Affordable housing in the United States

628: 256:, researchers found that shelters functioned as "part of a more extended institutional circuit, as a temporary source of transitional housing, as a surrogate for exhausted support from kin, and as a haphazard resource in essentially nomadic lives." This perpetuation of short-term countermeasures to homelessness, all while de-prioritizing long-term options for stable and appropriate housing, raises the issue of whether shelters and existing institutional models are fully addressing the needs of mentally ill clients who have been displaced or houseless. 205: 778:’s $ 110 billion California Comeback Plan, which included the passing of Senate Bills 8, 9, and 10, was an attempt to help mitigate the current housing crisis. By extending housing production while avoiding displacement of existing tenants and increasing access to zoning for multi-units these bills aim to increase state provisioning and facilitate the development of denser housing. The idea behind the California Comeback Plan is to boost 873:. Consequently, 48.7% of householders spend more than 30% of their income on rent. Several federal and state initiatives have targeted this problem, but have failed to provide enough affordable, inclusive, and sustainable housing for New York City residents. The demand for affordable housing in New York City remains high: 2.5 million applications were submitted for 2,600 available affordable apartments in 2016. 497:, often enabling the establishment of new affordable units without heavy reliance on public funding. Because the creation of affordable units under an inclusionary zoning policy hinges on the construction of market-rate housing, it is most effective in areas with active construction or expected new development, where it is likely to generate a substantial number of affordable homes. 340:

median wage of a full-time white worker surpasses the one-bedroom Housing Wage by $ 2.23, full-time Black and Latino workers fall short by approximately $ 0.73 and $ 1.84, respectively. The disparity worsens for women of color, with Black and Latina female workers earning median wages that are $ 3.96 and $ 5.47 less than the one-bedroom Housing Wage, respectively.

216:

statewide provisioning for unhoused and displaced persons. Homelessness first emerged as a national issue in the early 1870s, although the term originally referred to "itinerant 'tramps' traversing the country in search of work," attributing the solution to homelessness as one of employment and job provision rather than affordable and accessible housing.

1395:

Yohanna, Daniel. "Deinstitutionalization of People with Mental Illness: Causes and Consequences." Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association, American Medical Association, 1 Oct. 2013, journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/deinstitutionalization-people-mental-illness-causes-and-consequences/2013-10.

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Allocating more units for higher-income residents in mixed-income spaces has been shown to enhance maintenance and amenities, fostering economic diversity by competing with market-rate developments. However, research challenges the assumption that integrating lower-income and higher-income households

598:

Rent stabilization laws restrict rent increases, but they are typically less stringent than rent control. These laws include rights to lease renewal and constraints on annual rent increases, which are recalculated each year. Despite their differences, rent stabilization has become more prevalent than

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in exchange for agreeing to rent a portion of their units to low-income tenants at reduced rates. Eligibility for these tax credits necessitates that the proposed development either encompasses new construction or involves substantial refurbishment of residential units. The specific amount of credits

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show a significant disparity: despite Black Americans making up an average of 18.6% of all renters, they represent 51.1% of those under threat of eviction and 43.4% of those actually evicted. In contrast, while White Americans comprise over half of all renters at 50.5%, they constitute only 26.3% of

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aimed at gauging the impact of government-subsidized housing in mitigating homelessness concluded that these housing initiatives did not effectively prioritize individuals at the highest risk of experiencing homelessness. Consequently, a mere expansion of current housing programs administered by the

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rental homes without exceeding 30% of their incomes. Nationally, the 2023 Housing Wage is $ 28.58 per hour for a modest two-bedroom home and $ 23.67 per hour for a one-bedroom home. The findings emphasize that housing remains unaffordable for workers across various job types and income levels. Sixty

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highlights a substantial housing cost disparity for people of color, particularly women of color. The report's key figure, the "Housing Wage," reveals the hourly earnings necessary for full-time workers to afford fair market rental homes without exceeding 30% of their incomes. Nationally, while the

264:

led to more public demands for severely mentally ill patients to be removed from the "deplorable environments" perpetuated by mental hospitals, asylums, and the like. Legal restrictions on institutionalization have pointed towards placing the responsibility of care on a largely decentralized mental

215:

Central to public discourse on housing affordability is the conversation surrounding advocacy for unhoused and homeless individuals. The evolution of homelessness within the U.S. has been characterized by significant changes not only in perceived solutions, but also in the gradual politicization of

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in September 2007. The cost of rent and availability of these units for residents will remain consistent, as the city has put in place provisions to make them affordable for at least 55 years. Additionally, because of a concern that the people who need these housing units might be crowded out, the

750:

In 2009, the San Diego Housing Commission implemented a finance plan that created 810 more units of affordable rental housing through leveraging the equity of its owned properties. The conversion of city-owned buildings into low-income affordable housing was made possible by an agreement made with

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programs. It suggests the restructuring of these programs by decreasing subsidies for each income bracket, removing those with relatively higher incomes from the eligibility criteria, and reallocating the resulting savings to provide subsidies to the most economically disadvantaged individuals who

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criteria. HUD mandates that 75% of newly enrolled households should fall at or below 30% of the area's median income. Eligibility considers various factors such as household income, size, composition, citizenship status, assets, and essential expenses like healthcare and childcare. In the United

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A new apartment building under construction in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, called Via Sol by PLACE (Projects Linking Art, Community and Environment). The development project is a "mixed-use, mixed-income creative community" along the Highway 7 frontage road near the Southwest Light Rail (SWLRT)

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diverse communities. These residences might be mixed within the same hallway, placed in distinct buildings, or situated on separate floors or wings within a single building. Additionally, city blocks or neighborhoods can be deemed mixed-income when they encompass a variety of housing options

605:

laws are also tenant protections, given they prevent landlords from evicting tenants without valid reasons, such as non-payment of rent or lease violations. Approximately 44 million households, constituting around one-third of all households in the United States, are renters. Annually, about

97:. However, in the US, the term is mostly used to refer to housing units that are deed restricted (for typically at least 30 years) to households considered Low-Income (80% of AMI), Very Low-Income (50% of AMI), and Extremely Low-Income (30% of AMI). These units are most often constructed by 868:

New York City has a shortage of affordable housing resulting in overcrowding and homelessness. New York City attracts thousands of new residents each year and housing prices continue to climb. Finding affordable housing affects a large portion of the city's population including low-income,

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allows landlords to increase rents, with limitations such as an annual increase cap and an upper limit known as the "maximum base rent," adjusted periodically to align with operating costs. Assessing the impact of rent control on its ability to promote stability for individuals residing in

108:

For over six decades, housing has consistently been the largest expenditure within the average American family's financial plan. Throughout a substantial portion of this era, housing expenses have outpaced income growth, especially impacting those who rent their residences. Following the

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are the city's largest affordable housing program and were responsible for helping to fill 14,698 homes in the 2014–2015 fiscal year. The San Diego Housing Commission currently owns 2,221 affordable housing units and plans to expand that number in the future to meet the growing demand.

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composition. This practice has had a long-lasting impact on housing affordability and access to homeownership for minority communities in the United States. Redlining became widespread in the 1930s and continued for several decades but was officially banned with the passage of the

771:, and many of the apartments are available only to families who make 30% or less of the median income of the city. The new housing project aimed to provide a low-rent area for residents who work downtown but who are unable to live near their workplace because of the high costs. 144:

against people of color. The reported effects of affordable housing range from improved health and educational outcomes to reduced homelessness. A series of legislative steps have been taken to address different aspects of housing policy in the United States, including the

2775:"The History of Homelessness in the United States." Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 11 July 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519584/. 236:." Riis's photography work revealed the deplorable living conditions of those occupying U.S. slums and tenements, drawing more public attention towards the issue of homelessness. This awareness helped to usher in the "Modern Era" of the housing movement, as advocates and 474:

regulations to require or incentivize developers to include a certain percentage of affordable housing units in new residential developments. Incentives include density bonuses, tax credits, fee waivers, and deferral programs. Inclusionary zoning policies aim to promote

259:

With the existing reliance on community shelters to accommodate mentally ill clients, the reinforcement of housing as a public need is also coupled by the de-institutionalization of mental illnesses previously addressed in custody and asylum. The rise of the 1960s

703:, where median home costs can be as much as $ 195,400 cheaper. However, where housing costs may be lower, these workers are now facing longer commutes. The combination of housing costs and transport costs means that as many as 45% of the population working in 113:, there has been a substantial decline in the rate of home ownership, leading to increases in foreclosures and short sales. This, in turn, has driven a surge in the number of individuals and families opting to rent homes, causing greater rental expenses. 694:

pay 30% or over of their income toward rent and housing costs every month. Even with an estimated 84,000 vacant housing units, a significant number of people choose to live outside of county lines, where housing costs are lower. About twenty percent of

816:'s population – the regional population is expected to increase from 7.2 million to 9.3 million by 2040. Major cities including Los Angeles and San Francisco frequently cite increases to the homeless population as a result of reductions in 449:

often disproportionately surveil minority tenants. The surveillance that these mothers describe within their residences results in a lack of privacy within the home, increases the likelihood of eviction, and intensifies their financial struggles.

251:

is often intrinsically tied to the extended "institutional circuit" intended to function as a solution to residential instability. In a 1995 research study that interviewed applicants for a homeless shelter judged to be severely mentally ill in

101:"affordable housing developers" who use a combination of private money and government subsidies. For-profit developers, when building market-rate developments, may include some "affordable" units (often 10-30%), if required as part of a city's 330:

Although redlining is no longer a formal practice, its legacy continues to influence patterns of housing discrimination, disparities in homeownership rates, and access to housing and community resources for minority populations. The 2023

710:

Homelessness is a huge challenge also stemming from this lack of affordable housing. San Diego's Regional Task Force on the Homeless counted 4,912 homeless individuals in the City of San Diego alone, with 8,576 homeless persons in the

227:

who were focused on exposing corruption and "the realities of the American people" to the public, helped shed new light on the issue of homelessness and displacement. Particularly notable is the work of Danish photojournalist

441:, the implementation of surveillance within subsidized housing has been shown to intensify the effects of poverty. An analysis based upon in-depth interviews with 67 low-income Black mothers living in subsidized housing in 723:

voted and approved a reform to parking standards on housing units near public transit with the goal of reducing housing costs associated with mandated parking spots and relieve traffic by encouraging residents to use

587:

and rent stabilization policies. Both of these protections are used to regulate and limit the amount landlords can increase rent for tenants in certain properties; however, they have distinct origins and guidelines.

900:

Half of all renters in the United States spend more than 30 percent of their income on rent and utilities, more than at any other time in history, according to a new report by Harvard's Joint Center for Housing

1356:

Riis, Jacob A., et al. "Jacob Riis: Revealing 'How the Other Half Lives' Riis and Reform." Riis and Reform – Jacob Riis: Revealing "How the Other Half Lives" | Exhibitions – Library of Congress, 14 Apr. 2016,

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rent-controlled units has predominantly shown positive outcomes. Nevertheless, the evidence regarding its effectiveness in promoting economic opportunities or diminishing racial disparities is inconclusive.

660:

significantly strengthens social connections within these developments, indicating limited interaction across income groups and no substantial changes in the economic status of assisted housing families.

2331:

Laura, Tach; Pendall, Rolf; Derian, Alexandra (January 2014). "Income Mixing across Scales Rationale, Trends, Policies, Practice, and Research for More Inclusive Neighborhoods and Metropolitan Areas".

128:-era support programs, are intensifying financial instability for low-income renters. The report's key figure, the "Housing Wage," reveals the hourly earnings necessary for full-time workers to afford 619:

laws are especially crucial in contexts where certain groups, such as Black Americans in this case, face a higher risk of eviction despite being a smaller percentage of the renting population.

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in June, 2023. This report underlines the disparity between people's earnings and the cost of modest rental housing across the U.S. It emphasizes how rising rents, coupled with the end of

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programs help low income citizens find housing by paying the difference between the market price of a home and 30% of the renter's income. According to the San Diego Housing Commission,

394:(HUD) uses to provide rental assistance vouchers to eligible low-income households. The program offers financial aid to households with an annual gross income not surpassing 50% of 863: 579:

Tenant protections are legal measures and regulations designed to safeguard the rights and interests of tenants in the rental housing market. An example of tenant protections is

2723: 1366:"The Evolution of Homelessness throughout History." ABC7 News , ABC News, 9 Nov. 2020, abc7amarillo.com/features/invisible/the-evolution-of-homelessness-throughout-history. 832:

that keeps rent prices consistently high. While local governance bodies such as the Zoning Adjustment Board (ZAB) have worked to introduce reforms to policies such as

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and creating public housing options to emphasizing the importance of affordable and equitable housing opportunities while also addressing discrimination and promoting

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and project-based vouchers, are often combined to cater to the needs of lower-income households, dependent on the specific community and housing assistance type.

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One inclusionary zoning program put in place by the United States government to encourage the development and rehabilitation of affordable rental housing is the

2581: 2160:

Rajasekaran, Prasanna; Treskon, Mark; Greene, Solomon (January 2019). "Rent Control: What Does the Research Tell Us about the Effectiveness of Local Action?".

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PhD , Kim Hopper, et al. "Homelessness, Severe Mental Illness, and the Institutional Circuit." Psychiatric Services, vol. 48, no. 5, May 1997, pp. 659–665.,

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region. Multiple propositions have been made to abate the problem. In 2018, California voted on Proposition 10, which would have lifted state regulations on

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a development may obtain depends on the overall depreciable capital improvements and the available funding a state has to cover the entire development cost.

386:

Various government policies and programs have been put in place to address the causes and effects of affordable housing. One such government program is the

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in 1977. The discriminatory practice of redlining used by governments made it extremely difficult for residents of redlined neighborhoods to accumulate

2456: 524:

has expanded to provide the most new affordable housing in the United States, the program has received many criticisms and calls for its elimination.

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rent control. For example, in New York City in 2021, there were 16,400 rent-controlled apartments compared to 1,048,860 rent-stabilized apartments.

2680: 2566: 520:

low-income housing. As of 2010, this innovative approach yielded the construction of 1.5 million low-income housing units. However, while the

516:, established in 1986, stands as a groundbreaking departure from the typical structure of supply-side housing programs, which primarily relied on 2651: 1674:"A Review of "Introduction to housing (second edition)", Edited by Katrin B. Anacker, Andrew T. Carswell, Sarah D. Kirby and Kenneth R. Tremblay" 1407:"The Relationship of Historical Redlining with Present-Day Neighborhood Environmental and Health Outcomes: A Scoping Review and Conceptual Model" 93:

falls at or below the Area Median Income (AMI), as evaluated by either national or local government authorities through an officially recognized

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drew attention when it announced that it would be offering 205 apartments to low-income residents. Residents pay their portion of rent through

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percent of workers earn less than the hourly wage required for a two-bedroom home, and nearly 50% earn less than the one-bedroom Housing Wage.

2502: 2365:

Levy, Diane K.; McDade, Zach; Bertumen, Kassie (2013). "Mixed-Income Living: Anticipated and Realized Benefits for Low-Income Households".

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moderate-income, and even median income families. Since 1970, income has remained relatively stagnant while rent has nearly doubled for

141: 805: 359:

outcomes within the city. The observed pattern of increased lending discrimination corresponding with declining health indicates that

1739: 1345:"Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness." 421: 648:

The term "mixed-income" varies across locations, reflecting diverse ratios of affordable and market-rate units along with differing

287:, the federal government created new organizations to make affordable home mortgages more accessible. These agencies included the 517: 434: 381: 364: 170: 2385: 1605:

Lynch, Emily E.; Malcoe, Lorraine Halinka; Laurent, Sarah E.; Richardson, Jason; Mitchell, Bruce C.; Meier, Helen C.S. (2021).

324: 2834: 934: 363:, evident in historical and contemporary lending disinvestment, serves as a predictor for poor health outcomes in the deeply 336: 280: 117: 403:

States, the widely accepted standard for identifying households with extremely low incomes is either income at or below the

566:. This means that LIHTC projects do not tend to lead to increased segregation, even in areas with elevated poverty levels. 295:(FHA). HOLC and FHA conducted extensive evaluations of neighborhoods to assess their investment risk, a practice known as " 719:

and allowed local jurisdictions to set their own policies. Proposition 10 did not pass. More recently, in March 2019, the

241: 2217:

Graetz, Nick; Gershenson, Carl; Hepburn, Peter; Porter, Sonya R.; Sandler, Danielle H.; Desmond, Matthew (2023-10-10).

2137: 1344: 182: 1511:"Compounding Inequalities: How Racial Stereotypes and Discrimination Accumulate across the Stages of Housing Exchange" 479:

diversity within communities and ensure that affordable housing is integrated into areas with a mix of income levels.

2478: 1879: 591: 584: 438: 199: 137: 2612: 2588: 531:

program in providing affordable housing depends on the motivations of various market participants. Currently, major

1774:"A House but Not a Home: How Surveillance in Subsidized Housing Exacerbates Poverty and Reinforces Marginalization" 870: 288: 1915: 1607:"The legacy of structural racism: Associations between historic redlining, current mortgage lending, and health" 857: 799: 640:, which are housing projects that include a blend of units at various rent or price levels, designed to create 347:

in 2021 found a strong correlation between past instances of redlining and ongoing instances of discriminatory

292: 2724:"Governor Newsom Signs Historic Legislation to Boost California's Housing Supply and Fight the Housing Crisis" 1150:"Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration" 653: 607: 551: 540: 536: 528: 521: 513: 501: 465: 2313: 253: 146: 2829: 1935:"Affordable Housing and the Role of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program: A Contemporary Assessment" 891: 779: 674: 352: 307: 94: 544: 355:. More specifically, the researchers identified a direct link between redlining and adverse mental and 320: 237: 1724:"The Role of Subsidized Housing in Reducing Homelessness: An Empirical Investigation Using Micro-Data" 686:, total housing costs are affordable if they meet or are below 30% of annual income. According to the 2655: 998: 687: 611: 404: 2748: 1972: 1464:"Eugenic Housing: Redlining, Reproductive Regulation, and Suburban Development in the United States" 1813:"Moving Toward an Inclusive Housing Policy?: Migrants' Access to Subsidized Housing in Urban China" 233: 158: 2041: 89:" refers to housing that is considered economically accessible for individuals and families whose 2789: 783: 240:

attempted to address the low supply of affordable housing, a worsening recession, and continued

837: 809: 720: 2089:"Public Housing Redevelopment, Neighborhood Change, and the Restructuring of Urban Inequality" 306:, insurance, and other financial services, to people in specific neighborhoods based on their 845: 817: 632:

Wooddale Station, with 217 apartment units, renewable energy sources, and 220 parking spaces.

261: 209: 2698: 161:. Together, these acts represent a progression of federal housing policy, from facilitating 2807:

Over 2.5 million people applied for just 2,600 available affordable housing units this year

833: 637: 178: 2423: 836:

in an effort to improve housing affordability, the growing homeless population within the

8: 768: 743: 739: 616: 602: 486: 482: 471: 459: 426: 419:

is unlikely to significantly reduce the homeless population. This study published in the

387: 174: 154: 150: 102: 2251: 2218: 1859: 840:

also points to shortfalls in addressing the intersection of homelessness with issues of

2449:"Selected Housing Characteristics 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" 2405: 2346:

Brophy, Paul C.; Smith, Rhonda N. (1997). "Mixed-Income Housing: Factors for Success".

2295: 2116: 2069: 2022: 1994: 1954: 1871: 1840: 1751: 1701: 1654: 1631: 1606: 1546: 1538: 1491: 1439: 1406: 1322: 1309: 1262: 1224: 1185: 1177: 1082: 1026: 979: 828:, growing residential sprawl within residential communities, and the prevalence of the 627: 559: 490: 411: 162: 86: 967: 2287: 2256: 2238: 2196: 2120: 2108: 2073: 2061: 2026: 2014: 1946: 1875: 1844: 1832: 1793: 1743: 1705: 1693: 1636: 1587: 1550: 1530: 1495: 1483: 1444: 1426: 1327: 1301: 1254: 1189: 1169: 1130: 1074: 1030: 1018: 971: 930: 682:'s housing crisis is largely driven by a shortage of housing units. According to the 563: 360: 185:, have contributed to shaping the affordable housing landscape in the United States. 125: 2542: 2409: 2543:"Proposition 10 | Official Voter Information Guide | California Secretary of State" 2397: 2246: 2230: 2188: 2100: 2053: 2006: 1867: 1824: 1812: 1785: 1735: 1685: 1673: 1626: 1618: 1577: 1522: 1475: 1434: 1418: 1379: 1317: 1293: 1216: 1161: 1120: 1112: 1010: 963: 725: 700: 558:

journal found that increases in the use of tax credits are linked to reductions in

494: 316: 248: 129: 90: 2528: 2401: 1828: 1689: 1149: 1014: 204: 2057: 841: 787: 716: 610:

through legal procedures. Data linking eviction court records to the 2006 - 2015

580: 356: 224: 110: 2503:"A Renewed Struggle for the American Dream: PRRI 2018 California Workers Survey" 1622: 1566:"The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America" 820:, while the limitations to affordable housing are also exacerbated by issues of 1422: 829: 821: 652:

defining affordability in such developments. Various subsidy programs, such as

649: 641: 476: 1205:"Implied Private Rights of Action under the United States Housing Act of 1937" 247:

The homelessness experience for individuals simultaneously coping with severe

2823: 2291: 2242: 2200: 2112: 2065: 2018: 1950: 1836: 1797: 1747: 1697: 1591: 1534: 1526: 1487: 1430: 1347:

NCBI, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 11 July 2018

1305: 1258: 1173: 1134: 1078: 1022: 975: 399: 303: 2234: 2192: 1100: 1042: 1040: 2260: 2176: 1901: 1640: 1463: 1448: 1331: 1116: 929:. Advances in geographic information science. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 775: 166: 1995:"Tax Incentives for Affordable Housing: The Low Income Housing Tax Credit" 1479: 136:

Some of the main issues which lead to the need for affordable housing are

75:

About half of renters in the US had an affordable rental arrangement, and

2637: 1789: 1565: 1037: 532: 302:

Redlining led to the systematic denial of various services, particularly

284: 2616: 2299: 2275: 1958: 1934: 1773: 1740:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199823)17:4<687::AID-PAM5>3.0.CO;2-M

1582: 1542: 1510: 1383: 1313: 1281: 1266: 1242: 1086: 1062: 983: 951: 2132: 2130: 1755: 1723: 1297: 1228: 1204: 1181: 813: 756:

units are only available to residents with an income cap of 80% of the

505: 229: 98: 2274:

Fraser, James C.; Chaskin, Robert J.; Bazuin, Joshua Theodore (2013).

299:," which took into consideration the racial composition of residents. 1125: 825: 764: 757: 712: 704: 696: 691: 679: 311: 296: 274: 220: 2127: 2088: 1902:

Inclusionary Housing: Creating and Maintaining Equitable Communities

1220: 1165: 2526: 2104: 2010: 446: 223:" journalism, led by reform-focused journalists in the early 1900s 2276:"Making Mixed-Income Neighborhoods Work for Low-Income Households" 2219:"A comprehensive demographic profile of the US evicted population" 1101:"The Challenge of slums: global report on human settlements, 2003" 808:

represents an ongoing part of public discourse, especially as the

23:

Percent of renters in different affordability categories, US, 2022

892:"More Renters Than Ever Before Are Burdened by the Rent They Pay" 569: 442: 348: 177:, coupled with innovative solutions, such as tenant protections, 2681:"Living in downtown San Diego with a Balcony- for $ 525 a month" 864:

New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development

915:

from the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University

1405:

Swope, Carolyn B.; Hernández, Diana; Cushing, Lara J. (2022).

485:

policies were initially designed to counteract the impact of "

2567:"Mayor Faulconer's Parking Reforms Win City Council Approval" 2216: 1063:"Producing Affordable Housing in Rising Markets: What Works?" 407:

or 30% of the area median income (AMI), whichever is higher.

1993:

Desai, Mihir; Dharmapala, Dhammika; Singhal, Monica (2010).

1604: 927:

Analysis of urban growth and sprawl from remote sensing data

645:

affordable to individuals spanning various income brackets.

606:

2.7 million of these renting households face potential

2718: 2716: 763:

In 2017, the new Atmosphere apartment building in downtown

2785: 2783: 2781: 2674: 2672: 2042:"The low income housing tax credit and racial segregation" 1655:"Housing Choice Voucher Section 8 Housing Program – TDHCA" 504:(LIHTC) program. Through this program, developers receive 62:

more than 50 percent of monthly gross - Severely burdened

49:

more than 30 percent, but less than 50 percent - Burdened

663: 539:, and their incentives may be influenced not only by the 2713: 2479:"San Diego County To Study Affordable Housing Solutions" 2159: 2778: 2669: 2367:

Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research

2348:

Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research

1050:. National Low Income Housing Coalition. June 14, 2023. 2384:

Hamidi, Shima; Ewing, Reid; Renne, John (3 May 2016).

1992: 1404: 1357:

www.loc.gov/exhibits/jacob-riis/riis-and-reform.html.

636:

One innovative solution for housing affordability is

169:

practices. Government policies and programs, such as

2790:"State of New York City's Subsidized Housing: 2011." 2527:

Regional Task Force on the Homeless (May 17, 2018).

527:

One such criticism is that the effectiveness of the

188: 2273: 2155: 2153: 2151: 1860:"Inclusionary Zoning to Support Affordable Housing" 812:population has increased to house about 20% of the 370: 36:less than 30 percent of monthly gross - Affordable 2364: 2330: 2177:"Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City" 1851: 615:those facing eviction and 32.0% of those evicted. 543:program itself but also by related programs, like 430:face a significantly higher risk of homelessness. 2569:(Press release). City of San Diego. 4 March 2019. 737:The Department of Housing and Urban Development's 140:, the housing affordability crisis, and historic 2821: 2701:. Corporation for Supportive Housing. 2015-03-25 2613:"San Diego Housing Commission Rental Assistance" 2529:"2018 WeAllCount Annual Report San Diego County" 2383: 2148: 392:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 2223:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2039: 2794:Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy 2654:. San Diego Housing Commission. Archived from 2615:. San Diego Housing Commission. Archived from 2446: 2212: 2210: 2040:Horn, Keren M.; O'Regan, Katherine M. (2011). 1864:International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home 1857: 1767: 1765: 1060: 570:Innovative solutions and community initiatives 1988: 1986: 1717: 1715: 343:Additionally, an ecologic study published by 2579: 1508: 699:workers live outside the county, notably in 622: 208:Tents of homeless people on the sidewalk in 2582:"How Affordable is HUD Affordable Housing?" 2386:"How Affordable Is HUD Affordable Housing?" 2345: 2207: 1904:(Report). Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. 1762: 999:"Tackling the Housing Affordability Crisis" 753:Department of Housing and Urban Development 2138:"Rent Control FAQ – Rent Guidelines Board" 2087:Tach, Laura; Emory, Allison Dwyer (2017). 1983: 1712: 806:Homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area 554:program, a 2011 analysis published in the 470:The United States government uses various 2580:Hamidi, Shima; Ewing, Reid; Renne, John. 2250: 2086: 1811:Huang, Youqin; Ren, Jianyu (2022-01-13). 1728:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1630: 1581: 1438: 1321: 1282:"The Legacy of the 1968 Fair Housing Act" 1124: 489:" practices that reinforced economic and 422:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 2758:. Metropolitan Transportation Commission 1810: 949: 626: 388:Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program 203: 2796:, The Institute for Affordable Housing. 2476: 2174: 1932: 1899: 1678:International Journal of Housing Policy 1671: 1243:"Provisions of the Housing Act of 1949" 1061:Freeman, Lance; Schuetz, Jenny (2017). 382:Subsidized housing in the United States 2822: 1771: 1461: 1374: 1372: 1279: 1202: 1147: 924: 889: 664:Affordable housing initiatives by city 493:. These inclusionary policies use the 453: 122:Out of Reach: The High Cost of Housing 1721: 1563: 1048:Out of Reach: The High Cost of Living 883: 574: 375: 337:National Low Income Housing Coalition 118:National Low Income Housing Coalition 2477:Service, City News (18 April 2018). 2142:rentguidelinesboard.cityofnewyork.us 996: 120:(NLIHC) released its annual report, 1369: 1111:(11): 41–6602–41-6602. 2004-07-01. 906: 13: 2678: 1872:10.1016/b978-0-08-047163-1.00242-3 14: 2846: 2314:"Developing mixed income housing" 1858:Schuetz, J.; Meltzer, R. (2012), 968:10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145611 952:"Housing: Commodity versus Right" 890:Kaysen, Ronda (25 January 2024). 200:Homelessness in the United States 189:Housing discrimination and equity 1509:Korver-Glenn, Elizabeth (2018). 851: 793: 371:Government policies and programs 283:and the subsequent wave of home 2799: 2769: 2741: 2699:"A New Atmosphere in San Diego" 2691: 2644: 2640:. San Diego Housing Commission. 2630: 2605: 2573: 2559: 2535: 2520: 2495: 2470: 2440: 2416: 2377: 2358: 2339: 2324: 2306: 2267: 2168: 2080: 2033: 1965: 1926: 1908: 1893: 1804: 1665: 1647: 1598: 1557: 1502: 1455: 1398: 1389: 1360: 1350: 1338: 1273: 1235: 1196: 997:Rohe, William M. (2017-05-04). 844:, anti-homeless sentiments and 445:found that property owners and 193: 2175:Jackson, Thomas (2017-12-01). 1772:Hughes, Cayce C (2020-12-03). 1468:WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 1141: 1093: 1054: 990: 943: 918: 858:New York City housing shortage 800:San Francisco housing shortage 731: 654:Low Income Housing Tax Credits 547:(CRA) regulatory obligations. 293:Federal Housing Administration 1: 2652:"Creating Affordable Housing" 2638:"Affordable Housing Programs" 2424:"ACS 2016 (1-Year Estimates)" 2402:10.1080/10511482.2015.1123753 2093:American Journal of Sociology 1829:10.1080/10511482.2021.1996430 1690:10.1080/19491247.2020.1749416 1015:10.1080/10511482.2017.1298214 913:America’s Rental Housing 2024 876: 690:of 2016, 54.8% of renters in 684:Housing and Urban Development 535:are the primary investors in 502:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 466:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 289:Home Owners’ Loan Corporation 232:, most known for his series " 2835:Housing in the United States 2058:10.1080/10511482.2011.591536 1866:, Elsevier, pp. 32–36, 1672:Mallach, Alan (2020-04-02). 1564:Mills, Alison (2018-03-27). 1515:American Sociological Review 668: 550:In terms of benefits of the 437:is often intended to reduce 367:neighborhoods of Milwaukee. 268: 254:Westchester County, New York 147:National Housing Act of 1934 7: 2181:Journal of American History 1623:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100793 1280:Massey, Douglas S. (2015). 780:California's housing supply 675:California housing shortage 95:housing affordability index 10: 2851: 1999:Tax Policy and the Economy 1973:"Housing Tax Credits FAQs" 1423:10.1007/s11524-022-00665-z 1148:Gotham, Kevin Fox (2000). 956:Annual Review of Sociology 861: 855: 797: 744:Section 8 housing vouchers 672: 545:Community Reinvestment Act 463: 457: 425:proposes an adjustment to 379: 321:Community Reinvestment Act 272: 197: 2547:www.voterguide.sos.ca.gov 1570:Berkeley Planning Journal 1462:Lovett, Laura L. (2020). 1154:Sociological Perspectives 688:American Community Survey 638:mixed-income developments 623:Mixed-income developments 612:American Community Survey 405:federal poverty guideline 179:mixed-income developments 74: 69: 61: 56: 48: 43: 35: 31: 27: 22: 1527:10.1177/0003122418781774 1203:Harner, Paul E. (1987). 925:Bhatta, Basudeb (2010). 788:accessory dwelling units 782:by removing barriers to 412:empirical research study 234:How the Other Half Lives 159:Fair Housing Act of 1968 2685:San Diego Union Tribune 2318:Local Housing Solutions 2235:10.1073/pnas.2305860120 1933:Leviner, Sagit (2004). 1920:Local Housing Solutions 1722:Early, Dirk W. (1998). 1611:SSM – Population Health 1411:Journal of Urban Health 950:Pattillo, Mary (2013). 804:Affordable housing and 345:SSM – Population Health 111:Great Recession in 2008 2749:"The Bay Area in 2040" 2162:Research to Action Lab 1900:Jacobus, Rick (2019). 1117:10.5860/choice.41-6602 721:San Diego City Council 633: 244:of inner city spaces. 238:civil rights activists 212: 183:homeownership programs 173:, tax incentives, and 142:housing discrimination 2390:Housing Policy Debate 2193:10.1093/jahist/jax411 2046:Housing Policy Debate 1977:www.tdhca.state.tx.us 1916:"Inclusionary zoning" 1817:Housing Policy Debate 1659:www.tdhca.state.tx.us 1480:10.1353/wsq.2020.0019 1105:Choice Reviews Online 1003:Housing Policy Debate 846:racial discrimination 630: 556:Housing Policy Debate 262:civil rights movement 210:Skid Row, Los Angeles 207: 2447:U.S. Census Bureau. 1253:(2): 155–159. 1949. 1247:Monthly Labor Review 834:single-family zoning 483:Inclusionary housing 2811:New York Daily News 2728:California Governor 2453:American Factfinder 2333:The Urban Institute 2229:(41): e2305860120. 1583:10.5070/bp329138440 1384:10.1176/ps.48.5.659 814:State of California 617:Just-Cause Eviction 603:Just cause eviction 487:exclusionary zoning 472:inclusionary zoning 460:Inclusionary zoning 454:Inclusionary zoning 175:inclusionary zoning 155:Housing Act of 1949 151:Housing Act of 1937 103:inclusionary zoning 77:about half did not. 2830:Affordable housing 1790:10.1093/sf/soaa108 1298:10.1111/socf.12178 1286:Sociological Forum 896:The New York Times 784:multi-family units 769:Section 8 vouchers 634: 575:Tenant protections 564:metropolitan areas 560:racial segregation 491:racial segregation 435:subsidized housing 376:Subsidized housing 213: 171:subsidized housing 163:mortgage insurance 87:affordable housing 2679:Molnar, Phillip. 2483:KPBS Public Media 936:978-3-642-05298-9 642:socioeconomically 583:, which includes 361:structural racism 126:COVID-19 pandemic 81: 80: 2842: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2587:. 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Depression 249:mental disorders 91:household income 20: 19: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2804: 2800: 2788: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2677: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2428:Social Explorer 2422: 2421: 2417: 2382: 2378: 2363: 2359: 2344: 2340: 2329: 2325: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2272: 2268: 2215: 2208: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2085: 2081: 2038: 2034: 1991: 1984: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1931: 1927: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1856: 1852: 1809: 1805: 1770: 1763: 1720: 1713: 1670: 1666: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1603: 1599: 1562: 1558: 1507: 1503: 1460: 1456: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1292:(S1): 571–588. 1278: 1274: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1221:10.2307/1372694 1201: 1197: 1166:10.2307/1389798 1146: 1142: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1038: 995: 991: 948: 944: 937: 923: 919: 911: 907: 888: 884: 879: 866: 860: 854: 802: 796: 776:Governor Newsom 734: 677: 671: 666: 650:income brackets 625: 581:rent regulation 577: 572: 468: 462: 456: 384: 378: 373: 357:physical health 277: 271: 225:Progressive Era 219:The advent of " 202: 196: 191: 83: 82: 76: 67: 54: 41: 12: 11: 5: 2848: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2816: 2815: 2813:, May 11, 2016 2798: 2777: 2768: 2740: 2712: 2690: 2668: 2643: 2629: 2604: 2572: 2558: 2534: 2519: 2494: 2469: 2439: 2415: 2396:(3): 437–455. 2376: 2357: 2338: 2323: 2305: 2266: 2206: 2187:(3): 820–822. 2167: 2147: 2126: 2105:10.1086/695468 2099:(3): 686–739. 2079: 2052:(3): 443–473. 2032: 2011:10.1086/649832 2005:(1): 181–205. 1982: 1964: 1945:(4): 869–904. 1939:The Tax Lawyer 1925: 1907: 1892: 1880: 1850: 1803: 1784:(1): 293–315. 1761: 1734:(4): 687–696. 1711: 1684:(2): 302–307. 1664: 1646: 1597: 1556: 1521:(4): 627–656. 1501: 1474:(1–2): 67–83. 1454: 1417:(6): 959–983. 1397: 1388: 1368: 1359: 1349: 1337: 1272: 1234: 1215:(5): 915–944. 1195: 1160:(2): 291–317. 1140: 1092: 1073:(1): 217–236. 1053: 1036: 1009:(3): 490–494. 989: 942: 935: 917: 905: 881: 880: 878: 875: 856:Main article: 853: 850: 842:mental illness 830:housing bubble 822:gentrification 818:housing supply 795: 792: 733: 730: 726:public transit 707:face poverty. 670: 667: 665: 662: 624: 621: 576: 573: 571: 568: 495:private market 458:Main article: 455: 452: 443:Houston, Texas 380:Main article: 377: 374: 372: 369: 335:report by the 304:mortgage loans 273:Main article: 270: 267: 242:gentrification 198:Main article: 195: 192: 190: 187: 79: 78: 72: 71: 68: 65: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 37: 33: 32: 30: 28: 25: 24: 18: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2847: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2812: 2808: 2805:Erin Durkin. 2802: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2700: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2658:on 2018-06-14 2657: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2633: 2619:on 2018-06-16 2618: 2614: 2608: 2594:on 2017-05-16 2590: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2562: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2530: 2523: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2459:on 2020-02-14 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286:(2): 83–100. 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1903: 1896: 1883: 1881:9780080471716 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778:Social Forces 1775: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1392: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1363: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 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Retrieved 2427: 2418: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2332: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2226: 2222: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2161: 2141: 2096: 2092: 2082: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2002: 1998: 1976: 1967: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1895: 1885:, retrieved 1863: 1853: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1781: 1777: 1731: 1727: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1471: 1467: 1457: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1391: 1362: 1352: 1340: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1250: 1246: 1237: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1047: 1006: 1002: 992: 959: 955: 945: 926: 920: 908: 899: 895: 885: 867: 803: 773: 762: 749: 735: 717:rent control 709: 678: 658: 647: 635: 601: 597: 592:Rent control 590: 585:rent control 578: 555: 549: 533:corporations 526: 511: 499: 481: 469: 439:homelessness 432: 420: 409: 390:, which the 385: 344: 342: 333:Out of Reach 332: 329: 301: 285:foreclosures 278: 258: 246: 218: 214: 194:Homelessness 167:fair housing 138:homelessness 135: 121: 115: 107: 84: 15: 2705:28 November 962:: 509–531. 871:New Yorkers 732:Initiatives 537:LIH credits 518:subsidizing 506:tax credits 291:(HOLC) and 130:fair market 2824:Categories 2792:New York: 2762:2022-04-19 2756:mtc.ca.gov 2734:2021-12-14 2662:2018-11-03 2623:2018-11-03 2598:2018-11-03 2552:2019-03-06 2513:2019-03-06 2488:2019-03-06 2463:2019-03-06 2433:2019-03-06 1887:2021-12-14 1617:: 100793. 877:References 862:See also: 798:See also: 673:See also: 464:See also: 365:segregated 279:After the 230:Jacob Riis 221:muckraking 99:non-profit 85:The term " 2292:1936-007X 2280:Cityscape 2243:0027-8424 2201:0021-8723 2121:149298544 2113:0002-9602 2074:154635214 2066:1051-1482 2027:167657010 2019:0892-8649 1951:0040-005X 1845:245942802 1837:1051-1482 1798:0037-7732 1748:0276-8739 1706:219060930 1698:1949-1247 1592:1047-5192 1551:149810113 1535:0003-1224 1496:219466684 1488:1934-1520 1431:1099-3460 1306:0884-8971 1259:0098-1818 1190:144457751 1174:0731-1214 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