580:, arriving in Brazil probably by the 1550s and in the U.S. in 1784. The seed was carried as provisions on slave ships, and the technology and skills needed to grow it were brought by enslaved rice farmers. Newly imported African slaves were marketed for their rice-growing skills, as the high price of rice made it a major cash crop. Not all Africans came to the Americas with knowledge in rice growing, due to the vast variabilities in cultures and ethnicities, but the practice of cultivation was shared throughout the Carolina plantations, which allowed the enslaved people to develop a new sense of culture and made African rice the primary source of nutrition. The tolerance of African rice for brackish water meant it could be grown on coastal deltas, as it was
3073:
510:
565:
199:
57:
44:
652:
466:
638:
628:
310:
407:
749:-resistant, and tolerates fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions, and human neglect better than Asian rice. Some varieties also mature more quickly, and may be sown directly on higher ground, eliminating the need to transplant seedlings. Most are rain-watered, and the soil is often not cultivated.
897:. Over 3000 crosses were made as part of the NERICA program. Breeding within the species is easier, and there are uncounted numbers of African rice varieties, although the majority may have been lost. A similar crossed variety was bred in the United States in 2011, and work is being done on crosses with Indian rice varieties.
591:
Asian rice came to West Africa in the late 1800s, and by the late twentieth century had substantially supplanted native
African rice. However, African rice was still used in specific, often marginal habitats, and preferred for its taste. Farmers may grow African rice to eat and Asian rice to sell, as
2465:
Zhang, Qun-Jie; Zhu, Ting; Xia, En-Hua; Shi, Chao; Liu, Yun-Long; Zhang, Yun; Liu, Yuan; Jiang, Wen-Kai; Zhao, You-Jie; Mao, Shu-Yan; Zhang, Li-Ping; Huang, Hui; Jiao, Jun-Ying; Xu, Ping-Zhen; Yao, Qiu-Yang; Zeng, Fan-Chun; Yang, Li-Li; Gao, Ju; Tao, Da-Yun; Wang, Yue-Ju; Bennetzen, Jeffrey L.; Gao,
1324:
Wang, Muhua; Yu, Yeisoo; Haberer, Georg; Marri, Pradeep Reddy; Fan, Chuanzhu; Goicoechea, Jose Luis; Zuccolo, Andrea; Song, Xiang; Kudrna, Dave; Ammiraju, Jetty S. S.; Cossu, Rosa Maria; Maldonado, Carlos; Chen, Jinfeng; Lee, Seunghee; Sisneros, Nick; de
Baynast, Kristi; Golser, Wolfgang; Wissotski,
922:
and to stagger the harvest. A 2006 survey showed that a village typically cultivated 25 varieties of rice; an individual household would on average have 14 varieties and grow four per year; this, however, is down from the seven to nine varieties per woman that was average in previous decades. Women,
822:
for as long. A few varieties of
African rice are as resistant to shattering as shatter-resistant Asian varieties, but most are not; on average, about half of the grains are scattered and lost. This is why yield is lower; when the heads of African rice are bagged before they become ripe, so that the
587:
There are numerous stories about how the rice came to North
America, including a slave smuggling grains in her hair and a ship driven in to trade by a storm. African rice is a rare crop in Brazil, Guyana, El Salvador and Panama, but it is still occasionally grown there. There are also native South
532:
and wrote that the land was rich in rice. "[T]hey said they found the country covered by vast crops, with many cotton trees and large fields planted in rice ... the country looked to them as having the aspect of a pond (i.e., a marais)". The
Portuguese accounts speak of the Falupo
681:
African rice can be prepared in much the same way as Asian rice, but has a distinct nutty flavor, for which it is favored in West Africa. African rice grains are often reddish in colour; some varieties are strongly aromatic, other, like
Carolina Gold, are not at all aromatic.
242:
In comparison to Asian rice, African rice is hardy, pest-resistant, low-labour, and suited to a larger variety of
African conditions. It is described as filling, with a distinct nutty flavour. It is also grown for cultural reasons; for instance, it is sacred to followers of
1325:
Marina; Kim, Woojin; Sanchez, Paul; Ndjiondjop, Marie-Noelle; Sanni, Kayode; Long, Manyuan; Carney, Judith; Panaud, Olivier; Wicker, Thomas; Machado, Carlos A.; Chen, Mingsheng; Mayer, Klaus F. X.; Rounsley, Steve; Wing, Rod A. (2014-07-27).
918:, Senegal) could unhesitatingly name more than ten varieties of African rice that were no longer planted, besides the half-dozen that were then still being planted. Each woman would plant multiple different varieties, to suit varying
2368:
595:
The 2007 food price shocks drove efforts to raise rice production. Rice-growing regions of Africa are generally net rice importers (partly due to a lack of good local rice-processing capacity) so price increases hurt. Among the
1073:
breeding line), which raised the yield, shortened the stem, and added an aromatic quality to the rice. IR 64 Parboiled Rice 5% Broken is most famous and demanding rice in West
African countries like Ghana, Togo, Benin etc.
606:
cultivars, crossbred to specifications from local farmers using
African rice varieties provided by local farmers. These were bred during the 1990s and released in the early 21st century. Results so far have been mixed; the
837:
is widely used in West Africa, and some cookbooks from the region will suggest manually breaking the grains for certain recipes, but most broken rice eaten is from Asian rice, about 16% of which is broken in processing.
239:), and the number of varieties grown is declining. It still persists, making up an estimated 20% of rice grown in West Africa. It is now rarely sold in West African markets, having been replaced by Asian strains.
826:
Like other grains, rice may lodge, or fall over, when grain heads are full. African rice's greater height and weaker stems makes it more likely to lodge, although it also lets it survive
830:, and makes it easier to harvest. African rice tends to elongate rapidly if completely submerged, which is not advantageous in regions prone to short floods, as it weakens the plant.
1900:
2407:
2963:
674:
Multiple varieties of
African rice are often grown so that the harvest is staggered. In this way, the harvest can be eaten fresh. Freshly harvested rice is moist, and can be
2274:
1659:
1934:
784:
845:
has been sequenced, and was published in 2014. This allowed genomic as well as physiological comparison with related species, and identified some effects of some genes.
2224:
1410:
1040:
inch (9.5 mm)), and was brought to market by planter Joshua John Ward in the 1840s. Despite its popularity, the variety was lost in the American Civil War.
2155:
1283:
2971:
1217:
418:
It is highly likely that humans have independently domesticated two different rice species. African rice is very genetically similar to wild African rice (
2951:
2057:"Decline in Inland Rice Production · Forgotten Fields: Inland Rice Plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"
717:
varieties, which may also branch and root from higher stem nodes. Generally, African rice has small, pear-shaped grain, reddish bran and green to black
207:
2085:
1975:
2669:
1983:
1682:
Barry, M. B.; Pham, J. L.; Noyer, J. L.; Billot, C.; Courtois, B.; Ahmadi, N. (2007-01-04). "Genetic diversity of the two cultivated rice species (
597:
3777:
2476:
1525:
1130:
1070:
1044:
678:
in fire, and eaten. Fried rice has a brownish color when fried; this is because of the husk which is green in color and turns brown when heated.
3816:
2724:
Gutierrez, Andres; Carabali, Silvio; Giraldo, Olga; Martinez, Cesar; Correa, Fernando; Prado, Gustavo; Tohme, Joe; Lorieux, Mathias (2010).
2146:
1066:
2822:
1692:
729:. There are, however, exceptions, and it can be hard to distinguish from Asian rice. For complete certainty, a genetic test can be used.
1540:
833:
The grains of African rice are more brittle than those of Asian rice. The grains are more likely to break during industrial polishing.
3855:
1492:
911:
244:
3712:
1496:
2440:
1402:
697:
is considered a much more desirable and healthier choice in places like Nigeria by West African farmers, where it is used to make
3790:
3738:
2233:
1941:
1896:
1744:
3942:
374:
2979:
2898:
2424:
2329:
2032:
1595:
1299:
346:
3795:
1017:
is an heirloom cultivar grown in the early United States, sometimes known as golden-seed rice for the colour of its grains.
517:
3225:
1009:
454:. As the climate dried, the wild rice retreated and probably became increasingly domesticated as it relied on humans for
353:
1488:
615:
seeds have also been criticized for encouraging the loss of native varieties and reducing the independence of farmers.
3957:
2056:
393:
327:
2302:
Nourollah, Ahmadi (2016). "Genetic Diversity, Genetic Erosion, and Conservation of the Two Cultivated Rice Species (
857:, and when they do, the offspring are very rarely fertile. Even the fertile crossbred offspring have low fertility.
2678:
2316:. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 8. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 35–73.
360:
3821:
3764:
3025:
1837:
713:
African rice is a tall rice plant, usually under 120 centimetres (47 in) but up to 5 metres (16 feet) for
331:
3873:
3952:
1935:"Slavery on South Carolina Rice Plantations: The Migration of People and Knowledge in Early Colonial America"
823:
shattered grains are caught in paper bags, the yield of African rice is the same as the yield of Asian rice.
520:
off the high tide. Similar delta cultivation techniques were used going back to at least the 15th century in
342:
2597:
3704:
3691:
2878:
1275:
752:
African rice has profuse vegetative growth, which smothers weeds. It exhibits better resistance to various
550:
443:
248:
17:
2096:
1992:
3626:
3621:
3043:
2930:
611:
varieties are less hardy and more labour-intensive, and effects on real-world yields vary. Subsidies of
3962:
3937:
3868:
3743:
3602:
1846:
1647:
1560:
Thiam, Pierre; Sit, Jennifer (2015). "Senegal: Modern Senegalese Recipes from the Source to the Bowl".
2657:"Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines: A Powerful Tool for the Introgression of Valuable Genes from
2190:
1561:
577:
2812:
Jones, Monty P.; Dingkuhn, Michael; Alukosnm, Gabriel K.; Semon, Mandé (1997-03-01). "Interspecific
528:
In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Portuguese sailed to the Southern Rivers area in
233:
around 3,000 years ago. In agriculture, it has largely been replaced by higher-yielding Asian rice (
2997:
2016:
1587:
1049:
982:
815:
796:
499:
56:
3860:
3699:
3652:
2605:
2163:
1776:
320:
282:
2220:"Effect of households' dietary knowledge on local (ofada) rice consumption in southwest Nigeria"
1831:
Chen, Erwang; Huang, Xuehui; Tian, Zhixi; Wing, Rod A.; Han, Bin (2019-04-29). "The Genomics of
3967:
3782:
3686:
3564:
3081:
2279:
923:
who are traditionally responsible for the seeds, trade them often over long-distance networks.
262:
Crossbreeding between African and Asian rice is difficult, but there exist some crosses. Jones
2882:
2866:
2148:
Assessment of quality management techniques: Toward improving competitiveness of Nigerian rice
516:, Senegal, 2008. Dikes protect the rice paddy fields from saltwater; the irrigation skims the
367:
3421:
2145:
Tiamiyu, S.A.; Usman, S.A; Gbanguba, A.; Ukwungu, A.U.; Ochigbo, M.N.; Ochigbo, A.A. (2010).
753:
173:
3896:
3834:
3808:
3660:
3443:
2993:
2682:
2485:
1139:
588:
American rices, which makes it hard to recognize the arrival of African rice in histories.
489:
1854:
8:
3335:
2955:
1581:
997:
772:
554:
2686:
2489:
1504:
1143:
3904:
3847:
3115:
3018:
2847:
2791:
2778:
2725:
2708:
2642:
2583:
2575:
2552:
2516:
2467:
2444:
2311:
2255:
2038:
1874:
1806:
1793:
1762:
1717:
1545:
1443:
1435:
1367:
1326:
1257:
1244:
1203:
989:
966:
854:
819:
762:
569:
51:
1170:
1121:
3829:
3634:
3260:
3140:
2975:
2912:
2904:
2894:
2839:
2783:
2765:
2742:
2700:
2634:
2626:
2521:
2503:
2420:
2387:
2325:
2259:
2247:
2042:
2028:
1904:
1878:
1866:
1858:
1798:
1709:
1651:
1625:
1591:
1519:
1372:
1354:
1305:
1295:
1249:
1231:
1202:
Wendel, Jonathan F.; Jackson, Scott A.; Meyers, Blake C.; Wing, Rod A. (2016-03-01).
1175:
1157:
915:
473:
2851:
2795:
2712:
2646:
2587:
1810:
1721:
1261:
581:
558:
3972:
3909:
3639:
3290:
2886:
2831:
2773:
2755:
2690:
2618:
2565:
2511:
2493:
2377:
2317:
2237:
2020:
1850:
1788:
1780:
1767:
1701:
1439:
1427:
1362:
1344:
1287:
1239:
1221:
1165:
1147:
890:
864:
564:
538:
271:
3730:
3072:
2622:
1043:
Charleston Gold was released in 2011 and is a crossbreed of Carolina Gold and two
3613:
3451:
3285:
3130:
2120:
1638:
1335:
432:
94:
2890:
2321:
1487:
1431:
198:
3932:
3842:
3587:
3526:
3428:
3391:
3370:
3365:
3310:
3265:
2751:
2416:
1208:
993:
827:
802:
746:
521:
451:
442:
still grows wild in Africa, in a wide variety of open habitats. The Sahara was
81:
2835:
2695:
2656:
2358:
Montcho, D.; Futakuchi, K.; Agbangla, C.; Fofana, M.; Dieng, I. (2013-01-01).
2242:
2219:
1705:
1291:
1226:
910:
There are a great many varieties of African rice. In the 1960s older women in
3947:
3926:
3803:
3355:
3330:
3245:
3185:
3180:
3011:
2908:
2843:
2769:
2704:
2630:
2579:
2507:
2391:
2251:
1862:
1713:
1655:
1358:
1309:
1235:
1161:
1014:
894:
860:
757:
714:
546:
459:
420:
107:
2570:
2547:
2498:
745:
African rice is well adapted to the African environment. It is drought- and
3886:
3496:
3300:
3275:
3250:
3235:
3220:
3195:
3155:
3135:
3105:
3092:
3062:
2916:
2787:
2760:
2655:
Ali, M.; Sanchez, Paul; Yu, Si; Lorieux, Mathias; Eizenga, Georgia (2010).
2638:
2525:
2159:
1870:
1802:
1376:
1279:
1253:
1179:
1152:
992:
managed to cross-breed African rice with Asian rice varieties to produce a
919:
426:
235:
2968:
The golden seed: writings on the history and culture of Carolina gold rice
2382:
2359:
2310:) and Their Close Wild Relatives". In Ahuja, M.R.; Jain, S. Mohan (eds.).
3751:
3596:
3531:
3511:
3401:
3396:
3360:
3305:
3280:
3230:
3205:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
2198:
2010:
1784:
834:
778:
675:
659:
534:
529:
477:
411:
252:
230:
120:
43:
2024:
484:. It then spread through West Africa. It has also been recorded off the
3717:
3466:
3433:
3416:
3406:
3375:
3295:
3255:
3240:
3215:
3120:
2614:
1423:
985:, and thus yields comparable with low-shattering Asian rice varieties.
701:
because of its high nutrition content, despite being less popular than
698:
663:
651:
642:
455:
436:), and these two divisions have wide genetic differences between them.
334: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
293:
3756:
637:
3725:
3673:
3270:
3210:
3200:
3145:
3125:
3100:
790:
718:
627:
465:
447:
406:
3558:
2961:
2596:
Varshney, Rajeev; Glaszmann, Jean; Leung, Hei; Ribaut, Jean (2010).
1349:
309:
3881:
3581:
3491:
3411:
1583:
Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas
767:
722:
513:
3769:
3678:
2158:: Innovation and Partnerships to Realize Africa's Rice Potential.
1835:
Species Provides Insights into Rice Domestication and Heterosis".
1541:"Smuggled rice floods Nigerian market, as merchants suffer losses"
3647:
3521:
3516:
3461:
3190:
3110:
1690:) in Maritime Guinea. Evidence for interspecific recombination".
853:
African and Asian rice do not readily interpollinate, even under
726:
542:
509:
140:
3665:
2990:
Deep Roots: Rice Farmers in West Africa and the African Diaspora
2723:
2548:"Impact of Genomic Technologies on Chickpea Breeding Strategies"
3501:
3476:
3471:
3456:
2412:
1419:
871:
602:
189:
130:
2357:
3547:
3506:
3486:
3481:
2931:"IR64 Parboiled Rice Exporters in India I Rice Master Global"
1740:
934:
150:
68:
2595:
3034:
2561:
2364:
caused by grain shattering under rainfed upland conditions"
2144:
1932:
655:
481:
226:
2811:
3175:
2546:
Gaur, Pooran; Jukanti, Aravind; Varshney, Rajeev (2012).
2369:
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences
863:
seems to have succeeded in at least one area of Maritime
685:
African rice is also used in local traditional medicine.
3003:
2532:
1976:"Charleston Gold: A Direct Descendant of Carolina Gold"
1201:
818:
more than Asian rices, possibly because they have not
458:. Rice growing in deeper, more permanent water became
2958:
article on Carolina Gold (dead link 9 September 2019)
1681:
1403:"'With Grains in Her Hair': Rice in Colonial Brazil"
2654:
2545:
1624:Sarla, N.; Swamy, B. P. Mallikarjuna (2005-09-25).
2217:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1763:"The Complex History of the Domestication of Rice"
1745:"Nerica: another trap for small farmers in Africa"
1323:
576:African rice was brought to the Americas with the
1830:
572:, 2010, long abandoned and reclaimed by woodland
3924:
2730:resistance locus and yield component QTLs using
1400:
867:, as some varieties there show crossbred genes.
472:It was domesticated about 3000 years ago in the
229:species. It was first domesticated and grown in
2598:"More genomic resources for less-studied crops"
2477:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2458:
1817:
1754:
1131:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2820:Steud. progenies in upland rice improvement".
2464:
1760:
557:systems used for rice cultivation, from which
3019:
2079:
2077:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1539:Ikhioya, Sunny; Oritse, Godwin (2013-10-07).
1538:
1331:) and evidence for independent domestication"
2083:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
464:
2865:Datta, Karabi; Datta, Swapan Kumar (2006).
2472:AA genomes associated with rice adaptation"
1575:
1573:
1524:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
414:, where the species was first domesticated
3026:
3012:
2864:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2074:
1958:
1890:
1888:
1623:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
197:
42:
2777:
2759:
2694:
2569:
2515:
2497:
2404:
2381:
2301:
2241:
2121:"Rice History - Carolina Plantation Rice"
2095:. Vol. 5, no. 1. Archived from
1919:
1792:
1483:
1366:
1348:
1243:
1225:
1169:
1151:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1020:Long-grain gold-seed rice boasted grains
394:Learn how and when to remove this message
2218:Ogunleke, A.; Baiyegunhi, Lloyd (2019).
1894:
1570:
1559:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1204:"Evolution of plant genome architecture"
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1030:inch (11 mm)inch long (up 11% from
926:Varieties, each with subtypes, include:
650:
636:
626:
563:
508:
405:
2974:for the Carolina Gold Rice Foundation.
2344:
2313:Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants
2234:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
1973:
1885:
1761:Sweeney, Megan; McCouch, Susan (2007).
1677:
1675:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1532:
1119:
809:
256:
14:
3925:
2272:
2185:
2183:
2008:
1897:"Rice and Slavery: A Fatal Gold Seede"
1735:
1733:
1731:
1579:
1327:"The genome sequence of African rice (
1084:
3563:
3562:
3007:
2211:
1855:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100320
1739:
1460:
1385:
1186:
1003:
559:modern West African rice dike systems
27:African rice, second most common rice
1672:
1604:
1010:Rice production in the United States
905:
332:adding citations to reliable sources
303:
2661:Wild Species into Cultivated Rice (
2273:George, Bunmi (15 September 2016).
2180:
1728:
1563:A System of Rice Production, Broken
24:
2945:
2405:Woolhouse, Harold William (1979).
1630:: A source for the improvement of
1489:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
732:
25:
3984:
1580:Carney, Judith Ann (2009-06-30).
1318:These reviews cite this research.
225:, is one of the two domesticated
3874:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:410061-1
3071:
2009:Carney, Judith A. (2009-06-30).
1126:): History and future potential"
994:group of interspecific cultivars
308:
55:
2923:
2858:
2805:
2679:Springer Science+Business Media
2468:"Rapid diversification of five
2433:
2398:
2295:
2266:
2138:
2113:
2049:
2002:
1901:Slavery in America Organization
1120:Linares, Olga F. (2002-12-10).
319:needs additional citations for
2408:Advances in Botanical Research
2125:www.carolinaplantationrice.com
1838:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1553:
592:African rice is not exported.
13:
1:
3943:Flora of West Tropical Africa
2964:Carolina Gold Rice Foundation
2623:10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.06.007
1933:The Rice Diversity Project].
1077:
708:
2992:. (Blacks in the Diaspora.)
2988:Fields-Black, Edda L. 2008.
2879:Methods in Molecular Biology
1276:Methods in Molecular Biology
900:
889:) have been developed using
740:
721:, straight, simply-branched
249:traditional African religion
7:
3044:History of rice cultivation
2322:10.1007/978-3-319-25954-3_2
2275:"Ofada rice the super food"
1660:Current Science Association
1432:10.1080/0144039042000220900
848:
760:, African rice gall midge (
10:
3989:
2881:. Vol. 343. pp.
2728:Rice stripe necrosis virus
1974:Shields, David S. (2011).
1648:Indian Academy of Sciences
1286:. 2016. pp. 115–140.
1007:
800:, and the parasitic plant
785:rice stripe necrosis virus
506:does not shatter as much.
299:
3571:
3540:
3442:
3384:
3348:
3319:
3089:
3080:
3069:
3050:
3041:
2891:10.1385/1-59745-130-4:201
2696:10.1007/s12284-010-9058-3
2243:10.1186/s42779-019-0023-5
1706:10.1007/s10681-006-9278-1
1401:Judith A. Carney (2004).
1292:10.1007/978-1-4939-3167-5
1227:10.1186/s13059-016-0908-1
688:
598:efforts to increase yield
578:transatlantic slave trade
430:) is to wild Asian rice (
205:
196:
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
3958:Plants described in 1853
3033:
2998:Indiana University Press
2197:. Plants & Fungi At
2017:Harvard University Press
1588:Harvard University Press
1278:(MIMB). Vol. 1374.
797:rice yellow mottle virus
705:cultivars (as of 2019).
488:coast of Africa, in the
2875:Agrobacterium Protocols
2836:10.1023/A:1002969932224
2606:Trends in Biotechnology
2571:10.3390/AGRONOMY2030199
2499:10.1073/pnas.1418307111
2225:Journal of Ethnic Foods
1777:Oxford University Press
754:rice pests and diseases
618:
551:André Álvares de Almada
3226:Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice
2761:10.1186/1471-2229-10-6
1153:10.1073/pnas.252604599
667:
646:
632:
573:
525:
469:
415:
259:in the United States.
3422:Germinated brown rice
2726:"Identification of a
2466:Li-Zhi (2014-11-18).
2383:10.4314/ijbcs.v7i2.10
2061:ldhi.library.cofc.edu
1411:Slavery and Abolition
855:controlled conditions
725:, and short, rounded
654:
640:
630:
567:
512:
468:
409:
3953:Tropical agriculture
2738:introgression lines"
2156:Africa Rice Congress
1272:Plant Bioinformatics
1062:IR65610-24-3-6-3-2-3
988:Scientists from the
810:Yield and processing
737:Grains are brittle.
600:was the adoption of
490:Zanzibar Archipelago
328:improve this article
221:, commonly known as
3336:New Rice for Africa
2956:National Geographic
2722: •
2719:...cite this study:
2687:2010Rice....3..218A
2653: •
2594: •
2544: •
2490:2014PNAS..111E4954Z
2484:(46): E4954–E4962.
2025:10.2307/j.ctvjz837d
1991:(1). Archived from
1284:Humana New York, NY
1144:2002PNAS...9916360L
1138:(25): 16360–16365.
998:New Rice for Africa
870:More recently, the
773:Heterodera sacchari
631:With inedible husk
450:in what is now the
3116:Bhutanese red rice
2972:Douglas W. Bostick
2962:Shields, David S;
2954:Slightly outdated
2084:David S. Shields.
1907:on January 1, 2007
1785:10.1093/aob/mcm128
1566:. Lake Isle Press.
1218:BioMed Central Ltd
1004:American cultivars
990:Africa Rice Center
967:Africa Rice Center
965:The cultivars the
763:Orseolia oryzivora
668:
647:
633:
574:
570:Hampton Plantation
526:
470:
424:), as Asian rice (
416:
410:Growing along the
343:"Oryza glaberrima"
283:disease resistance
257:a heritage variety
165:O. glaberrima
3963:Flora of Cameroon
3938:Grasses of Africa
3920:
3919:
3830:Open Tree of Life
3565:Taxon identifiers
3556:
3555:
3344:
3343:
3261:Pusa Basmati 1121
3141:Camargue red rice
2981:978-0-9829792-1-1
2970:. United States:
2900:978-1-59745-130-7
2871:, BR29 and IR64)"
2743:BMC Plant Biology
2426:978-0-12-005907-2
2331:978-3-319-25953-6
2086:"The Golden Seed"
2034:978-0-674-02921-7
1597:978-0-674-02921-7
1301:978-1-4939-3166-8
943:("ebony-colored")
916:Ziguinchor Region
906:African cultivars
820:been domesticated
672:
671:
480:, in what is now
404:
403:
396:
378:
266:1997 and Gridley
214:
213:
16:(Redirected from
3980:
3913:
3912:
3900:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3863:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3603:Oryza glaberrima
3592:
3591:
3590:
3573:Oryza glaberrima
3560:
3559:
3291:Sona masuri rice
3087:
3086:
3075:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2985:
2939:
2938:
2935:Ricemasterglobal
2927:
2921:
2920:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2781:
2763:
2716:
2698:
2650:
2602:
2591:
2573:
2541:These reviews...
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2501:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:. Archived from
2437:
2431:
2430:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2362:Oryza glaberrima
2355:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2308:Oryza glaberrima
2299:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2193:Oryza glaberrima
2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2162:. Archived from
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1980:
1971:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1940:. Archived from
1939:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:. Archived from
1892:
1883:
1882:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1768:Annals of Botany
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1700:(1–2): 127–137.
1679:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1628:Oryza glaberrima
1621:
1602:
1601:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1503:. Archived from
1499:Oryza glaberrima
1485:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1442:. Archived from
1407:
1398:
1383:
1380:
1370:
1352:
1329:Oryza glaberrima
1313:
1265:
1247:
1229:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1155:
1124:Oryza glaberrima
1117:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
980:
979:
974:
973:
893:techniques like
891:green revolution
641:Dehusked (whole
623:
622:
553:wrote about the
518:freshwater layer
399:
392:
388:
385:
379:
377:
336:
312:
304:
291:
280:
218:Oryza glaberrima
210:is much larger.
208:Cultivated range
201:
185:
183:Oryza glaberrima
60:
59:
46:
36:Oryza glaberrima
32:
31:
21:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3880:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3846:
3841:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3536:
3452:Arroz con pollo
3438:
3385:Processed forms
3380:
3349:Characteristics
3340:
3321:
3315:
3286:Semi-dwarf IR36
3131:Calasparra rice
3091:
3076:
3067:
3046:
3037:
3032:
2982:
2948:
2946:Further reading
2943:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2901:
2863:
2859:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2600:
2537:
2533:
2463:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2411:. Vol. 7.
2403:
2399:
2360:"Yield loss of
2356:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2283:
2271:
2267:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2195:(African rice)"
2189:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2035:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1886:
1829:
1818:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1639:Current Science
1622:
1605:
1598:
1578:
1571:
1558:
1554:
1537:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1486:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1405:
1399:
1386:
1350:10.1038/ng.3044
1336:Nature Genetics
1302:
1270:
1198:
1187:
1122:"African rice (
1118:
1085:
1080:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1006:
977:
976:
971:
970:
908:
903:
851:
812:
743:
735:
733:Grain qualities
711:
691:
621:
561:are descended.
446:, with massive
444:formerly wetter
400:
389:
383:
380:
337:
335:
325:
313:
302:
289:
278:
192:
187:
181:
168:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:wfo-0000882361
3901:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3852:
3839:
3826:
3813:
3800:
3787:
3774:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3722:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3608:
3593:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3527:Tuwon shinkafa
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3429:Parboiled rice
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:Flattened rice
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3371:Glutinous rice
3368:
3366:Perennial rice
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3311:Yamada Nishiki
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Red Cargo rice
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2986:
2980:
2959:
2952:Rice Origins 2
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:. 18 May 2023.
2922:
2899:
2867:"Indica Rice (
2857:
2830:(2): 237–246.
2804:
2801:
2800:
2752:BioMed Central
2720:
2717:
2651:
2592:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2457:
2432:
2425:
2417:Academic Press
2397:
2376:(2): 535–543.
2343:
2330:
2294:
2265:
2210:
2179:
2137:
2112:
2073:
2048:
2033:
2001:
1998:on 2018-05-13.
1984:The Rice Paper
1957:
1918:
1895:Jean M. West.
1884:
1847:Annual Reviews
1816:
1753:
1727:
1671:
1603:
1596:
1569:
1552:
1531:
1459:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1343:(9): 982–988.
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1268:
1266:
1209:Genome Biology
1185:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1045:breeding lines
1005:
1002:
963:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
907:
904:
902:
899:
850:
847:
841:The genome of
814:African rices
811:
808:
742:
739:
734:
731:
710:
707:
690:
687:
670:
669:
648:
634:
620:
617:
582:in West Africa
568:Similar dyke,
549:growing rice.
522:South Carolina
452:Western Sahara
402:
401:
316:
314:
307:
301:
298:
212:
211:
203:
202:
194:
193:
188:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3985:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Flora of Chad
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Aromatic rice
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Carolina Gold
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Paw hsan hmwe
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Japonica rice
3184:
3182:
3181:Japanese rice
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:O. Glaberrima
2815:
2808:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2736:O. glaberrima
2733:
2729:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2461:
2447:on 2016-11-05
2446:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2169:on 2017-08-09
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2102:on 2018-05-13
2098:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:. p. 5.
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:on 2015-07-02
1943:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:O. glaberrima
1685:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1507:on 2016-11-05
1506:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:on 2016-11-05
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1018:
1016:
1015:Carolina Gold
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
968:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
941:ebenicolorata
939:
936:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
921:
920:microhabitats
917:
913:
898:
896:
895:embryo rescue
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
874:
868:
866:
862:
861:Crossbreeding
858:
856:
846:
844:
843:O. glaberrima
839:
836:
831:
829:
828:in deep water
824:
821:
817:
807:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
774:
769:
766:), parasitic
765:
764:
759:
758:blast disease
755:
750:
748:
738:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:O. glaberrima
686:
683:
679:
677:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
639:
635:
629:
625:
624:
616:
614:
610:
605:
604:
599:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
571:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
505:
504:O. glaberrima
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:of the Upper
475:
467:
463:
461:
460:floating rice
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
422:
413:
408:
398:
395:
387:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345: –
344:
340:
339:Find sources:
333:
329:
323:
322:
317:This section
315:
311:
306:
305:
297:
295:
288:
284:
277:
273:
270:2002 provide
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
240:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:
209:
204:
200:
195:
191:
186:
184:
178:
175:
174:Binomial name
171:
167:
166:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:Tracheophytes
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3572:
3497:Mexican rice
3323:African rice
3322:
3320:Varieties of
3301:Vialone Nano
3236:Nishiki rice
3221:Molakolukulu
3196:Jasmine rice
3156:Chokuwa saul
3136:Calrose rice
3106:Arborio rice
3090:Varieties of
3058:African rice
3057:
2989:
2967:
2934:
2925:
2874:
2869:Oryza sativa
2868:
2860:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2814:Oryza Sativa
2813:
2807:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2732:Oryza sativa
2731:
2727:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2610:
2604:
2557:
2551:
2534:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2460:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2435:
2406:
2400:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2335:. Retrieved
2312:
2307:
2304:Oryza sativa
2303:
2297:
2284:. Retrieved
2280:The Guardian
2278:
2268:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2192:
2171:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2160:Bamako, Mali
2147:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2092:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2011:
2004:
1993:the original
1988:
1982:
1949:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1909:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1842:
1836:
1832:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1663:. Retrieved
1643:
1637:
1632:Oryza sativa
1631:
1627:
1582:
1562:
1555:
1544:
1534:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1498:
1451:. Retrieved
1444:the original
1415:
1409:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1280:New York, NY
1271:
1213:
1207:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1050:O. s. indica
1048:
1042:
1019:
1013:
987:
964:
958:
952:
949:("unfolded")
946:
940:
930:
925:
909:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:
859:
852:
842:
840:
832:
825:
813:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
761:
751:
744:
736:
712:
702:
694:
692:
684:
680:
673:
612:
608:
601:
594:
590:
586:
575:
527:
503:
495:
494:
485:
474:inland delta
471:
439:
438:
433:O. rufipogon
431:
425:
419:
417:
390:
381:
371:
364:
357:
350:
338:
326:Please help
321:verification
318:
286:
275:
267:
263:
261:
251:) among the
241:
234:
223:African rice
222:
217:
216:
215:
206:Wild range.
182:
180:
164:
163:
151:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
18:African rice
3752:iNaturalist
3597:Wikispecies
3532:Yellow rice
3444:Rice dishes
3402:Broken rice
3397:Puffed rice
3361:Hybrid rice
3306:Wehani rice
3281:Sasanishiki
3231:Navara rice
3206:Koshihikari
3171:Golden rice
3166:Gobindobhog
3161:Dubraj rice
3151:Champa rice
2994:Bloomington
2681:: 218–234.
2564:: 199–221.
2199:Kew Gardens
1849:: 639–665.
1779:: 951–957.
1650:: 955–963.
885:ce for Afri
835:Broken rice
779:Meloidogyne
530:West Africa
478:Niger River
412:Niger River
296:potential.
253:Jola people
231:West Africa
121:Commelinids
95:Angiosperms
3927:Categories
3848:kew-426627
3843:Plant List
3541:Decoration
3467:Champorado
3434:White rice
3417:Black rice
3407:Brown rice
3376:Weedy rice
3296:Tulaipanji
3256:Ponni rice
3241:Patna rice
3216:Matta rice
3121:Bomba rice
3093:Asian rice
3063:Asian rice
2617:: 452–60.
2615:Cell Press
2451:2016-08-10
2337:2023-02-23
2286:7 February
2204:2016-08-10
2173:2016-08-10
2106:2016-08-09
2093:Rice Paper
2012:Black Rice
1951:2016-08-09
1665:2016-08-10
1511:2016-08-10
1495:database.
1453:2016-08-09
1424:Frank Cass
1078:References
1008:See also:
1000:(NERICA).
983:shattering
961:("coarse")
937:: "rough")
756:, such as
747:deep-water
709:Appearance
699:Ofada rice
664:white rice
643:brown rice
498:seedheads
496:O. barthii
456:irrigation
448:paleolakes
440:O. barthii
421:O. barthii
354:newspapers
276:glaberrima
274:combining
3726:GrassBase
3705:200025776
3692:200025776
3271:Riceberry
3211:Maratelli
3201:Joha rice
3146:Carnaroli
3126:Bora saul
3101:Ambemohar
3082:Varieties
2909:1064-3745
2844:0014-2336
2823:Euphytica
2770:1471-2229
2705:1939-8425
2663:O. sativa
2631:0167-7799
2580:2073-4395
2508:1091-6490
2441:"example"
2392:1997-342X
2260:257164894
2252:2352-6181
2154:. Second
2043:247120906
1879:140266038
1863:1543-5008
1714:0014-2336
1693:Euphytica
1684:O. sativa
1656:0011-3891
1359:1061-4036
1310:1064-3745
1236:1474-760X
1162:1091-6490
981:have low
972:TOG 12303
955:("rigid")
901:Cultivars
875:cultivars
791:Benyvirus
768:nematodes
741:Hardiness
703:O. sativa
693:Overall,
662:removed (
427:O. sativa
384:July 2021
255:, and is
236:O. sativa
159:Species:
65:Kingdom:
3887:25509789
3882:Tropicos
3783:11435418
3770:410061-1
3731:imp06789
3588:Q2670252
3582:Wikidata
3492:Lamprais
3412:Red rice
2966:(2010).
2917:16988345
2852:28577400
2796:13794259
2788:20064202
2754:: 1–11.
2713:35569020
2647:39342187
2639:20692061
2588:86648608
2553:Agronomy
2526:25368197
2292:despite
1871:31035826
1811:14266565
1803:17617555
1743:(2009).
1722:23798032
1546:Vanguard
1520:cite web
1426:: 1–27.
1377:25064006
1262:12325319
1254:26926526
1180:12461173
1071:fragrant
978:TOG 9300
849:Breeding
723:panicles
715:floating
514:Karabane
502:, while
137:Family:
108:Monocots
3973:Cereals
3718:2703464
3666:1115583
3648:Ecocrop
3522:Tahchin
3517:Risotto
3462:Biryani
3251:Pokkali
3191:Jasmati
3111:Basmati
3051:Species
2883:201–212
2779:2824796
2683:Bibcode
2517:4246335
2486:Bibcode
1911:24 June
1794:2759204
1493:PROTA4U
1440:3490844
1368:7036042
1245:4772531
1140:Bibcode
1053:called
1035:⁄
1025:⁄
996:called
959:rustica
947:evoluta
912:Jipalom
816:shatter
782:spp.),
727:ligules
543:Biafada
539:Landuma
500:shatter
368:scholar
300:History
272:hybrids
245:Awasena
147:Genus:
141:Poaceae
127:Order:
69:Plantae
3897:477418
3894:uBio:
3856:PLANTS
3835:709876
3809:177112
3796:506651
3757:507020
3627:434255
3611:APDB:
3502:Paella
3477:Gimbap
3472:Congee
3457:Asopao
2978:
2915:
2907:
2897:
2850:
2842:
2794:
2786:
2776:
2768:
2711:
2703:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2586:
2578:
2524:
2514:
2506:
2423:
2413:London
2390:
2328:
2258:
2250:
2130:8 June
2066:8 June
2041:
2031:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1809:
1801:
1791:
1720:
1712:
1686:&
1654:
1594:
1501:Steud"
1438:
1420:London
1375:
1365:
1357:
1308:
1298:
1260:
1252:
1242:
1234:
1220:: 37.
1178:
1171:138616
1168:
1160:
969:calls
953:rigida
931:aspera
873:nerica
865:Guinea
803:Striga
689:Traits
676:puffed
613:nerica
609:nerica
603:nerica
547:Bainik
545:, and
370:
363:
356:
349:
341:
287:sativa
268:et al.
264:et al.
190:Steud.
131:Poales
3933:Oryza
3861:ORGL2
3778:IRMNG
3744:26062
3679:ORYGL
3640:6SZFN
3614:52136
3548:Kolam
3507:Pilaf
3487:Kabsa
3482:Gumbo
3276:Samba
2848:S2CID
2816:L. ×
2792:S2CID
2709:S2CID
2677:(4).
2659:Oryza
2643:S2CID
2613:(9).
2601:(PDF)
2584:S2CID
2576:eISSN
2560:(3).
2470:Oryza
2256:S2CID
2232:(1).
2167:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
2089:(PDF)
2039:S2CID
1996:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1875:S2CID
1845:(1).
1833:Oryza
1807:S2CID
1775:(5).
1748:(PDF)
1741:GRAIN
1718:S2CID
1646:(6).
1447:(PDF)
1436:S2CID
1418:(1).
1406:(PDF)
1258:S2CID
1216:(1).
1067:dwarf
935:Latin
719:hulls
375:JSTOR
361:books
294:yield
290:'
279:'
152:Oryza
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
3948:Rice
3869:POWO
3822:4538
3817:NCBI
3804:IUCN
3791:ITIS
3765:IPNI
3739:GRIN
3713:GBIF
3674:EPPO
3653:8138
3622:BOLD
3512:Puto
3035:Rice
2976:ISBN
2913:PMID
2905:ISSN
2895:ISBN
2840:ISSN
2784:PMID
2766:ISSN
2701:ISSN
2670:Rice
2635:PMID
2627:ISSN
2562:MDPI
2522:PMID
2504:ISSN
2421:ISBN
2388:ISSN
2326:ISBN
2306:and
2288:2023
2248:ISSN
2132:2018
2068:2018
2029:ISBN
1913:2013
1867:PMID
1859:ISSN
1799:PMID
1710:ISSN
1652:ISSN
1592:ISBN
1526:link
1373:PMID
1355:ISSN
1306:ISSN
1296:ISBN
1250:PMID
1232:ISSN
1176:PMID
1158:ISSN
1059:and
1056:IR64
975:and
776:and
660:germ
658:and
656:Bran
619:Uses
555:dike
535:Jola
486:east
482:Mali
347:news
285:and
227:rice
3905:WFO
3700:FoC
3687:FNA
3661:EoL
3635:CoL
3176:IR8
2887:doi
2832:doi
2774:PMC
2756:doi
2691:doi
2619:doi
2566:doi
2512:PMC
2494:doi
2482:111
2378:doi
2318:doi
2238:doi
2021:doi
1851:doi
1789:PMC
1781:doi
1773:100
1702:doi
1698:154
1428:doi
1363:PMC
1345:doi
1288:doi
1240:PMC
1222:doi
1166:PMC
1148:doi
1065:(a
1047:of
794:),
788:(a
330:by
247:(a
3929::
3907::
3884::
3871::
3858::
3845::
3832::
3819::
3806::
3793::
3780::
3767::
3754::
3741::
3728::
3715::
3702::
3689::
3676::
3663::
3650::
3637::
3624::
3599::
3584::
2996::
2933:.
2911:.
2903:.
2893:.
2885:.
2877:.
2873:.
2846:.
2838:.
2828:94
2826:.
2790:.
2782:.
2772:.
2764:.
2750:.
2748:10
2746:.
2740:.
2734:×
2707:.
2699:.
2689:.
2673:.
2667:.
2665:)"
2641:.
2633:.
2625:.
2611:28
2609:.
2603:.
2582:.
2574:.
2556:.
2550:.
2520:.
2510:.
2502:.
2492:.
2480:.
2474:.
2419:.
2415::
2386:.
2372:.
2366:.
2346:^
2324:.
2277:.
2254:.
2246:.
2236:.
2228:.
2222:.
2182:^
2123:.
2091:.
2076:^
2059:.
2037:.
2027:.
2015:.
1987:.
1981:.
1960:^
1921:^
1899:.
1887:^
1873:.
1865:.
1857:.
1843:70
1841:.
1819:^
1805:.
1797:.
1787:.
1771:.
1765:.
1730:^
1716:.
1708:.
1696:.
1674:^
1658:.
1644:89
1642:.
1636:.
1606:^
1590:.
1586:.
1572:^
1543:.
1522:}}
1518:{{
1491:,
1462:^
1434:.
1422::
1416:25
1414:.
1408:.
1387:^
1371:.
1361:.
1353:.
1341:46
1339:.
1333:.
1304:.
1294:.
1282::
1274:.
1256:.
1248:.
1238:.
1230:.
1214:17
1212:.
1206:.
1188:^
1174:.
1164:.
1156:.
1146:.
1136:99
1134:.
1128:.
1086:^
1069:,
1027:12
887:ca
883:ri
881:w
879:ne
806:.
666:)
645:)
584:.
541:,
537:,
524:.
492:.
462:.
292:s
281:s
117::
104::
91::
78::
3027:e
3020:t
3013:v
3000:.
2984:.
2919:.
2889::
2854:.
2834::
2798:.
2758::
2715:.
2693::
2685::
2675:3
2649:.
2621::
2590:.
2568::
2558:2
2528:.
2496::
2488::
2454:.
2429:.
2394:.
2380::
2374:7
2340:.
2320::
2290:.
2262:.
2240::
2230:6
2207:.
2191:"
2176:.
2134:.
2109:.
2070:.
2045:.
2023::
1989:5
1954:.
1915:.
1881:.
1853::
1813:.
1783::
1750:.
1724:.
1704::
1668:.
1634:"
1626:"
1600:.
1549:.
1528:)
1514:.
1497:"
1456:.
1430::
1379:.
1347::
1312:.
1290::
1264:.
1224::
1182:.
1150::
1142::
1037:8
1033:3
1023:5
933:(
914:(
877:(
770:(
397:)
391:(
386:)
382:(
372:·
365:·
358:·
351:·
324:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
