas

4229: 3890: 3555: 2129: 2092: 1367: 1173: 1056: 702: 352: 17: 4687:"Portland Two Spirit Society: Finding family and a connection to history in shared identities" 3695:

Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity".

3612:"Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories" 11247: 10706: 10643: 10585: 10570: 10503: 10249: 10007: 10003: 9705: 9446: 9404: 9308: 9000: 8830: 8395: 8198: 8130: 7770: 7003: 6624: 6426: 5702: 2683: 2146: 1891: 1295:

While initially focused on ceremonial and social roles within the Indigenous community, as a

604: 574: 497: 342: 220: 5622:"Storytelling as medicine: Coming In documentary follows two-spirited people living in Sask" 5264: 4990:(Lumbee), Janis C. Weber; Jacobs, Sue-Ellen; Thomas, Wesley; Lang, Sabine (September 1998). 3375:"Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America" 2830:, a 2020 HBO television series, features Yahima, an Arawak two-spirit character. Showrunner 2357: 2049:

self-selected. For these communities, two-spirit differs from the mainstream Western use of

11032: 10468: 10416: 10117: 9988: 9787: 9685: 9330: 9050: 8268: 8226: 8191: 8168: 7878: 7750: 7725: 7445: 6973: 6684: 6573: 6436: 4970: 4726:"Two-Spirit Leaders Call on Washington to Include Native Women in Re-Authorization of VAWA" 3170: 2960: 2759: 2573: 2277: 2241: 2209: 2006: 1366:, a "non-Native community that emulates Native spirituality" and engages in other forms of 1180: 414: 6083:"Smokii Sumac on Being Seen in Poetry, Why Endings Matter, and a New Spin on Love Letters" 5731: 4944: 4468:"Inventory of Aboriginal Services, Issues and Initiatives in Vancouver: Two Spirit – LGTB" 1816:, meaning 'one who endeavors to be like a woman'. Women who functioned as men were called 1806:, "Men who chose to function as women" / "one who endeavors to be like a woman". Academic 8: 11232: 10967: 10580: 10077: 9592: 9298: 9088: 8980: 8566: 8525: 8358: 7233: 6679: 6578: 6399: 5538: 5208: 2400: 2217: 2166: 1121: 1025: 765: 387: 357: 37: 5717:"Lovecraft Country showrunner apologizes for having 'failed' queer Indigenous character" 3310: 2870:

and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

2758:

as a way to raise awareness about the experiences of two-spirited individuals living in

1299:, English-language umbrella term, for some it has come to have similar use as the terms 11067: 10952: 10866: 10794: 10769: 10754: 10734: 10653: 9993: 9875: 9812: 9572: 9562: 9293: 9191: 9062: 9020: 8715: 8665: 8140: 7894: 7623: 7502: 7380: 7063: 7053: 6654: 6619: 6563: 6404: 6068: 5402: 5318: 5019: 4891: 4356: 3438: 3162: 2956: 2780: 2612: 2306: 2063: 1536: 1139:

and to replace the pejorative anthropological terms that were still in wide use. While

985: 871: 599: 120: 5805:"Une dramaturge canadienne demande aux critiques blancs de ne pas écrire sur sa pièce" 2944: 2747: 2719: 1512: 11157: 10957: 10937: 10759: 10670: 10658: 10497: 10431: 10421: 10097: 10087: 10082: 9953: 9700: 8494: 8488: 8412: 8278: 8032: 7899: 7865: 7583: 7238: 7223: 7188: 6889: 6498: 6361: 6198:"Indigiqueer storyteller Joshua Whitehead turns hope and frustration into literature" 6018: 5575: 5491: 5423: 5413: 5310: 5219: 5161: 5154: 5011: 4948: 4914: 4883: 4841: 4705: 4320: 4289: 4259: 4254:

Franc Johnson Newcomb (1980-06). Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter.

4108: 4080: 4055: 3971: 3787: 3700: 3633: 3547: 3430: 3113: 2996: 2751: 2233: 2213: 1570: 732: 697: 642: 579: 507: 362: 210: 6734: 5457: 4384:

James, George W. New Mexico: The Land of the Delight Makers. Boston: Page Co., 1920.

3583: 2588:

inseparable." The term has now fallen out of favor with anthropologists as well. It

10974: 10942: 10932: 10135: 10062: 9968: 9639: 9604: 9597: 9382: 9203: 9181: 9176: 9171: 8353: 8069: 7598: 7455: 7018: 6988: 6983: 6942: 6864: 6691: 6379: 5758: 5754:"Minnesota Rep. Susan Allen Is Two-Spirit, a Lesbian, and She Won't Be Assimilated" 5475: 5302: 5003: 4937: 4875: 4811: 4636: 3840: 3623: 3543: 3531: 3489: 3422: 3306: 3103: 3000: 2936: 2776: 2739: 2656: 2620: 2521: 2459: 2331:

anthropologists may have mistakenly labelled some Native individuals two-spirit or

2323: 2273: 2253: 2237: 2193: 2072: 2009:, leading to criticism about its potential to dilute or erase culture. Writing for 1977: 1351: 1282: 1127:

The initial intent in coining the term was to differentiate Indigenous concepts of

980: 975: 856: 829: 727: 687: 446: 205: 6230:"5 Two-Spirit Heroes Who Paved the Way for Today's Native LGBTQ+ Community | KQED" 4610: 1164:

Early adopters stated that a two-spirit identity does not make sense outside of a

11122: 10947: 10876: 10726: 10411: 10264: 10047: 9998: 9916: 9866: 9653: 9634: 9629: 9582: 9362: 9239: 8542: 8510: 8500: 8081: 7904: 7853: 7685: 7664: 7571: 7551: 7520: 7489: 7228: 7218: 7149: 7140: 7136: 6926: 6365: 6287: 5246: 4992:"Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality" 4016: 3779: 3724: 3590: 2902: 2634: 2593: 2466: 2293: 2257: 2249: 2054: 2050: 1788: 1750: 1672: 1371: 1363: 1224: 995: 834: 824: 682: 397: 324: 309: 232: 190: 180: 175: 141: 9626: 9103: 2029:

two-spirit people usually have sexual relations or marriages with only females.

1822:, meaning, 'one who endeavors to be like a man'. The French called these people 1273:

to refer to Indigenous people who did not conform to standard European-American

11210: 10764: 10739: 10448: 10302: 10259: 10067: 9587: 9537: 9519: 9313: 9186: 9166: 9081: 8990: 8466: 8461: 7755: 7715: 7644: 7465: 7203: 7105: 7036: 7008: 6849: 6696: 6664: 6629: 6590: 6281:

Native American 'Two-Spirit People' Serve Unique Roles Within Their Communities

5404:

Two Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality

4824:

entrenched in the perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men.

3697:

Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada

2976: 2966: 2693: 2642: 2510: 2455: 2018: 1113: 970: 903: 692: 589: 314: 6301: 4203: 3070: 2814:

woman, Sam Black Crow, who self-identifies as "two-spirited" (although in the

2715:, directed by Lydia Nibley, tells the story of the hate-murder of 16-year-old 2458:. The belief that these laws existed, at least for the Aztecs, comes from the 11226: 11099: 10518: 10391: 10231: 10219: 10177: 10107: 10072: 9963: 9921: 9893: 9680: 9577: 9567: 9552: 9514: 9486: 9372: 9244: 9218: 9208: 8547: 8530: 8515: 8476: 8258: 8186: 7889: 7720: 7710: 7680: 7659: 7649: 7608: 7576: 7525: 7360: 7213: 6659: 6443: 6324:"Beyond two-spirit: Indigenous people look to revive traditional LGBTQ terms" 6306: 6202: 5539:"Two Spirits | Native American Gender Diversity | Independent Lens" 5427: 5314: 5015: 4887: 4150:

Désy, Pierrette (1978). "L'Homme-Femme (Les Berdaches en Amérique du Nord)".

3637: 3551: 3434: 3079: 3056: 3036: 3026: 3006: 2990: 2912: 2906: 2886: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2772: 2716: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2298: 2205: 2201: 2192:

Some two-spirit societies (past and present) include: 2Spirits of Toronto in

2186: 2174: 2142: 2088: 1927: 1711:, though they may or may not consider themselves part of the more mainstream 1694: 1666: 1652: 1642: 1632: 1614: 1604: 1594: 1584: 1471: 1400:

is also modern – a new translation from the English that was chosen in 1990,

1296: 1020: 1000: 933: 839: 782: 559: 517: 458: 436: 380: 275: 195: 9797: 7933: 5679:"'American Gods' Season 2: Devery Jacobs on Bringing Sam Black Crow to Life" 4753:"Two-Spirit gathering at Portland State University, Wednesday, May 26, 2010" 3286: 2703: 2204:; the East Coast Two Spirit Society and the NorthEast Two-Spirit Society in 2161: 534: 11198: 11089: 11057: 10996: 10841: 10513: 10032: 9973: 9906: 9774: 9720: 9542: 9476: 9471: 9456: 9424: 9352: 9213: 8482: 8243: 8153: 8038: 7923: 7705: 7695: 7603: 7415: 7317: 7292: 7248: 6473: 6174:"I Am Anishinaabe: Ojibwe Women Seek New Horizons While Honoring Tradition" 5561:"The Bravest Choice Is To Be Yourself | Video | Independent Lens" 5479: 4591:(8). Ithaca: John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines: 31–32 4100: 3628: 3148: 3093: 3066: 3046: 3016: 2986: 2970: 2892: 2666:

has now been replaced in most mainstream and anthropological literature by

2470: 2412: 2302: 2269: 1917: 1807: 1738: 1622: 1274: 1270: 1184: 1149:, which it was coined to replace. The government of Canada officially uses 1109: 1046: 1005: 861: 819: 657: 539: 480: 158: 131: 9802: 9466: 8006: 7628: 7375: 7265: 6669: 6152: 4752: 4403:

as well as women, he was loved by all children, to whom he was ever kind."

4284:

Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. Oxford:

3968:

Spaces Between Us: Queer Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Decolonization

2604: 2340:

According to non-Natives including author Brian Gilley and anthropologist

529: 11132: 11104: 10621: 10351: 10346: 10092: 9888: 9807: 9737: 9732: 9715: 9670: 9451: 9419: 9414: 9347: 9286: 9116: 9112: 8336: 8208: 8046: 8027: 8001: 7959: 7940: 7842: 7760: 7515: 7410: 7370: 7282: 7260: 7243: 7193: 6568: 5953: 4911:

Becoming Two-Spirit: Gay Identity and Social Acceptance in Indian Country

3127: 2926: 2882: 2848: 2831: 2819: 2568:

by Western social standards, though occasionally the term was applied to

2484: 2353: 2341: 2145:. However, much of this academic analysis and publishing is not based in 1993: 1662: 1355: 1324: 918: 883: 846: 760: 564: 502: 475: 470: 431: 257: 252: 247: 185: 153: 103: 98: 7425: 5597:"A Q and A session with OUTSaskatoon two spirit elder Marjorie Beaucage" 5511: 4492:"Inventory of Aboriginal Services, Issues, and Initiatives in Vancouver" 4414:

Okanagan College Library Indigenous Studies - Two-Spirit and Indigiqueer

2434:, that indicates that an alternative gender identity exists among them. 1760: 11062: 10793: 10638: 10463: 10128: 10037: 9938: 9911: 9883: 9832: 9822: 9764: 9529: 9367: 9323: 9303: 9261: 8471: 7964: 7654: 7546: 7510: 7390: 7365: 7302: 7023: 6112: 5781:"Shawna S Baker Esq | Cherokee Nation Supreme Court Justice | Tulsa OK" 5336:

How to become a Berdache: Toward a unified analysis of gender diversity

5023: 4895: 4838:

Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures

4438: 4426: 2980: 2565: 2557: 2438: 2404: 2378: 1973: 1895: 1797:, "Women who functioned as men" / "one who endeavors to be like a man". 1734: 1708: 1378:

tribe also contributed to its creation." Thomas was a professor in the

1101: 866: 522: 409: 392: 136: 5322: 5291:"The Kutenai Female Berdache: Courier, Guide, Prophetess, and Warrior" 3442: 2674:

itself, in English or any other language, was not in use before 1990.

11022: 10401: 10279: 10052: 9827: 9727: 9675: 9665: 9318: 9148: 9057: 8890: 8456: 7996: 7953: 7918: 7884: 7811: 7556: 7405: 7395: 7255: 7198: 6674: 6644: 6585: 5649:"Forrest Goodluck: the Native American actor ripping up the rulebook" 4991: 4863: 3196: 3185: 3180: 3156: 3123: 2847:

In 2012, a marker dedicated to two spirit people was included in the

2589: 2437:

Many, if not all, Indigenous cultures have been affected by European

2408: 2149:, but in the more mainstream, non-Native perspectives of the broader 2022: 1948: 1838:

could take spouses of their own sex. Their mates were not considered

1359: 1213: 913: 487: 242: 8303: 5949:"Two-spirit Indigenous artist Shawnee Kish sees music as 'medicine'" 5290: 5007: 4879: 3410: 11042: 10122: 9742: 9357: 8995: 8012: 7989: 7765: 7730: 7475: 7338: 7270: 6634: 5973: 5909: 5809: 5306: 3721:

Here's What It Means To Be 'Two-Spirit,' According To Native People

3426: 3107: 3030: 2896: 2811: 2697: 2689: 2608: 2577: 2561: 2442: 2423: 2229: 2182: 2178: 2128:

communities, however, the tendency for non-Natives to tokenize and

2014: 1698: 1320: 1220: 1172:

cultural framework and its use by non-Natives is seen as a form of

1154: 792: 777: 200: 4582:"Berdach to Two-Spirit: The Revival of Native American Traditions" 2920: 2851:, an outdoor public display in Chicago, Illinois, that celebrates 9958: 9948: 9817: 9690: 9499: 9281: 9108: 9104: 8019: 7947: 7912: 7593: 7588: 7566: 7440: 7400: 7385: 7275: 6607: 6494:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

5160:. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. pp. 17–19. 3622:(1). International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology: 7. 3202: 3087: 3083: 3050: 2641:". Spanish explorers who encountered these individuals among the 2569: 2415:

have alternative gender identities. One tribe in particular, the

2225: 1932: 1899: 1765:), "One who is transformed" or "one who changes". In traditional 1564: 1362:, was involved in the hippie/counterculture gay men's group, the 1312: 1132: 93: 88: 6359: 6294: 6290:- One 'Winkte' Talks About Role Of LGBT People In Lakota Culture 6260: 5825:"Lori Campbell: Indigenous "Wonder Woman" speaks truth to power" 5780: 5240:

0General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project"

2696:) to come live with him. In a departure from most portrayals in 1503:

a useful tool for intertribal organizing, "the concept and word

1269:, which had previously been the preferred term among non-Native 10899: 10458: 10182: 10057: 9933: 9852: 9710: 9509: 9504: 8985: 7983: 7541: 7470: 7435: 7348: 7343: 7307: 7208: 7183: 7160: 6785:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

5932:"Two-Spirit filmmaker puts queer representation first in films" 5443:

Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America

3097: 2930: 2785: 2446: 2396: 2345: 2245: 1766: 1688: 1375: 1128: 797: 124: 6108:"Why two-spirit, trans writer Arielle Twist is afraid of love" 5729: 5375:. London: Routledge & K. Paul. p. 173. Archived from 4972:

A historical, political, and natural description of California

2527: 2208:; Idaho Two-Spirit Society; the Indiana Two-Spirit Society in 1964:, and which does not rely on binary conceptions of gender, is 1042: 9978: 9792: 9782: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9124: 9120: 7928: 7613: 7353: 7312: 7173: 2852: 2638: 2450: 2150: 2125: 1712: 1519: 1307: 1301: 215: 108: 56: 3917:"How two-spirit people are 'coming in' to their communities" 3382:

National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center

2268:

Writing in March 1998 to advise colleagues and peers in the

2091:

replacing culturally-specific teachings and traditions, and

1374:, Native people such as anthropologist Wesley Thomas of the 10148: 9837: 9005: 7969: 7420: 7178: 6921:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

4693:. Brilliant Media. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17 3117: 3060: 3040: 3020: 3010: 2940: 2916: 2475: 2416: 2221: 2212:; Minnesota Two Spirits; the Montana Two-Spirit Society in 27:

Umbrella term for gender-variant Indigenous North Americans

6277:– âpihtawikosisân – Cree and other Indigenous perspectives 4784:. New Mexico Gay–Straight Alliance Network. Archived from 3176:

Gender roles among the Indigenous peoples of North America

2539: 2288: 9943: 9695: 9010: 7561: 7168: 5474: 4808:"'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes" 3837:"'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes" 3486:"'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes" 2700:

of the era, Crabb is touched and flattered by the offer.

2536: 1316: 1136: 632: 5969:

A Cree doctor's caring approach for transgender patients

5462:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

5400:

Jacobs, Sue-Ellen; Thomas, Wesley; Lang, Sabine (1997).

4989: 4537:

Russell, Steve (2002). "Apples are the Color of Blood",

2973:), tenor, composer, musicologist, performer and activist 2707:

The two spirit pride trolley at San Francisco Pride 2014

2501:

Before the late twentieth century, non-Native (i.e. non-

1960:

Another contemporary term in use, as an alternative to

8232:

Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism

5349:"Definition of "bardash" – Collins English Dictionary" 5052:, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie, p. 147. Lincoln, NE: 4541:, Vol. 28, 1, 2002, p. 68 (quoting López (1994) p. 55) 1994:

Definition and societal role in Indigenous communities

1464: 6216:"Aboriginal music awards host two-spirited performer" 5329: 3943:"Will Roscoe papers and Gay American Indians records" 2548: 2236:; the Portland Two Spirit Society (est. May 2012) in 1862:

could remarry someone of the opposite sex or another

6484:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

5395: 5393: 5190:. London: Harcourt Brace & Company. p. 142. 4778:"New Mexico GSA: Resources § Native / First Nations" 3138: 2933:), artist, activist, and traditional cultural worker 2533: 2524: 1409:

574 federally-recognized tribes in the United States

1108:

to describe Native people who fulfill a traditional

6909:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

4757:

Gay & Lesbian Archives of the Pacific Northwest

3970:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 129–151. 2530: 2491:is not dependent on what type of body they are in. 9874: 5464:(Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. 5401: 5207: 5153: 4936: 4868:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4435:TJ Cuthand - Filmmaker, Performance Artist, Writer 2395:Lang and Jacobs write that historically among the 1339:, since 1990, has been ascribed to Albert McLeod ( 1187:, ceremonial roles traditionally embodied by some 9140: 6937:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 6126:"Why Ilona Verley Almost Quit Canada's Drag Race" 5558: 5390: 5262: 4660:Harrell, Helen; Fischer, Carol (August 9, 2009). 4077:Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3502:professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.) 2263: 11224: 7938: 7135: 5399: 5119: 5077: 4107:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 48–62. 4054:. University of Oklahoma press. pp. 57–62. 3914: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3462: 2388:who was caught, possibly raiding horses, by the 1988: 1894:to describe gender-nonconforming Ojibwe warrior 1153:as an alternative to the established acronym of 6843:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 6514:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 4217: 4075:Frantz, Donald G.; Russell, Norma Jean (1989). 3713: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1494: 11095:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 9652: 6534:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 4659: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 2899:) Justice of the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court 2858: 10545: 10524:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States 9089: 7827: 7121: 6345: 6137: 5960: 5251:The Conquest of Mexico Annotated Bibliography 4662:"Out in Bloomington: Boy Scouts raise debate" 4074: 3730: 3192:Native American identity in the United States 2756:Coming In Stories: Two Spirit in Saskatchewan 2648: 2624: 2036:people whose lives have been impacted by the 1910:- 'man-woman'", along with "female-assigned: 1064: 678:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States 10168:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 7786:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 6519:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 6509:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 6227: 4575: 4573: 4369: 4306: 4304: 4302: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3935: 3882: 3605: 3603: 3449: 3408: 3299:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 3249: 3233: 3225: 2597: 2356:was third in command of the 1769–70 Spanish 2173:Among the goals of two-spirit societies are 2011:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society: Volume 2 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1817: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1776: 1770: 1758: 1742: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1702: 1686: 1680: 1679:is the contraction of an older Lakota word, 1486:individual nations and tribes. ... Although 1479:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society: Volume 2 1455: 1395: 10882:Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine 10397:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 6305:– 2017 video by award-winning photographer 5850: 5580:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4406: 4396: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 3915:Beaulne-Stuebing, Laura (3 December 2021). 3569: 2775:character – Adam Red Eagle, played by 1985:just don't feel describes their identity." 11148:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 10387:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 9096: 9082: 7834: 7820: 7128: 7114: 6352: 6338: 6274:Language, culture, and Two-Spirit identity 5844: 4943:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 4079:. University of Toronto Press. p. 5. 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3830: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3542:. Society for American Archaeology 16(2), 3372: 2087:about the cultures of Indigenous peoples, 1943: 1937: 1656: 1071: 1057: 10438:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire 10270:History of Christianity and homosexuality 9236: 6775:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 6228:Swan-Perkins, Samuel White (2018-11-21). 5646: 5368: 5288: 5205: 4579: 4570: 4460: 4299: 4143: 3984: 3965: 3959: 3835:Pember, Mary Annette (October 13, 2016). 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3627: 3616:Online Readings in Psychology and Culture 3600: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3409:Hauser, Raymond E.; Roscoe, Will (1993). 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3206:, a third gender identity among the Inuit 2469:peoples in Mexico embody the traditional 2200:; Central Oklahoma Two Spirit Natives in 1470:about the concept rejected the "Western" 11080:Discrimination against non-binary people 6765:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples 5822: 4346: 4189: 4176: 3777: 3609: 3373:Pruden, Harlan; Edmo, Se-ah-dom (2016). 3120:), businessman, producer and entertainer 2702: 2670:, with mixed results. However, the term 2292: 2256:; and the Wichita Two-Spirit Society in 2220:; the Ohio Valley Two Spirit Society of 2160: 1385: 31: 10245:History of gay men in the United States 6885:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 5986:"Kent Monkman: Sexuality of Miss Chief" 5341: 5200: 5185: 5151: 5139: 4799: 4552:"A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out" 4531: 4425: 4419: 4387: 4099: 4049: 3854: 3671: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3336:"A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out" 3284: 2677: 2289:Historical and anthropological accounts 2156: 2043: 1199: 1131:and sexuality from those of non-Native 14: 11225: 10596:List of LGBT rights articles by region 8159:Legal recognition of non-binary gender 7841: 6755:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 6010: 5876: 5752:Weber, Stephanie (December 21, 2016). 5676: 5594: 5588: 5536: 5440: 5123: 5101: 4934: 4908: 4861: 4805: 4641:Ohio Valley Two-Spirit Society (OVTSS) 4634: 4608: 4349:"Two Spirits in the Venezuelan Jungle" 4310: 4198:. Center for Cross-Cultural Research, 3997:All My Relations Podcast - Indigiqueer 3888: 3834: 3807: 3659: 3483: 3468: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3263: 3100:), activist, artist, clothing designer 2445:. Some sources have reported that the 2252:; the Two-Spirit Society of Denver in 2216:; the Northwest Two-Spirit Society in 1685:, meaning "wants to be like a woman". 1354:) notes the involvement of non-Native 1263:. Particularly offensive was the term 991:LGBT conservatism in the United States 10898: 10792: 10544: 10217: 9625: 9235: 9139: 9077: 7815: 7109: 6640:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 6539:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 6333: 6250: 6191: 6145:"Storme Webber: Casino: A Palimpsest" 6064:"Going Far From Home to Feel at Home" 5902: 5853:"Raven Davis On Racism And Self-Care" 5751: 5745: 5107:Histoire de l'Amérique septentrionale 4862:Goulet, Jean-Guy A. (December 1996). 4840:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 4806:Pember, Mary Annette (Oct 13, 2016). 4378: 4223: 4037: 4033: 4002: 3889:Filice, Michelle (October 29, 2015). 3694: 3530: 3484:Pember, Mary Annette (Oct 13, 2016). 2432:Histoire de l'Amérique septentrionale 2276:, a non-Native Professor Emeritus at 2240:; the Regina Two-Spirited Society in 2165:The two-spirit contingent marches at 1902:1797–1832). Pruden and Edmo spell it 1358:who, like his also non-Native mentor 1288:Two-spirited woman Michelle Cameron ( 36:The two-spirit contingent marches at 11168:Unlawfully killed transgender people 11153:Acts of violence against LGBT people 11128:Capital punishment for homosexuality 10612:Capital punishment for homosexuality 5877:Bourne, Kirby (September 21, 2021). 5851:Lewis-Peart, David (20 March 2016). 5730:Victor Salvo // The Legacy Project. 5263:Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika (2008). 5180: 5127: 5089: 5065: 5036: 4835: 4684: 4544: 4525: 4317:The Assassination of Hole in the Day 4149: 4010:Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages 3507: 1693:are a social category in historical 1116:) social role in their communities. 11163:Violence against transgender people 10563:LGBT rights by country or territory 4635:Thomas, Wesley K. (June 26, 2006). 3923:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3357: 3317: 3311:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30 2625: 2058:fulfilling these ceremonial roles. 1880:worked and dressed like women. The 1625:designation, applied to both women 1465:Perception of Western gender binary 1330: 24: 10693:Legal status of transgender people 10144:Legal status of transgender people 6915:Convention on Biological Diversity 5823:Rubinoff, Joel (13 January 2020). 5369:Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892). 4731:Indian Country Today Media Network 4609:Alpert, Emily (December 5, 2004). 3784:Encyclopedia of gender and society 3610:Medicine, Beatrice (August 2002). 2909:), Canadian actress and playwright 2607:") meaning "passive homosexual", " 2479:. They consider themselves to be " 2248:; the Tulsa Two-Spirit Society in 2244:; the Texas Two Spirit Society in 1747:vary from accepting to homophobic. 1649:, "One who acts/lives as a woman." 1430:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society 25: 11284: 9775:Third sex / Third gender 6943:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 6320:Fred Martinez, murdered at age 16 6266: 6017:. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. 5903:Knegt, Peter (December 5, 2018). 5595:Petrow, Erin (14 February 2017). 5210:The Construction of Homosexuality 5156:Homosexuality and World Religions 4685:Rook, Erin (September 19, 2012). 4617:. New Hyde Park: In the Fray, Inc 3786:. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. 2889:), Minnesota State Representative 1601:, "A man who dresses as a woman." 1591:, "A woman who dresses as a man." 1589:iskwêw ka-napêwayat, ᐃᐢᑵᐤ ᑲ ᓇᐯᐘᔭᐟ 1533:, "Man transformed into a woman." 1526:, "Woman transformed into a man." 1327:Native peoples in North America. 11205: 11204: 11192: 10797:— Medicine, science and sexology 10627:Criminalization of homosexuality 9929:Attraction to transgender people 9056: 7701:Attraction to transgender people 7082: 7081: 6795:Government of the Sakha Republic 6504:Indigenous Environmental Network 6385:Free, prior and informed consent 6221: 6209: 6166: 6119: 6100: 6075: 6057: 6031: 6004: 5978: 5941: 5924: 5896: 5785:Family Legacy and Wealth Counsel 5677:Radish, Christina (2019-03-24). 5559:Preview (0:02:01) (2011-06-14). 5120:Jacobs, Thomas & Lang (1997) 5078:Jacobs, Thomas & Lang (1997) 3966:Morgensen, Scott Lauria (2009). 3778:de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). 3463:Jacobs, Thomas & Lang (1997) 3155: 3141: 2768:The Miseducation of Cameron Post 2520: 2426:, there is a single report from 2147:traditional Indigenous knowledge 2078: 1639:, "One who acts/lives as a man." 1599:napêw iskwêwisêhot, ᓇᐯᐤ ᐃᐢᑵᐏᓭᐦᐅᐟ 1432:, Kylan Mattias de Vries wrote: 1404:the term was coined in English. 1350:Journalist Mary Annette Pember ( 1335:Primary attribution of the term 1041: 11263:Transgender topics and religion 11075:Discrimination against lesbians 11007:Transgender people and religion 10822:Disability and LGBTQ identities 10381:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 7069:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 6931:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 6615:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 6302:San Francisco Two-Spirit Powwow 6261:University of Winnipeg Archives 6218:. CBC News, September 11, 2014. 5870: 5816: 5797: 5773: 5723: 5709: 5695: 5670: 5640: 5614: 5552: 5530: 5504: 5468: 5450: 5445:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5434: 5362: 5282: 5256: 5232: 5194: 5174: 5133: 5113: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5042: 5030: 4983: 4962: 4928: 4902: 4855: 4829: 4770: 4745: 4718: 4678: 4653: 4628: 4602: 4519: 4484: 4340: 4278: 4269: 4248: 4162: 4121: 4093: 4068: 4043: 4026: 3908: 3241: 3023:), visual and performing artist 2430:in his book published in 1722, 2369:, and are held in great esteem. 1481:(2009), an academic textbook: 10197:Sexual practices between women 8457:Cisgender / cissexual 8452:Childhood gender nonconformity 6979:2009 Peruvian political crisis 6489:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 4977:University of California Press 3402: 3217: 3003:), activist, author and artist 2953:2021 Canadian federal election 2264:Academic use of umbrella terms 1955: 1380:School of Diné and Law Studies 595:Rights by country or territory 13: 1: 11243:LGBTQ Native American culture 11143:History of violence in the US 11138:History of violence in the UK 10622:Civil unions and partnerships 10492:Timeline of same-sex marriage 10193:Women who have sex with women 10173:Social construction of gender 9026:Social construction of gender 7791:Social construction of gender 6810:Council of Indigenous Peoples 6014:Kent Monkman: Life & Work 5647:Nicholson, Amy (2018-11-13). 5289:Schaeffer, Claude E. (1965). 5270:(in Spanish). Goethe Institut 4909:Gilley, Brian Joseph (2006). 4347:Naughton, Jake (2014-09-05). 4224:Druke, Galen (27 June 2014). 4200:Western Washington University 4129:"Lesson 9 - Indigenous Women" 3699:. Winnipeg: Highwater Press. 3210: 3073:), drag queen, contestant on 2947:), Canada's first two-spirit 2333: 2312: 2112:Accordingly, the change from 2001: 1989:Cultural issues and protocols 1661:. A word that describes both 1305:(modern, reclaimed usage) or 1265: 1247:For early adopters, the term 1145: 1011:Social construction of gender 960:Academic fields and discourse 11115:Violence against LGBT people 11016:Prejudice and discrimination 10832:Homosexuality and psychology 10509:Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014 10444:Florida orange juice boycott 10158:Sexual practices between men 10043:Erotic target location error 8506:Gender-sexuality questioning 7776:Sex as a biological variable 6994:Expulsion of the Chagossians 5537:Nibley, Lydia (2011-06-14). 5410:University of Illinois Press 5130:, pp. 119, 311–313, 322 5054:University of Nebraska Press 4256:University of Oklahoma Press 2726:". Martinez' mother defined 2619:, in turn, derived from the 1976:, and popularized by author 1495:Traditional Indigenous terms 1207: 1193:Indigenous peoples in Canada 7: 10877:Sexual orientation identity 10698:Transgender rights movement 10218: 10063:Gender and sexual diversity 9432:Queerplatonic relationships 6790:Government of Bashkortostan 6655:American Indian reservation 6524:Native American Rights Fund 5216:University of Chicago Press 5104:, pp. 250–251, citing 4666:The Bloomington Alternative 4190:Medicine, Beatrice (2002). 4172:. Crow Language Consortium. 3134: 3090:), interdisciplinary artist 2923:), educator and politician. 2859:Self-identified two spirits 2842: 2730:as "half woman, half man". 2494: 2067:in 2006, Joey Criddle, who 1104:umbrella term used by some 629:Blood donation restrictions 10: 11289: 11053:Grooming conspiracy theory 11002:Homosexuality and religion 10275:History of same-sex unions 8441:Androphilia and gynephilia 8149:Gender self-identification 7691:Androphilia and gynephilia 6745:Fundação Nacional do Índio 5857:The Huffington Post Canada 5484:The Creation of Inequality 5253:. Accessed: June 14, 2008. 5109:. Vol. 3. p. 41. 3782:. In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). 2959:riding as a member of the 2865: 2711:The 2009 documentary film 2428:Bacqueville de la Potherie 1106:Indigenous North Americans 771:Grooming conspiracy theory 708:Mixed-orientation marriage 638:LGBT medical organizations 11186: 11113: 11015: 10923: 10919: 10894: 10802: 10788: 10725: 10617:Censorship of LGBT issues 10604: 10561: 10557: 10540: 10482: 10365: 10357:First homosexual movement 10336: 10295: 10230: 10226: 10213: 10154:Men who have sex with men 10020: 9902: 9865: 9773: 9661: 9648: 9621: 9528: 9485: 9257: 9253: 9231: 9157: 9135: 9036: 8971: 8947: 8714: 8664: 8565: 8558: 8428: 8289: 8217:Against non-binary people 8207: 8139: 8057: 7900:Non-binary or genderqueer 7852: 7743: 7673: 7637: 7534: 7501: 7488: 7291: 7159: 7148: 7077: 6961: 6898: 6873: 6830: 6722: 6715: 6556: 6479:Assembly of First Nations 6464: 6372: 6316:– 2009 documentary about 6043:The Extraordinary Negroes 5206:Greenberg, David (1988). 4710:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4580:Lipshultz, Hanna (2007). 4501:. Page 72. Archived from 4431:"Indigequeer/Indigiqueer" 3295:, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze" 3285:Estrada, Gabriel (2011). 2301:(1796–1872) while on the 2198:San Francisco, California 1972:, the term was coined by 1781:Fred Martinez, entitled, 1646: 1636: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1588: 1567:, to targets of ridicule. 1157:, sometimes shortened to 1016:Socialism and LGBT rights 966:Communism and LGBT rights 10985:Suicide among LGBT youth 10837:Homosexuality in the DSM 10474:Bar Abanicos police raid 10454:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS 10427:Festival of Light action 10407:Compton's Cafeteria riot 10240:History of homosexuality 9701:Non-binary / genderqueer 9558:Gay flag of South Africa 9162:LGBT topics in education 7239:Non-binary / genderqueer 6969:Chechen–Russian conflict 6820:Bureau of Indian Affairs 6011:Madill, Shirley (2022). 5488:Harvard University Press 5188:Homosexuality in History 5152:Swidler, Arlene (1993). 5146:Cornell University Press 4782:Santa Fe Mountain Center 2765:In the 2018 indie film, 2580:(or, "hermaphrodites"). 11253:Gender in North America 11238:Native American culture 10992:Monuments and memorials 10980:Suicides of LGBT people 10717:Commonwealth of Nations 10549:Rights and legal issues 10188:Transgender health care 8342:Non-binary People's Day 8222:Against transgender men 7939: 7872:Bissu, Calabai, Calalai 7801:Transgender archaeology 7014:Little Danes experiment 6800:Government of Tatarstan 6467:political organizations 5186:Spencer, Colin (1995). 4913:. U of Nebraska Press. 4416:". Accessed 23 May 2022 4286:Oxford University Press 4131:. University of Alberta 3999:". Accessed 23 May 2022 3780:"Berdache (Two-Spirit)" 3043:), scholar and activist 1944: 1938: 1931: 1743: 1733:as sacred, occupying a 1729: 1723: 1717: 1703: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1657: 1574: 1559: 1550: 1542:ninauh-oskitsi-pahpyaki 1541: 1423:Additional issues with 879:Intersex discrimination 648:Transgender health care 10963:LGBT rights opposition 10872:Split attraction model 10375:Dance of the Forty-One 10286:Category:LGBTQ history 10255:LGBTQ history timeline 10163:Sex–gender distinction 10113:Human female sexuality 9447:Same-sex relationships 9063:Transgender portal 9016:Sex–gender distinction 8483:Gender detransitioning 8299:Anatomical terminology 7796:Split attraction model 7781:Sex–gender distinction 6999:High Arctic relocation 6901:Declarations of Rights 6598:Cultural appropriation 6529:Survival International 6151:. 2019. Archived from 5830:Waterloo Region Record 5265:"Muxe: el tercer sexo" 4996:Contemporary Sociology 4311:Treuer, Anton (2011). 4230:Wisconsin Public Radio 4050:Dempsey, Hugh (2003). 4023:. Accessed 23 Sep 2015 3873:Canadian Women Studies 3629:10.9707/2307-0919.1024 3250: 3234: 3226: 3033:), activist and writer 2708: 2649: 2603:(English equivalent: " 2598: 2371: 2328: 2317: 2170: 2139: 2122: 2103: 2093:cultural appropriation 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1793: 1777: 1771: 1759: 1754: 1609:înahpîkasoht, ᐄᓇᐦᐲᑲᓱᐦᐟ 1554:, "A male homosexual." 1499:While some have found 1492: 1462: 1456: 1454:or the Ojibwe form of 1396: 1368:cultural appropriation 1228: 1196:to all Native people. 1174:cultural appropriation 1161:or a similar variant. 703:LGBT rights opposition 238:Sex–gender distinction 41: 10750:LGBT rights activists 10727:LGBT rights movements 10707:Yogyakarta Principles 10666:Assisted reproduction 10644:Intersex human rights 10504:Russian anti-LGBT law 10250:History of lesbianism 9706:Queer heterosexuality 9001:Queer heterosexuality 8521:Rapid-onset dysphoria 8199:Yogyakarta Principles 7771:Queer heterosexuality 7004:Human rights in Tibet 6731:Aotearoa-New Zealand 6625:Fortress conservation 6427:Traditional knowledge 6390:Intellectual property 5601:Saskatoon StarPhoenix 5441:Roscoe, Will (1998). 4935:Roscoe, Will (1991). 4836:Lang, Sabine (1998). 3895:Canadian Encyclopedia 2779: – is sent to a 2746:In 2017 two-spirited 2706: 2362: 2319: 2296: 2164: 2134: 2104: 2098: 1980:. Cuthand first used 1968:. Originally spelled 1483: 1434: 1386:Criticism of the term 1290:Carrier First Nations 605:Yogyakarta Principles 575:Intersex human rights 498:Same-sex relationship 221:Queer heterosexuality 35: 11268:Gender nonconformity 11033:Anti-gender movement 10469:Tasty nightclub raid 10417:Gay Liberation Front 10118:Human male sexuality 9989:Romantic orientation 9788:Balkan sworn virgins 9686:Gender nonconformity 8495:Gender transitioning 8447:Blanchard's typology 8369:fictional characters 8227:Anti-gender movement 8179:Rights organizations 7751:Anti-gender movement 7726:Romantic orientation 7028:Residential schools 6974:Sri Lankan Civil War 6716:Legal representation 6685:Urban Indian reserve 6574:Internal colonialism 6465:Non-governmental and 6420:in the United States 5966:Raffy Boudjikanian, 5813:, February 19, 2020. 5705:. 18 September 2020. 5512:"Two Spirits (2009)" 5218:. pp. 165–168. 5140:Trexler, R. (1995). 3668:Government of Canada 3411:"The Zuni Man-Woman" 3171:Gay American Indians 3110:), poet and novelist 3053:), poet and activist 2961:New Democratic Party 2949:Member of Parliament 2872:adding missing items 2855:history and people. 2760:Saskatchewan, Canada 2678:Media representation 2633:meaning "captive", " 2574:gender nonconforming 2278:Marquette University 2242:Regina, Saskatchewan 2157:Two-spirit societies 2044:Given title and role 2015:intersex individuals 2007:Indigenous knowledge 1341:Nisichawayasihk Cree 1181:gender nonconforming 1100:) is a contemporary 981:Lavender linguistics 10968:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 10078:Gender essentialism 9876:Sexual orientations 8981:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 8314:LGBTQ-related films 8291:Society and culture 7503:Sexual orientations 7234:Masculine of center 6579:Settler colonialism 6257:Two-Spirit Archives 6116:, February 8, 2019. 5148:. pp. 155–167. 5039:, pp. 164, 288 4975:. Berkeley, Calif: 4734:. December 18, 2012 4158:(3). Paris: 57–102. 4036:, p. 109) and 3727:. 8 September 2022. 3536:"Appropriate Terms" 3465:, pp. 2–3, 221 2983:/Ojibwe), filmmaker 2783:for identifying as 2283:Two-Spirited People 2218:Seattle, Washington 2167:San Francisco Pride 2038:residential schools 1914:- 'warrior woman'". 1122:Indigenous cultures 1026:Transgender studies 766:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 38:San Francisco Pride 11068:Liberal homophobia 10925:Societal attitudes 10903:Societal attitudes 10867:Conversion therapy 10795:Sexual orientation 10755:Rainbow capitalism 10745:LGBT rights groups 10654:Same-sex parenting 10605:LGBT rights topics 10318:pre-Columbian Peru 9994:Same gender loving 9640:Sexual diversities 9294:Bisexual community 9021:Sexual orientation 8327:Day of Remembrance 7624:Same gender loving 7535:Alternative labels 7064:Stolen Generations 6865:BBNJ ABS Committee 6620:Discovery doctrine 6564:Civilizing mission 6405:Self-determination 6295:Two Spirit Journal 6286:2023-04-15 at the 6251:Archival resources 6134:, August 17, 2020. 6069:The New York Times 5803:David Caviglioli, 5719:. 15 October 2020. 5628:. 14 February 2017 5490:. pp. 70–71. 5245:2007-01-04 at the 5203:, pp. 155–167 5092:, pp. 202–203 5080:, pp. 236–251 5068:, pp. 291–293 4939:The Zuni Man-Woman 4556:The New York Times 4539:Critical Sociology 4528:, pp. 289–298 4357:The New York Times 4319:. Borealis Books. 4313:"Women and Gender" 4015:2015-01-02 at the 3719:Borresen, Kelsey. 3666:What is 2SLGBTQI+? 3589:2014-12-10 at the 3340:The New York Times 3163:Transgender portal 3075:Canada's Drag Race 2957:Edmonton Griesbach 2709: 2465:Some contemporary 2358:Portolá expedition 2318: 2307:Sac and Fox Nation 2171: 2064:The New York Times 1924:, "twisted women". 1906:: "male-assigned: 1715:communities. Some 986:LGBTQ conservatism 600:Transgender rights 121:Sexual orientation 42: 11220: 11219: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11158:Stop Murder Music 10958:Gay panic defense 10938:Heteronormativity 10890: 10889: 10857:Prenatal hormones 10784: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10671:Same-sex marriage 10632:decriminalization 10536: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10498:Lawrence v. Texas 10432:White Night riots 10422:Handkerchief code 10209: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10098:Gender transition 10088:Gender neutrality 10083:Gender expression 10068:Gender assignment 10016: 10015: 9867:Sexual identities 9861: 9860: 9635:Sexual identities 9630:Gender identities 9617: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9336:Awareness periods 9309:Community centers 9227: 9226: 9071: 9070: 8967: 8966: 8489:Gender expression 8332:Day of Visibility 7855:Gender identities 7809: 7808: 7756:Gender assignment 7739: 7738: 7484: 7483: 7224:Gender neutrality 7103: 7102: 7088:Indigenous rights 6957: 6956: 6890:Indigenous Caucus 6831:Intergovernmental 6680:Russian republics 6650:Autonomous okrugs 6499:Cultural Survival 6024:978-1-4871-0280-7 5497:978-0-674-06469-0 4294:978-0-19-284218-3 4170:"Crow Dictionary" 4105:The Vengeful Wife 4052:The Vengeful Wife 3947:www.oac.cdlib.org 3706:978-1-553-79680-0 3114:Massey Whiteknife 2997:Richard LaFortune 2951:. Elected in the 2827:Lovecraft Country 2752:Marjorie Beaucage 2682:In the 1970 film 2234:Southern Illinois 2181:, education, and 1647:iskwêhkân, ᐃᐢᑵᐦᑳᐣ 1345:Fisher River Cree 1081: 1080: 924:Non-binary people 815:Domestic violence 698:Heteronormativity 570:Decriminalization 420:Awareness periods 371: 370: 298:Same-sex marriage 211:Non-binary gender 16:(Redirected from 11280: 11208: 11207: 11199:LGBTQ portal 11197: 11196: 11195: 10975:LGBT stereotypes 10943:Heteropatriarchy 10933:Amatonormativity 10921: 10920: 10896: 10895: 10862:Sexual inversion 10790: 10789: 10649:Military service 10559: 10558: 10542: 10541: 10265:Social movements 10228: 10227: 10215: 10214: 9969:Non-heterosexual 9872: 9871: 9659: 9658: 9650: 9649: 9623: 9622: 9598:Rainbow crossing 9437:Religious groups 9383:New queer cinema 9255: 9254: 9233: 9232: 9172:Lesbian feminism 9137: 9136: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9075: 9074: 9061: 9060: 8938: 8805: 8771: 8742: 8692: 8610: 8583: 8563: 8562: 8497: 8485: 8443: 8364:Media portrayals 8292: 8070:Gender dysphoria 8063: 7944: 7856: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7599:Non-heterosexual 7499: 7498: 7157: 7156: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7085: 7084: 7019:Mapuche conflict 6989:Chiapas conflict 6984:Alta controversy 6962:Historical cases 6720: 6719: 6702:Rainbow Warriors 6692:Manifest destiny 6380:Ancestral domain 6354: 6347: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6206:, April 3, 2018. 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6141: 6135: 6123: 6117: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6079: 6073: 6072:, July 17, 2007. 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5988:. Archived from 5982: 5976: 5964: 5958: 5957:, June 20, 2021. 5947:Jane Stevenson, 5945: 5939: 5938:, June 12, 2018. 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5820: 5814: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5732:"2012 INDUCTEES" 5727: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5655:. Archived from 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5407: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5260: 5254: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5213: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5159: 5149: 5137: 5131: 5122:, pp. 206; 5117: 5111: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5027: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4942: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4441:. 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Archived from 3379: 3370: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3315: 3314: 3282: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3237: 3229: 3227:Aux deux esprits 3221: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3104:Joshua Whitehead 2937:Blake Desjarlais 2876:reliable sources 2810:) plays a young 2789:and two-spirit. 2777:Forrest Goodluck 2740:Independent Lens 2652: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2601: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2460:Florentine Codex 2392:and was killed. 2324:Red Cliff Ojibwe 2274:Alice Beck Kehoe 2254:Denver, Colorado 2238:Portland, Oregon 2194:Toronto, Ontario 2073:Jicarilla Apache 1978:Joshua Whitehead 1947: 1941: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1805: 1796: 1780: 1774: 1764: 1746: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1706: 1692: 1684: 1660: 1648: 1638: 1620: 1610: 1600: 1590: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1459: 1457:niizh manidoowag 1399: 1397:niizh manidoowag 1352:Red Cliff Ojibwe 1331:Disputed origins 1311:in encompassing 1283:Red Cliff Ojibwe 1230:niizh manidoowag 1094:or occasionally 1073: 1066: 1059: 1045: 976:Lesbian feminism 857:Heteropatriarchy 728:Sexual diversity 688:Amatonormativity 671:Social attitudes 585:Military service 464:in New York City 447:New queer cinema 403:African-American 281: 280: 206:Non-heterosexual 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 44: 43: 21: 11288: 11287: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11273:1990 neologisms 11223: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11193: 11191: 11174: 11123:Corrective rape 11109: 11011: 10948:Homonationalism 10915: 10886: 10798: 10776: 10721: 10712:La Francophonie 10681:List of couples 10639:Hate crime laws 10600: 10553: 10528: 10478: 10412:Stonewall riots 10361: 10332: 10328:Medieval Europe 10291: 10222: 10201: 10012: 9999:Sexual minority 9917:Gray asexuality 9898: 9857: 9769: 9654:Gender identity 9644: 9609: 9524: 9481: 9249: 9223: 9153: 9144:Academic fields 9131: 9102: 9072: 9067: 9055: 9032: 9031: 9030: 8963: 8950: 8943: 8932: 8799: 8765: 8736: 8710: 8686: 8660: 8604: 8577: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8543:Transmedicalism 8511:Gender variance 8501:Gender identity 8493: 8481: 8439: 8430: 8424: 8290: 8285: 8203: 8174:Rights movement 8135: 8087:Hormone therapy 8082:Puberty blocker 8058: 8053: 8052: 8051: 7905:Gender fluidity 7854: 7848: 7840: 7810: 7805: 7735: 7686:Analloeroticism 7669: 7665:Heterosociality 7633: 7530: 7493: 7491: 7480: 7295: 7287: 7229:Gender variance 7219:Gender fluidity 7151: 7144: 7134: 7104: 7099: 7094:Minority rights 7073: 7059:San controversy 6953: 6927:Nagoya Protocol 6900: 6894: 6877: 6875: 6869: 6832: 6826: 6724: 6711: 6552: 6466: 6460: 6368: 6366:minority rights 6358: 6288:Wayback Machine 6269: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6238: 6236: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6196: 6192: 6183: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6156: 6149:Frye Art Museum 6143: 6142: 6138: 6124: 6120: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6045:. 19 March 2018 6037: 6036: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5965: 5961: 5946: 5942: 5930:Jordan Parker, 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5821: 5817: 5802: 5798: 5789: 5787: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5687: 5685: 5675: 5671: 5662: 5660: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5605: 5603: 5593: 5589: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5557: 5553: 5544: 5542: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5482:(15 May 2012). 5473: 5469: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5439: 5435: 5420: 5398: 5391: 5382: 5380: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5247:Wayback Machine 5237: 5233: 5226: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5184: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5150: 5138: 5134: 5126:, p. 114; 5118: 5114: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5048:Walker, James: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5008:10.2307/2654503 4988: 4984: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4907: 4903: 4880:10.2307/3034303 4860: 4856: 4848: 4834: 4830: 4816: 4814: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4789: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4703: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4448: 4446: 4429:(12 May 2017). 4424: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4309: 4300: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4209: 4207: 4188: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4048: 4044: 4031: 4027: 4017:Wayback Machine 4007: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3978: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3883: 3879:(2/3), 123–127. 3870: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3776: 3731: 3725:Huffington Post 3718: 3714: 3707: 3693: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3647: 3645: 3608: 3601: 3591:Wayback Machine 3581: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3532:Kehoe, Alice B. 3529: 3508: 3494: 3492: 3482: 3469: 3461: 3450: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3358: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3318: 3283: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3246: 3242: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3137: 2903:Yolanda Bonnell 2879: 2861: 2845: 2781:conversion camp 2680: 2635:prisoner of war 2623: 2572:, bisexual and 2550: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2511:anthropologists 2503:Native American 2499: 2411:, and southern 2291: 2266: 2258:Wichita, Kansas 2250:Tulsa, Oklahoma 2159: 2111: 2081: 2069:self-identifies 2055:gender identity 2046: 1996: 1991: 1958: 1757:(also given as 1637:napêhkân, ᓈᐯᐦᑳᐣ 1619:ayahkwêw, ᐊᔭᐦᑵᐤ 1497: 1467: 1388: 1372:Ho-Chunk Nation 1364:Radical Faeries 1333: 1271:anthropologists 1210: 1205: 1189:Native American 1166:Native American 1088:(also known as 1077: 1036: 1035: 996:Queer anarchism 961: 953: 952: 825:Straightwashing 810:Criminalization 746: 738: 737: 713:Media portrayal 683:Allonormativity 673: 663: 662: 620: 610: 609: 555: 545: 544: 383: 373: 372: 367: 329: 325:Stonewall riots 320:Same-sex unions 278: 268: 267: 233:Sexual identity 191:Gender variance 181:Gender identity 176:Gender fluidity 142:Gray asexuality 127: 113: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11286: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11258:Gender systems 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11202: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10929: 10927: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10905: 10892: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10740:Gay liberation 10737: 10731: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10703:United Nations 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10668: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10567: 10565: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10494: 10488: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10449:Operation Soap 10446: 10441: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10371: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10343: 10341: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10313:Ancient Greece 10310: 10305: 10303:Adelphopoiesis 10299: 10297: 10296:Pre-modern era 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10224: 10223: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10132: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10024: 10022: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9954:Heteroflexible 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9779: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9662: 9656: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9534: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9520:Rainbow plaque 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9495:Black triangle 9491: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9343:Film festivals 9340: 9339: 9338: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9314:Cross-dressing 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9264: 9258: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9167:Gender studies 9164: 9158: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9133: 9132: 9101: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9078: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8991:Gender studies 8988: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8955: 8953: 8951:office-holders 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8898:United Kingdom 8895: 8894: 8893: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8813: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8787:2016 bill C-16 8779: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8731: 8720: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8646: 8644:United Kingdom 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8571: 8569: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8538: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8467:Cross-dressing 8464: 8462:Cisnormativity 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8322:Awareness Week 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8239:Asylum seekers 8236: 8235: 8234: 8224: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8209:Discrimination 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8187:bathroom bills 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8145: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8066: 8064: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8035: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8009: 7999: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7936: 7931: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7850: 7849: 7839: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7716:Plurisexuality 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Sociosexuality 7641: 7639: 7638:Social aspects 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7584:Heteroflexible 7581: 7580: 7579: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7496: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7466:Vakasalewalewa 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7154: 7146: 7145: 7133: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7009:Indian removal 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6874:Indigenous-led 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6852: 6850:Arctic Council 6847: 6846: 6845: 6839:African Union 6836: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6735:Te Puni Kōkiri 6728: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6697:Plastic shaman 6694: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6665:Indian reserve 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6637: 6632: 6630:Green grabbing 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6603:Sports mascots 6595: 6594: 6593: 6591:Bioprospecting 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6454:in New Zealand 6451: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6360:International 6357: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6321: 6309: 6298: 6291: 6278: 6268: 6267:External links 6265: 6264: 6263: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6220: 6208: 6190: 6165: 6136: 6118: 6099: 6074: 6056: 6030: 6023: 6003: 5992:on 18 May 2015 5977: 5959: 5940: 5923: 5895: 5869: 5843: 5815: 5796: 5772: 5744: 5722: 5708: 5694: 5669: 5653:nativeknot.com 5639: 5613: 5587: 5551: 5529: 5518:. 21 June 2009 5503: 5496: 5467: 5458:""vulnerable"" 5449: 5433: 5418: 5389: 5361: 5340: 5328: 5307:10.2307/480512 5301:(3): 193–236. 5281: 5255: 5238:Fitch, Nancy. 5231: 5224: 5201:Trexler (1995) 5193: 5173: 5166: 5144:. Ithaca, NY: 5132: 5112: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5050:Lakota Society 5041: 5029: 4982: 4961: 4953: 4927: 4919: 4901: 4874:(4): 683–701. 4854: 4846: 4828: 4798: 4769: 4744: 4717: 4677: 4652: 4627: 4601: 4569: 4543: 4530: 4518: 4483: 4459: 4445:on 11 May 2022 4418: 4405: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4339: 4325: 4298: 4277: 4268: 4247: 4216: 4175: 4161: 4142: 4120: 4114:978-0806137711 4113: 4092: 4085: 4067: 4061:978-0806137711 4060: 4042: 4025: 4001: 3983: 3976: 3958: 3934: 3907: 3881: 3853: 3806: 3792: 3729: 3712: 3705: 3670: 3658: 3599: 3584:Two Spirit 101 3568: 3506: 3467: 3448: 3427:10.2307/482173 3401: 3356: 3316: 3305:(4): 167–190. 3261: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3240: 3235:bispirituelles 3215: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3152: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3101: 3091: 3077: 3064: 3054: 3044: 3034: 3024: 3014: 3004: 2994: 2984: 2977:Bretten Hannam 2974: 2967:Jeremy Dutcher 2964: 2934: 2924: 2910: 2900: 2890: 2860: 2857: 2844: 2841: 2694:Dustin Hoffman 2685:Little Big Man 2679: 2676: 2659:for "jewels". 2643:Chumash people 2613:boy prostitute 2513:used the term 2498: 2493: 2473:role known as 2290: 2287: 2265: 2262: 2158: 2155: 2085:misinformation 2080: 2077: 2045: 2042: 2019:cross-dressers 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1925: 1915: 1883:ininiikaazowag 1798: 1786: 1748: 1695:Lakota culture 1670: 1650: 1640: 1630: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1568: 1560:a'yai-kik-ahsi 1555: 1546: 1534: 1527: 1496: 1493: 1466: 1463: 1387: 1384: 1376:Dine or Navajo 1332: 1329: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1114:gender-variant 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 971:Gender studies 968: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 951: 950: 949: 948: 938: 937: 936: 931: 926: 916: 911: 906: 901: 900: 899: 894: 886: 881: 876: 875: 874: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 817: 812: 807: 802: 801: 800: 790: 785: 780: 775: 774: 773: 763: 758: 753: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 730: 725: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 693:Cisnormativity 690: 685: 680: 674: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 556: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 537: 532: 527: 526: 525: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 484: 483: 478: 468: 467: 466: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 434: 429: 428: 427: 425:Largest events 422: 412: 407: 406: 405: 395: 390: 384: 379: 378: 375: 374: 369: 368: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 339: 336: 335: 331: 330: 328: 327: 322: 317: 315:Gay liberation 312: 307: 302: 301: 300: 289: 286: 285: 279: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 224: 223: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 162: 161: 151: 146: 145: 144: 134: 128: 119: 118: 115: 114: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 85: 82: 81: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11285: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11213: 11212: 11203: 11201: 11200: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11100:Transmisogyny 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10897: 10893: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10787: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10539: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10519:Rainbow Night 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10481: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10392:Cadet scandal 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10308:Ancient Egypt 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10232:LGBTQ history 10229: 10225: 10221: 10216: 10212: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10178:Straight ally 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10108:Hermaphrodite 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10073:Gender binary 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10009: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9922:Demisexuality 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9901: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9681:Gender bender 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9515:Pink triangle 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Organizations 9398: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9219:Transfeminism 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9209:Queer studies 9207: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9099: 9094: 9092: 9087: 9085: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9035: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8959:United States 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8946: 8936: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8915:legal history 8913: 8912: 8911: 8910:United States 8908: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8872:South Africa 8871: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8803: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8769: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8740: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8679:ancient Egypt 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8649:United States 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8548:Transmisogyny 8546: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8531:Transfeminism 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516:Postgenderism 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8478: 8477:Gender binary 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8259:Transmisogyny 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:masculinizing 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890:Gender bender 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721:Postgenderism 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7711:Monosexuality 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681:Allosexuality 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7660:Homosociality 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7650:Antisexuality 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7323:Bugis genders 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293:Third genders 7290: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Gender bender 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204:Cross-dresser 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7047:United States 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876:international 6872: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6660:Indian colony 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6463: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6444:Treaty rights 6442: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307:Matika Wilbur 6304: 6303: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6204: 6203:This Magazine 6199: 6194: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6155:on 2019-11-09 6154: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6106:Kyle Muzyka, 6103: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6007: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5936:Halifax Today 5933: 5927: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5659:on 2023-04-11 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5562: 5555: 5540: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5476:Kent Flannery 5471: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5419:9780252066450 5415: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5396: 5394: 5379:on 2022-04-01 5378: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5225:9780226306278 5221: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5202: 5197: 5189: 5183:, p. 324 5182: 5177: 5169: 5167:9781563380518 5163: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5125: 5124:Roscoe (1998) 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5102:Roscoe (1998) 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4979:. p. 33. 4978: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4956: 4954:0-8263-1253-5 4950: 4946: 4941: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4920:0-8032-7126-3 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4849: 4847:9780292747012 4843: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4788:on 2023-04-11 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4667: 4663: 4656: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4590: 4583: 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3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3644:on 2012-12-08 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3558:on 2004-11-05 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3391:on 2023-07-08 3387: 3383: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3353: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3139: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080:Storme Webber 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3057:Arielle Twist 3055: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037:Harlan Pruden 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027:Rebecca Nagle 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3007:James Makokis 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:Lori Campbell 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804:Devery Jacobs 2801: 2800: 2799:American Gods 2795: 2794:second season 2792:In the 2019, 2790: 2788: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720:Fred Martinez 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2544: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2325: 2315: 2314: 2311:Dance to the 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:George Catlin 2295: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:New York City 2203: 2202:Oklahoma City 2199: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2187:social change 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:group support 2168: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:queer studies 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089:pan-Indianism 2086: 2079:Appropriation 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2034:First Nations 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1613: 1606: 1603: 1596: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1513:comprehensive 1508: 1506: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472:gender binary 1461: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 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311: 308: 306: 305:Homosexuality 303: 299: 296: 295: 294: 291: 290: 288: 287: 283: 282: 277: 272: 271: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 196:Homosexuality 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 150: 147: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 126: 122: 117: 116: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 84: 83: 62: 61: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 45: 39: 34: 30: 19: 11248:Third gender 11209: 11190: 11090:Riddle scale 11058:Heterosexism 10997:Queerbaiting 10852:Neuroscience 10842:Kinsey scale 10817:Demographics 10514:Rainbow wave 10496: 10484:21st century 10436: 10379: 10367:20th century 10339:19th century 10323:Ancient Rome 10284: 10134: 10127: 10093:Gender roles 10033:Detransition 10006: / 9907:Aromanticism 9847: 9425:Pride parade 9353:Gay-friendly 9214:Queer theory 8696:Nazi Germany 8417: 8391:Publications 8309:Christianity 8244:Cisgenderism 8164:Legal status 8154:Legal gender 8126:Legal status 8062:and medicine 8037: 8018: 8011: 7982: 7952: 7924:Third gender 7911: 7877: 7870: 7761:Gender roles 7706:Kinsey scale 7696:Aromanticism 7572:Gray asexual 7521:Heterosexual 7460: 7446:Sworn virgin 7416:Mukhannathun 7318:Binabinaaine 7093: 7087: 7042:South Africa 6899:Treaties and 6771:Philippines 6723:Governmental 6706: 6545: 6474:Amazon Watch 6449:in Australia 6410:in Australia 6317: 6311: 6300: 6293: 6272: 6237:. Retrieved 6234:www.kqed.org 6233: 6223: 6211: 6201: 6193: 6182:. Retrieved 6180:. 2017-12-14 6177: 6168: 6157:. Retrieved 6153:the original 6148: 6139: 6131:New Now Next 6129: 6121: 6111: 6102: 6090:. Retrieved 6086: 6077: 6067: 6059: 6047:. Retrieved 6042: 6033: 6013: 6006: 5994:. Retrieved 5990:the original 5980: 5967: 5962: 5952: 5943: 5935: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5908: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5882: 5872: 5860:. Retrieved 5846: 5834:. Retrieved 5828: 5818: 5808: 5799: 5788:. Retrieved 5784: 5775: 5765:November 29, 5763:. Retrieved 5757: 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5725: 5711: 5697: 5686:. Retrieved 5682: 5672: 5661:. Retrieved 5657:the original 5652: 5642: 5630:. Retrieved 5625: 5616: 5604:. Retrieved 5600: 5590: 5565:. Retrieved 5554: 5543:. Retrieved 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5515: 5506: 5483: 5480:Joyce Marcus 5470: 5461: 5452: 5442: 5436: 5403: 5381:. Retrieved 5377:the original 5371: 5364: 5352:. Retrieved 5343: 5338:Will Roscoe 5331: 5298: 5295:Ethnohistory 5294: 5284: 5272:. 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Retrieved 4123: 4104: 4095: 4076: 4070: 4051: 4045: 4038:Druke (2014) 4028: 4020: 4004: 3967: 3961: 3950:. Retrieved 3946: 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3920: 3910: 3898:. Retrieved 3894: 3891:"Two-Spirit" 3884: 3876: 3872: 3844:. Retrieved 3797:. Retrieved 3783: 3715: 3696: 3661: 3652: 3646:. Retrieved 3642:the original 3619: 3615: 3594: 3560:. Retrieved 3556:the original 3540:SAA Bulletin 3539: 3500: 3493:. Retrieved 3418: 3415:Ethnohistory 3414: 3404: 3393:. Retrieved 3386:the original 3381: 3351: 3344:. Retrieved 3342:. 8 Oct 2006 3339: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3248: 3243: 3232: 3224: 3219: 3201: 3149:LGBTQ portal 3094:Delina White 3074: 3067:Ilona Verley 3047:Smokii Sumac 3017:Kent Monkman 3013:), physician 2987:Shawnee Kish 2971:Wolastoqiyik 2893:Shawna Baker 2868:dynamic list 2862: 2846: 2836: 2825: 2824: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2712: 2710: 2684: 2681: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2646: 2645:called them 2630: 2616: 2596: 2584: 2582: 2514: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2474: 2471:third gender 2464: 2436: 2431: 2421: 2394: 2385: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2320: 2310: 2303:Great Plains 2282: 2270:anthropology 2267: 2191: 2172: 2140: 2135: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2082: 2062: 2060: 2047: 2031: 2027: 2010: 2000: 1997: 1981: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1921: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1890:was used by 1887: 1877:ikwekaazowag 1823: 1808:Anton Treuer 1782: 1739:third gender 1682:Winyanktehca 1626: 1623:third gender 1578: 1530: 1523: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1468: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439:two-spirited 1438: 1435: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1349: 1336: 1334: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1287: 1278: 1275:gender roles 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1237: 1235: 1227:translation 1216: 1211: 1200: 1185:third-gender 1178: 1163: 1158: 1150: 1144: 1140: 1126: 1118: 1110:third-gender 1096: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1047:LGBTQ portal 1006:Queer theory 946:Trans people 862:Heterosexism 723:trans people 721: / 658:Detransition 643:Reproduction 631: / 262: 166:Demographics 159:Pansexuality 132:Aromanticism 57:LGBTQ topics 29: 11133:Gay bashing 11105:Transphobia 11038:AIDS stigma 10953:Pinkwashing 10827:Environment 10812:Birth order 10352:Section 377 10347:Molly house 9984:Questioning 9808:Femminiello 9738:Trans woman 9733:Transsexual 9716:Transgender 9605:Transgender 9530:Pride flags 9420:Pride Month 9388:Periodicals 9348:Gay village 9197:Transgender 9177:Linguistics 9117:transgender 8933: [ 8883:South Korea 8853:New Zealand 8800: [ 8766: [ 8737: [ 8701:South Korea 8687: [ 8605: [ 8578: [ 8386:Pornography 8279:trans panic 8075:in children 8060:Health care 8047:Transsexual 8028:Transgender 8002:Trans woman 7960:Mudoko dako 7941:Femminiello 7843:Transgender 7619:Questioning 7492:orientation 7411:Mudoko dako 7371:Femminiello 7283:Transsexual 7261:Trans woman 7244:Transgender 7054:Rubber boom 7037:New Zealand 6569:Colonialism 6395:Land rights 6313:Two Spirits 5954:Toronto Sun 5883:Global News 5214:. Chicago: 5181:Lang (1998) 5128:Lang (1998) 5090:Lang (1998) 5066:Lang (1998) 5037:Lang (1998) 4817:October 17, 4615:In the Fray 4589:Discoveries 4526:Lang (1998) 4427:Cuthand, TJ 4034:Vowel (2016 3846:October 17, 3289:Two Spirits 3071:Nlakaʼpamux 2993:), musician 2927:Raven Davis 2883:Susan Allen 2849:Legacy Walk 2832:Misha Green 2820:Neil Gaiman 2737:, shown on 2735:Two Spirits 2713:Two Spirits 2611:" or even " 2485:transgender 2354:Pedro Fages 2342:Will Roscoe 2297:Drawing by 2210:Bloomington 2130:appropriate 2061:Talking to 2023:dichotomous 1982:Indigiqueer 1970:Indigequeer 1966:Indigiqueer 1956:Indigiqueer 1912:Okitcitakwe 1892:John Tanner 1871:ininiikaazo 1859:ininiikaazo 1847:ininiikaazo 1835:ininiikaazo 1819:ininiikaazo 1794:ininiikaazo 1783:Two Spirits 1663:trans women 1557:Blackfoot: 1548:Blackfoot: 1356:Will Roscoe 1325:transgender 1261:transgender 1244:cultures. 1097:twospirited 934:Trans women 919:Transphobia 888:LGBT youth 884:Lesbophobia 847:Gay bashing 761:AIDS stigma 733:Stereotypes 565:Civil union 513:Subcultures 493:QPR and QPP 476:Pride Month 452:Periodicals 432:Gay village 358:Transgender 353:Bisexuality 258:Transsexual 253:Transgender 248:Trans woman 228:Questioning 186:Gender role 171:Environment 154:Bisexuality 104:Transgender 11233:Two-spirit 11227:Categories 11063:Homophobia 10847:Klein Grid 10760:Separatism 10464:Section 28 10402:Sea queens 10129:Androgynos 10103:Healthcare 10038:Effeminacy 9964:Monosexual 9939:Bi-curious 9912:Asexuality 9894:Homosexual 9848:Two-spirit 9833:Mukhannath 9798:Faʻafafine 9765:Xenogender 9583:Non-binary 9363:Literature 9324:Drag queen 9304:Coming out 9299:Businesses 9204:Psychology 9182:Literature 8836:Tamil Nadu 8559:By country 8472:Deadnaming 8429:Theory and 8406:ice hockey 8249:Inequality 8092:feminizing 7979:Two-spirit 7965:Mukhannath 7934:Faʻafafine 7655:Asociality 7609:Polysexual 7577:Demisexual 7547:Bi-curious 7526:Homosexual 7494:identities 7461:Two-spirit 7366:Fakafifine 7361:Fa'afafine 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