Black studies - Knowledge

2328:, and the African-American academics who produced the publications used traditional disciplinary orthodoxies, from outside of African-American studies, to analyze and evaluate the boundaries, structure, and legitimacy of African-American studies. To the detriment of the field, an abundance of research on African American studies has been developed by academics who are not within the discipline of African American studies. Rather, the academics, and the scholarship they have produced about African American studies, has been characterized as bearing an "Aryan hegemonic worldview." It has been argued that due to a staffing shortage in the field of African American studies, academics in the field, who are trained in traditional fields, carry with them presumptions of the primacy of their field of training's viewpoints, which tends to result in the marginalization of the African phenomena that are the subjects of study and even the field of African American studies at-large. Consequently, matters of development of theory as well as the development of historical and African consciousness frequently go overlooked. As the focus of African American studies is the study of the 2097: 2189:

represented 1.02% of the university population. In 1968, the university instituted its Educational Opportunity Program (EOP), facilitated the increased minority student enrollment, and offered financial aid to minority students with high potential. By 1970, there were 1,400 EOP students. As the minority student population increased, tension between activists clubs and minorities rose because minorities wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was "backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter. "The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called "Black Studies" in April 1968. "We demand a program of 'Black Studies', a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie to us, or otherwise mis-educate us will be accepted."

1909:, Asante and Karenga note that "the naming of the discipline" remains "unsettled" (Asante & Karenga, 2006, p. 421). This remark came as a result of an extensive survey of existing Black Studies programs, which led to the editors identifying a multiplicity of names for the discipline: Africana Studies, African and African Diaspora Studies, African/Black World Studies, Pan-African Studies, Africology, African and New World Studies, African Studies–Major, Black World Studies, Latin American Studies, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Black and Hispanic Studies, Africana and Latin American Studies, African and African-American Studies, Black and Hispanic Studies, African American Studies, Afro-American Studies, African American Education Program, Afro-Ethnic Studies, American Ethnic Studies, American Studies–African-American Emphasis, Black Studies, Comparative American Cultures, Ethnic Studies Programs, Race and Ethnic Studies. 3243:

program. In many instances, black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and financial assistance to these students. Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The idea was that Black studies could not be "realistic" if it were taught by someone who was not accustomed to the black experience. On many campuses, directors of Black studies have little to no autonomy—they do not have the power to hire or grant tenure to faculty. On many campuses, an overall lack of respect for the discipline has caused instability for the students and for the program.

2216:, similarly, student activism led to the establishment of a Black studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the Autumn season of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses. Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented the administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black studies department and the Center for Black Studies. 38: 2366:

intended to shift Black studies away from having a "topical definition" of studying African peoples, which is shared with other disciplines, toward having a "perspectival definition" that is unique in how African peoples are studied – that is, the study of African peoples, through a centered perspective, which is rooted in and derives from the cultures and experiences of African peoples. By doing so, as Ama Mazama indicates, this should increase how relevant Black studies is and strengthen its disciplinary presence.

10700: 1669: 3197: 2592: 2903: 2823: 3952: 2157:. Police asked Weinberg to produce his ID to confirm that he was a student, but he refused to do so and was, therefore, arrested. In support of Weinberg, 3,000 students surrounded the police vehicle, and even used the car as a podium, from where they spoke about their right to engage in political protest on campus. This impromptu demonstration was the first of many protests, culminating in the institutionalization of Black studies. 2000: 3089: 3040: 4723:(1949) ... was considered not only the defining work of Gullah language and culture but also the beginning of a new field, Black studies. 'Until then it was pretty much thought that all of the African knowledge and everything had been erased by slavery. Turner showed that was not true,' Amos says. 'He was a pioneer. He was the first one to make the connections between African Americans and their African past. 2340:

the shortcomings of their training, as it relates to the field of African American studies that they are entering into. Furthermore, such academics, who would also recognize themselves as experts in the discipline of African American studies, would also attempt to assess the legitimacy of Africology – done so, through analysis based on critical rhetoric rather than based on pensive research.

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department to purchase materials and hire staff. Due to the budget allocated to Black studies being limited, some faculty are jointly appointed, therefore, causing faculty to leave their home disciplines to teach a discipline with which they may not be familiar. Budgetary issues make it difficult for Black studies programs and departments to function and to promote themselves.

2732:, Ecuador. With the promulgation of Article 84 of the 1998 Constitution of Ecuador, gave formal recognition was given to Afro-Ecuadorian Etnoeducación. Juan Garcia, who was one of the founders of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies, is a leading scholar in Afro-Ecuadorian studies and has contributed considerably to the development of the programs in Chota Valley and Quito. 2357:" as the name for the interdisciplinary field of Black studies, and defined it as "the Afrocentric study of African phenomena." Later, Winston Van Horne changed Asante's use of the term "Afrology" to "Africology." Asante then went on to use his earlier definition for "Afrology" as the definition for his newly adopted term, "Africology". Systematic Africology, which is a 2193:

for students to not want to learn, which eventually leads to dropping out. All students have their specialties, but teachers don't use that to help them in their learning community. Instead, they use a broad way of teaching just to get the information out. AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a Black studies department.

3022:, and tend to be ill-equipped at understanding Black males as victims. The past and present vulnerability of Black males, ranging from rape, to sexual abuse, to death, which tends to be overlooked and downplayed by rhetoric about hypermasculinity, underscores the need to develop new language, narratives, and theories for understanding Black males. 2267:

cultural issues of Africa and its descendants, while Black studies was designed to deal with the uplift and development of the black (African-American) community in relationship to education and its "relevance" to the black community. The adaptation of the term, "Africana studies", appears to have derived from the encyclopedic work of

2960:. The Temple Circle, also known as the Temple School of Thought, Temple Circle of Afrocentricity, or Temple School of Afrocentricity, was an early group of Africologists during the late 1980s and early 1990s that helped to further develop Afrocentricity, which is based on concepts of agency, centeredness, location, and orientation. 3060:, to analyze how Africana people (and phenomena) exist in a dual racialized (black-white) world and subsequently develop a dual consciousness. Rather than succumb to various forms of external pressure (e.g., assimilation, harassment, prejudice, racism, sexism, surveillance), Africana people discover how to steer through them. 4546:– focuses on publishing critical work that examines the newly developing field of contemporary African and African Diaspora art within the modernist and postmodernist experience, thereby contributing to the intellectual dialogue on world art and the discourse on internationalism and multiculturalism in the arts. 2188:

Educational conferences, like that of the SDS, forced the university to take some measures to correct the most obvious racial issue on campus—the sparse black student population. In 1966, the school held its first official racial and ethnic survey, in which it was discovered that the "American Negro"

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Racism, perpetrated by many administrators, is alleged to hinder the institutionalization of Black studies at major universities. As with the case of UC Berkeley, most of the Black studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the

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to analyze and evaluate African phenomena. In an effort to shift Black studies away from its interdisciplinary status toward disciplinary status, Asante recommended that Afrocentricity should be the meta-paradigm for Black studies and that the new name for Black studies should be Africology; this is

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has also recognized the problem of academics, who have been trained in fields such as education, economics, history, philosophy, political science, psychology, and sociology – fields outside of African American studies – and are committed to their disciplinary training, yet are not able to recognize

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What appears to drive these distinctive names is a combination of factors: the composite expertise of their faculty, their faculty's areas of specialization, and the worldviews of the faculty that make up each unit. By worldview, I am referring to the question of whether the constituent faculty in a

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were not systematized, and, from the 1960s to the 1980s, publications continued to group Afro-Chileans with other groups. Since the 2000s, there has been increasing systematization and a more formal development of Afro-Chilean studies, along with a greater focus on Afro-Chileans and the recovery of

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AASU members asserted: "The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history." Everyone learns differently and teaching only one way is a cause

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Linda Meyers developed the research method, known as the Optimal Worldview of Psychology, which utilizes investigates the African mind through a cultural framework (e.g., surface-level structure of culture, deep structure of culture); its sub-optimal viewpoint highlights the demerits of an African

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James Turner developed the research method and social scientific framework, known as Four Basic Tasks of the Black Studies Scholar, which investigates the problems that affect the experiences of Africana peoples and addresses four related criteria (e.g., defend, disseminate, generate, preserve new

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to coordinate the first Black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-month strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in Black studies

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One of the major setbacks with Black studies programs or departments is that there is a lack of financial resources available to students and faculty. Many universities and colleges around the United States provided Black studies programs with small budgets and, therefore, it is difficult for the

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Thus, Africana studies reflected the mellowing and institutionalization of the Black studies movement in the course of its integration into the mainstream academic curriculum. Black studies and Africana studies differ primarily in that Africana studies focuses on Africanity and the historical and

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initiated the development of the Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies in the late 1970s, which served as a means of organizing academic questions relating to Afro-Ecuadorian identity and history. Though it dissolved in the early 1980s, by the 1990s, organizations that followed in the example of the

2197:, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the "A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies" and AASU used Hare's framework to create a set of criteria. A Black studies program was implemented by the UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, 3213:

drew from anthropology, archaeology, history, and sociology to develop a research method and cultural metric, known as Two Cradle Theory, to assess the differences between African and European cultures – between what are characterized and viewed as the southern cradle and the northern cradle.

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Unlike the other stages, Black studies grew out of mass rebellions of black college students and faculty in search of a scholarship of change. The fourth stage, the new name "Africana studies" involved a theoretical elaboration of the discipline of Black studies according to African cultural

2169:(SDS), a well-connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled "Black Power and its Challenges." Black leaders, who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements, spoke to a predominantly white audience about their respective goals and challenges. These leaders included 2110:

A specific aim and objective of this interdisciplinary field of study is to help students broaden their knowledge of the worldwide human experience by presenting an aspect of that experience—the Black Experience—which has traditionally been neglected or distorted by educational institutions.

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Scholars, such as Rogerio Velásquez, Aquiles Escalante, José Rafael Arboleda, and Thomas Price, were forerunners in the development of Afro-Colombian studies in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s, as social science programs became incorporated into university institutions, contributions from

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While the presence of Afro-Peruvian studies may not be strong in Peru, the body of scholarship is undergoing growth. There have been efforts to organize the elements of Afro-Peruvian studies in Peru, such as by LUNDU, which organized an international conference for Afro-Peruvian studies in

2134:." During this time period, the nation experienced great social unrest, as citizens challenged the social order in radical ways. Many movements took place in the United States during this time period, including women's rights movement, labor rights movement, and the civil rights movement. 3230:; the methodological framework draws from philosophy, sociology, and conceptual history, with the understanding that culture is utilized to analyze and assess Pan-Africanist phenomena from around the world, and is utilized to analyze social responsibility and the work of the collective. 2418:

pioneered the emerging field of Afro-Cuban studies. On January 16, 1937, the Society for Afro-Cuban Studies was established. Afro-Cuban Studies (Estudios Afrocubanos) is the academic journal for the Society for Afro-Cuban Studies (SEAC/Sociedad de Estudios Afrocubanos). In 1939,

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Two months later, students at UC Berkeley organized a sit-in at the Sproul Hall Administration building to protest an unfair rule that prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs. Police arrested 800 students. Students formed a

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James B. Stewart developed the research method and methodological framework, known as Blues Culture, which examines the traits (e.g., versatility, vibration) of Africana culture utilizing various means from an assortment of disciplines (e.g., economics, history, sociology).

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in college football, it renewed debates about race on college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement, and nationwide student activism, in 1969, black and white students, led by the Student African American Society (SAS), at

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Winston Van Horn developed a research method and methodological framework (composed of three steps), known as Social Legitimacy, which analyzes the experiences of Africana peoples and Africana phenomena in their political and sociological contexts.

3835: 3179:, which recognizes the personhood (e.g., subject, agency) and experiences of the Africana individual. Through this methodological recognition, information that may not have been captured in prior publications is able to be optimally acquired. 1845:

Programs and departments of Black studies in the United States were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for Black studies at

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publications on Black males as well as centers and contends with the problem of anti-Black misandry ("disdain for Black men and boys"). Past and present gender studies publications tend to carry assumptions of Black men and boys being

3113:. Seven factors (e.g., creative production, ethos, history, religion, economic organization, political organization, social organization) are utilized to examine the Africana experience, which is set within a Pan-Africanist context. 6955: 1604: 1491: 3143:, as a psychological framework; with the framework, he analyzes Africana culture and the behavioral dimensions of its psycho-adaptive traits as well as analyzes a timeline of Black culture (which is composed of five steps). 4441:– coverage includes any aspect of Africa, its peoples, their homes, cities, towns, districts, states, countries, regions, including social, economic sustainable development, creative literature, the arts, and the Diaspora. 4445: 1928:

a globalistic vision of the black studies—that is, a viewpoint that thinks in terms of an African world—a world encompassing African-origin communities that are scattered across the globe and the continent of Africa

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program for Afro-Colombian students and African-American students existing between the Afro-Colombian studies program at the Pontifical Xavierian University in Colombia and African-American studies programs at

5893: 3128:, which analyzes and assesses the history and culture of Africana people, and notates their notable loss of such is due to Africana people being decentered from their own historic and cultural contexts. 10072: 10067: 4454: 2307: 2111:

Additionally, this course of study strives to introduce an Afro-centric perspective, including phenomena related to the culture. According to Robert Harris Jr, an emeritus professor of history at the

1822: 7819: 10079: 2888:. Rather than the importance of the individual (e.g., needs, wants) being considered greater than the family unit, the importance of the family unit is regarded as greater than the individual. 2781:. Additionally, there has been some scholarship in Afro-Peruvian studies developed in the United States and a panel on Afro-Peruvian studies at a conference hosted on December 11, 2019, by the 1476: 2263:

reclamation and disparate tenets in the historical and cultural issues of Africanity within a professorial interpretation of the interactions between these fields and college administrations.

9820: 3344: 2679:, the Afro-Colombian Studies Group developed and established a training program in Afro-Colombian studies for primary and secondary school teachers. In February 2002, a continuing education 1408: 2279:, who was recruited from graduate school at Northwestern on the heels of the student rebellions of 1969, first used the term to describe a global approach to Black studies and name the " 1925:

a diasporic vision of black studies that is inclusive of the affairs of all of African descendants in the New World—that is, the Americas: North America, South America and the Caribbean

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Following the rise and decline of Black British Cultural Studies between the early 1980s and late 1990s, Black studies in the United States reinvigorated Black Critical Thought in the

2119:, there have been four stages in the development of Africana studies: from the 1890s until the Second World War, numerous organizations developed to analyze the culture and history of 10084: 4510: 1471: 7275: 6530: 2255:

and demanded for Black studies to be taught at Syracuse. It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979. In 1979, the program became the

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a domestic vision of black studies that sees it as focusing exclusively on the affairs of only United States African Americans who descended from the generation of enslaved Africans

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Andrews, Kehinde (September 1, 2018). "The Black Studies Movement in Britain: Becoming an Institution, Not Institutionalised". In Arday, Jason; Mirza, Heidi Safia (eds.).

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of his scholarship on Kilombismo at the 2nd Congress of Black Culture in the Americas. His scholarship on Kilombismo detailed how the economic and political affairs of

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and white women. Consequently, past and present gender studies publications tend to contain paradigms, theories, and narratives that are grounded in anti-Black

2656: 10605: 10600: 10149: 8881: 8738: 326: 6647:. Sector Management Unit for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development of the World Bank's Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office. p. 23. 10412: 10284: 8869: 2539: 1358: 1348: 167: 2625:, Nascimento developed the Afro-Brazilian Studies and Research Institute (IPEAFRO). A course for professors was provided by IPEAFRO between 1985 and 1995. 2165:

movement" and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that "freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is." The

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and Africa, including the problems of the African diaspora and Africa, Conyers claims that this makes the theory of Afrocentricity increasingly relevant.

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knowledge) utilizing various means of examination from an assortment of disciplines (e.g., conceptual history, economics, political science, sociology).

1418: 1413: 6734: 8979: 8095: 2021: 2014: 5715: 2809:, by Alejandro Correa. In 2006, Afro-Epistemology and African Culture were formally developed as the initial courses for students in this curriculum. 9568: 8703: 6067:"On Derelict and Method The Methodological Crisis of African-American Philosophy's Study of African-Descended Peoples under an Integrationist Milieu" 2570:

In March 1980, along with the Panamanian government, the Afro-Panamanian Studies Center hosted the Second Congress on Black Culture in the Americas.

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Rojas, Axel (2008). "¿Etnoeducación o educación intercultural? Estudio de caso sobre la licenciatura en Etnoeducación de la Universidad del Cauca".

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Since 1996, the amount of scholarship of Afro-Uruguayan studies has increased as a result of increased global focus on Afro-Latin American studies.

2659:, in 1991, Law 70 in 1993, and Decree 804 by the Ministry of Education in 1995, the elements for Afro-Colombian studies began to come together, and 2483: 10062: 7567:"Countering Educational Disparities Among Black Boys and Black Adolescent Boys from Pre-K to High School: A Life Course-Intersectional Perspective" 6701: 2844:, who initiated the development of the Black Studies Association in the United Kingdom as well as the development of a course in Black studies at 10610: 9850: 4750:

Turner published 'Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect,' a book that would help pave the way for the field of African-American studies in the 1960s.

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developed the research method of Interpretative Analysis, which utilizes a structural or cultural system to gather, analyze, and interpret data.

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is predominant, there has been an ongoing challenge in Afro-Dominican studies to find linguistic evidence of a remnant Afro-Dominican language.

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by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures.

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developed the research method known as the Paradigm of Unity, which has a considerable focus on relationships between social classes, via

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Center of Afro-Ecuadorian Studies ushered in the development of the Afro-Ecuadorian Etnoeducación program at the National High School, in

10422: 10194: 7179:"What is this 'Black' in Black Studies?: From Black British Cultural Studies to Black Critical Thought in U.K. Arts and Higher Education" 7043: 4412: 3718: 1383: 1363: 7088:"Afro-Peruvian Representations in and around Cusco: a Discussion about the Existence or Non-existence of an Afro-Andean Culture in Peru" 7087: 6470: 2801:

The curriculum for Afro-Venezuelan studies was developed at Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento Argelia Laya (UPTBAL), in

10642: 9586: 9581: 7147: 3728: 2390:, Allister Hinds, Rupert Lewis, Bernard Marshall, James Millette, and Alvin Thompson, added to the development of Black studies at the 649: 110: 10301: 9805: 8914: 7631:"Remembering Tamir Rice and Other Black Boy Victims: Imagining Black PlayCrit Literacies Inside and Outside Urban Literacy Education" 6843:"Elegguá y respeto por los afrocolombianos: una experiencia con docentes de Bogotá en torno a la Cátedra de Estudios Afrocolombianos" 3723: 2523:

created a law to establish a Committee for Afro-Costa Rican Studies, as one, among other laws, to increase the level of inclusion of

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mind that has an assimilated mentality and its optimal viewpoint corresponds with an African mind that has an Africana mentality.

10615: 10575: 10417: 10321: 10250: 9855: 8196: 7763: 3668: 3403: 2213: 1599: 1343: 1338: 1323: 2660: 2293:, subtitled "An International Journal of Africana Studies", was published by the Department for African American Studies at the 10674: 10669: 10637: 10407: 10311: 10274: 10221: 10055: 7310: 6561: 5122:"We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting for: Pan-African Consciousness Raising and Organizing in the United States and Venezuela" 3398: 1318: 1303: 1210: 10632: 10590: 10402: 8950: 8816: 8811: 8696: 8069: 6892: 6591: 6369: 6115: 4694: 3929: 3658: 1270: 347: 336: 198: 152: 147: 120: 7023: 2721: 2064: 10580: 10565: 10429: 10338: 10333: 10267: 8728: 7072: 6616: 5538:"The Status of Black Studies at Public Institutions After the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Academic Scandal" 5148:"Building intellectual bridges: from African studies and African American studies to Africana studies in the United States" 4464: 3914: 3693: 1373: 1333: 1275: 1230: 90: 2036: 10555: 10392: 10362: 10144: 9723: 8935: 4472: 3663: 1260: 1240: 1085: 654: 500: 7358:"Benefits of Afrocentricity in Exploring Social Phenomena: Understanding Afrocentricity as a Social Science Methodology" 10545: 10439: 10355: 10199: 9980: 9780: 8931: 8909: 8189: 3904: 3803: 3643: 2336: 2312: 2138: 1388: 1368: 922: 787: 219: 8176:

White Money/Black Power: The Surprising History of African American Studies and the Crisis of Race in Higher Education

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Afrocentricity is an academic theory and approach to scholarship that seeks to center the experiences and peoples of

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within their own historical, cultural, and sociological contexts. First developed as a systematized methodology by

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analysis, and utilizes gender as a determining factor as well as utilizes an undefined notion of Afrocentricity.

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added considerably to the development of Black studies. Scholars, such as Fitzroy Baptiste, Richard Goodridge,

2209:. Many Black studies programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years. 2050: 1847: 1589: 1265: 1215: 6908: 6349: 10434: 10367: 10350: 10296: 10245: 10184: 10089: 10050: 9990: 9790: 9179: 9159: 8966: 8945: 4322: 3924: 3894: 3773: 3548: 3310: 2762: 2391: 1280: 1250: 1235: 1220: 1195: 1175: 797: 431: 298: 8099: 7443:"Founding the First PhD in Black Studies: A Sankofa Remembrance and Critical Assessment of Its Significance" 5277:"Founding the First PhD in Black Studies: A Sankofa Remembrance and Critical Assessment of Its Significance" 5080: 3088: 10257: 10233: 10228: 10211: 10179: 10122: 9235: 9184: 9017: 8635: 7148:"Computational Methods for Percussion Music Analysis: The Afro-Uruguayan Candombe Drumming as a Case Study" 3763: 3598: 3583: 2869:

framework, known as African Self-Consciousness, which analyzes the states and changes of the African mind.

1967: 1308: 1200: 1185: 1170: 1137: 436: 115: 6218: 6159: 5448: 2672: 2032: 10522: 10514: 10457: 10372: 9860: 9765: 9621: 9603: 9505: 9164: 9134: 8859: 8779: 8758: 8125: 7875: 7791: 7749: 4684: 4587: 3808: 3518: 3458: 3453: 3418: 2728:, and a master's degree program in Afro-Andean Studies at the Simón Bolívar Andean University (UASB), in 2439:, which is considered to be a foundational academic work in Afro-Dominican studies. Even in areas of the 2150: 1531: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1255: 727: 518: 488: 426: 375: 303: 193: 6104:

Gordon, Lewis R. (November 17, 2015). "African American Philosophy, Race, and the Geography of Reason".

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The Black Campus Movement: Black Students and the Racial Reconstitution of Higher Education, 1965–1972

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primarily focuses on the study of Black men and boys. Its research focus includes the study of Black

2495: 2127:. In the third stage, a bevy of newly conceived academic programs were established as Black studies. 1501: 1245: 1205: 494: 7716: 5498: 4959:"Black Canadian Studies as the Cutting Edge of Change: Revisioning Pushkin, Rethinking Pushkinology" 2848:, continues to advocate for the advancement of the presence of Black studies in the United Kingdom. 2639: 2500:

Arrancando Mitos De Raiz: Guia Para La Ensenanza Antirracista De La Herencia Africana En Puerto Rico

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in 1980, he drew inspiration from a number of African and African diaspora intellectuals including

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Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African-American history began in the late 19th century (

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identifies the Africological movement as a subsequent academic movement. Asante authored the book

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Alkalimat, Abdul. "Toward A Paradigm of Unity in Black Studies", in Nathaniel Norment, Jr. (ed.),

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Dawkins, Marvin P.; Braddock II, Jomills Henry; Theune, Felecia; Gilbert, Shelby (29 July 2021).

4912: 4808: 4382: 3966: 3884: 3818: 3783: 3758: 3543: 2010: 1955: 1594: 1536: 999: 959: 682: 581: 459: 273: 8161:

Higher Education for All: Racial Inequality, Cold War Liberalism, and the California Master Plan

8021: 7442: 6700:

Saunders, Tanya L.; Ipólito, Jessica; Rodrigues, Mariana Meriqui; Souza, Simone Brandão (2020).

5315: 5276: 5235: 4958: 2651:

anthropologists and social scientists added to its emergence. Following the promulgation of the

1741:

that primarily focuses on the study of the history, culture, and politics of the peoples of the

10755: 10735: 10387: 10117: 9355: 9149: 9139: 9077: 8887: 8826: 8484: 8469: 8242: 6989: 6735:"From denial to diversification: the intramural and extramural aspects of Afro-Chilean studies" 6020: 5537: 4739: 4535: 3778: 3738: 3703: 3698: 3633: 2770: 293: 283: 263: 7516: 4655: 2663:

was able to begin being addressed, with the development of national educational content about

10462: 9975: 9840: 9795: 9611: 9330: 9295: 9114: 9097: 8904: 8821: 7073:"Living within the Collapsed Myth of Multiculturalism: Afro-descendent Women during Covid-19" 7024:"A Collaborative Bioarchaeology Of African Diaspora And Enslavement In Colonial Cañete, Peru" 6925:

Martínez, Axelalejandro Rojas (2004). "Introducción: Sobre Las Formas Sociales De Recordar".

6884:

Diversidad Cultural e Interculturalidad en Educación Superior. Experiencias en América Latina

6660:"¿Una esclavitud benigna? La historiografía sobre la naturaleza de la esclavitud rioplatense" 5147: 4439: 4357: 4212: 4162: 3889: 3708: 3678: 3673: 3638: 3628: 3533: 3523: 3508: 3498: 3473: 2806: 2761:

on November 13, 2009. During this LUNDU-organized conference, Luis Rocca, who co-founded the

2349: 2142: 917: 907: 839: 802: 586: 576: 476: 157: 7630: 7481: 7394: 7228: 6270: 5582: 5401: 5354: 5316:"Temple University's African American Studies PhD Program @ 30: Assessing the Asante Affect" 5188: 5015:"Academic Studies On People Of African Descent In The Americas: Debate Between The Americas" 2688: 2546:, which is considered to be one of the foundational literatures of Afro-Guatemalan studies. 2478:, were also influential in the publishing of the foundational Afro-Haitian studies journal, 10704: 10112: 9875: 9686: 9638: 9510: 9400: 9305: 9072: 9062: 9034: 8899: 8753: 8534: 5629: 4711: 4592: 4232: 4157: 4147: 4105: 3743: 3683: 3623: 3558: 3283: 3278: 3136: 3057: 2354: 2154: 2057: 1959: 1673: 1125: 370: 162: 95: 37: 2617:

contributed to how they socially organized themselves. Afterward, Nascimento went back to

8: 10487: 9845: 9760: 9240: 9029: 8919: 8849: 8499: 8339: 5081:"Afro-Ecuadorian Educational Movement: Racial Oppression, Its Origins and Oral Tradition" 4573: 4242: 4207: 4063: 4053: 3859: 3813: 3423: 3383: 3368: 3332: 2877: 2684: 2318: 2248: 2239: 2206: 1835: 1541: 1019: 981: 398: 229: 10492: 6316: 5994: 3175:

Michael Frisch developed the research method, known as Shared Authority, to investigate

1024: 10560: 10497: 10240: 9698: 9465: 9445: 9350: 9275: 9102: 9007: 8997: 8985: 8876: 8773: 8748: 8670: 8474: 8454: 8394: 8354: 8299: 8289: 7697: 7650: 7604: 7591: 7566: 7544: 7536: 7497: 7462: 7420: 7372: 7357: 7338: 7330: 7291: 7256: 7248: 7206: 7132: 7114: 7004: 6860: 6818: 6764: 6682: 6620: 6597: 6531:"Scripts of Blackness: Race, Cultural Nationalism, and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico" 6511: 6488: 6451: 6443: 6409: 6375: 6330: 6290: 6248: 6190: 6182: 6121: 6086: 6047: 5976: 5925: 5795: 5744: 5693: 5644: 5610: 5602: 5557: 5518: 5479: 5471: 5429: 5421: 5382: 5374: 5335: 5296: 5257: 5216: 5208: 5169: 5128: 5095: 4986: 4978: 4932: 4882: 4832: 4786: 4744: 4430: 4257: 4202: 4192: 4137: 4041: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3573: 3493: 3468: 2974: 2969: 2933: 2925: 2906: 2696: 2440: 2344: 2284: 2170: 2116: 1918:

given setting manifests any or a combination of the following visions of our project:

1839: 1781:

literature, history, politics, and religion as well as those from disciplines, such as

1774: 912: 697: 464: 441: 130: 7044:"1st International Meeting: Studies of the African Diaspora in Peru and Latin America" 2562:; consequently, Afro-Honduran studies has remained limited in its formal development. 10007: 9728: 9390: 9360: 8955: 8712: 8660: 8589: 8489: 8414: 8374: 8274: 8131: 8098:. African and African Diaspora Studies, University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 7724: 7701: 7654: 7608: 7596: 7548: 7487: 7466: 7424: 7410: 7342: 7295: 7281: 7260: 7210: 7198: 7154: 7106: 7008: 6932: 6928:

Si No Fuera Por Los Quince Negros Memoria Colectiva De La Gente Negra De Tierradentro

6888: 6864: 6822: 6810: 6768: 6756: 6712: 6686: 6674: 6624: 6601: 6587: 6542: 6515: 6478: 6455: 6413: 6379: 6365: 6334: 6294: 6252: 6238: 6194: 6125: 6111: 6090: 6051: 5929: 5799: 5748: 5734: 5697: 5685: 5648: 5614: 5561: 5522: 5483: 5433: 5386: 5339: 5300: 5261: 5220: 5173: 5132: 5099: 4990: 4936: 4886: 4872: 4836: 4822: 4790: 4690: 4663: 4422: 4362: 4332: 4292: 4267: 4036: 3899: 3618: 3608: 3593: 3563: 3438: 3428: 3246:

In the past thirty years, there has been a steady decline of Black studies scholars.

3121: 3077: 2885: 2606: 2595: 2524: 2463: 2272: 2224: 2162: 2131: 2100: 1827: 717: 558: 65: 7501: 7376: 7118: 6492: 5993:. S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University. Archived from 4031: 2769:. A university student group focused on Afro-Peruvian studies was also created near 1097: 10163: 10134: 10129: 10027: 9995: 9968: 9693: 9310: 9280: 9270: 9265: 8832: 8650: 8630: 8599: 8539: 8504: 8479: 8444: 8409: 8399: 8379: 8349: 8309: 8269: 8237: 8213: 7642: 7586: 7578: 7528: 7454: 7402: 7322: 7240: 7190: 7098: 6850: 6800: 6746: 6357: 6322: 6282: 6230: 6174: 6078: 5726: 5675: 5594: 5549: 5510: 5463: 5413: 5366: 5327: 5288: 5247: 5200: 5159: 4970: 4924: 4864: 4814: 4778: 4367: 4337: 4317: 4187: 4167: 3854: 3613: 3513: 3483: 3463: 3433: 3408: 3388: 3273: 3210: 3200: 3043: 3019: 2957: 2929: 2921: 2866: 2716: 2361:

in the field of Black studies that was developed by Asante, utilizes the theory of

2329: 2268: 2124: 1831: 1817: 1810: 1790: 1750: 1742: 1092: 949: 777: 712: 692: 601: 46: 8073: 5514: 4397:

Africana Online: Journal of the Africana Center for Cultural Literacy and Research

10158: 9985: 9895: 9890: 9821:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

9671: 9626: 9480: 9470: 9450: 9435: 9335: 9210: 9200: 8839: 8549: 8544: 8529: 8519: 8509: 8439: 8429: 8364: 8324: 8264: 8227: 6394: 6105: 6036:"The Black Studies Tradition and the Mappings of Our Common Intellectual Project" 4857:

Teelucksingh, Jerome (September 29, 2017). "Academic Revolution: Black Studies".

4818: 4557: 4302: 4277: 4262: 4237: 4222: 4182: 4177: 4152: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4100: 4058: 3934: 3823: 3503: 3448: 3373: 3293: 3160: 3102: 3092: 3053: 2945: 2862: 2841: 2826: 2664: 2467: 2444: 2358: 2325: 2276: 2220: 2198: 2120: 1806: 1120: 927: 677: 596: 31: 7688:

Phillips, M. (June 22, 2010). "Black Studies: Challenges and Critical Debates".

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The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene

2494:

As of 2019, Afro-Puerto Rican studies is not offered as a degree program by the

10595: 10000: 9963: 9953: 9713: 9708: 9650: 9485: 9415: 9345: 9340: 8844: 8768: 8640: 8604: 8579: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8524: 8514: 8459: 8449: 8389: 8314: 8304: 8294: 8252: 7582: 7102: 5553: 4735: 4660:

Africana Methodology: A Social Study of Research, Triangulation and Meta-theory

4460:– designed to interrogate and analyze the lived experiences of Africana people. 4347: 4342: 4312: 4272: 3793: 3568: 3488: 3378: 3250:

Universities and colleges with Black studies departments, programs, and courses

3196: 3002: 2897: 2837: 2830: 2766: 2683:

program in Afro-Colombian studies was developed and began to be offered at the

2555: 2383: 2362: 2243: 1866: 1758: 1738: 1579: 1004: 974: 732: 722: 553: 7532: 7194: 6318:

Displacing Magic: Afro-Cuban Studies and the Production of Santería, 1933–1956

6234: 4928: 4767:"Blackness, Empire and migration: How Black Studies transforms the curriculum" 2324:

In 1988 and 1990, publications on African-American studies were funded by the

1962:

for the purpose of advancing the development and presence of Black studies in

1954:

In 1991, the national chair for Black Canadian Studies, which was named after

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Wint, Keisha M.; Opara, Ijeoma; Gordon, Rahjaun; Brooms, Derrick R. (2021).

6361: 6219:"The Pursuit of Africology: On the Creation and Sustaining of Black Studies" 9865: 9633: 9558: 9530: 9515: 9500: 9455: 9430: 9410: 9320: 9290: 9285: 9255: 9205: 9057: 8743: 8625: 8620: 8464: 8384: 8259: 7600: 6578:

Bryant, Sherwin K.; Vinson III, Ben; O'Toole, Rachel Sarah (Feb 15, 2012).

6107:

Not Only the Master's Tools African American Studies in Theory and Practice

5355:"Names and Notions of Black Studies: Issues of Roots, Range, and Relevance" 5164: 4519: 4197: 4073: 2941: 2937: 2700: 2153:(CORE) was distributing literature encouraging students to protest against 1901:

The academic discipline is known by various names. Mazama (2009) expounds:

1786: 1132: 944: 672: 535: 8047: 7406: 6855: 6805: 6751: 5730: 5680: 4484: 1865:

Black studies departments, programs, and courses were also created in the

1823:

The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America

9885: 9870: 9718: 9681: 9520: 9475: 9460: 9225: 9220: 9067: 8284: 5957: 4352: 4307: 4297: 4282: 4227: 4115: 4110: 4068: 4019: 3140: 3011: 2982: 2881: 2621:

and began institutionalization of Africana studies in 1981. While at the

2387: 2235: 2228: 2194: 2178: 1854: 1851: 1762: 1298: 954: 807: 687: 471: 7540: 7334: 7252: 6447: 5960:. Department of Black Studies, University of California – Santa Barbara. 5606: 5425: 5378: 5212: 4982: 2633:

From the 1920s to the 1950s, publications that included the presence of

9420: 9405: 9375: 9370: 9119: 9087: 8926: 8894: 8369: 8359: 8232: 7133:"The ALARI First Continental Conference on Afro-Latin American Studies" 6395:"A New Perspective on Afro-Dominican Spanish: the Haitian Contribution" 6326: 6186: 5922:

An End to Silence: The San Francisco State Student Movement in the '60s

5475: 4782: 4287: 4252: 4083: 3223: 3106: 2990: 2591: 2528: 1826:, 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were 1802: 1794: 1770: 403: 142: 9756:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

7975: 7925: 7805: 5664:"Afro-Mexican studies: a historiographical and anthropological review" 2583:

Since the 1980s, Afro-Argentine studies has undergone renewed growth.

10034: 9880: 9385: 9169: 9107: 9002: 8655: 8645: 8584: 8419: 8344: 4247: 2994: 2949: 2902: 2822: 2802: 2375: 2302: 1890: 1870: 1798: 1782: 1628: 969: 702: 481: 308: 27:

Academic field focusing on peoples of the African diaspora and Africa

8681: 7911: 7483:

Afrocentricity and Africology: Theory and Practice in the Discipline

6882: 5716:"The Intellectual and Institutional Development of Africana Studies" 3951: 3842: 2470:, as founders of the Bureau of Ethnology and leading figures in the 2343:

Following the Black studies movement and Africana studies movement,

1999: 1970:

was studied by the Black Canadian Studies chairman, John Barnstead.

10507: 10502: 10012: 8554: 8424: 8404: 8334: 6066: 6035: 5898: 3015: 2998: 2559: 2482:. One of the most influential academics in Afro-Haitian studies is 2403: 2395: 2145:, and by 1964, they were thrust into activism. On October 1, 1964, 1882: 1014: 939: 932: 9771:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

7961: 6641:

Race and Poverty: Interagency Consultation on Afro-Latin Americans

5761:

DeMuth, Jerry; "Fannie Lou Hamer: Tired of Being Sick and Tired",

4544: 4514: 3124:

developed the research method of and conceptual framework for the

3039: 2880:

developed a research method, which analyzes from the viewpoint of

9124: 8153:

Philosophy of African American Studies: Nothing Left of Blackness

6354:

Tracing Dominican Identity: The Writings of Pedro Henríquez Ureña

4913:"The Ram's Horns: Reflections on the Legacy of Abdias Nascimento" 4565:

Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society

4449: 3204: 3176: 3164: 3056:

developed the research method and conceptual framework, known as

2986: 2978: 2725: 2680: 2471: 2399: 2321:

is a part of and developed within the field of Africana studies.

2311:(ISSN 1056-8689) has been appearing since 1992, published by the 1886: 1102: 408: 6321:(Thesis). University of North Carolina. pp. v, 6, 93, 182. 3063: 9958: 7990:"Department of African, African American, and Diaspora Studies" 6733:

Marfull, Montserrat Arre; Vergara, Paulina Barrenechea (2017).

6617:"The Construction of Blackness in Honduran Cultural Production" 6350:"Pedro Henríquez Ureña and the Whitening of Dominican Identity" 5535: 4550: 4391: 2917: 2765:, and is also a historian, presented on his research regarding 2668: 2618: 2610: 2599: 1963: 1878: 1874: 1859: 1778: 1746: 1009: 42: 6475:

Haitians and African Americans: A Heritage of Tragedy and Hope

5944:"African & African American Studies – Stanford University" 5721:. In Jacqueline Bobo; Cynthia Hudley; Claudine Michel (eds.). 3836:

Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento Argelia Laya

2149:, a former graduate student, was sitting at a table where the 9770: 8003: 7847: 6699: 6429:"Constructing Africa: Authenticity and Gine in Haitian Vodou" 4406: 2729: 2475: 782: 7947: 7393:

Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama; Cérol, Marie-José (2005).

5402:"Black Studies in the 21st Century: Longevity Has Its Place" 2558:

have largely been excluded from academic publications about

2554:

Due to a history of scarce resources and anti-black racism,

2259:, offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences. 9815: 7861: 7517:"Racial Economies of Academia: Africana Studies as Arbiter" 6577: 2778: 2774: 2758: 812: 7889: 6793:"Afro-Colombian studies: balance of a heterogeneous field" 5849:"Racial, ethnic minorities 7.02 percent of Cal Students". 8020:. University of North Carolina Greensboro. Archived from 7833: 5662:

Diaz Casas, Maria Camila; Velazquez, Maria Elisa (2017).

5499:"Africology, Afrocentricity, and What Remains to Be Done" 4568: 4416: 2783:

Hutchins Center for African and African American Research

2219:

Similar activism was happening outside of California. At

7671:, Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2001. 6990:"Afro-Paraguayan Spanish: The Negation of Non-Existence" 7989: 7878:. Oberlin College & Conservatory. October 24, 2016. 7277:

An Afrocentric Manifesto: Toward an African Renaissance

7058:"1st International Meeting of African Diaspora Studies" 6160:"The Evolution Of Africology: An Afrocentric Appraisal" 5972:"Robert A. Dahl Dies at 98; Defined Politics and Power" 5449:"The Evolution Of Africology: An Afrocentric Appraisal" 4813:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 271–287. 3941: 2423:'s academic work appeared in a volume of this journal. 2297:

in a single issue in 1977 (an unrelated journal called

6271:"Africology and the Question of Disciplinary Language" 4860:

Civil Rights in America and the Caribbean, 1950s–2010s

1986:

made way for the development of Afro-Mexican studies.

8096:"Graduate Admissions for Master's and Ph.D. Programs" 8018:"African American Studies – Majors – UNCG Admissions" 7792:"Introduction of a BA Minor/General in Black Studies" 7564: 5875: 5873: 3018:, along with a theoretically constructed language of 2301:

is published by the Centro de Estudios Africanos, in

7222: 7220: 5829: 5827: 5784:"Origins of African American Studies at UC-Berkeley" 5713: 2506:

as a leading academic in Afro-Puerto Rican Studies.

6584:

Africans to Spanish America: Expanding the Diaspora

5863:"Negro Group Afro-American Rally Will Oppose SDS", 5661: 5189:"Defining Ourselves: Name Calling in Black Studies" 4662:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 201–204. 3233: 2699:program in Afro-Colombian studies. There is also a 1896: 1605:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

6969: 6967: 6965: 5870: 4446:The Griot: The Journal of African American Studies 4374: 3146: 2353:, in 1980. Within the book, Asante used the term " 2201:was named the first chair of the degree granting, 7392: 7226: 7217: 5824: 5811: 5809: 4863:. Springer International Publishing. p. 31. 3843:Universities with Ph.D. programs in Black studies 2130:In the United States, the 1960s is known as the " 10717: 9806:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 6790: 6021:"Department of African American Studies History" 5894:"Search results for Las Positas College Library" 5307: 5120:Brown-Vincent, Layla Dalal Zanele Sekou (2016). 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 4740:"A Language Explorer Who Heard Echoes of Africa" 2997:. Black Male Studies uses a Black male-centered 9851:Black players in professional American football 9801:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 8046:. Pennsylvania State University. Archived from 6962: 6931:. Editorial Universidad del Cauca. p. 20. 6909:"Codigos De Dependencias: Programas Academicos" 5227: 3222:James L. Conyers, Jr. drew from the concept of 2242:, became the first African American to win the 7992:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 7486:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 48–50. 7388: 7386: 7177:Brar, Dhanveer Singh; Sharma, Ashwani (2020). 6732: 6619:. University of New Mexico. pp. 113–114. 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 5806: 5236:"Defining Ourselves One Name, One Discipline?" 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4480:Journal of African American Males in Education 4403:Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies 1850:. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired 332:Education of freed people during the Civil War 8697: 8211: 8197: 7948:"SJSU Department of African-American Studies" 7928:. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 7834:"Duke African & African American Studies" 7717:"Black Studies: 'Swaggering into the Future'" 6791:Velandia, Pedro J.; Restrepo, Edward (2007). 6615:Mason-Montero, A. Erin (September 10, 2010). 6614: 6608: 6477:. University Press of Florida. p. xiii. 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6264: 6262: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 5919: 5119: 5106: 5047:"African Diaspora Studies, African Americans" 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4393:– Journal of Ideas on Africa and the Diaspora 3064:Four Basic Tasks of the Black Studies Scholar 2856: 1703: 9564:Historically black colleges and universities 8072:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 8006:. University of North Carolina at Charlotte. 6950: 6948: 6586:. University of Illinois Press. p. 19. 6567:. Texas A&M University. pp. 29, 36. 6014: 6012: 5313: 5233: 5186: 5180: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4856: 4802: 4800: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 3394:California State University, Dominguez Hills 3116: 2706:historically black colleges and universities 2203:Program in African and Afro-American Studies 2020:Please improve this Black Studies by adding 1905:In the appendix to their recently published 343:Historically black colleges and universities 8164:. University of North Carolina Press, 2023. 7383: 7321:(3). Sage Publications, Inc: 411, 413–417. 7153:. Universidad de la República. p. 11. 7075:. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America. 6786: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6508:"Atlas San Juan: Afro-Caribbean Connection" 6132: 5346: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4911:Nascimento, Elisa Larkin (April 13, 2021). 4843: 4437:Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography 4413:Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 3980:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3719:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 3262:Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo 2623:Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo 2437:Los Negros Y La Esclavitud En Santo Domingo 2287:, where he acted as the founding director. 2123:. In the second stage, the focus turned to 327:Education during the slave period in the US 8704: 8690: 8204: 8190: 7436: 7434: 7176: 6728: 6726: 6657: 6651: 6314: 6301: 6259: 6201: 5655: 5268: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5029: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4910: 4654:Conyers, James L. Jr. (October 15, 2018). 3729:University of North Carolina at Greensboro 3072: 2661:historic discrimination of Afro-Colombians 2498:. Numerous academic publications, such as 1710: 1696: 650:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 9781:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 8123: 7964:. State University of New York at Albany. 7848:"Africology and African American Studies" 7721:The Chronicle of Higher Education Almanac 7590: 7308: 7302: 7274:Asante, Molefi Kete (December 17, 2007). 7229:"Afrocentricity and the Western Paradigm" 6981: 6945: 6854: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6804: 6750: 6223:International Journal of Africana Studies 6033: 6027: 6018: 6009: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5709: 5707: 5679: 5490: 5399: 5393: 5251: 5234:Reid-Merritt, Patricia (September 2009). 5163: 5051:International Journal of Africana Studies 5019:International Journal of Africana Studies 4956: 4893: 4797: 4760: 4758: 4604: 4455:International Journal of Africana Studies 4000:Learn how and when to remove this message 3724:University of North Carolina at Charlotte 3109:to develop his research method, known as 2308:International Journal of Africana Studies 2175:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 2084:Learn how and when to remove this message 1729:(with nationally specific terms, such as 106:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 7687: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7480:Asante, Molefi Kete (October 19, 2010). 7473: 7355: 7349: 7145: 7139: 7038: 7036: 6977:. U.S. Department of State. 21 May 2018. 6975:"Overseas Capacity Building Initiatives" 6924: 6918: 6876: 6874: 6775: 6693: 6468: 6462: 5920:Barlow, William; Shapiro, Peter (1971). 5628:Okafor, Victor Oguejiofor (March 2014). 5574: 4943: 4682: 4542:Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art 3226:to develop the research method known as 3195: 3139:developed the research method, known as 3087: 3038: 2985:, and it draws from disciplines such as 2901: 2821: 2590: 2502:, were scholarly works that established 2374:Among English-speaking countries of the 2183:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 2095: 1978:Through development of the publication, 1801:, and many other disciplines within the 36: 8148:. University of California Press, 2014. 7560: 7558: 7440: 7431: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7085: 7079: 6723: 6637: 6631: 6157: 5529: 5446: 5440: 5352: 5274: 5078: 5061: 5044: 5012: 4997: 4957:Barnstead, John A. (November 9, 2007). 4806: 4764: 4710:Kelly, Jason (November–December 2010). 4676: 4653: 3669:University of California, Santa Barbara 3404:California State University, Northridge 3034: 2214:University of California, Santa Barbara 1809:. The field also uses various types of 14: 10718: 10680:Topics related to the African diaspora 9786:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 7714: 7479: 7273: 7267: 7070: 7064: 6987: 6840: 6829: 6571: 6553: 6528: 6522: 6505: 6499: 6392: 6386: 6347: 6341: 6315:Shefferman, David Adam (August 2006). 6268: 6216: 6103: 6097: 5781: 5768: 5704: 5627: 5621: 5583:"Naming and Defining: A Critical Link" 5580: 5496: 5187:Reid-Merritt, Patricia (May 7, 2009). 5145: 5139: 5127:. Duke University. pp. 125, 127. 4755: 4734: 4656:"Research Methods In Africana Studies" 3399:California State University, Fullerton 3001:designed to critique past and present 2257:Department of African American Studies 2251:, marched in front of the building at 10660:Landmark African-American legislation 8711: 8685: 8185: 8044:"Graduate — African American Studies" 7976:"Home – UCI African American Studies" 7864:. Kent State University. May 7, 2022. 7674: 7629:Bryan, Nathaniel (January 30, 2020). 7628: 7615: 7514: 7508: 7125: 7071:Rivera, Daniela (September 8, 2020). 7033: 7015: 6901: 6880: 6871: 6426: 6420: 6158:Conyers, James L. Jr. (May 1, 2004). 6064: 6058: 6019:Ruffin II, Herb (November 22, 2010). 5820:(University of California, Berkeley). 5447:Conyers, James L. Jr. (May 1, 2004). 4728: 4709: 3659:University of California, Los Angeles 2963: 2426: 848:Athletic associations and conferences 337:History of African-American education 9791:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 7555: 7309:Alkebulan, Adisa A. (January 2007). 7165: 5146:Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe (25 Feb 2011). 4810:Dismantling Race in Higher Education 4703: 4465:The Journal of African Civilizations 3978:adding citations to reliable sources 3945: 3942:Prominent academics in Black studies 3915:University of Massachusetts, Amherst 3694:University of Massachusetts, Amherst 3191: 3182: 3155: 2872: 2281:Africana Studies and Research Center 2141:(UC Berkeley) were witnesses to the 1993: 1858:was a common demand of protests and 771:Association for the Study of African 10145:African-American Vernacular English 7669:The African American Studies Reader 7521:Journal of African American Studies 7029:. Stanford University. p. 272. 6914:. Universidad del Cauca. p. 4. 6841:Arocha, Jaime; et al. (2007). 6506:Franco, Marina Reyes (March 2019). 6110:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. 5542:Journal of African American Studies 5497:Asante, Molefi Kete (10 Aug 2020). 4716:The University of Chicago® Magazine 4473:Journal of African American History 3664:University of California, San Diego 3170: 2851: 1585:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1086:African-American Vernacular English 655:National Conference of Black Mayors 24: 10063:U.S. cities with large populations 9766:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 8117: 7978:. University of California Irvine. 7365:The Journal of Pan African Studies 7146:Rocamora, Martín (April 6, 2018). 6958:. Pontifical Javeriana University. 6956:"Master of Afro-Colombian Studies" 6709:Caribbean Review of Gender Studies 6559: 5913: 5879:"Afro-American Studies Proposal", 5637:The Journal of Pan African Studies 4765:Andrews, Kehinde (December 2020). 3905:University of California, Berkeley 3804:Washington University in St. Louis 3644:University of California, Berkeley 2509: 2337:National Council for Black Studies 2313:National Council for Black Studies 2139:University of California, Berkeley 788:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 10767: 8936:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 8932:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 8739:African American founding fathers 7764:"Black Studies curriculum report" 7715:Patton, Stacey (April 12, 2012). 7060:. Universidad Complutense Madrid. 7021: 6988:Lipski, John M. (December 2008). 5353:Karenga, Maulana (May 20, 2009). 4721:Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect 3930:University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee 3529:Middle Tennessee State University 3083: 2891: 2817: 2167:Students for a Democratic Society 1749:. The field includes scholars of 1492:Places by plurality of population 158:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 148:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 101:Abolitionism in the United States 10698: 9816:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 8961:Nadir of American race relations 8088: 8062: 8036: 8010: 8004:"Department of Africana Studies" 7996: 7982: 7968: 7962:"Department of Africana Studies" 7954: 7940: 7918: 7904: 7882: 7876:"Department of Africana Studies" 7868: 7862:"Department of Africana Studies" 7854: 7778:"Black African Diaspora (Minor)" 7690:Western Journal of Black Studies 7356:Pellerin, Marquita (June 2012). 6348:Valdez, Juan R. (Jan 31, 2011). 6040:Western Journal of Black Studies 5788:Western Journal of Black Studies 4689:. University of Illinois Press. 4511:Western Journal of Black Studies 3950: 3799:Virginia Commonwealth University 3769:University of Texas at Arlington 3654:University of California, Irvine 3306:University of the Virgin Islands 3234:Recent challenges and criticisms 3025: 2615:Africans throughout the Americas 2573: 2544:Santiago de Guatemala, 1541–1773 2113:Africana Studies Research Center 1998: 1989: 1944: 1897:Names of the academic discipline 1667: 189:Black Belt in the American South 8822:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 8812:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 7892:. Pennsylvania State University 7840: 7826: 7812: 7798: 7784: 7770: 7756: 7742: 7708: 7661: 7227:Monteiro-Ferreira, Ana (2009). 7050: 6638:Redwood, John (November 2000). 6408:. University of New Mexico: 1. 5983: 5964: 5950: 5936: 5886: 5857: 5842: 5755: 5568: 5400:Christian, Mark (May 1, 2006). 5314:Reid-Merritt, Patricia (2018). 5079:Johnson, Ethan (October 2014). 4375:Scholarly and academic journals 3714:University of Nebraska at Omaha 3649:University of California, Davis 3345:Simón Bolívar Andean University 3328:Pontifical Xavierian University 3323:National University of Colombia 3147:Optimal Worldview of Psychology 2693:Pontifical Xavierian University 2677:National University of Colombia 793:National Council of Negro Women 9811:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 8817:Civil right movement 1896–1954 8146:The Black Revolution on Campus 7850:. Eastern Michigan University. 6997:Journal of Pan African Studies 6887:. IESALC-UNESCO. p. 233. 5867:, Editorial, October 26, 1966. 5853:(Editorial). July–August 1966. 5088:Journal of Pan African Studies 3131: 2861:Kobi K. K. Kambon developed a 2640:Afro-Chilean cultural heritage 2489: 1980:The black population in Mexico 1848:San Francisco State University 1590:Racism against Black Americans 13: 1: 9991:Cherokee freedmen controversy 8967:The Negro Motorist Green Book 7822:. Birmingham City University. 7399:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 5714:Robert L. Harris Jr. (2004). 5515:10.1080/00064246.2020.1780859 4683:Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo (2007). 4598: 4323:Tracy Denean Sharpley-Whiting 3925:University of Texas at Austin 3895:Pennsylvania State University 3774:University of Texas at Austin 3549:Pennsylvania State University 3311:University of the West Indies 2763:National Afro-Peruvian Museum 2514: 2392:University of the West Indies 2022:secondary or tertiary sources 798:National Pan-Hellenic Council 8127:The History of Black Studies 7950:. San Jose State University. 7914:. Portland State University. 7086:Schmidt, Bettina E. (2007). 6847:Revista de Estudios Sociales 6217:Asante, Molefi Kete (2008). 6034:Fenderson, Jonathan (2009). 4819:10.1007/978-3-319-60261-5_15 4712:"Lorenzo Dow Turner, PhD'26" 3764:University of South Carolina 3599:The City College of New York 3584:Southern Illinois University 2796: 2578: 2534: 2369: 1968:Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin 1600:School segregation in the US 1138:Black American Sign Language 1112:Languages and other dialects 7: 9861:Black players in ice hockey 9796:National Urban League (NUL) 9622:American Society of Muslims 8860:Selma to Montgomery marches 8780:Brown v. Board of Education 8171:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 8155:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 7750:"Minor in Africana Studies" 6083:10.5840/radphilrev201114216 5958:"History of the Department" 5883:, Editorial, March 4, 1969. 5581:Mazama, Ama (May 6, 2009). 4869:10.1007/978-3-319-67456-8_3 4588:AP African American Studies 4581: 3809:Western Illinois University 3519:Loyola Marymount University 3459:Eastern Michigan University 3454:Eastern Kentucky University 3419:College of William and Mary 2735: 2645: 2549: 2378:, scholars educated in the 2151:Congress of Racial Equality 1939: 1737:), is an interdisciplinary 427:African-American businesses 10: 10772: 10018:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 9776:Nashville Student Movement 8787:Children of the plantation 7912:"Black Studies Department" 7890:"African American Studies" 7583:10.1007/s11256-021-00616-z 7103:10.18441/ind.v24i0.191-209 6658:Rebagliati, Lucas (2014). 6469:Pamphile, Leon D. (2001). 6436:Journal of Haitian Studies 5816:"Free Speech Café Mural". 5554:10.1007/s12111-021-09547-1 4497:Journal of Negro Education 3920:University of Pennsylvania 3749:University of Pennsylvania 3414:Cleveland State University 3357:Birmingham City University 2967: 2895: 2857:African Self-Consciousness 2846:Birmingham City University 2788: 2711: 1934: 965:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 640:Congressional Black Caucus 607:African Diaspora Religions 394:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 29: 10688: 10655:Index of related articles 10533: 10448: 10172: 10105: 10043: 9943: 9904: 9836: 9829: 9744: 9664: 9656:Doctrine of Father Divine 9602: 9544: 9193: 9048: 9040:Women's suffrage movement 8993:Reconstruction Amendments 8800:Voting Rights Act of 1965 8719: 8613: 8220: 8124:Alkalimat, Abdul (2021). 7533:10.1007/s12111-014-9291-8 7453:(6). SAGE Journals: 587. 7441:Karenga, Maulana (2018). 6356:. Springer. p. 158. 6235:10.4135/9781412982696.N22 6071:Radical Philosophy Review 5725:. Routledge. p. 15. 5275:Karenga, Maulana (2018). 4929:10.1177/00219347211006484 3880:Michigan State University 3789:Valdosta State University 3754:University of Puget Sound 3734:University of North Texas 3604:The College of New Jersey 3579:San Jose State University 3554:Portland State University 3217: 3126:Miseducation of the Negro 3117:Miseducation of the Negro 3105:drew from the concept of 2812: 2673:University City of Bogotá 2586: 2565: 2496:University of Puerto Rico 2223:, a committee, headed by 1973: 1949: 1913:Okafor (2014) clarifies: 1907:Handbook of Black Studies 1472:US states and territories 773:American Life and History 495:Lift Every Voice and Sing 204:Treatment of the enslaved 10746:African-American culture 10741:African-American society 10705:United States portal 10140:African-American English 9569:Inventors and scientists 9261:George Washington Carver 8865:Chicago Freedom Movement 7806:"Black Canadian Studies" 7647:10.1177/0042085920902250 7459:10.1177/0021934718797317 7447:Journal of Black Studies 7327:10.1177/0021934706290082 7315:Journal of Black Studies 7311:"Defending The Paradigm" 7245:10.1177/0021934708314801 7233:Journal of Black Studies 6393:Lipski, John M. (1994). 6287:10.1177/0021934721996431 6275:Journal of Black Studies 6179:10.1177/0021934703259257 6167:Journal of Black Studies 6065:Curry, Tommy J. (2011). 5765:, June 1, 1964, 548–551. 5723:The Black Studies Reader 5599:10.1177/0021934709335135 5587:Journal of Black Studies 5468:10.1177/0021934703259257 5456:Journal of Black Studies 5418:10.1177/0021934705285939 5406:Journal of Black Studies 5371:10.1177/0021934709335134 5359:Journal of Black Studies 5332:10.1177/0021934718786221 5320:Journal of Black Studies 5293:10.1177/0021934718797317 5281:Journal of Black Studies 5253:10.1177/0021934709335130 5240:Journal of Black Studies 5205:10.1177/0021934709335136 5193:Journal of Black Studies 5152:Journal of Black Studies 5045:Carillo, Mónica (2008). 5013:Carillo, Mónica (2008). 4975:10.1177/0021934707306571 4963:Journal of Black Studies 4917:Journal of Black Studies 4527:Negro Educational Review 4504:Journal of Negro History 4490:Journal of Black Studies 3910:University of Louisville 3689:University of Louisville 3539:Nassau Community College 3479:Georgia State University 2628: 2454: 2433:Carlos Larrazábal Blanco 2414:During the early 1900s, 2295:University of Cincinnati 1731:African American studies 1674:United States portal 1081:African-American English 592:African-American Muslims 153:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 30:Not to be confused with 18:African-American studies 10628:African-American firsts 9677:Back-to-Africa movement 9646:Black Hebrew Israelites 9426:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 8974:Partus sequitur ventrem 8158:Higgins, Andrew Stone. 8130:. London: Pluto Press. 7780:. Dalhousie University. 7766:. Concordia University. 7195:10.3898/NewF:99.05.2019 6362:10.1057/9780230117211_6 6173:(5): 643–644, 646–648. 4383:African American Review 3885:Northwestern University 3819:Wright State University 3784:University of Wisconsin 3759:University of Rochester 3544:Northwestern University 3073:Interpretative Analysis 2751: 2746:Afro-Paraguayan studies 2609:gave a presentation in 2409: 1984:Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán 1956:James Robinson Johnston 1595:Reparations for slavery 683:Back-to-Africa movement 582:Black Hebrew Israelites 460:African-American beauty 10596:Spingarn Medal winners 10085:States and territories 9856:Black NFL quarterbacks 9356:Martin Luther King Jr. 8888:Dred Scott v. Sandford 8827:Montgomery bus boycott 7515:Myers, Joshua (2015). 7280:. Polity. p. 17. 6023:. Syracuse University. 5946:. Stanford University. 5165:10.21825/af.v24i2.5000 4536:Negro History Bulletin 3779:University of Virginia 3739:University of Oklahoma 3704:University of Missouri 3699:University of Michigan 3634:University of Arkansas 3207: 3099: 3050: 2913: 2833: 2785:in the United States. 2771:San Juan de Lurigancho 2708:in the United States. 2653:Colombian Constitution 2602: 2449:Afro-Dominican culture 2107: 2009:relies excessively on 1932: 1911: 1735:Black Canadian studies 1065:Dialects and languages 225:Second Great Migration 50: 9906:Athletic associations 9841:Negro league baseball 9612:African-American Jews 9331:Ketanji Brown Jackson 9296:Henry Highland Garnet 9155:Negro National Anthem 8905:George Floyd protests 8870:Post–civil rights era 8178:. Beacon Press, 2007. 7794:. Queen's University. 7407:10.4135/9781412952538 7401:. SAGE. p. 445. 7135:. Harvard University. 6856:10.7440/res27.2007.06 6806:10.25058/20112742.448 6752:10.25058/20112742.447 6529:Guzman, Will (2019). 6402:Research Paper Series 5991:"Revolutionary Minds" 5924:. New York: Pegasus. 5731:10.4324/9780203491348 5681:10.25058/20112742.450 4738:(September 2, 2010). 4358:William Julius Wilson 4213:Henry Louis Gates Jr. 4163:Patricia Hill Collins 3890:Ohio State University 3709:University of Montana 3679:University of Houston 3674:University of Florida 3639:University at Buffalo 3629:University of Arizona 3534:Mount Holyoke College 3509:Ohio State University 3499:Kent State University 3474:Georgetown University 3199: 3091: 3042: 2905: 2825: 2594: 2143:Civil Rights Movement 2099: 1915: 1903: 1477:US metropolitan areas 1304:List of neighborhoods 918:Alabama Creole people 908:African-American Jews 840:Negro league baseball 803:National Urban League 755:Civic/economic groups 587:African-American Jews 477:African-American hair 339:, after the Civil War 168:Post–civil rights era 40: 10113:Afro-Seminole Creole 9639:Azusa Street Revival 9511:Booker T. Washington 9035:Underground Railroad 8900:Free people of color 8754:Atlantic slave trade 7641:(5): 12, 14–16, 20. 7502:10.3366/j.ctt1g0b6m8 6535:Afro-Hispanic Review 6427:McGee, Adam (2008). 6269:Mazama, Ama (2021). 5782:Taylor, Ula (2010). 4593:Critical race theory 4233:Melissa Harris-Perry 4148:Houston A. Baker Jr. 4106:Kwame Anthony Appiah 3974:improve this section 3744:University of Oregon 3684:University of Kansas 3624:University at Albany 3559:Princeton University 3444:Dominican University 3284:Dalhousie University 3279:Concordia University 3137:William E. Cross Jr. 3058:Double Consciousness 3035:Double Consciousness 2155:institutional racism 2137:The students at the 1960:Dalhousie University 1634:Criminal stereotypes 1409:District of Columbia 1126:Afro-Seminole Creole 568:Non-Christian groups 163:Black power movement 127:during the Civil War 96:Atlantic slave trade 49:throughout the world 10508:Trinidad and Tobago 10123:Black American Sign 9950:By African descent 9944:Ethnic subdivisions 9931:Southwestern (SWAC) 9846:Baseball color line 9761:Black Panther Party 9665:Political movements 9582:in computer science 9241:Carol Moseley Braun 9030:Tulsa race massacre 9023:Treatment of slaves 8855:March on Washington 8850:Birmingham movement 8636:Culture by location 8151:Ferguson, Stephen. 7752:. Brock University. 6560:Garcia, Jessica J. 5980:, February 8, 2014. 5838:. October 19, 1970. 4574:Transition Magazine 4243:Melville Herskovits 4208:E. Franklin Frazier 4064:Oliver Cromwell Cox 4054:Carole Boyce Davies 3860:Columbia University 3814:Wesleyan University 3589:Syracuse University 3424:Columbia University 3384:Brandeis University 3369:American University 3333:University of Cauca 2878:Delores P. Aldridge 2685:University of Cauca 2540:Christopher H. Lutz 2319:Africana philosophy 2305:, since 1990). The 2249:Syracuse University 2240:Syracuse University 2225:political scientist 2207:Stanford University 2007:This Black Studies 1836:Melville Herskovits 1030:Sierra Leone Creole 991:Specific ancestries 876:Southwestern (SWAC) 399:Black History Month 230:New Great Migration 184:Agriculture history 10606:US representatives 10601:US cabinet members 10493:Dominican Republic 10080:Metropolitan areas 9921:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 9746:Civic and economic 9724:Self-determination 9545:Education, science 9466:Fred Shuttlesworth 9446:A. Philip Randolph 9351:Coretta Scott King 9276:Frederick Douglass 9103:Harlem Renaissance 9008:Separate but equal 8998:Reconstruction era 8986:Plessy v. Ferguson 8877:Cornerstone Speech 8791:Civil Rights Acts 8774:Black Lives Matter 8749:American Civil War 8671:Vernacular culture 8395:Germanic languages 7926:"Africana Studies" 7836:. Duke University. 7808:. York University. 6510:. Art in America. 6327:10.17615/60mt-1x20 5997:on October 4, 2011 5977:The New York Times 5851:California Monthly 5834:"EOP Offers Aid". 4783:10.1111/area.12528 4745:The New York Times 4258:Charles S. Johnson 4203:John Hope Franklin 4193:Michael Eric Dyson 4138:Molefi Kete Asante 4042:Beatriz Nascimento 3875:Indiana University 3870:Harvard University 3865:Cornell University 3574:Rutgers University 3494:Indiana University 3469:Fordham University 3289:Queen's University 3208: 3100: 3051: 3010:and assailants of 2975:Black Male Studies 2970:Black Male Studies 2964:Black Male Studies 2926:Molefi Kete Asante 2914: 2907:Molefi Kete Asante 2834: 2689:Belalcázar, Caldas 2603: 2441:Dominican Republic 2427:Dominican Republic 2421:Rómulo Lachatañeré 2345:Molefi Kete Asante 2171:Stokely Carmichael 2108: 1840:Lorenzo Dow Turner 1775:African Australian 1039:Sexual orientation 913:Afro-Puerto Ricans 866:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 501:Self-determination 465:Black is beautiful 131:Reconstruction era 51: 10713: 10712: 10541:African Americans 10413:Dallas–Fort Worth 10008:Black Southerners 9939: 9938: 9391:Thurgood Marshall 9361:Bernard Lafayette 8956:Million Man March 8713:African Americans 8679: 8678: 8661:Political culture 8174:Rooks, Noliwe M. 8102:on March 31, 2014 8050:on April 26, 2017 7022:Maass, Claire K. 6894:978-980-7175-00-5 6593:978-0-252-09371-5 6471:"Acknowledgments" 6371:978-0-230-11721-1 6117:978-1-59451-147-9 5970:Martin, Douglas; 5881:Daily Californian 5865:Daily Californian 5836:Daily Californian 5503:The Black Scholar 4696:978-0-252-07435-6 4423:The Black Scholar 4363:Carter G. Woodson 4333:Geneva Smitherman 4293:Mark Anthony Neal 4268:Robin D.G. Kelley 4037:Abdias Nascimento 4010: 4009: 4002: 3900:Temple University 3619:Tulane University 3609:Towson University 3594:Temple University 3564:Purdue University 3439:DePaul University 3429:Dartmouth College 3192:Two Cradle Theory 3183:Social Legitimacy 3156:Paradigm of Unity 3122:Carter G. Woodson 3078:Charles H. Wesley 2886:Africana Womanism 2873:Africana Womanism 2607:Abdias Nascimento 2596:Abdias Nascimento 2525:Afro-Costa Ricans 2464:Francois Duvalier 2273:Carter G. Woodson 2163:freedom of speech 2132:Turbulent Sixties 2125:African Americans 2101:Carter G. Woodson 2094: 2093: 2086: 2068: 1958:, was created at 1828:Carter G. Woodson 1720: 1719: 1657: 1656: 1555: 1554: 1329:Dallas-Fort Worth 1146: 1145: 1056: 1055: 1000:Americo-Liberians 883: 882: 821: 820: 746: 745: 615: 614: 559:Womanist theology 509: 508: 451:Symbols and ideas 237: 236: 116:Antebellum period 111:Revolutionary War 66:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 10763: 10726:African diaspora 10703: 10702: 10701: 10665:Lynching victims 10164:Louisiana Creole 10135:American English 10023:Louisiana Creole 9996:Choctaw freedmen 9834: 9833: 9371:Huddie Ledbetter 9311:Fannie Lou Hamer 9281:W. E. B. Du Bois 9271:Claudette Colvin 9266:Shirley Chisholm 9083:Family structure 8951:Military history 8833:Browder v. Gayle 8706: 8699: 8692: 8683: 8682: 8651:Official culture 8631:Cultural studies 8320:Central European 8214:cultural studies 8206: 8199: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8167:Kendi, Ibram X. 8144:Biondi, Martha. 8141: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7685: 7672: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7626: 7613: 7612: 7594: 7571:The Urban Review 7562: 7553: 7552: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7362: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7174: 7163: 7162: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7092: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7019: 7013: 7012: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6943: 6942: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6858: 6838: 6827: 6826: 6808: 6788: 6773: 6772: 6754: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6706: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6664: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6433: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6399: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6312: 6299: 6298: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6214: 6199: 6198: 6164: 6155: 6130: 6129: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5987: 5981: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5890: 5884: 5877: 5868: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5779: 5766: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5683: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5634: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5453: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5255: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5085: 5076: 5059: 5058: 5042: 5027: 5026: 5010: 4995: 4994: 4954: 4941: 4940: 4908: 4891: 4890: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4804: 4795: 4794: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4651: 4558:Race & Class 4368:Cynthia A. Young 4338:Robert B. Stepto 4318:Christina Sharpe 4188:W. E. B. Du Bois 4168:Edward W. Crosby 4005: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3954: 3946: 3855:Brown University 3614:Tufts University 3514:Landmark College 3484:Guilford College 3464:Emory University 3434:Davidson College 3409:Carleton College 3389:Brown University 3274:Brock University 3211:Cheikh Anta Diop 3201:Cheikh Anta Diop 3171:Shared Authority 3044:W. E. B. Du Bois 3020:hypermasculinity 2958:W. E. B. Du Bois 2930:Cheikh Anta Diop 2922:African diaspora 2852:Research methods 2717:Afro-Ecuadorians 2521:Executive branch 2330:African diaspora 2269:W. E. B. Du Bois 2089: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2026: 2002: 1994: 1832:Herbert Aptheker 1818:W. E. B. Du Bois 1811:research methods 1791:cultural studies 1751:African-American 1743:African diaspora 1727:Africana studies 1712: 1705: 1698: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1619:media depictions 1568: 1567: 1463:Population count 1159: 1158: 1093:Liberian English 1072:English dialects 1069: 1068: 1025:Samaná Americans 950:Creoles of color 896: 895: 834: 833: 778:Black conductors 759: 758: 628: 627: 602:Louisiana Voodoo 524: 523: 269:Family structure 252: 251: 199:Military history 194:Business history 125:military history 80: 79: 53: 52: 47:African diaspora 21: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10731:African studies 10716: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10699: 10697: 10684: 10650:Historic places 10643:US state firsts 10529: 10444: 10168: 10101: 10073:2010 majorities 10068:2000 majorities 10039: 9986:Black Seminoles 9935: 9926:Southern (SIAC) 9909: 9908:and conferences 9907: 9900: 9896:Serena Williams 9891:Jackie Robinson 9825: 9749: 9747: 9740: 9660: 9627:Nation of Islam 9598: 9546: 9540: 9481:Sojourner Truth 9471:Clarence Thomas 9436:Gabriel Prosser 9336:Michael Jackson 9211:Crispus Attucks 9201:Ralph Abernathy 9189: 9145:Musical theater 9044: 8910:Great Migration 8882:COVID-19 impact 8840:Sit-in movement 8715: 8710: 8680: 8675: 8609: 8570:Southeast Asian 8495:Native American 8216: 8210: 8138: 8120: 8118:Further reading 8115: 8105: 8103: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8076:on July 2, 2012 8068: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7931: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7846: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7820:"Black Studies" 7818: 7817: 7813: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7771: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7713: 7709: 7686: 7675: 7666: 7662: 7635:Urban Education 7627: 7616: 7563: 7556: 7513: 7509: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7439: 7432: 7417: 7395:"Temple Circle" 7391: 7384: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7307: 7303: 7288: 7272: 7268: 7225: 7218: 7189:(99): 88, 107. 7175: 7166: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7090: 7084: 7080: 7069: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7020: 7016: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6963: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6895: 6879: 6872: 6839: 6830: 6789: 6776: 6731: 6724: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6613: 6609: 6594: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6527: 6523: 6504: 6500: 6485: 6467: 6463: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6372: 6346: 6342: 6313: 6302: 6267: 6260: 6245: 6215: 6202: 6162: 6156: 6133: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6063: 6059: 6032: 6028: 6017: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5969: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5780: 5769: 5760: 5756: 5741: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5660: 5656: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5534: 5530: 5495: 5491: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5398: 5394: 5351: 5347: 5312: 5308: 5273: 5269: 5232: 5228: 5185: 5181: 5144: 5140: 5124: 5118: 5107: 5083: 5077: 5062: 5043: 5030: 5011: 4998: 4955: 4944: 4909: 4894: 4879: 4855: 4844: 4829: 4805: 4798: 4763: 4756: 4736:Cotter, Holland 4733: 4729: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4652: 4605: 4601: 4584: 4579: 4377: 4372: 4303:Cedric Robinson 4278:Manning Marable 4263:Maulana Karenga 4238:Saidiya Hartman 4223:Vincent Harding 4183:St. Clair Drake 4178:Angela Y. Davis 4153:Robert Chrisman 4143:M.K. Asante Jr. 4133:Shawn Alexander 4128:Abdul Alkalimat 4101:Kehinde Andrews 4059:Horace Campbell 4006: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3971: 3955: 3944: 3939: 3935:Yale University 3845: 3840: 3824:Yale University 3504:Oberlin College 3449:Duke University 3374:Amherst College 3294:York University 3252: 3236: 3220: 3194: 3185: 3173: 3161:Abdul Alkalimat 3158: 3149: 3134: 3119: 3103:Maulana Karenga 3093:Maulana Karenga 3086: 3075: 3066: 3054:W. E. B. DuBois 3037: 3028: 2972: 2966: 2946:Langston Hughes 2900: 2894: 2875: 2863:research method 2859: 2854: 2842:Kehinde Andrews 2827:Kehinde Andrews 2820: 2815: 2799: 2791: 2754: 2738: 2714: 2697:master's degree 2665:Afro-Colombians 2655:, particularly 2648: 2631: 2589: 2581: 2576: 2568: 2552: 2537: 2517: 2512: 2510:Central America 2492: 2468:Jean Price-Mars 2457: 2445:Afro-Dominicans 2429: 2412: 2372: 2359:research method 2326:Ford Foundation 2299:Studia Africana 2291:Studia Africana 2238:, who was from 2221:Yale University 2199:St. Clair Drake 2121:African peoples 2090: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2033:"Black studies" 2027: 2025: 2019: 2015:primary sources 2003: 1992: 1976: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1899: 1807:social sciences 1716: 1668: 1666: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1609: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1496: 1458: 1434:Omaha, Nebraska 1399:Historic places 1393: 1285: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1107: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1034: 986: 928:Black Seminoles 893: 892:Sub-communities 885: 884: 871:Southern (SIAC) 831: 823: 822: 817: 772: 756: 748: 747: 742: 659: 625: 617: 616: 611: 597:Nation of Islam 563: 540: 521: 511: 510: 505: 446: 413: 380: 352: 313: 289:Musical theater 249: 239: 238: 220:Great Migration 77: 35: 32:African studies 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10769: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10751:Pan-Africanism 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10695: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10616:Visual artists 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10576:Mathematicians 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10517: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10454: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10400: 10395: 10393:South Carolina 10390: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10363:North Carolina 10360: 10359: 10358: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10331: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10308:Massachusetts 10306: 10305: 10304: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10277: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10260: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10187: 10182: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10150:social context 10147: 10137: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10115: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10082: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10001:Creek Freedmen 9998: 9993: 9988: 9978: 9976:Alabama Creole 9973: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9916:Central (CIAA) 9912: 9910: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9745: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9709:Pan-Africanism 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9689: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9651:Black theology 9648: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9614: 9608: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9592:in STEM fields 9589: 9584: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9547:and technology 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9486:Harriet Tubman 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9416:Michelle Obama 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9346:Barbara Jordan 9343: 9341:Harriet Jacobs 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9231:Amelia Boynton 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9194:Notable people 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9130:LGBT community 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8982: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Freedom Riders 8842: 8837: 8829: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8789: 8784: 8776: 8771: 8769:Black genocide 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8725: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8709: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8686: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8641:Ethnic studies 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8485:Middle Eastern 8482: 8477: 8472: 8470:Latin American 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8243:Asian American 8235: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8136: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8087: 8061: 8035: 8024:on May 9, 2016 8009: 7995: 7981: 7967: 7953: 7939: 7917: 7903: 7881: 7867: 7853: 7839: 7825: 7811: 7797: 7783: 7769: 7755: 7741: 7707: 7696:(2): 273–274. 7673: 7660: 7614: 7577:(2): 183–206. 7554: 7507: 7492: 7472: 7430: 7415: 7382: 7371:(4): 149–160. 7348: 7301: 7286: 7266: 7239:(2): 333–335. 7216: 7183:New Formations 7164: 7138: 7124: 7078: 7063: 7049: 7032: 7014: 6980: 6961: 6944: 6937: 6917: 6900: 6893: 6870: 6849:(27): 94–105. 6828: 6774: 6722: 6692: 6650: 6630: 6607: 6592: 6580:"Introduction" 6570: 6552: 6521: 6498: 6483: 6461: 6419: 6385: 6370: 6340: 6300: 6258: 6243: 6229:(1): 317–328. 6200: 6131: 6116: 6096: 6057: 6026: 6008: 5982: 5963: 5949: 5935: 5912: 5885: 5869: 5856: 5841: 5823: 5818:Moffit Library 5805: 5794:(2): 256–257. 5767: 5754: 5739: 5703: 5654: 5643:(7): 218–219. 5620: 5573: 5567: 5528: 5489: 5462:(5): 640–652. 5439: 5412:(5): 698–719. 5392: 5345: 5306: 5267: 5226: 5179: 5138: 5105: 5094:(4): 122–123. 5060: 5028: 4996: 4969:(3): 367–368. 4942: 4892: 4877: 4842: 4827: 4796: 4777:(4): 701–707. 4754: 4727: 4702: 4695: 4675: 4668: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4516: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4451: 4442: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4409: 4399: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4348:Akinyele Umoja 4345: 4343:Conrad Tillard 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4313:Milton Sernett 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4273:Glenn C. Loury 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4095:United Kingdom 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4032:Lélia Gonzalez 4023: 4022: 4011: 4008: 4007: 3958: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794:Vassar College 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3569:Queens College 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3524:Luther College 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3489:Hunter College 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3379:Baruch College 3376: 3371: 3360: 3359: 3351:United Kingdom 3348: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3235: 3232: 3219: 3216: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3172: 3169: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3133: 3130: 3118: 3115: 3111:Kawaida Theory 3085: 3084:Kawaida Theory 3082: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3003:gender studies 2968:Main article: 2965: 2962: 2898:Afrocentricity 2896:Main article: 2893: 2892:Afrocentricity 2890: 2874: 2871: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2838:United Kingdom 2831:United Kingdom 2819: 2818:United Kingdom 2816: 2814: 2811: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2767:Afro-Peruvians 2753: 2750: 2737: 2734: 2713: 2710: 2647: 2644: 2630: 2627: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2556:Afro-Hondurans 2551: 2548: 2536: 2533: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2491: 2488: 2456: 2453: 2428: 2425: 2416:Fernando Ortiz 2411: 2408: 2371: 2368: 2363:Afrocentricity 2350:Afrocentricity 2244:Heisman Trophy 2092: 2091: 2006: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1975: 1972: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1898: 1895: 1867:United Kingdom 1759:Afro-Caribbean 1739:academic field 1718: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1580:Black genocide 1576: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1487:US communities 1484: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:South Carolina 1441: 1439:North Carolina 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:South Carolina 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1241:North Carolina 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1098:Samaná English 1095: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1048:LGBT community 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005:Creek Freedmen 1002: 996: 993: 992: 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 978: 977: 975:Carmel Indians 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 936: 935: 930: 920: 915: 910: 904: 901: 900: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 881: 880: 879: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 856:Central (CIAA) 850: 849: 845: 844: 843: 842: 832: 829: 828: 825: 824: 819: 818: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 767: 764: 763: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 744: 743: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 723:Pan-Africanism 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 669: 666: 665: 661: 660: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 633: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 612: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 570: 569: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 554:Black theology 550: 547: 546: 542: 541: 539: 538: 532: 529: 528: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 506: 504: 503: 498: 491: 486: 485: 484: 474: 469: 468: 467: 456: 453: 452: 448: 447: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 418:Economic class 415: 414: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 387: 386: 382: 381: 379: 378: 373: 368: 362: 359: 358: 357:Academic study 354: 353: 351: 350: 345: 340: 334: 329: 323: 320: 319: 315: 314: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 260: 257: 256: 250: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 214: 213: 209: 208: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 178: 177: 173: 172: 171: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 139: 138: 128: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 85: 84: 78: 73: 72: 69: 68: 62: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10768: 10757: 10756:Postmodernism 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10736:Black studies 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10706: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675:Neighborhoods 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10638:Sports firsts 10636: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10441: 10440:West Virginia 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10377:Pennsylvania 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10356:New York City 10354: 10353: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10200:San Francisco 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173:By state/city 10171: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10118:American Sign 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10051:Neighborhoods 10049: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9981:Black Indians 9979: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9903: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9743: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9601: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Black schools 9557: 9555: 9554:Black studies 9552: 9551: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9536:Whitney Young 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9526:Oprah Winfrey 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9496:Denmark Vesey 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9441:Joseph Rainey 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9396:Toni Morrison 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9381:Joseph Lowery 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9326:Jesse Jackson 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9316:Kamala Harris 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9301:Marcus Garvey 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9251:Blanche Bruce 9249: 9247: 9246:Edward Brooke 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9236:James Bradley 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9216:James Baldwin 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:Neighborhoods 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:Silent Parade 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8941:Jim Crow laws 8939: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8764:Black cowboys 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8702: 8700: 8695: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8666:Super culture 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8137:9780745344225 8133: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8075: 8071: 8070:"PhD Program" 8065: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8013: 8005: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7977: 7971: 7963: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7927: 7921: 7913: 7907: 7891: 7885: 7877: 7871: 7863: 7857: 7849: 7843: 7835: 7829: 7821: 7815: 7807: 7801: 7793: 7787: 7779: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7670: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7559: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7493:9780748686971 7489: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7435: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7416:9781452265445 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7387: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7287:9780745641027 7283: 7279: 7278: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7221: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7160: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7134: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7067: 7059: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7025: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6940: 6938:958-9475-49-3 6934: 6930: 6929: 6921: 6910: 6904: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6727: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6643: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6574: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6484:0-8130-2119-7 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6265: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6244:9780761928409 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6015: 6013: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5740:9780203491348 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5057:(1): 255–260. 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5025:(1): 248–254. 5024: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4878:9783319674568 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4828:9783319602615 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4669:9781527519404 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4603: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:Renate Simson 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218:Farah Griffin 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173:Allison Davis 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4122:United States 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4089:Sylvia Wynter 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4079:Walter Rodney 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4004: 4001: 3993: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3959:This section 3957: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3849:United States 3837: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 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3081: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3048:United States 3045: 3041: 3032: 3026:Blues Culture 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954:Marcus Garvey 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2911:United States 2908: 2904: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2870: 2868: 2867:psychological 2864: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2742:Carvalho Neto 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2695:, there is a 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2635:Afro-Chileans 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2574:South America 2571: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2460:Lorimer Denis 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380:United States 2377: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Jack Weinberg 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2105:United States 2102: 2098: 2088: 2085: 2077: 2074:November 2023 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2035: – 2034: 2030: 2029:Find sources: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1990:United States 1987: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1945:North America 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767:Afro-European 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:Afro-Canadian 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Black studies 1713: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1650: 1649:Minstrel show 1647: 1645: 1644:Magical Negro 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1454:West Virginia 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389:San Francisco 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369:New York City 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1020:Nova Scotians 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 995: 994: 990: 989: 983: 980: 976: 973: 972: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 923:Black Indians 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 903: 902: 898: 897: 889: 888: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 861:HBCU (HBCUAC) 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 851: 847: 846: 841: 838: 837: 836: 835: 827: 826: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 769: 768: 766: 765: 762:Organizations 761: 760: 752: 751: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 668: 667: 663: 662: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 635: 634: 631:Organizations 630: 629: 621: 620: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 572: 571: 567: 566: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 549: 548: 544: 543: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 526: 525: 520: 515: 514: 502: 499: 496: 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 479: 478: 475: 473: 470: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 457: 455: 454: 450: 449: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 422: 421: 417: 416: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 389: 388: 384: 383: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 361: 360: 356: 355: 349: 346: 344: 341: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 322: 321: 317: 316: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:Neighborhoods 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 259: 258: 254: 253: 248: 243: 242: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 211: 210: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 180: 179: 175: 174: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 82: 81: 76: 71: 70: 67: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 10591:Sportspeople 10561:Billionaires 10478:Sierra Leone 10381:Philadelphia 10217:Jacksonville 10044:Demographics 9876:Jack Johnson 9866:Muhammad Ali 9699:Conservatism 9634:Black church 9553: 9531:Andrew Young 9516:Ida B. Wells 9506:David Walker 9501:C. T. Vivian 9456:Paul Robeson 9451:Hiram Revels 9431:Colin Powell 9411:Barack Obama 9366:James Lawson 9321:Jimi Hendrix 9291:James Farmer 9286:Medgar Evers 9256:Ralph Bunche 9206:Maya Angelou 9180:Middle class 9058:Afrofuturism 8984: 8972: 8965: 8886: 8831: 8778: 8744:Afrocentrism 8734:Abolitionism 8626:Area studies 8621:Anthropology 8535:Scandinavian 8465:Kremlinology 8385:Filipinology 8247: 8175: 8168: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8126: 8104:. Retrieved 8100:the original 8090: 8078:. Retrieved 8074:the original 8064: 8052:. Retrieved 8048:the original 8038: 8026:. Retrieved 8022:the original 8012: 7998: 7984: 7970: 7956: 7942: 7932:September 9, 7930:. Retrieved 7920: 7906: 7894:. Retrieved 7884: 7870: 7856: 7842: 7828: 7814: 7800: 7786: 7772: 7758: 7744: 7732:. 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Retrieved 5897: 5888: 5880: 5864: 5859: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5817: 5791: 5787: 5762: 5757: 5722: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5640: 5636: 5623: 5593:(1): 65–76. 5590: 5586: 5576: 5570: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5459: 5455: 5442: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5365:(1): 45–46. 5362: 5358: 5348: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5199:(1): 80–81. 5196: 5192: 5182: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5091: 5087: 5054: 5050: 5022: 5018: 4966: 4962: 4920: 4916: 4859: 4809: 4774: 4770: 4749: 4743: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4685: 4678: 4659: 4572: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4534: 4525: 4520:Negro Digest 4518: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4478: 4471: 4468:(since 1979) 4463: 4453: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4426:(since 1969) 4421: 4418:(since 1976) 4411: 4408:(since 1987) 4401: 4396: 4388: 4381: 4198:Gerald Early 4121: 4120: 4094: 4093: 4074:C.L.R. James 4047: 4046: 4025: 4024: 4013: 4012: 3996: 3987: 3972:Please help 3960: 3848: 3847: 3829: 3828: 3362: 3361: 3350: 3349: 3338: 3337: 3316: 3315: 3299: 3298: 3267: 3266: 3255: 3254: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3221: 3209: 3186: 3174: 3159: 3150: 3135: 3120: 3101: 3076: 3067: 3052: 3029: 2973: 2942:Ida B. 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