1874:, the trickster, and blackmails him to be brought to the king's elephants. Yawarri's family is starving, and he is upset at Anansi because of all the elephant meat Anansi is eating that is the property of the king. After jumping the wall Anansi instructs Yawarri on how to get inside the elephant, telling him only to take a small piece of meat from the elephant so the king will not notice. However, since Yawarri is starving, he eats at the inside of the elephant until it is dead, and as the sun rises the king finds him in the belly of the beast and kills him. This shows how an ordinary citizen can get wrapped up in the scheme of a trickster. Other tales that display this theme are "
2176:. He led a resistance movement against enslavement using his conjure powers. In the folktale, Seminole people and Black Seminoles beat their drums and Uncle Monday danced to the rhythms of Seminole and African music and turned into an alligator. After turning into an alligator, Uncle Monday went to the swamp waters and the other alligators followed him. In his alligator form, he and the others defeated the slaveholders. This folktale added historical accounts of the alliance between the Seminole people and Black Seminoles and their resistance movement against enslavement, and fictional stories about magic and shapeshifting.
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tales who is actively trying to persuade "the judge" to side with their position. However, if the judge, or God, does not like the outcome of the situation they will often invoke a countermeasure to bring order to the situation. In these tales, the God, or gods, are inherently good and do not invoke wrath upon the people, even if the subject veers off the path of righteousness. Additionally, there is often a transaction between God and man in these tales, one in which God is willing to help man, but only if the man is "offering sacrifices and performing rites and ceremonies in a manner acceptable to the god".
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era as the language passed down through generations deviates from the standard for racial narrative. When having to face the reality of slavery, African-American folktales became a means to cope with the reality of the situation, and ultimately record their history of slavery in
America. An example of a work that conveys the African-American slave experience in America is The Conjure Woman. This book of tales deals with racial identity and was written by the African-American author, Charles W. Chesnutt, from the perspective of a freed slave.
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2250:, utilized these story-telling methods. Stagolee's influence also translated to clothing similar to Hip-Hop. In the late 1800s, black men wore the Stetson Hat worn by Stagolee as a status symbol. This commodification can be seen in Hip-hop today through cars, girls, baggy pants, etc. Some artists still use characteristics of the original Trickster trope as well. Common themes in hip-hop, such as hyper-sexuality, vulgarity, hypermasculinity, and revenge, are seen through lyrics of rap artists like
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but how come the war took place? They think they knows, but they don't. John de
Conqueror had done put it into the white folks to give us our freedom." Anne Sutton said the spirit of High John de Conqueror taught Black people about freedom and to prepare for their freedom in an upcoming war. The High John the Conqueror root used by African Americans prevented whippings from slaveholders and provided freedom from chattel slavery. The root given to
2212:, apologists used these stories to push racist ideologies. There are some Academic Journals that appear to push and challenge these rhetorics, these authors displayed bias and utilized stories that displayed negative stereotypes. In 1877, a Journalist named, William Owens stated, African American traits have "a fitness" to the characteristics portrayed in African folklore. Some claim, that the Author,
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2246:, who killed a man after gambling and losing his hat. Stagolee’s story was told in many forms, from blues to jazz, and made its way to a style called “Toast”. Toast is “a story told in the first person that was recited in verse”. The rappers would use this trope to embody themselves and it gave them charisma. This translates to the beginning of Hip-Hop and artists like
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their enemies. These folk stories gave hope to enslaved people that folk spirits would liberate them from slavery. Folktales have been used to perpetuate negative stereotypes about the
African American community. From Minstrel shows to academic journals. One of these heroes that they looked up to was the charming
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Folklore's impact also translates to today as some tropes are seen in modern-day Hip-Hop. The trickster trope originated as a way to display enslaved people's wit over slave masters. After emancipation, this trope transformed into Badman, which reflected the new ways of life. The Badman was viewed as
2036:, before High John the Conqueror returned to Africa, he told the newly freed slaves that if they ever needed his spirit for freedom his spirit would reside in a root they could use. According to some scholars, the origin of High John the Conqueror may have originated from African male deities such as
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Tricksters in
African-American folktales take a comedic approach and contain an underlying theme of inequality, compared to other folktales that label their tricksters as menaces. The National Humanities Center notes that trickster stories "contain serious commentary on the inequities of existence in
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Chesnutt's language surrounding
African-American folklore derived from the standards of the racial narrative of his era. By using vernacular language, Chesnutt was able to deviate from the racial norms and formulate a new, more valorized message of folk heroes. Chesnutt writes "on the other side" of
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Although many slaves during this time could not read or write they could recite folktales as a way to communicate information with each other. Giving each other vital information that would help them survive. In
African-American tales, slavery often uses rhetoric that can seem uncommon to the modern
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African folklore is a means to hand down traditions and duties through generations. Stories are often passed down orally at gatherings by groups of children and elders. This type of gathering was known as Tales by
Midnight and contained cultural lessons that prepared children for their future. These
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and the Civil War did not bring freedom for Black people. According to one woman, Aunt Shady Anne Sutton interviewed by
Hurston, she said: "These young Negroes reads they books and talk about the war freeing the Negroes, by Aye Lord! A heap sees, but a few knows. 'Course, the war was a lot of help,
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in search of his ancestry. By the end of the book
Milkman learns he comes from a family of African medicine people and gained his ancestral powers and his soul flew back to Africa after he died. The legend may have been inspired by a historical event in Georgia. In 1803, a slave ship landed on the
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African-American folktales show how the world was formed and the foundations of morality. Supernatural conflicts between God and the Devil are often the main focus of these tales, however, man versus man, and slave versus master are also popular disputes. There is typically a "negotiator" in these
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which originated in
Zimbabwe. The Midnight Goat Thief is a tale of misplaced trust. A hare betrays the trust of a loyal baboon, framing him for the death of a goat. After Baboon's friend Jackal hears about what happened to him, he tries to replicate what Hare did to Baboon to get revenge. However,
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African-American folktales are a storytelling tradition based in Africa containing a rich oral tradition that expanded as Africans were brought to the Americas as slaves. In general, most African-American Folktales fall into one of eight categories: tales of origin, tales of trickery and trouble,
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African American Folklore was prominently used for guidance and protection. Some say the folklore acts as a "secret language". Folklore like “Wade in the Water”, “Down by the River”, and “Old Bill Rolling Pin”, were used to help people escaping enslavement alert each other of danger like dogs or
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during the 1700s-1900s. Prevalent themes in African-American folktales include tricksters, life lessons, heartwarming tales, and slavery. African Americans created folktales that spoke about the hardships of slavery and told stories of folk spirits that could outwit their slaveholders and defeat
2327:, to shoot at him, displaying "aloofness to violence", commonly associated with Bebop. Bug's popular catchphrase "What's up, Doc" shows "coolness" to the threat posed by Elmer Fudd. Some have argued that his catchphrase is similar to black people during the mid-1900s, like "You don't scare me".
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animals with the same morals and shortcomings as humans do, which makes the stories relatable. New tales tell of the African experience in the Americas, however, many tales still maintain the traditional style and tell of their African roots. Although many of the original stories evolved since
1859:(1899). One of the trickster's tactics in the story is "how an enslaved man is spared being sent from one plantation to another by having his wife, who is a conjure woman, turn him into a tree...the trickery works until a local sawmill selects that particular tree to cut". In other tales the
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with captive Africans from Nigeria with a cargo of Igbo people. The Igbo people chose suicide than a life time of slavery by walking into the swamp and drowning. The most common saying from slaves being, "I would rather live on my feet than die on my knees".This location became known as
1771:, while others are influenced by African, European, and Native American tales. Even today in Hip-Hop, we see the effects of African American Folklore. Tropes like Badman and Trickster have influenced the characteristics and themes seen in modern day hip hop like gangsters and pimps.
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in folk stories are commonly amoral characters, both human and non-human animals, who 'succeed' based on deception and taking advantage of other's weaknesses. They tend to use their wits to resolve conflict and/or achieve their goals. Two examples of African-American tricksters are
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hare outwits Jackal and figures out a way to counter his actions. Then as the sun rises Jackal is caught red-handed with the blood he was trying to frame Hare with! The moral of the story is to be loyal and honest, and not copy the ways of the cunning, as they may outwit you.
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tradition. In African-American folk stories, High John the Conqueror was an African prince who was kidnapped from Africa and enslaved in the United States. He was a trickster, and used his charm to deceive and outsmart his slaveholders. After the
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In African-American folklore, there is a story about a girl named Sukey meeting a mermaid named Mama Jo. Mama Jo in the story helps and protects Sukey and financially supports her by giving her gold coins. This story comes from the belief in
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Black slaves frequently crafted stories featuring animals like rabbits, foxes, bears, wolves, turtles, snakes, and possums, imbuing them with the traits of the individuals they encountered in the unfamiliar setting of the plantation.
1897:, is a response to the intertwining of cultures, ending with heroes bringing forth gifts. Rabbit Rides Wolf is a story that represents the amalgamation of African and Creek descent where a hero emerges during a time of conflict.
2140:, there are Afro-American folk stories of a little girl meeting a mermaid. During the era of slavery, Simbi folk stories in enslaved black communities provided hope from enslavement. It was believed that Simbi spirits help guide
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Comic and heartwarming African-American folktales “stimulate the imagination with wonders, and are told to remind us of the perils and the possibilities”. The stories are about heroes, heroines, villains, and fools. One story,
1755:, who was a cunning trickster against his slave masters. He often empowered newly freed slaves, saying that if they needed him, his spirit would be in a local root. Other common figures in African-American folktales include
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1942:, such as a boar, and is saved from her disease, such as leprosy, club foot, or yaws. Married to a Boar Hog is passed down from British Caribbean slaves in reference to their African Origin and the hardships they endured.
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2208:. He and other Minstrel artists utilized songs, dances, and characteristics of African American Folklore to solidify negative ideologies about African Americans. Some people Holocaust Enslavement,
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During the 19th century, African American Folklore was used as a propaganda tool by the white community to push Black Stereotypes. White authors would use folklore to perpetuate ideas such as
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African-American tales of ghosts and spirits were commonly told of a spook or “haint” or “haunt,” referring to repeated visits by ghosts or spirits that keep one awake at night. The story
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Chesnutt's tales represent the struggles freed slaves faced during the post-war era in the South. The author's tales provide a pensive perspective on the challenges of being left behind.
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evils, comic heartwarming tales, tales of God and the devil, tales teaching life lessons, tales of ghosts and spirits, and tales of slaves and their slave-owners. Many revolve around
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was known to utilize ethnic stereotypes in his films. He would notably use the Bebop trope in his animations. The use of Bebop can be seen through one of his most famous characters,
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He is said to push the point that African American Folklore is an "immoral reflection" of African religions and "animal tales are a reflection of African's childlike mannerisms".
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a country where the promises of democracy were denied to a large portion of the citizenry, a pattern that becomes even clearer in the literary adaptations of trickster figures".
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African-American tales center around beginnings and transformations whether focused on a character, event, or creation of the world. Some examples of origin stories include "
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from Looney Tunes. Bug's entire personality closely relates to tropes displayed in the Bebop stories. One of these characteristics can be seen in the animation titled,
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The initial dialogue of this tale discusses how only man has seen his equal, but God has not. It then goes on to describe how the devil is in opposition to God and, in
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2116:. In Africa, Simbi nature spirits protect and provide riches to their followers. In West-Central Africa, there are folk stories of people meeting mermaids. Among the
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2200:. The performers and producers would create books and songs in the "black dialect" to enhance their reputation. This was personified by the famous Minstrel Artist,
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published in 1977, tells the story of the character Milkman an African American in search of his African ancestors. Milkman lived in the North but returned to the
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through Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit when tempted by the serpent, and how women now have to have pain in childbirth and men have to work for survival.
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animals made the stories compelling to the young children and included singing and dancing or themes such as greediness, honesty, and loyalty.
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Nyawalo, Mich (October 2013). "From "Badman" to "Gangsta": Double Consciousness and Authenticity, from African-American Folklore to Hip Hop".
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is a personal experience in conjuring magic powers in both the living and the spiritual world common in African-American folklore. The story
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standard racial narratives, effectively refuting them by evoking a different kind of "racial project" in his fictional work.”
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documented some history about High John the Conqueror from her discussions with African Americans in the South in her book,
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In numerous superhero films and cartoons, there are mentions of various African American Folklore Characters. For example,
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3777:"It Ain't Trickin' If You Got It: Pre-Colonial African Trickster Deity Traditions Manifest in New Millennium Rap Music"
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Myers, Jeffrey (2003). "Other Nature: Resistance to Ecological Hegemony in Charles W. Chesnutt's "The Conjure Woman"".
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in Georgia. According to African American folklore, the souls of the Igbos that committed suicide flew back to Africa.
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African-American folktales don't always contain an actual 'trickster' but a theme of trickery tactics. For example,
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appearing weird and grammatically unstructured. The spread of these ideologies began during the rise of the
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was a High John root that prevented Douglass from being whipped and beaten by a slave-breaker. Former slave
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2188:“Oliver Scott's Refined Negro Minstrels . . . ," 1898, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
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3078:"The Trickster in African American Literature, Freedom's Story, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center"
2845:. Margaret Walker Alexander Series in African American Studies. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
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Africans were brought to the Americas as slaves, their meaning and life lessons have remained the same.
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and traveled through South Carolina and Georgia and made his final stop in Florida living amongst the
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3451:"In Search of Sunken Graves: Between Postslavery and Postplantation in Charles Chesnutt's Fiction"
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used the High John root to protect himself by chewing and spitting the root towards his enslaver.
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4088:. Washington: Library of Congress: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off, 1976.
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animals try to imitate the trickster, however, it backfires on them. An example of this is in
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makes references to African American spirituality in her literature, and in her 1977 novel
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of legend escaped enslavement by a magical flight over the ocean back to Africa. Novelist
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The Colored cartoon: Black representation in American animated short films, 1907-1954
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discusses the folk spirit High John the Conqueror whose spirit resides in the "High
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Affrilachian tales : folktales from the African-American Appalachian tradition
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Affrilachian tales : folktales from the African-American Appalachian tradition
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Affrilachian tales : folktales from the African-American Appalachian tradition
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Some African Americans believed High John the Conqueror freed the slaves, and that
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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3354:"Hidden Voices and Gothic Undertones: Slavery and Folklore of the American South"
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3479:"African American Folklore: Its Role in Reconstructing African American History"
2877:"African American Folklore: Its Role in Reconstructing African American History"
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Afro-American folktales : stories from Black traditions in the New World
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4832:
4742:
4712:
4707:
4677:
4627:
4479:
4165:
3886:
2732:
2606:
2465:
2422:
2335:
2096:
2005:
1790:
1743:
1739:
1145:
957:
685:
548:
5307:
5292:
5140:
5103:
4942:
4897:
4882:
4647:
4642:
4489:
4082:
Coughlan, Margaret N., and Library of Congress. Children's Book Section.
3858:
3042:
African American Folktales Stories from Black Traditions in the New World
2636:
2517:
2359:
2320:
2243:
2239:
2125:
2112:
spirits in West-Central Africa that came to the United States during the
1994:
1311:
967:
820:
700:
484:
3776:
2724:
2708:
2688:
2672:
4842:
4827:
4797:
4792:
4541:
4509:
4348:
4316:
3665:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 169, 173–179, 234, 243, 285.
3510:
3478:
3435:
2908:
2631:
2324:
2316:
2247:
2061:
416:
155:
5178:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
2991:"African-American Folktales and their Use in an Integrated Curriculum"
2876:
5456:
5302:
4807:
4591:
4529:
4424:
2621:
2312:
1830:
1641:
982:
715:
494:
321:
4103:
4085:
Folklore From Africa to the United States: an Annotated Bibliography
3419:
5929:
5924:
5434:
2626:
2508:
2276:
was an adaptation of the well-known African-American Folktale book
2169:
1027:
952:
945:
5193:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2238:
more of an outlaw. In the Badman trope existed a sub-genre called
4546:
2616:
2403:
2398:
2251:
2145:
1938:
against the British. The story is of a young woman who marries a
1115:
421:
3328:(First ed.). Parkhurst Brothers, Incorporated, Publishers.
3303:(First ed.). Parkhurst Brothers, Incorporated, Publishers.
24:
5380:
2591:
2331:
2305:
2259:
2117:
2037:
1871:
1839:
1756:
1022:
2784:
The Annotated African American Folktales (The Annotated Books)
5192:
3921:"'Wakanda Forever' Proves African Folklore's Enduring Legacy"
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2289:
2209:
2109:
795:
2304:, the actor who portrayed Uncle Remus, received an honorary
2184:
1913:
One example used by generations for African children is the
5237:
3662:
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
3106:"Library Guides: Linked ATU Tales: ATU 1- 299 Animal Tales"
2673:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product"
1982:
825:
3181:
3278:(First ed.). Marion : Parkhurst Brothers, Inc.
1986:
3963:"10 African and African American Folktales for Children"
3688:"10 African and African American Folktales for Children"
2843:
Black folklore and the politics of racial representation
2288:
but was viewed as a "glorification of slavery" remarked
3607:"Breaking the Surface: Mermaids and the Middle Passage"
2179:
1981:, manifests himself in the form of a serpent to trick
3358:
ETropic: Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics
2709:"The Elusive History of High John the Conqueror Root"
2369:
2358:
Season 5, and a modern-day movie adaptation starring
2227:
4097:
Types And Distribution of Negro Folk-lore In America
3142:. Internet Archive. New York : Pantheon Books.
4056:"African-American folklore at Americanfolklore.net"
3718:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 55–58.
3554:
Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System
3351:
3163:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Tatar, Maria (2017-11-14).
2019:
Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System
1618:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3195:
2296:. Despite the Criticism, Song of the South won an
2258:and heavily used in Tricker-related folklore like
3227:"The Midnight Goat Thief « ANIKE FOUNDATION"
6139:
5228:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3557:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 68–72.
3016:"Recurring Themes of African American Folktales"
2160:In African-American folklore Uncle Monday was a
5273:Black players in professional American football
5223:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3045:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 7.
2926:
3891:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
3550:
2806:
2804:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2647:Treatment of the enslaved in the United States
345:Education of freed people during the Civil War
4119:
3167:(First ed.). National Geographic Books.
1716:
4986:Historically black colleges and universities
3352:Dos Reis Dos Santos, Jennifer (2019-05-30).
3251:"African Folktale - The Midnight Goat Thief"
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2840:
2323:(1940). When Bugs allows another character,
356:Historically black colleges and universities
4002:"African Folktales « ANIKE FOUNDATION"
2922:
2920:
2918:
2801:
2695:
2659:
1887:
340:Education during the slave period in the US
4126:
4112:
3834:"Song of the South protest | Picture This"
3162:
2780:
2152:, because Simbi spirits reside in nature.
2040:who is a trickster spirit in West Africa.
2000:
1853:collected a series of stories and created
1723:
1709:
663:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
5203:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
3381:2160/45a1eeb3-c340-4869-a409-f2dbd8ff4922
3379:
3369:
2859:
2781:Gates, Henry Louis; Tatar, Maria (2017).
2278:Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit
119:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
3604:
3476:
3165:The Annotated African American Folktales
3135:
3038:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2915:
2874:
2352:The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy
2183:
2148:during their escape from slavery on the
2102:
2004:
1900:
1821:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
3711:
3523:
2962:
2750:
1870:in which Yawarri, an anteater, follows
1817:
6140:
6102:Topics related to the African diaspora
5208:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4050:
4048:
4046:
3884:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3448:
3401:
3399:
3347:
3345:
3221:
3219:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3099:
3097:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2265:
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
6082:Landmark African-American legislation
4133:
4107:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3880:
3878:
3856:
3804:
3802:
3774:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3658:
3405:
2947:
2706:
2128:, there is a children's story called
1921:
861:Athletic associations and conferences
350:History of African-American education
5213:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
3715:Uncle Monday and Other Florida Tales
3323:
3298:
2836:
2834:
2670:
2562:Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears
2350:is also seen in animated shows like
1970:An example of one of these tales is
1961:
1876:Why They Name the Stories for Anansi
784:Association for the Study of African
18:
5567:African-American Vernacular English
3465:
3396:
3342:
3216:
3122:
3094:
3059:
2997:
2180:Impact of African American Folklore
1598:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1099:African-American Vernacular English
668:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
5485:U.S. cities with large populations
5188:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4076:
4023:
3979:
3938:
3875:
3799:
3732:
3577:
3103:
3020:Teachers Institute of Philadelphia
2810:
2370:African-American folktale examples
2242:, which was based on a pimp named
2228:African American Folklore in Media
2144:(runaway slaves) to freedom or to
2067:
1866:Crawling Into the Elephant's Belly
801:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
6169:
4358:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4354:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4161:African American founding fathers
2831:
2495:The Baby Mouse and the Baby Snake
1789:tales of triumph over natural or
1505:Places by plurality of population
171:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
161:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
114:Abolitionism in the United States
6120:
5238:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4383:Nadir of American race relations
3685:
3551:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
3273:
3039:Abrahams, Roger (27 July 2011).
2452:John Henry the Steel Driving Man
1882:", although there are many more.
1812:Terrapin's Magic Dipper and Whip
1680:
202:Black Belt in the American South
23:
4244:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
4234:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
3913:
3885:Lehman, Christopher P. (2007).
3850:
3826:
3768:
3705:
3679:
3652:
3631:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079
3623:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079
3598:
3571:
3544:
3517:
3442:
3371:10.25120/etropic.18.1.2019.3672
3317:
3292:
3267:
3243:
3156:
3032:
2983:
2514:The Cheetah and the Lazy Hunter
2155:
1915:Tale of The Midnight Goat Thief
1767:. Many folktales are unique to
806:National Council of Negro Women
37:may be too short to adequately
5233:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4239:Civil right movement 1896–1954
4092:Marsh, Vivian Costroma Osborne
2933:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2841:Moody-Turner, Shirley (2013).
2216:perpetuated these in his book
1993:. This tells the story of the
1603:Racism against Black Americans
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
5413:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4389:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3586:. University of Georgia Press
2819:. University of Georgia Press
2671:Long, Carolyn Morrow (1997).
2652:
811:National Pan-Hellenic Council
16:Storytelling and oral history
3524:Hurston, Zora Neale (1943).
3449:Clough, Edward (Fall 2015).
3082:nationalhumanitiescenter.org
2977:10.1080/03007766.2012.671098
2757:. Berkeley. pp. 69–78.
2751:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981).
2642:Slavery in the United States
2462:Mufaro's Beautiful Daughters
1826:Brer Rabbit and the Tar Baby
1808:How Jackal Became an Outcast
1613:School segregation in the US
1151:Black American Sign Language
1125:Languages and other dialects
7:
6148:African-American literature
5283:Black players in ice hockey
5218:National Urban League (NUL)
5044:American Society of Muslims
4282:Selma to Montgomery marches
4202:Brown v. Board of Education
3967:The New York Public Library
3742:Brown, Cecil (2003-05-09).
3136:Abrahams, Roger D. (1985).
2585:
2471:Never Mind Them Watermelons
2194:African American Vernacular
1783:
440:African-American businesses
10:
6174:
5440:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5198:Nashville Student Movement
4209:Children of the plantation
3495:10.1177/002193479702700401
3477:Ogunleye, Tolagbe (1997).
3198:African American folktales
3110:libraryguides.missouri.edu
2930:African American Folktales
2893:10.1177/002193479702700401
2875:Ogunleye, Tolagbe (1997).
2313:Frederick Bean "Tex" Avery
2300:, "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah" and
2232:
2114:trans-Atlantic slave trade
1945:
1774:
1748:enslaved African Americans
1736:African-American folktales
978:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
653:Congressional Black Caucus
620:African Diaspora Religions
407:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6110:
6077:Index of related articles
5955:
5870:
5594:
5527:
5465:
5365:
5326:
5258:
5251:
5166:
5086:
5078:Doctrine of Father Divine
5024:
4966:
4615:
4470:
4462:Women's suffrage movement
4415:Reconstruction Amendments
4222:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4141:
3712:Congdon, Kristin (2001).
3202:. Greenwood Press. 2009.
2965:Popular Music and Society
2385:Afiong the Proud Princess
2344:American Gods (TV series)
2311:Director and cartoonist,
2053:President Abraham Lincoln
1801:
1485:US states and territories
786:American Life and History
508:Lift Every Voice and Sing
217:Treatment of the enslaved
6127:United States portal
5562:African-American English
4991:Inventors and scientists
4683:George Washington Carver
4287:Chicago Freedom Movement
3838:picturethis.museumca.org
3814:New Georgia Encyclopedia
3775:Terry, Courtney (2017).
3659:Brown (27 August 2012).
3584:New Georgia Encyclopedia
3483:Journal of Black Studies
2927:Thomas A. Green (2009).
2881:Journal of Black Studies
2817:New Georgia Encyclopedia
2457:Mirandy and Brother Wind
2218:Afro-American folktales.
1928:Possessed of Two Spirits
1888:Comic heartwarming tales
1769:African-American culture
1687:United States portal
1094:African-American English
605:African-American Muslims
166:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
6050:African-American firsts
5099:Back-to-Africa movement
5068:Black Hebrew Israelites
4848:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4396:Partus sequitur ventrem
3692:New York Public Library
3408:African American Review
2602:High John the Conqueror
2571:Why the Sky is Far Away
2523:The Midnight Goat Thief
2500:The Black Cat's Message
2419:Finding the Green Stone
2025:John the Conqueror root
2001:High John the Conqueror
1753:High John the Conqueror
1608:Reparations for slavery
696:Back-to-Africa movement
595:Black Hebrew Israelites
473:African-American beauty
6018:Spingarn Medal winners
5507:States and territories
5278:Black NFL quarterbacks
4778:Martin Luther King Jr.
4310:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4249:Montgomery bus boycott
3744:"Godfather of Gangsta"
3530:. Wildside Press LLC.
3324:Ford, Lynette (2012).
3299:Ford, Lynette (2012).
2547:Wait Until Emmet Comes
2364:John Henry (2020 film)
2340:The Amazing Spider-Man
2204:, who popularized the
2189:
2013:
1827:
1078:Dialects and languages
238:Second Great Migration
5328:Athletic associations
5263:Negro league baseball
5034:African-American Jews
4753:Ketanji Brown Jackson
4718:Henry Highland Garnet
4577:Negro National Anthem
4327:George Floyd protests
4292:Post–civil rights era
3863:Crown Hill Foundation
2754:The Sanctified Church
2707:Tyler, Varro (1991).
2557:Why Lizards Don't Sit
2542:The Value of a Person
2528:The Shrouded Horseman
2486:Sukey and the Mermaid
2448:John Henry (folklore)
2348:John Henry (folklore)
2187:
2130:Sukey and the Mermaid
2103:Sukey and The Mermaid
2047:The Sanctified Church
2008:
1932:Married to a Boar Hog
1901:Teaching life lessons
1825:
1490:US metropolitan areas
1317:List of neighborhoods
931:Alabama Creole people
921:African-American Jews
853:Negro league baseball
816:National Urban League
768:Civic/economic groups
600:African-American Jews
490:African-American hair
352:, after the Civil War
181:Post–civil rights era
5535:Afro-Seminole Creole
5061:Azusa Street Revival
4933:Booker T. Washington
4457:Underground Railroad
4322:Free people of color
4176:Atlantic slave trade
4060:americanfolklore.net
3857:coles (2022-02-25).
3527:High John de Conquer
2294:Walter White (NAACP)
2282:Joel Chandler Harris
2206:Jim Crow (character)
2166:Underground Railroad
2150:Underground Railroad
2090:coast of Georgia in
1973:Never Seen His Equal
1818:Trickery and trouble
1647:Criminal stereotypes
1422:District of Columbia
1139:Afro-Seminole Creole
581:Non-Christian groups
176:Black power movement
140:during the Civil War
109:Atlantic slave trade
5930:Trinidad and Tobago
5545:Black American Sign
5372:By African descent
5366:Ethnic subdivisions
5353:Southwestern (SWAC)
5268:Baseball color line
5183:Black Panther Party
5087:Political movements
5004:in computer science
4663:Carol Moseley Braun
4452:Tulsa race massacre
4445:Treatment of slaves
4277:March on Washington
4272:Birmingham movement
4006:anikefoundation.org
3810:"Song of the South"
3617:(1): 79–83, 83–86.
3231:anikefoundation.org
2713:Pharmacy in History
2677:Pharmacy in History
2552:Why Dogs Chase Cats
2537:Robert D. San Souci
2490:Robert D. San Souci
2443:I'm Coming Down Now
2428:Gullah storytelling
2266:Movies and Cartoons
2224:people patrolling.
2134:Robert D. San Souci
2122:Carolina Lowcountry
1940:supernatural entity
1936:American Revolution
1934:emerged during the
1043:Sierra Leone Creole
1004:Specific ancestries
889:Southwestern (SWAC)
412:Black History Month
243:New Great Migration
197:Agriculture history
6028:US representatives
6023:US cabinet members
5915:Dominican Republic
5502:Metropolitan areas
5343:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5168:Civic and economic
5146:Self-determination
4967:Education, science
4888:Fred Shuttlesworth
4868:A. Philip Randolph
4773:Coretta Scott King
4698:Frederick Douglass
4525:Harlem Renaissance
4430:Separate but equal
4420:Reconstruction era
4408:Plessy v. Ferguson
4299:Cornerstone Speech
4213:Civil Rights Acts
4196:Black Lives Matter
4171:American Civil War
3455:Southern Quarterly
2409:Br'er Bear's House
2286:American Civil War
2190:
2146:maroon communities
2058:Frederick Douglass
2034:American Civil War
2014:
1922:Ghosts and spirits
1880:A License to Steal
1828:
1052:Sexual orientation
926:Afro-Puerto Ricans
879:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
514:Self-determination
478:Black is beautiful
144:Reconstruction era
6158:American folklore
6135:
6134:
5963:African Americans
5835:Dallas–Fort Worth
5430:Black Southerners
5361:
5360:
4813:Thurgood Marshall
4783:Bernard Lafayette
4378:Million Man March
4135:African Americans
3898:978-1-55849-613-2
3611:Marvels and Tales
3605:Connolly (2021).
3578:Powell, Timothy.
3335:978-1-935166-66-5
3310:978-1-935166-66-5
3285:978-1-935166-67-2
3149:978-0-394-52755-0
2940:978-0-313-36295-8
2852:978-1-61703-885-3
2811:Powell, Timothy.
2580:Woe and Happiness
2505:The Calabash Kids
2481:Signifying monkey
2390:Anansi the Spider
2334:has been seen in
2332:Anansi the Spider
2273:Song of the South
2256:Juvenile (rapper)
2214:Roger D. Abrahams
2092:St. Simons Island
2042:Zora Neal Hurston
1962:God and the Devil
1856:The Conjure Woman
1733:
1732:
1670:
1669:
1568:
1567:
1342:Dallas-Fort Worth
1159:
1158:
1069:
1068:
1013:Americo-Liberians
896:
895:
834:
833:
759:
758:
628:
627:
572:Womanist theology
522:
521:
464:Symbols and ideas
250:
249:
129:Antebellum period
124:Revolutionary War
79:African Americans
64:
63:
6165:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6087:Lynching victims
5586:Louisiana Creole
5557:American English
5445:Louisiana Creole
5418:Choctaw freedmen
5256:
5255:
4793:Huddie Ledbetter
4733:Fannie Lou Hamer
4703:W. E. B. Du Bois
4693:Claudette Colvin
4688:Shirley Chisholm
4505:Family structure
4373:Military history
4255:Browder v. Gayle
4128:
4121:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4052:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4008:. Archived from
3998:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3959:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3255:Anike Foundation
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3074:
3057:
3056:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3012:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2960:
2945:
2944:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2872:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2683:(2): 47–48, 51.
2668:
2575:Mary-Joan Gerson
2533:The Talking Eggs
2438:I Know Moon Rise
2394:Gerald McDermott
2376:A Story, A Story
2138:African Diaspora
1851:Charles Chesnutt
1725:
1718:
1711:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1632:media depictions
1581:
1580:
1476:Population count
1172:
1171:
1106:Liberian English
1085:English dialects
1082:
1081:
1038:Samaná Americans
963:Creoles of color
909:
908:
847:
846:
791:Black conductors
772:
771:
641:
640:
615:Louisiana Voodoo
537:
536:
282:Family structure
265:
264:
212:Military history
207:Business history
138:military history
93:
92:
66:
65:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6121:
6119:
6106:
6072:Historic places
6065:US state firsts
5951:
5866:
5590:
5523:
5495:2010 majorities
5490:2000 majorities
5461:
5408:Black Seminoles
5357:
5348:Southern (SIAC)
5331:
5330:and conferences
5329:
5322:
5318:Serena Williams
5313:Jackie Robinson
5247:
5171:
5169:
5162:
5082:
5049:Nation of Islam
5020:
4968:
4962:
4903:Sojourner Truth
4893:Clarence Thomas
4858:Gabriel Prosser
4758:Michael Jackson
4633:Crispus Attucks
4623:Ralph Abernathy
4611:
4567:Musical theater
4466:
4332:Great Migration
4304:COVID-19 impact
4262:Sit-in movement
4137:
4132:
4079:
4077:Further reading
4074:
4073:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4000:
3999:
3980:
3971:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3899:
3883:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3859:"James Baskett"
3855:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3475:
3466:
3447:
3443:
3420:10.2307/1512356
3404:
3397:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3274:Ford, Lynette.
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3175:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3134:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3060:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2961:
2948:
2941:
2925:
2916:
2873:
2860:
2853:
2839:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2740:
2705:
2696:
2669:
2660:
2655:
2612:J. Mason Brewer
2588:
2372:
2356:Teen Titans Go!
2268:
2235:
2230:
2182:
2174:Black Seminoles
2170:Seminole people
2158:
2142:freedom seekers
2105:
2082:Song of Solomon
2073:Flying Africans
2070:
2068:Flying Africans
2003:
1964:
1948:
1924:
1908:anthropomorphic
1903:
1895:The Red Feather
1890:
1820:
1804:
1795:anthropomorphic
1786:
1777:
1729:
1681:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1622:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1509:
1471:
1447:Omaha, Nebraska
1412:Historic places
1406:
1298:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1120:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1047:
999:
941:Black Seminoles
906:
905:Sub-communities
898:
897:
884:Southern (SIAC)
844:
836:
835:
830:
785:
769:
761:
760:
755:
672:
638:
630:
629:
624:
610:Nation of Islam
576:
553:
534:
524:
523:
518:
459:
426:
393:
365:
326:
302:Musical theater
262:
252:
251:
233:Great Migration
90:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6171:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6038:Visual artists
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5998:Mathematicians
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5939:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5876:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5815:South Carolina
5812:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5785:North Carolina
5782:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5730:Massachusetts
5728:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5572:social context
5569:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5423:Creek Freedmen
5420:
5415:
5410:
5400:
5398:Alabama Creole
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Central (CIAA)
5334:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5131:Pan-Africanism
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5073:Black theology
5070:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5014:in STEM fields
5011:
5006:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4969:and technology
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Harriet Tubman
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Michelle Obama
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Barbara Jordan
4765:
4763:Harriet Jacobs
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:Amelia Boynton
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4616:Notable people
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4552:LGBT community
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:Freedom Riders
4264:
4259:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4198:
4193:
4191:Black genocide
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4022:
3978:
3937:
3912:
3897:
3874:
3849:
3825:
3798:
3767:
3731:
3724:
3704:
3678:
3671:
3651:
3597:
3580:"Ebos Landing"
3570:
3563:
3543:
3536:
3516:
3489:(4): 435–455.
3464:
3441:
3395:
3341:
3334:
3316:
3309:
3291:
3284:
3266:
3242:
3215:
3209:978-0313362958
3208:
3180:
3173:
3155:
3148:
3121:
3104:Barker, Anne.
3093:
3058:
3051:
3031:
2996:
2982:
2971:(4): 460–475.
2946:
2939:
2914:
2887:(4): 435–455.
2858:
2851:
2830:
2813:"Ebos Landing"
2800:
2793:
2770:
2763:
2738:
2719:(4): 165–166.
2694:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2483:
2478:
2476:No King as God
2473:
2468:
2459:
2454:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Hold Him, Tabb
2430:
2425:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2382:
2380:Gale E. Hayley
2371:
2368:
2308:for the film.
2270:The 1946 Film
2267:
2264:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2202:Thomas D. Rice
2181:
2178:
2157:
2154:
2120:people in the
2118:Gullah Geechee
2104:
2101:
2069:
2066:
2002:
1999:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1944:
1923:
1920:
1902:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1819:
1816:
1803:
1800:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Black genocide
1589:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1500:US communities
1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:South Carolina
1454:
1452:North Carolina
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:South Carolina
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:North Carolina
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1111:Samaná English
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1061:LGBT community
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:Creek Freedmen
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
991:
990:
988:Carmel Indians
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
949:
948:
943:
933:
928:
923:
917:
914:
913:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
894:
893:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:Central (CIAA)
863:
862:
858:
857:
856:
855:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
780:
777:
776:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
757:
756:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
736:Pan-Africanism
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
646:
645:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
625:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
575:
574:
569:
567:Black theology
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
552:
551:
545:
542:
541:
535:
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
504:
499:
498:
497:
487:
482:
481:
480:
469:
466:
465:
461:
460:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
436:
433:
432:
431:Economic class
428:
427:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
392:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
370:Academic study
367:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
347:
342:
336:
333:
332:
328:
327:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
270:
269:
263:
258:
257:
254:
253:
248:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
227:
226:
222:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
191:
190:
186:
185:
184:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
152:
151:
141:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
98:
97:
91:
86:
85:
82:
81:
75:
74:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6170:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:Neighborhoods
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6060:Sports firsts
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5862:West Virginia
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:Pennsylvania
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5778:New York City
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5622:San Francisco
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:By state/city
5593:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5540:American Sign
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5473:Neighborhoods
5471:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5403:Black Indians
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Black schools
4979:
4977:
4976:Black studies
4974:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4958:Whitney Young
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Oprah Winfrey
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Denmark Vesey
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:Joseph Rainey
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Toni Morrison
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Joseph Lowery
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Jesse Jackson
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4738:Kamala Harris
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Marcus Garvey
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Blanche Bruce
4671:
4669:
4668:Edward Brooke
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:James Bradley
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:James Baldwin
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Neighborhoods
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
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4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Silent Parade
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
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4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4363:Jim Crow laws
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
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4297:
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4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
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4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Black cowboys
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4124:
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4117:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4099:
4098:
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4080:
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4057:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:on 2018-11-05
4011:
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3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
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3968:
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3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3693:
3689:
3686:Love, Zanny.
3682:
3674:
3672:9781107024090
3668:
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3628:
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3564:9780252094460
3560:
3556:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3537:9781479443062
3533:
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3205:
3200:
3199:
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3187:
3185:
3176:
3174:9780871407535
3170:
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3141:
3140:
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3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3052:9780307803184
3048:
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3021:
3017:
3011:
3009:
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3005:
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2844:
2837:
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2818:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2794:9780871407566
2790:
2787:. Liveright.
2786:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2764:9780913666449
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2743:
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2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Verna Aardema
2563:
2560:
2558:
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2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:James Baskett
2299:
2298:Academy Award
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Minstrel show
2195:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:Toni Morrison
2074:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:Conjure Woman
2007:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
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1919:
1916:
1911:
1909:
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1703:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1662:Minstrel show
1660:
1658:
1657:Magical Negro
1655:
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1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:West Virginia
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
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1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:San Francisco
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:New York City
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
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1355:
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1187:
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1123:
1117:
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1097:
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1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Nova Scotians
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
993:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
937:
936:Black Indians
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
916:
915:
911:
910:
902:
901:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:HBCU (HBCUAC)
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
860:
859:
854:
851:
850:
849:
848:
840:
839:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
782:
781:
779:
778:
775:Organizations
774:
773:
765:
764:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
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6153:Storytelling
6013:Sportspeople
5983:Billionaires
5900:Sierra Leone
5803:Philadelphia
5639:Jacksonville
5466:Demographics
5298:Jack Johnson
5288:Muhammad Ali
5121:Conservatism
5056:Black church
4953:Andrew Young
4938:Ida B. Wells
4928:David Walker
4923:C. T. Vivian
4878:Paul Robeson
4873:Hiram Revels
4853:Colin Powell
4833:Barack Obama
4788:James Lawson
4743:Jimi Hendrix
4713:James Farmer
4708:Medgar Evers
4678:Ralph Bunche
4628:Maya Angelou
4602:Middle class
4514:
4480:Afrofuturism
4406:
4394:
4387:
4308:
4253:
4200:
4166:Afrocentrism
4156:Abolitionism
4095:
4083:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:
4014:. Retrieved
4010:the original
4005:
3970:. Retrieved
3966:
3929:. Retrieved
3927:. 2022-11-10
3924:
3915:
3887:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3852:
3841:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:
3787:(2): 58–79.
3784:
3780:
3770:
3759:. Retrieved
3748:The Guardian
3747:
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3695:. Retrieved
3691:
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3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3614:
3610:
3600:
3590:12 September
3588:. Retrieved
3583:
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3461:(1): 87–104.
3458:
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3019:
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2880:
2842:
2821:. Retrieved
2816:
2783:
2753:
2716:
2712:
2680:
2676:
2607:Hausa people
2466:John Steptoe
2423:Alice Walker
2414:Br'er Rabbit
2336:Static Shock
2329:
2310:
2271:
2269:
2236:
2222:
2217:
2191:
2159:
2156:Uncle Monday
2129:
2106:
2097:Igbo landing
2080:
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2017:
2015:
2009:
1971:
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1844:
1829:
1805:
1791:supernatural
1787:
1778:
1765:Uncle Monday
1744:oral history
1740:storytelling
1735:
1734:
1560:Sierra Leone
1392:Philadelphia
1362:Jacksonville
958:Brass Ankles
711:Conservatism
686:Afrocentrism
658:Joint Center
549:Black church
540:Institutions
455:Billionaires
445:Middle class
398:Celebrations
361:Fraternities
291:
52:
36:
34:lead section
6033:US senators
6003:Republicans
5988:Journalists
5845:San Antonio
5810:Puerto Rico
5751:Mississippi
5644:Tallahassee
5617:Los Angeles
5308:Jesse Owens
5293:Arthur Ashe
5151:Nationalism
5141:Raised fist
5104:Black power
5009:in medicine
4943:Roy Wilkins
4898:Emmett Till
4883:Al Sharpton
4648:Julian Bond
4643:James Bevel
4607:Upper class
4597:Stereotypes
4490:Black mecca
4402:Plantations
4181:Black Codes
3414:(1): 5–20.
2637:Zulu people
2516:– from the
2360:Terry Crews
2321:A Wild Hare
2244:Lee Shelton
2132:written by
2126:Sea Islands
1995:fall of man
1861:personified
1836:Brer Rabbit
1761:Brer Rabbit
1628:Stereotypes
1555:Nova Scotia
1437:Mississippi
1397:San Antonio
1377:Los Angeles
1312:Black mecca
1239:Mississippi
1146:Negro Dutch
968:Dominickers
912:Multiethnic
821:TransAfrica
731:Nationalism
701:Black power
485:Black pride
450:Upper class
149:Politicians
55:August 2021
6142:Categories
5978:Astronauts
5768:New Jersey
5612:California
5116:Capitalism
4913:Nat Turner
4843:Rosa Parks
4828:Diane Nash
4798:John Lewis
4587:Newspapers
4557:Literature
4542:Juneteenth
4495:Businesses
4349:Exodusters
4317:Free Negro
4065:2018-11-05
4016:2018-11-04
3972:2018-11-05
3931:2024-05-11
3868:2024-05-11
3843:2024-05-11
3819:2024-05-11
3761:2024-05-11
3725:157806385X
3697:1 February
3644:31 January
3260:2023-11-10
3236:2018-11-12
3115:2023-11-10
3087:2018-11-07
3025:2023-11-08
2823:11 January
2653:References
2632:The Dozens
2597:Br'er Bear
2354:Season 6,
2325:Elmer Fudd
2317:Bugs Bunny
2292:executive
2248:Snoop Dogg
2062:Henry Bibb
2016:The book,
1831:Tricksters
1194:California
1168:Population
741:Patriotism
726:Liberalism
706:Capitalism
677:Ideologies
558:Theologies
417:Juneteenth
389:Literature
317:Newspapers
225:Migrations
156:Juneteenth
6092:Monuments
5968:Activists
5820:Tennessee
5740:Michigan
5724:Baltimore
5714:Louisiana
5707:Lexington
5690:Davenport
5629:Cleveland
5528:Languages
5457:Melungeon
5435:Blaxicans
5303:Joe Louis
5158:Socialism
5094:Anarchism
4823:Bob Moses
4808:Malcolm X
4728:Fred Gray
4592:Soul food
4530:New Negro
4515:Folktales
4425:Redlining
4100:. , 1922.
3907:129957408
3793:0031-8906
3756:0261-3077
3639:236647533
3503:0021-9347
3428:1062-4783
3390:1448-2940
2901:0021-9347
2622:Sanankuya
2136:. In the
2027:" in the
1652:Hollywood
1642:Blackface
1577:Prejudice
1495:US cities
1372:Lexington
1347:Davenport
1327:Baltimore
1303:US cities
1279:Tennessee
1229:Louisiana
1175:US states
983:Melungeon
953:Blaxicans
751:Socialism
716:Garveyism
691:Anarchism
495:Good hair
322:Soul food
292:Folktales
39:summarize
6115:Category
5906:America
5872:Diaspora
5857:Virginia
5790:Oklahoma
5773:New York
5756:Nebraska
5719:Maryland
5702:Kentucky
5668:Illinois
5607:Arkansas
5512:Illinois
5450:of color
5136:Populism
5109:Movement
5026:Religion
4368:Lynching
4151:Timeline
2733:11612725
2725:41112508
2689:41111803
2627:Tanzania
2586:See also
2509:Tanzania
2240:Stagolee
2162:conjurer
1784:Overview
1738:are the
1692:Category
1515:Diaspora
1442:Missouri
1367:Kentucky
1294:Virginia
1264:Oklahoma
1249:New York
1244:Nebraska
1234:Maryland
1209:Illinois
1189:Arkansas
1028:Merikins
973:Freedmen
946:Mascogos
746:Populism
637:Politics
532:Religion
502:Stepping
268:Lifeways
104:Timeline
71:a series
69:Part of
6043:Writers
6008:Singers
5993:Jurists
5941:Europe
5895:Liberia
5840:Houston
5744:Detroit
5680:Indiana
5673:Chicago
5656:Atlanta
5651:Georgia
5634:Florida
5602:Alabama
5552:English
5126:Leftism
4996:Museums
4547:Kwanzaa
4472:Culture
4440:Slavery
4143:History
3511:2784725
3436:1512356
2909:2784725
2617:Nigeria
2507:– from
2404:Boo Hag
2399:Big Liz
2362:called
2252:Da Brat
2233:Hip-Hop
1989:in the
1979:Genesis
1946:Slavery
1878:" and "
1810:" and "
1775:History
1550:Liberia
1432:Georgia
1427:Florida
1357:Houston
1352:Detroit
1337:Chicago
1322:Atlanta
1214:Indiana
1204:Georgia
1199:Florida
1184:Alabama
1116:Tutnese
995:Redbone
721:Leftism
422:Kwanzaa
379:Studies
331:Schools
260:Culture
189:Aspects
134:Slavery
96:Periods
88:History
6055:Mayors
5973:Actors
5945:France
5937:Israel
5925:Mexico
5910:Canada
5885:Gambia
5880:Africa
5830:Austin
5795:Oregon
5734:Boston
5697:Kansas
5663:Hawaii
5581:Gullah
5391:Yoruba
5381:Gullah
5252:Sports
5170:groups
5000:Women
4537:Hoodoo
4411:(1896)
4337:Second
4313:(1857)
4258:(1956)
4205:(1954)
3905:
3895:
3791:
3781:Phylon
3754:
3722:
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3629:
3561:
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2342:, and
2260:Anansi
2038:Elegua
2029:Hoodoo
2012:(1899)
1991:Garden
1872:Anansi
1840:Anansi
1802:Themes
1763:, and
1757:Anansi
1584:Racism
1545:Israel
1535:France
1530:Canada
1525:Africa
1332:Boston
1269:Oregon
1224:Kansas
1134:Gullah
1023:Gullah
843:Sports
590:Hoodoo
5956:Lists
5920:Haiti
5890:Ghana
5825:Texas
5761:Omaha
5039:Islam
4572:Names
4562:Music
4500:Dance
3635:S2CID
3627:JSTOR
3507:JSTOR
3432:JSTOR
3364:(1).
2905:JSTOR
2721:JSTOR
2685:JSTOR
2573:– by
2535:– by
2488:– by
2464:– by
2421:– by
2392:– by
2378:– by
2306:Oscar
2290:NAACP
2210:Maafa
2110:Simbi
2087:South
1697:Index
1540:Ghana
1462:Texas
1387:Omaha
1284:Texas
796:NAACP
307:Names
297:Music
277:Dance
5852:Utah
5685:Iowa
5517:Ohio
5478:list
5386:Igbo
5376:Fula
4520:Hair
4510:Film
4227:1968
4217:1964
3925:TIME
3903:OCLC
3893:ISBN
3789:ISSN
3752:ISSN
3720:ISBN
3699:2022
3667:ISBN
3646:2022
3592:2021
3559:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3499:ISSN
3424:ISSN
3386:ISSN
3330:ISBN
3305:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3144:ISBN
3047:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2897:ISSN
2847:ISBN
2825:2022
2789:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2729:PMID
2518:Zulu
2172:and
2124:and
1985:and
1983:Adam
1838:and
1742:and
1630:and
1289:Utah
1259:Ohio
1219:Iowa
826:UNCF
287:Film
136:and
4485:Art
4342:New
3619:doi
3491:doi
3416:doi
3376:hdl
3366:doi
2973:doi
2889:doi
2280:by
2254:to
1987:Eve
1746:of
384:Art
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