781:
enforcement of the
Emancipation Proclamation, has historically been known as a community of Black professionals and a thriving center for Black culture and opportunity in Houston. However, as new developments were built within and surrounding the community, community residents were displaced and the geographical makeup of the area was changed (from the development of a new highway though the neighborhood and building demolition for new housing projects). Private land in Freedman's Town was also taken away from Black residents under the government's ability exercise eminent domain. Adding on the effect of Jim Crow laws, the neighborhood faced significant oppression and marginalization. Despite these changes and displacement, community ties to Freedman Town remain strong, with community groups working together to preserve their neighborhood and cultural identity. With new residents who come to Freedman's Town, some have joined the existing residents in their community coalitions to support historic preservation, while other new residents have created their own coalitions in opposition. Issues of individuals with Freedman's town involve concerns with crime and illegal activity in the neighborhood; however, when interviewing community residents, it is evident that those issues are largely due to individuals and groups outside of the community, who come in and taint the neighborhood's reputation with their actions. Because of these negative stereotypes, some use what is portrayed in media as justification for viewing the historic Freedman's Town as one that is not worth preserving, which fails to recognize the strength and value in protecting the neighborhood's culture and dangerously hides the issues of race, poverty, and systemic barriers that need to be addressed.
185:
In cases where new higher-income mover are white, there are also lower school enrollment rates. In addition, rising enrollment of higher-income families in neighborhood schools can result in the political and cultural displacement of long-term residents in school decision-making processes and the loss of Title I funding. Notably, the expansion of school choice (e.g., charter schools, magnet schools, open enrollment policies) have been found to significantly increase the likelihood that college-educated white households gentrify low-income communities of color. Additionally, if aggregated data of a school's overall academic performance shows an increase due to the influx of higher-income or more well resourced students, a school may not have the urgency or recognize the need to address the inequities in learning resources and the achievement gap between lower-income and new higher-income students. This may further isolate lower-income students, preventing equitable opportunities and perpetuate negative stereotypes.
764:
is partly due to
Detroit's history of inequality. After World War II and its subsequent economic boom, economic inequality became commonplace. African Americans were often the ones to bear the brunt of this inequality. Discriminatory housing policies, such as restrictive covenants, were put into place by white residents who wanted to prevent racial integration. In effect, the black community, already limited by unjust economic policies, were forced to stay in impoverished and segregated neighborhoods. Continued segregation and limitations to economic change for the African American community meant that they remained at the mercy of the white powers, even to this day. When black individuals finally had the opportunity to expand their housing outside the inner city and into “white” neighborhoods in the late 1950s, many white families moved out. The majority black population that was left in Detroit were forced to live with the subsequent problems that followed mass decreases in the city's population.
133:
indicate that vulnerable populations typically have shorter life expectancy; higher cancer rates; more birth defects; greater infant mortality; and higher incidence of asthma, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Displacement due to gentrification limits access to or availability to housing affordability, healthy food alternatives, transportation, education institutions, outdoor and green space, exercise facilities, and social networks. Limits to these effects can lead to changes in stress levels, injuries, violence, crime, incarceration rates, mental health, and social and environmental justice. Research found that gentrification leads to job losses by 63% on prior residents, which forces most of them to find work farther from their homes. Careful consideration of zoning, neighborhood design, and affordability is vital to mitigating the impacts of gentrification. A culmination of recent research suggests that gentrification has both detrimental and beneficial effects on health.
515:
Latinos in these five neighborhoods were significantly worse that those of
European ethnicity and others displaced, illustrated by the continued displacement of Latinos due to gentrification as they tried to settle down but were forced out time and time again. There are several other consequences that occur as a result of gentrification, including but not limited to a loss of culture and the displacement of crime to surrounding areas. In addition, the loss of culture directly affects small businesses as corporate businesses take over with gentrification. On the other hand, other research has found that black and Latino neighborhoods in Chicago are actually gentrified less often than whiter neighborhoods. This article synthesizes their findings by portraying this as a disadvantage for low-income minorities, claiming that the lack of gentrification in their neighborhood keeps them on a declining trajectory of wealth, furthering the
67:
move out of the neighborhood. Although there is evidence showing gentrification may modestly raise real estate prices, other studies claim that lower crime and an improved local economy outweigh the increased housing costs—displacement tends to decrease in gentrifying areas such as these as a result. A 2016 study found "that vulnerable residents, those with low credit scores and without mortgages, are generally no more likely to move from gentrifying neighborhoods compared with their counterparts in non-gentrifying neighborhoods." A 2019 study which followed children from low-income families in New York City found no evidence that gentrification was associated with changes in mobility rates. The study also found "that children who start out in a gentrifying area experience larger improvements in some aspects of their residential environment than their counterparts who start out in persistently low-socioeconomic status areas."
102:
226:. This resulted in minority neighborhoods with insufficient municipal services and inadequate housing. In the 1970s, shifts in demographics of Black low-income communities were due to gentrification by Black middle-income residents who experienced racially biased policies and practices in other neighborhoods and wanted to live in a historically Black community. Gentrification of these neighborhoods by white residents began in the 1990s, leading to some believing that racial integration was being achieved by gentrification. However, declines in segregation were small, and neighborhoods remained largely segregated while long-term low-income residents and Black residents suffered from displacement and other negative effects of gentrification.
244:: If the census tract in a central city had 500 or more residents and at the time of the baseline census had median household income and median home value in the bottom 40th percentile and at the time of the next 10-year census the tract's educational attainment (percentage of residents over age 25 with a bachelor's degree) was in the top 33rd percentile; the median home value, adjusted for inflation, had increased; and the percentage of increase in home values in the tract was in the top 33rd percentile when compared to the increase in other census tracts in the urban area then it was considered to have been gentrified. The method measures the rate of gentrification, not the degree of gentrification; thus,
756:
historical connection to the city. Despite the corruption and injustice that forced many
African Americans to live in some of the worst conditions within city, the black community was still able to build a rich community and strong sense of pride for living in Detroit. When individuals are displaced, they not only lose their home, but also their sense of belonging. Those that are left behind also experience drastic and harrowing changes to their neighborhood. 2013 interviews with Detroit residents revealed that many felt excluded from increasingly white and wealthy areas of the city. For example, some black residents were prohibited from utilizing a community garden, owned by a white individual, in
773:
437:
of residents. The next 15 years saw an influx of predominantly affluent, young professionals who purchased and renovated houses in South End. Unfortunately, tension characterized the relationship between these new residents and the previous residents of the neighborhood. Clashes in the vision for the area's future was the main source of conflict. The previous, poorer residents, contended that "renewal" should focus on bettering the plight of South End's poor, while new, middle-class residents heavily favored private market investment opportunities and shunned efforts such as subsidized housing with the belief that they would flood the market and raise personal security concerns.
567:
Two years later, five of seven families had been economically evicted with inflated housing prices; the two remaining families were renters, expecting eventual displacement. In five years, from 1977 to 1982, the gentrification of Darien Street reduced the original population from seven black households and one white household, to two black households and eleven white households. The average rent increased 488 per cent — from $ 85 to $ 500 a month; by 1981, a house bought for $ 5,000 sold for $ 35,000. Of the five black households displaced, three found better houses within two blocks of their original residence, one family left
Pennsylvania, and one family moved into a
555:, many were abandoned, having broken heaters and collapsed roofs, et cetera. Furthermore, the houses were very small — approximately 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and 15 feet (4.6 m) deep, each had three one-room stories (locally known, and still currently advertised as a "Trinity" style house) and the largest yard was 8 feet (2.4 m) deep. Despite the decay, Darien Street remained charmed with European echoes, each house was architecturally different, contributing to the street's community character; children were safe, there was no car traffic. The closeness of the houses generated a closely knit community located just to the south of
301:
281:
recognizes the issues of a community rather than its assets. A drawback to the needs-based approach is that, by pointing to all the issues that affect a low-income community, the deficit-oriented perspective that is created may disempower a community and minimize efforts towards sustainable development driven by the community. To prevent these issues, the asset-based community development model is used to identify assets, such as human and social capital, that can be leveraged to support community organizing efforts and empower residents to be a part of the development process.
2910:
absolutely nothing anywhere near anyone) state. The failure to add housing, no matter how high the demand, has collided with the tech boom, causing soaring home prices, even adjusted for inflation: And these soaring prices are driving less affluent families out of the state. One way to think about this is to say that
California as a whole is suffering from gentrification. That is, it's like a newly fashionable neighborhood where affluent newcomers are moving in and driving working-class families out. In a way, California is Brooklyn Heights writ large.
473:. The period of 1960–1975 had large shifts in homebuyer demographics comparable to that experienced by Bay Village. Professional occupations were overrepresented in homebuyers during this 15-year period, as well as the age group of 25–34 years old. Residents reported a visible lack of social ties between new homebuyers and the original residents. However, displacement was not cited as a problem because the primary reason of housing sale remained the death of the sole-surviving member of the household or the death of a spouse.
157:
experiencing extreme forms of gentrification are able to maintain this concept of "old neighborhood" ties that represent the familiarity and culture within a community. The social interaction within neighborhoods helps foster greater voter turnout overall. Those that interact within their community, usually from one neighbor to another, will begin to develop not only a better understanding of the neighborhood around them, but the changes that are necessary to benefit the majority in a neighborhood.
141:
lack of access to healthy foods and transportation options and increased risk of pollution and mental health issues. These factors contribute to detrimental long-term health impacts such as a shorter life span, decreased quality of life, and increased chronic illnesses like cancer and cardiovascular disease. In some cases, when residents have protested about poor housing conditions on health, they have been threatened by eviction by landowners.
656:
169:“School gentrification” is characterized by: (i) increased numbers of middle-class families; (ii) material and physical upgrades (e.g. new programs, educational resources, and infrastructural improvements); (iii) forms of exclusion and/or the marginalization of low-income students and families (e.g. in both enrollment and social relations); and (iv) changes in school culture and climate (e.g. traditions, expectations, and social dynamics).
785:
cultural erasure and other negative effects of gentrification. Additionally, to address issues such as lack of affordable housing, economic opportunities, and cultural preservation, community coalitions of residents in Third Ward are working on creating an enforceable
Community Benefits Agreement between developers and the community to ensure that the community is able to be part of development negotiations.
727:, a New York Times writer stated that “bemoaning the changes that have plagued New York in recent years — the proliferation of $ 20 million apartments, the banks now on every corner visualizing the centrality of money to the city’s consciousness, the substitution of culinary virtue for a broader civic morality — has been an avocation for many people living in and around Manhattan for well over a decade.”
699:, during this same period an average of 60,000 people both migrated to San Francisco and migrated out. The people who left the city were more likely to be nonwhite, have lower education levels, and have lower incomes than their counterparts who moved into the city. In addition, there was a net annual migration of 7,500 people age 35 or under, and net out migration of over 5,000 for people 36 or over.
752:(spelled without capitals), even go so far as to claim that what is happening in Detroit is not gentrification, but rather “in-fill housing”. His reasoning points out that building new structures or revitalizing abandoned housing is not pushing out existing residents and is hence not “gentrification”. However, others may argue that gentrification is not simply limited to physical displacement.
93:
serves to divide changing communities. Often this comes at a larger social cost to the original residents of the gentrified area whose displacement is met with little concern from the gentry or the government. Clashes that result in increased police surveillance, for example, would more adversely affect young minorities who are also more likely to be the original residents of the area.
137:
health and longitudinal studies, makes it difficult to clearly establish the mechanisms associated with gentrification and related factors such as race, socioeconomic status, and age with the health of different populations. However, it is well-supported through published evidence that there are negative impacts of gentrification on health for
African Americans and older residents.
30:
gentrification including displacement of pre-existing residents and cultural erasure of the historic community. In the United States, discussions surrounding gentrification require critical analysis of race and other demographic data in examining the inequalities and disparities between existing residents, the community, new buyers, and developers caused by gentrification.
110:
in vacancy rates and increase in property value that accompany the process can work to stabilize a previously struggling community, restoring interest in inner-city life as a residential option alongside the suburbs. These changes can create positive feedback as well, encouraging other forms of development of the area that promote general economic growth.
547:(1939–1945), when the municipal government spoke of building a cross-town highway, the families moved out. Most of the houses date from 1885 (built for the artisans and craftsmen who worked and lived in the area), but, when the Italian Americans moved out, the community's low-rent houses went to poor African American families. Moreover, by the early 1970s,
230:
improving neighborhood status and the built environment to support and live with existing low-income residents of the community. However, these efforts are limited due to racial and power dynamics in the city. Data shows that displacement of low-income Black residents does not result from Black gentrification, as compared to other types of gentrification.
181:
socioeconomic changes occurring around them, despite improvements in other public services such street repair, sanitation, policing, and firefighting. The lack of gentrification-related benefits to schools may be related to the finding that white gentrifiers often do not enroll their children in local neighborhood public schools.
748:
vacant land in the city on which new housing units could be built. Such property is regularly (sometimes tens of thousands of properties in a single year) sold at auction for prices as low as $ 500 following foreclosure for tax delinquency, and thus available for development in large amounts. Some scholars, such as
734:
The onset of AIDS in the LGBTQ+ community was a determining factor in the rapid gentrification of many homes and communities in many different neighborhoods of
Manhattan. Because of how widespread the disease was, many homes and apartments were left unoccupied after the tenants died, leaving room for
719:
In one of the first instances of the term “gentrification” being applied to a U.S. city, a 1979 article states "A renaissance in New York City? The rich moving in and the poor moving out? ... Hard as it is to believe, however, New York and other cities in the
American Northeast are beginning to enjoy
632:
As a result of gentrification, however, Washington's safety has improved drastically. In the early 1990s, the city had an average of 500 homicides a year; by 2012, the rate had dropped by more than 80% to about 100 before again seeing a 54% spike in 2015 over 2014. Many of the city's poorer residents
620:
show that in the Revitalization Areas, the percentage of the population with four or more years of college education rose from 24% in 1970 to 47% in 1980, as opposed to an increase of 21% to 24% for the remaining areas of Washington. Additionally, Gale's data showed that in 1970, 73% of the residents
251:
Scholars have also identified census indicators that can be used to reveal that gentrification is taking place in a given area, including a drop in the number of children per household, increased education among residents, the number of non-traditional types of households, and a general upwards shift
180:
School gentrification does not inevitably accompany residential gentrification, nor does it necessarily entail academic improvements. In Chicago, among neighborhood public schools located in areas that did undergo gentrification, schools were found to experience no aggregate academic benefit from the
87:
Housing confers social status, and the changing norms that accompany gentrification translate to a changing social hierarchy. The process of gentrification mixes people of different socioeconomic strata, thereby congregating a variety of expectations and social norms. The change gentrification brings
755:
While physical displacement is minimal, the cultural displacement in Detroit is immense. This displacement falls largely upon the shoulders of the low-income African American community to shoulder. Residents who have lived in Detroit for decades have built a strong sense of community, belonging, and
476:
Researcher Timothy Pattison divided the gentrification process of West Cambridge into two main stages. Stage one began with various architects and architectural students who were attracted to the affordability of the neighborhood. The renovations efforts these "marginal" gentrifiers undertook seemed
456:
Of the homebuyers in Bay Village from 1957 to 1975, 92% had careers as white-collar professionals. 42% of these homebuyers were 25–34 years old. The majority of them were highly educated and moving from a previous residence in the city, suggesting ties to an urban-based educational institution.
436:
complex that was finished in 1964 along the northwest border of South End was a spark for this urban-renewal effort and the gentrification process for the area that surrounded it. The complex increased job availability in the area, and the cheap housing stock of South End began to attract a new wave
424:
The South End became deteriorated by the 1960s. Many of the row houses had been converted to cheap apartments, and the neighborhood was plagued by dominant, visible poverty. The majority of the residents were working-class individuals and families with a significant need for public housing and other
109:
The economic changes that occur as a community goes through gentrification are often favorable for local governments. Affluent gentrifiers expand the local tax base as well as support local shops and businesses, a large part of why the process is frequently alluded to in urban policies. The decrease
47:
Gentrification has a goal of decreasing crime rates in neighborhoods that once were deemed high-crime areas, after a while it studies shown a decrease overall however, some studies noticed little difference in property crime rates. Researchers have come to the conclusion it may take additional years
763:
Like gentrification in many other American cities, gentrification in Detroit is racially correlated. As average wages in the Greater Downtown area grew from 2002 to 2011, the percentage of the white population in that area increased, while the percentage of the black population fell. This disparity
730:
New York City is a common example of gentrification, especially when it comes to discussions about rising rents and low-income residents moving out. In 2004, Lance Freeman and Frank Braconi of Columbia University found that low-income residents are actually less likely to move out of a neighborhood
566:
The gentrification began in 1977; the first house rehabilitated was a corner property that a school teacher re-modeled and occupied. The next years featured (mostly) white middle-class men moving into the abandoned houses; the first displacement of original Darien Street residents occurred in 1979.
360:
became a vibrant neighborhood full of residential lofts and a nexus of the arts, restaurants, and home furnishings. Gentrification by Black professionals was most notable in the northwest and southwest Atlanta neighborhoods. However, the non-Black population is growing notably fast in northwest and
280:
An asset-based community development (ABCD) framework is a sustainable, strengths focused approach which centers around building community power, supporting low-income residents, and highlighting a positive view of the community. It contrasts as an alternative to a needs-based approach, which first
271:
Community benefit agreements (CBA) are legally binding, enforceable contracts between a community and a developer or city. CBAs allow existing residents to work with developers to ensure that development projects meet community needs and to prevent displacement and gentrification. Community benefit
184:
Programs and policies designed to attract gentrifying families to historically disinvested schools may have unintended negative consequences, including an unbalanced landscape of influence wherein the voices and priorities of more affluent parents are privileged over those of lower-income families.
147:
A 2019 study in New York City, found that gentrification has no impact on rates of asthma or obesity among low-income children. Growing up in gentrifying neighborhoods was associated with moderate increases in being diagnosed with anxiety or depression between ages 9–11 relative to similar children
66:
Also, other research has shown that low-income families are less likely to be displaced in gentrifying neighborhoods than in non-gentrifying neighborhoods. A common theory has been that as affluent people move into a poorer neighborhood, housing prices increase as a result, causing poorer people to
416:
had a great many characteristics of a neighborhood that is prime for gentrification. The available housing was architecturally sound and unique row houses in a location with high accessibility to urban transport services, while surrounded by small squares and parks. A majority of the area had also
140:
Existing residents at risk of displacement in communities undergoing gentrification are often from low-income and minority populations (such as Black and older age residents), placing them at greatest vulnerability for the negative effects of gentrification on health including, and not limited to,
136:
Existing literature investigating the relationship between gentrification and health (including physical health, mental health, health-related behaviors, stress, etc.) do not show a consensus on the definition of gentrification. This variation, coupled with gaps in examining social determinants of
70:
There have been studies conducted that show gentrification taking place in non-white low income neighborhoods that affect neighborhoods in a different way. Gentrification is happening all over the country with racial composition being a contributing factor. All over the United States neighborhoods
29:
is commonly associated with an influx of higher-income movers into historically divested neighborhoods with existing, working-class residents, often resulting in increases in property prices and investment into new developments. Displacement and gentrification are also linked, with consequences of
514:
by John Betancur, discusses the effects of gentrification on displaced residents in five different neighborhoods in Chicago, focusing solely on not only racial minorities but those of a racial minority who are also of a financial minority. This article concludes that the experiences of low-income
445:
The late 1940s was a transition for the area from primarily families with children as residents to a population dominated by both retired residents and transient renters. The 2–3 story brick row houses were largely converted to low-cost lodging houses, and the neighborhood came to be described as
229:
Another study, conducted on gentrification of low-income Black communities by middle-income Black movers in Philadelphia, discussed this trend as evidence of the desire of middle-income Black residents in rebuilding, supporting, and preserving Black neighborhoods. The goal of these changes are in
132:
Displacement carries many health implications that contribute to disparities among populations such as the poor, women, children, the elderly, and members of racial/ethnic minority groups. These specific populations are at an increased risk for the negative consequences of gentrification. Studies
92:
by income, education, household composition, and race. It conveys a social rise that brings new standards in consumption, particularly in the form of excess and superfluity, to the area that were not held by the pre-existing residents. These differing norms can lead to conflict, which potentially
747:
differs from most cities in that relatively few residents have been physically displaced, as large amounts of vacant land and housing are available for development. For example, as of 2015, 23 percent of Detroit's housing units were vacant, and this figure does not include the copious amounts of
453:, and these changes were mainly attributed to new artists and gay men moving to the area. These "marginal" gentrifiers made significant efforts towards superficial beautification as well as rehabilitation of their new homes, setting the stage for realtors to promote the rising value of the area.
160:
Additionally, displacement of Black residents from historically Black neighborhoods changes the demographics and physical layout of a city. Instead of preserving Black community spaces to exchange dialogue and build community power, gentrification can disperse Black voting power through changing
43:
Gentrification is marked by changing demographics and, thus changing social order and norms. In some cases, when affluent households move into a working-class community of residents (often primarily Black or Latino communities), the new residents' different perceptions of acceptable neighborhood
480:
The Peabody Schools also served as an enticing factor for the new gentrifiers for both stages of new homebuyers. Stage two of the process brought more architects to the area as well as non-architect professionals, often employed at a university institution. The buyers in stage two cited Peabody
83:
of an individual's neighborhood will shape one's behavior and future. These studies have prompted "social mix policies" to be widely adopted by governments to promote the process and its positive effects, such as lessening the strain on public resources that are associated with de-concentrating
2909:
Instead, what we see in California is that while highly educated workers are moving in to serve the tech boom, less-educated workers are moving out: There's no great mystery about why this is happening: It's because of housing. California is very much a NIMBY state, maybe even a BANANA (build
784:
Other Black neighborhoods in Houston, including Third Ward and Fifth Ward are currently experiencing the effects of gentrification as city developments such as the South Main Innovation District are being built. In these communities, historic preservation is a priority and tool to prevent the
780:
Compared to other large metropolitan cities in Texas, such as Dallas and Austin, Houston has been most rapidly gentrifying, leading to issues such as unaffordable housing and displacement of long-term existing residents. Freedman's Town, a neighborhood founded by freed Black people, after the
202:
More young, affluent white buyers with higher buying power are entering non-white neighborhoods where existing residents tend to have lower incomes than those buyers. The increase in white buyers moving in changes the economics of the neighborhood, with high income white residents having more
395:
has seen several neighborhoods undergo significant periods of urban renewal, specifically during the 1960s to the 1980s. Called "turbo-gentrification" by sociologist Alan Wolfe, particular areas of study of the process have been done in South End, Bay Village, and West Cambridge. In Boston's
156:
Gentrified communities see significantly less voter turnout during election years when compared to neighborhoods that are not. During its deep stages, as more wealthy people move into lower-middle-class neighborhoods, the ties to the "old neighborhood" are quickly severed. Areas that are not
62:
A 2018 study found evidence that gentrification displaces renters, but not homeowners. Despite that, homeowners still face negative consequences such as increased tax burden. The displacement of low-income rental residents is commonly referenced as a negative aspect of gentrification by its
44:
behavior and cultural activity of pre-existing residents may be in conflict with the established norms of the pre-existing community. This may be associated with increased police calls and police presence in these areas, due to greater reports on issues such as loitering, noise, etc.
536:, by Michael Lang, reports the process and impact (social, economic, cultural) of gentrification. In particular, it focuses on the section of Darien Street (a north–south street running intermittently from South to North Philadelphia) which is essentially an alley in the populous
214:, gentrification has led to issues of racial profiling and police reports on existing Black residents from their non-Black neighbors. Reports include noise complaints of Black cultural music, causing concerns among residents of cultural suppression and erasure of community roots.
315:
since the 1970s. Many of Atlanta's neighborhoods experienced the urban flight that affected other major American cities in the 20th century, causing the decline of once upper and upper-middle-class city neighborhoods. In the 1970s, after neighborhood opposition blocked two
694:
From 1990 to 2010, 18,000 African Americans left San Francisco, while the White, Asian, and Hispanic populations saw growth in the city. From 2010 to 2014, the number of households making $ 100,000 grew while households making less than $ 100,000 declined. According to the
702:
In Oakland, a city historically tied to their Black community identity, has seen significant decreases in its Black resident population as Black residents are systemically displaced, evicted, or forced to leave from Oakland. This trend can be attributed to the effects of
113:
Home ownership is a significant variable when it comes to economic impacts of gentrification. People who own their homes are much more able to gain financial benefits of gentrification than those who rent their houses and can be displaced without much compensation.
172:
Of the urban schools in the U.S. that were eligible for gentrification (that is, located in structurally disinvested neighborhoods) in 2000, approximately 20% experienced gentrification in their surrounding neighborhood by 2010. “In other words, the persistence of
203:
financial power and leverage than their Black neighbors. Additionally, the changing demographics may lead to development projects involving the demolition of old homes and community centers, which may erase the historical landscape and culture of a neighborhood.
2881:
In recent years, younger, less-educated and lower-income folks have led the exodus from the state, according to an analysis by the Legislative Analyst's Office. They're being replaced by high earners with graduate degrees in what amounts to a sort of state-wide
71:
are being targeted and an increase in Black and Hispanic people are being displaced. Gentrification is also causing racial inequality in some neighborhoods leaving people displaced. Culture is being change and people are being forced to adapt to this change.
148:
raised in non-gentrifying areas. The effects of gentrification on mental health were most prominent for children living in market-rate (rather than subsidized) housing, which lead the authors of the study to suggest financial stress as a possible mechanism.
84:
poverty. However, more specific research has shown that gentrification does not necessarily correlate with "social mixing," and that the effects of the new composition of a gentrified neighborhood can both weaken as well as strengthen community cohesion.
595:
Washington is one of the top three cities with the most pronounced capital flow into its "core" neighborhoods, a measurement that has been used to detect areas experiencing gentrification. Researcher Franklin James found that, of these core areas,
571:
apartment building five blocks from Darien Street.The benefits of the Darien Street gentrification included increased property tax revenues and better-quality housing. The principal detriment was residential displacement via higher priced housing.
510:'s gentrification rate was reported to be 16.8% in 2015. But researchers have claimed that it has had a significant on specific urban neighborhoods and led to destabilization of black and Latino communities and their shared cultural identity.
720:
a revival as they undergo a gradual process known by the curious name of 'gentrification' term coined by the displaced English poor and subsequently adopted by urban experts to describe the movements of social classes in and around London."
120:
A 2017 study found that gentrification leads to job gains overall, but that there are job losses in proximate locations, but job gains further away. A 2014 study found that gentrification led to job gains in the gentrifying neighborhood.
217:
A study conducted on Black Brooklyn explores the complex ties between racial segregation and gentrification. Historically, racial segregation of Black and Latino residents in Black Brooklyn starting from the 1940s was caused by
624:
The gentrification during this time period resulted in a significant problem of displacement for marginalized city residents in the 1970s. A decrease in the stock of affordable housing for needy households as well as
3393:
457:
The reasons new homebuyers gave for their choice of residence in Bay Village was largely attributed to its proximity to downtown, as well as an appreciation for city life over that of suburbia (Pattison 1977).
222:, neighborhood defense (formal and informal processes enforcing racial inequity such as discriminatory housing and banking practices, attacks against minority residents, etc.), public housing developments, and
328:
became the starting point for the city's gentrification wave, first becoming affordable neighborhoods attracting young people, and by 2000 having become relatively affluent areas attracting people from across
1588:
2147:
Keels, M., Burdick-Will, J., & Keene, S. (2013). The Effects of Gentrification on Neighborhood Public Schools: GENTRIFICATION AND NEIGHBORHOOD PUBLIC SCHOOLS. City & Community, 12(3), 238–259.
2227:
Pearman, F. A., & Swain, W. A. (2017). School Choice, Gentrification, and the Variable Significance of Racial Stratification in Urban Neighborhoods. Sociology of Education, 90(3), 213–235.
238:
Whether gentrification has occurred in a census tract in an urban area in the United States during a particular 10-year period between censuses can be determined by a method used in a study by
481:
schools and the socioeconomic mix of the neighborhood as primary reasons for their residential choice, as well as a desire to avoid job commutes and a disenchantment with the suburban life.
124:
A 2016 study found that residents who stay in gentrifying neighborhoods go onto obtain higher credit scores whereas residents who leave gentrifying neighborhoods obtain lower credit scores.
3886:
2120:
Posey‐Maddox, L., Kimelberg, S. M., & Cucchiara, M. (2014). Middle-Class Parents and Urban Public Schools: Current Research and Future Directions. Sociology Compass, 8(4), 446–456.
48:
of gentrification to see a notable decline in property crime rates in some cities Research has been conducted that has shown a significant change in crime rates due to gentrification.
687:. As a result, a large influx of new workers in the internet and technology sector began contributing to the gentrification of historically poor immigrant neighborhoods such as the
4041:
117:
Economic pressure and market price changes relate to the speed of gentrification. English-speaking countries have a higher number of property owners and a higher mobility.
621:
living in the Revitalization Areas had been residents since 1965; however, in 1975, only 66% of the residents living there had been residents of the area in 1970 as well.
540:
neighborhood. That part of Darien Street was a "back street", because it does not connect to any of the city's main arteries and was unpaved for most of its existence.
711:
on Black residents, loss of affordable housing, among other systemic factors, which have all perpetuated financial inequality, racial discrimination, and segregation.
600:
was significantly revitalized during the decade of 1960–1970, and by the end of the decade this revitalization had extended outward in a ring around this core area.
493:, has resulted in a net inflow of highly educated, high-income workers and a net outflow of less educated, lower-income workers thereby gentrifying the entire state.
4261:
2159:
Cucchiara, M. (2013). Marketing Schools, Marketing Cities: Who wins and who loses when schools become urban amenities. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
2039:
Dragan, K. L., Ellen, I. G., & Glied, S. A. (2019). Gentrification And The Health Of Low-Income Children In New York City. Health Affairs, 38(9), 1425–1432.
3766:
2215:
Freidus, A. (2019). “A Great School Benefits Us All”: Advantaged Parents and the Gentrification of an Urban Public School. Urban Education, 54(8), 1121–1148.
691:. During this time San Francisco began a transformation, eventually culminating in it becoming the most expensive city in which to live in the United States.
3315:
3474:
2356:
2323:
2270:
1634:
Ding, Lei; Hwang, Jackelyn (2016). "A Focus on Residents' Financial Health in Philadelphia: A Focus on Residents' Financial Health in Philadelphia".
832:
144:
A 2020 review found that studies tended to show adverse health impacts for Black residents and elderly residents in areas undergoing gentrification.
3254:
559:, an inexpensive residential neighborhood a short distance from the city-life amenities of Philadelphia; the city government did not hesitate to
2767:
916:
4080:
1552:
Meltzer, Rachel; Ghorbani, Pooya (September 1, 2017). "Does gentrification increase employment opportunities in low-income neighborhoods?".
4448:
2301:
272:
agreements engage and empower residents, changing power dynamics to include the community as an important stakeholder in decision-making.
4376:
2135:
Pearman, F. A. (2020). Gentrification, Geography, and the Declining Enrollment of Neighborhood Schools. Urban Education, 55(2), 183–215.
2788:
2923:
612:, and Capitol Hill neighborhoods, and as compared to the rest of the city found that these areas were experiencing a faster rate of
3566:
3536:
418:
2570:"Understanding Community Benefit Agreements: Opportunities and Traps for Developers, Municipalities and Community Organizations"
3208:
3293:
4198:
4141:
3750:
3725:
3638:
3579:
3549:
2738:
708:
592:
dropping from a majority to a minority of the population, as they move out and middle-class whites and Asians have moved in.
3446:
2848:
The Process of Neighborhood Upgrading and Gentrification an Examination of Two Neighborhoods in the Boston Metropolitan Area
2522:
101:
3360:
2755:
2987:
Wilson, David; Grammenos, Dennis (November 29, 2016). "Gentrification, Discourse, and the Body: Chicago's Humboldt Park".
2244:
634:
3493:
1741:"The Color of Health: Residential Segregation, Light Rail Transit Developments, and Gentrification in the United States"
404:
elevated highway attracted younger, more affluent new residents, in place of the traditional Italian immigrant culture.
4217:
425:
social services. The situation was recognized by local governments as unfavorable, and in 1960 became the target of an
4365:
4346:
2819:
Auger, Deborah (1979). "The Politics of Revitalization in Gentrifying Neighborhoods The Case of Boston's South End".
641:. Prince George's County saw a huge spark of violent crimes in 2008 and 2009, but the rate has decreased since then.
3273:
2095:
2898:
3106:"Divergent Pathways of Gentrification: Racial Inequality and the Social Order of Renewal in Chicago Neighborhoods"
1452:"Divergent Pathways of Gentrification: Racial Inequality and the Social Order of Renewal in Chicago Neighborhoods"
688:
684:
650:
386:
3672:
3655:
3613:
3596:
1790:
Schnake-Mahl, Alina S.; Jahn, Jaquelyn L.; Subramanian, S.V.; Waters, Mary C.; Arcaya, Mariana (February 2020).
4061:
528:
336:
In the 1990s and 2000s, gentrification expanded into other parts of Atlanta, spreading throughout the historic
477:
to spark a new interest in the area, perhaps as word of the cheap land spread to the wider student community.
373:
trail is expected to fuel more gentrification and needed improvement in neighborhoods within the city limits.
466:
401:
194:
2682:"From clients to citizens: Asset-based Community Development as a strategy for community-driven development"
469:
began in 1960 as the resident population began to shift away from the traditional majority of working class
3804:"When is "Gone" Gone? Archaeology, Gentrification, and Competing Narratives about Freedmen's Town, Houston"
2496:
1044:
584:
is one of the most studied examples of the process, as well as one of the most extreme. The process in the
489:
California's strong economic growth produced demand for high-skilled workers, and combined with its severe
266:
248:, which has a history of gentrification dating to the 1970s, show a decreasing rate between 1990 and 2010.
177:—not gentrification—remains the modal experience of urban schools located in gentrifiable neighborhoods.”
490:
4099:
Freeman, Lance (2005). "Displacement or Succession? Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods".
2801:
4406:
Vigdor, Jacob L.; Massey, Douglas S.; Rivlin, Alice M. (2002). "Does Gentrification Harm the Poor? ".
679:
businesses leading to rising standards of living. Private shuttle buses operated by companies such as
3887:"How Gentrification Is Displacing Black People From George Floyd's Childhood Neighborhood in Houston"
2870:
2775:
1701:
696:
556:
537:
502:
308:
295:
245:
4011:
Boyd, Michelle (July 2008). "Defensive development: The role of racial conflict in gentrification".
1983:
1674:
1340:
4262:"The impact of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto: A case study of Little Portugal"
2789:
https://capway.com/learnmoney/content/v5V9lpakmx/Atlanta-Housing-Rent-Vouchers-Refused-by-Landlords
772:
638:
366:
317:
199:
Race and ethnicity are often not included or critically examined in discussions of gentrification.
3418:
588:
and other downtown areas has recently become a major issue, and the resulting changes have led to
446:"blighted" and "down at heel". This deterioration was largely blamed on the transient population.
300:
3982:
Belanger, Helene (2012). "The meaning of the built environment during gentrification in Canada".
3338:
806:"Shifting neighborhoods: Gentrification and cultural displacement in American cities » NCRC"
1403:"Gentrification and the Increasing Significance of Racial Transition in New York City 1970–2010"
675:
in the 1990s, creating a strong demand for skilled tech workers from local startups and nearby
664:
543:
In its early days, this area of Darien Street housed only Italian families; however, after the
382:
211:
57:
4387:
3331:"Google Bus and Spatial Justice: A Call for Greater Social Responsibility in Urban Governance"
1327:
79:
Many of the social effects of gentrification have been based on extensive theories about how
2451:"Gentrification in Black Face?: The Return of the Black Middle Class to Urban Neighborhoods"
16:
Process where a poor urban area is altered by wealthier people displacing existing residents
3451:
3278:
2931:
2527:
2170:
1869:
1451:
1355:
1301:"Does Gentrification Displace Poor Children? New Evidence from New York City Medicaid Data"
1060:
997:
617:
240:
80:
340:
east of Downtown and Midtown, mostly areas that had long had Black majorities such as the
8:
3872:
2052:
Knotts, H. Gibbs; Haspel, Moshe (2006). "The Impact of Gentrification on Voter Turnout".
450:
362:
207:
89:
2756:
https://scholarworks.umb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1362&context=trotter_review
2613:"Empowering Communities through Deliberation The Model of Community Benefits Agreements"
2011:"Gentrification Is Making Us Sick: Envisioning Healthy Development without Displacement"
1873:
519:
in Chicago and preventing them from any "benefits" that gentrification could give them.
4427:
4419:
4325:
4292:
4248:
4177:
4130:
4116:
4028:
3999:
3960:
3831:
3141:
3133:
3067:
3051:
3004:
2977:
2903:
2719:
2640:
2593:
2478:
2424:
2198:
2077:
2022:
1957:
1924:
1900:
1857:
1824:
1791:
1767:
1740:
1717:
1651:
1616:
1604:
1565:
1479:
1432:
1383:
1315:
1276:
1259:
1243:
1166:
1121:
1072:
1025:
978:
970:
894:
626:
613:
353:
345:
1925:"The Association of Minority Self-Rated Health with Black versus White Gentrification"
4431:
4361:
4342:
4329:
4305:
4284:
4252:
4228:
4213:
4194:
4181:
4137:
4120:
4032:
4003:
3964:
3952:
3859:
3835:
3823:
3746:
3721:
3634:
3575:
3545:
3368:
3309:
3125:
3059:
3043:
3008:
2969:
2711:
2644:
2632:
2597:
2585:
2482:
2470:
2428:
2416:
2331:
2202:
2190:
2069:
2065:
1962:
1944:
1905:
1887:
1829:
1811:
1772:
1721:
1643:
1620:
1608:
1569:
1471:
1436:
1424:
1387:
1375:
1319:
1281:
1263:
1170:
1158:
1125:
1113:
1076:
1064:
1029:
1017:
982:
962:
886:
878:
589:
585:
551:
Darien Street was at its lowest point as a community, because the houses held little
413:
397:
325:
4296:
3145:
3071:
2981:
2395:""What's Happened to the People?" Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn"
2271:"What's Race Got To Do With It? Looking For The Racial Dimensions of Gentrification"
1702:"Does gentrification increase employment opportunities in low-income neighborhoods?"
1483:
833:"What's Race Got To Do With It? Looking For The Racial Dimensions of Gentrification"
4411:
4317:
4276:
4240:
4169:
4108:
4067:
4020:
3991:
3944:
3937:
Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability
3932:
3815:
3117:
3035:
2996:
2961:
2851:
2828:
2723:
2701:
2693:
2624:
2577:
2462:
2406:
2182:
2061:
1952:
1936:
1895:
1877:
1819:
1803:
1762:
1752:
1713:
1600:
1561:
1463:
1414:
1367:
1307:
1271:
1255:
1148:
1103:
1056:
1009:
954:
898:
870:
581:
433:
337:
3948:
2952:
Betancur, John (June 29, 2010). "Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago".
2681:
2171:"Gentrification, Geography, and the Declining Enrollment of Neighborhood Schools"
1882:
1792:"Gentrification, Neighborhood Change, and Population Health: a Systematic Review"
757:
341:
4042:"The gentrification myth: It's rare and not as bad for the poor as people think"
3294:"SPUR - Articles - San Francisco by the Numbers: Planning After the 2000 Census"
2697:
2450:
629:
for low-income workers has had a burdensome effect on individuals and families.
4321:
3494:"Tracking the Hyper-Gentrification of New York, One Lost Knish Place at a Time"
3330:
2875:
2466:
2411:
2394:
1807:
749:
676:
568:
552:
470:
312:
20:
3995:
3568:
Detroit and the Property Tax: Strategies to Improve Equity and Enhance Revenue
3538:
Detroit and the Property Tax: Strategies to Improve Equity and Enhance Revenue
2832:
2612:
1940:
858:
4442:
4280:
4244:
4112:
4024:
3956:
3827:
3372:
3129:
3121:
3047:
3039:
2965:
2715:
2636:
2628:
2589:
2474:
2420:
2335:
2194:
2186:
2073:
2040:
1948:
1891:
1815:
1725:
1647:
1612:
1573:
1475:
1467:
1428:
1419:
1402:
1379:
1371:
1267:
1162:
1153:
1141:"Effects of Gentrification on Homeowners: Evidence from a Natural Experiment"
1140:
1117:
1108:
1091:
1068:
1021:
1013:
966:
882:
874:
668:
605:
560:
426:
330:
174:
4173:
4063:
Can gentrification be stopped? A case study of Grandview-Woodland, Vancouver
1356:"Racial composition and trajectories of gentrification in the United States"
4288:
3063:
2973:
2894:
2228:
2216:
2136:
1966:
1909:
1833:
1776:
1757:
1285:
890:
672:
609:
597:
548:
544:
357:
349:
223:
4415:
4160:
Hackworth, Jason (2002). "Postrecession Gentrification in New York City".
3933:"One step ahead of the bulldozer: historic preservation in Houston, Texas"
2569:
731:
that had the "typical hallmarks" of gentrification than one that did not.
361:
southwest Atlanta as well. Atlanta landlords not being required to accept
2581:
1858:"Defining gentrification for epidemiologic research: A systematic review"
4423:
4153:
Washington, D.C.: Inner-city Revitalization and Minority Suburbanization
3803:
3137:
3105:
3055:
3023:
2855:
2081:
2026:
2010:
1739:
Tehrani, Shadi O.; Wu, Shuling J.; Roberts, Jennifer D. (January 2019).
1655:
1300:
534:
Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities
4071:
3819:
3767:"Big Texas cities are rapidly gentrifying, but none as fast as Houston"
3743:
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
3718:
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
3631:
The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
2739:"Virginia-Highland: Classic homes and convivial atmosphere reel 'em in"
974:
942:
516:
321:
3674:
Listening to Detroit: Perspectives on Gentrification in the Motor City
3657:
Listening to Detroit: Perspectives on Gentrification in the Motor City
3615:
Listening to Detroit: Perspectives on Gentrification in the Motor City
3598:
Listening to Detroit: Perspectives on Gentrification in the Motor City
88:
in class distinction also has been shown to contribute to residential
2924:"Gentrification in America Report: Where Gentrification Is Occurring"
2706:
2148:
2121:
1929:
Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
704:
655:
219:
105:
Gentrification with old and new homes side by side in Old East Dallas
3296:. February 11, 2005. Archived from the original on February 11, 2005
2768:"Adair Park: Newcomers rediscover the charms of this southwest hood"
2302:"The Neighborhood Is Mostly Black. The Home Buyers Are Mostly White"
3574:. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. pp. 23–24.
1311:
958:
805:
370:
161:
racial demographics and removing physical Black community centers.
4081:"The Complex Relationship Between Gentrification and Displacement"
3000:
2300:
Badger, Emily; Bui, Quoctrung; Gebeloff, Robert (April 27, 2019).
1856:
Bhavsar, Nrupen A.; Kumar, Manish; Richman, Laura (May 21, 2020).
320:
from being built through the east side, its neighborhoods such as
255:
2542:
1789:
1745:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1589:"The long term employment impacts of gentrification in the 1990s"
1242:
Ding, Lei; Hwang, Jackelyn; Divringi, Eileen (November 1, 2016).
744:
507:
4132:
There Goes the 'Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground Up
683:
have driven up rents in areas near their stops, leading to some
3544:. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. p. 10.
680:
392:
3903:
4339:
The Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Imagination
2357:"'We're being pushed out': the displacement of black Oakland"
2324:"'We're being pushed out': the displacement of black Oakland"
3255:"How Washington D.C. Got Off The Most Dangerous Cities List"
3085:
Anderson, Sean (Spring 2016). "Gentrification and Chicago".
1092:"Gentrification, Property Tax Limitation, and Displacement"
3335:
Digital Academic Repository of the University of Amsterdam
2871:"How California Became America's Housing Market Nightmare"
1043:
MacDonald, John M.; Stokes, Robert J. (January 13, 2020).
4208:
Lees, Loretta; Slater, Tom; Wyly, Elvin K., eds. (2010).
3447:"San Francisco Gentrification Map: 2000 Census - Present"
2850:(Masters thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
2523:"San Francisco Gentrification Map: 2000 Census - Present"
1984:"CDC - Healthy Places - Health Effects of Gentrification"
1675:"CDC - Healthy Places - Health Effects of Gentrification"
1244:"Gentrification and residential mobility in Philadelphia"
3926:
3924:
1587:
Lester, T. William; Hartley, Daniel A. (March 1, 2014).
1533:
604:
studied these "Revitalization Areas," which include the
449:
The year 1957 began the upgrading of what was to become
188:
2869:
Buhayar, Noah; Cannon, Christopher (November 6, 2019).
1497:
1495:
1493:
3516:
2887:
1700:
Meltzer, Rachel; Ghorbani, Pooya (September 1, 2017).
1090:
Martin, Isaac William; Beck, Kevin (January 1, 2018).
387:
John F. Collins § UMass Boston and Columbia Point
3921:
3904:"Protect the Tre with a Community Benefits Agreement"
3226:
3224:
3222:
3188:
3176:
2489:
2245:"Gentrification and Public Schools: It's Complicated"
1923:
Gibbons, Joseph; Barton, Michael S. (December 2016).
1513:
1511:
1509:
1490:
1299:
Dragan, Kacie; Ellen, Ingrid; Glied, Sherry (2019).
1145:
Working Paper (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia)
275:
3152:
1855:
1450:Hwang, Jackelyn; Sampson, Robert J. (August 2014).
998:"Gentrification and Violent Crime in New York City"
356:. On the western side of the city, once-industrial
4405:
4129:
4066:(Masters thesis). University of British Columbia.
3504:
3419:"Bay Area Census -- San Francisco City and County"
3219:
3164:
2680:Mathie, Alison; Cunningham, Gord (November 2003).
1506:
1218:
917:"The Criminalization of Gentrifying Neighborhoods"
725:Vanishing New York: How a Great City Lost Its Soul
4229:"Contextual diversity in gentrification research"
2299:
1522:
1241:
304:Inman Middle School in Virginia-Highland, Atlanta
4440:
4341:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
3394:"America's 20 most expensive cities for renters"
3314:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3024:"Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago"
2915:
2679:
2096:"How Gentrification Destroys Black Voting Power"
1738:
1298:
260:
3703:7.2 SQ MI: A Report on Greater Downtown Detroit
3689:7.2 SQ MI: A Report on Greater Downtown Detroit
3361:"Mission District Fights Case of Dot-Com Fever"
2986:
1699:
1551:
1042:
512:Gentrification and Community Fabric in Chicago,
256:Equitable Development and Policy Considerations
4259:
4207:
3930:
3230:
1528:
1353:
1187:
522:
4355:
3564:
3534:
3209:"Facts and Fictions of D.C.'s Gentrification"
2989:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
2868:
1922:
1586:
1517:
4386:. Center for Social Research. Archived from
3984:Journal of Housing and the Built Environment
3104:Hwang, Jackelyn; Sampson, Robert J. (2014).
3103:
2821:Journal of the American Planning Association
2736:
2392:
2051:
1449:
4374:
3931:Ryberg-Webster, Stephanie (July 30, 2018).
3745:. Princeton University Press. p. 191.
3206:
1226:
3633:. Princeton University Press. p. 34.
3491:
2862:
2617:Journal of Planning Education and Research
2393:Chronopoulos, Themis (September 5, 2020).
2131:
2129:
2041:https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05422
1089:
4408:Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs
4159:
3720:. Princeton University Press. p. 6.
3472:
3441:
3439:
3271:
2705:
2410:
1956:
1899:
1881:
1823:
1766:
1756:
1633:
1418:
1275:
1195:
1152:
1139:Ding, Lei; Hwang, Jackelyn (April 2020).
1138:
1107:
943:"Does Gentrification Affect Crime Rates?"
644:
616:in the 1970s than the surrounding areas.
4336:
4226:
4155:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3981:
3670:
3653:
3611:
3594:
3522:
3492:Bellafante, Ginia (September 27, 2017).
3475:"The New Elite and an Urban Renaissance"
3207:Franke-Ruta, Garance (August 10, 2012).
3084:
3021:
2951:
2845:
2667:An Introduction to Community Development
2664:
2610:
2548:
2229:https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040717710494
2217:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916636656
2137:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085919884342
1203:
1191:
940:
771:
654:
333:to their upscale shops and restaurants.
299:
100:
23:for a general discussion of the subject.
4306:"Political ecologies of gentrification"
4303:
4136:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University.
4127:
4098:
4078:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3801:
3771:The Kinder Institute for Urban Research
2893:
2799:
2515:
2317:
2315:
2242:
2168:
2126:
1539:
1501:
1354:Rucks-Ahidiana, Zawadi (October 2021).
1230:
1214:
1183:
369:along with further construction of the
4441:
4079:Florida, Richard (September 8, 2015).
4059:
4039:
3898:
3896:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3740:
3715:
3628:
3510:
3436:
3358:
3252:
2921:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2503:. Governing Magazine. January 23, 2015
2295:
2293:
2291:
2008:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1400:
1222:
1199:
1061:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041505
995:
915:Fayyad, Abdallah (December 20, 2017).
914:
465:The development and gentrification of
4356:Smith, Neil; Williams, Peter (1986).
3473:Fleetwood, Blake (January 14, 1979).
3274:"D.C. sees 54% increase in homicides"
3272:McDermott, Ryan (December 30, 2015).
2818:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2321:
2238:
2236:
2169:Pearman, Francis A. (February 2020).
1978:
1976:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1045:"Gentrification, Land Use, and Crime"
996:Barton, Michael S. (September 2016).
856:
189:Gentrification of Black neighborhoods
4188:
4150:
4010:
3842:
3565:Sands, Gary; Skidmore, Mark (2015).
3535:Sands, Gary; Skidmore, Mark (2015).
3241:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
2899:"The Gentrification of Blue America"
2552:
2312:
2278:The Western Journal of Black Studies
2268:
1706:Regional Science and Urban Economics
1593:Regional Science and Urban Economics
1554:Regional Science and Urban Economics
1248:Regional Science and Urban Economics
910:
908:
840:The Western Journal of Black Studies
830:
800:
798:
663:A major driver of gentrification in
601:
383:John F. Collins § Urban renewal
4449:Gentrification in the United States
3893:
3784:
3359:Nieves, Evelyn (November 5, 2000).
2651:
2611:Baxamusa, Murtaza H. (March 2008).
2558:
2497:"Gentrification Report Methodology"
2399:Journal of African American Studies
2288:
2262:
2243:Naimark, Susan (February 4, 2016).
2015:Race, Poverty & the Environment
1662:
859:"Gentrification in Black and White"
857:Goetz, Edward (November 12, 2010).
575:
210:, a historically Black city in the
27:Gentrification in the United States
13:
3253:Fisher, Daniel (August 19, 2012).
2435:
2375:
2233:
2149:https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12027
2122:https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12148
1973:
1840:
1718:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.002
1605:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.01.003
1566:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.002
1260:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.09.004
760:, a gentrifying area of the city.
96:
14:
4460:
4377:"Gentrification and Displacement"
4260:Murdie, R.; Teixeira, C. (2009).
4191:Gentrification Amid Urban Decline
4040:Buntin, John (January 14, 2015).
3853:
3802:McDavid, Carol (September 2011).
3741:Sugrue, Thomas (April 27, 2014).
3716:Sugrue, Thomas (April 27, 2014).
3705:(2nd ed.). 2015. p. 34.
3691:(2nd ed.). 2015. p. 77.
3629:Sugrue, Thomas (April 27, 2014).
2774:. October 7, 2000. Archived from
2737:Emily Kleine (January 27, 2001).
2449:Moore, Kesha S. (February 2009).
905:
824:
795:
460:
276:Asset-based community development
164:
74:
3879:
3759:
3328:
2846:Pattison, Timothy James (1977).
2802:"Studies: Gentrification a boon"
2800:Hampson, Rick (April 20, 2005).
2066:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2006.00371.x
1219:Vigdor, Massey & Rivlin 2002
714:
635:Prince George's County, Maryland
151:
3975:
3734:
3709:
3695:
3681:
3664:
3647:
3622:
3605:
3588:
3558:
3528:
3485:
3466:
3411:
3386:
3352:
3322:
3286:
3265:
3246:
3235:
3200:
3097:
3078:
3015:
2945:
2839:
2812:
2793:
2782:
2760:
2749:
2730:
2673:
2604:
2349:
2221:
2209:
2162:
2153:
2141:
2114:
2088:
2045:
2033:
2002:
1916:
1783:
1732:
1693:
1627:
1580:
1545:
1443:
1401:Sutton, Stacey (January 2020).
1394:
1347:
1292:
1235:
1208:
1177:
651:Gentrification of San Francisco
51:
3093:: 68–79 – via EBSCOhost.
2922:Maciag, Mike (February 2015).
1132:
1083:
1036:
989:
934:
850:
529:Gentrification in Philadelphia
440:
233:
1:
4375:Vandergrift, Janelle (2006).
4360:. Boston: Allen & Unwin.
4060:Dobson, Cory Gregory (2007).
3949:10.1080/17549175.2018.1501411
788:
723:In a 2017 review of the book
484:
412:In the early 1960s, Boston's
311:has been taking place in its
261:Community benefits agreements
195:African-American neighborhood
4193:. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
3231:Lees, Slater & Wyly 2010
3110:American Sociological Review
1883:10.1371/journal.pone.0233361
1529:Lees, Slater & Wyly 2010
1456:American Sociological Review
1049:Annual Review of Criminology
633:were pushed out to adjacent
407:
267:Community benefits agreement
7:
2698:10.1080/0961452032000125857
2322:Levin, Sam (June 1, 2018).
941:McDonald, Scott C. (1986).
671:has been attributed to the
523:Philadelphia: Darian Street
400:, the removal of the noisy
284:
10:
4465:
4358:Gentrification of the City
4322:10.2747/0272-3638.30.7.694
3671:Williams, Michael (2013).
3654:Williams, Michael (2013).
3612:Williams, Michael (2013).
3595:Williams, Michael (2013).
2467:10.2747/0272-3638.30.2.118
2412:10.1007/s12111-020-09499-y
1808:10.1007/s11524-019-00400-1
1188:Murdie & Teixeira 2009
767:
738:
648:
526:
500:
496:
419:National Historic District
380:
293:
289:
264:
192:
33:
18:
4227:Maloutas, Thomas (2011).
4210:The Gentrification Reader
3996:10.1007/s10901-011-9248-3
2833:10.1080/01944367908976999
2665:Phillips, Rhonda (2008).
2568:Salkin, Patricia (2007).
1941:10.1007/s11524-016-0087-0
1518:Smith & Williams 1986
1306:. Cambridge, MA: w25809.
735:gentrification to occur.
697:American Community Survey
503:Gentrification of Chicago
376:
309:Gentrification in Atlanta
296:Gentrification of Atlanta
127:
4337:Schulman, Sarah (2012).
4281:10.1177/0042098009360227
4245:10.1177/0896920510380950
4151:Gale, Dennis E. (1987).
4113:10.1177/1078087404273341
4025:10.1177/1078087407313581
3122:10.1177/0003122414535774
3040:10.1177/0042098009360680
2966:10.1177/0042098009360680
2629:10.1177/0739456x07308448
2187:10.1177/0042085919884342
2054:Social Science Quarterly
1468:10.1177/0003122414535774
1420:10.1177/1078087418771224
1372:10.1177/0042098020963853
1154:10.21799/frbp.wp.2020.16
1109:10.1177/1078087416666959
1014:10.1177/0011128714549652
875:10.1177/0042098010375323
776:Freedman's Town, Houston
639:Charles County, Maryland
432:The construction of the
313:inner-city neighborhoods
38:
4174:10.1177/107874037006003
4128:Freeman, Lance (2006).
3339:University of Amsterdam
3022:Betancur, John (2011).
2686:Development in Practice
2574:SSRN Electronic Journal
1796:Journal of Urban Health
1002:Crime & Delinquency
4304:Quastel, Noah (2009).
4189:Lang, Michael (1982).
3808:Historical Archaeology
1758:10.3390/ijerph16193683
1335:Cite journal requires
777:
660:
645:San Francisco Bay Area
305:
212:San Francisco Bay Area
106:
58:Community Displacement
4416:10.1353/urb.2002.0012
4212:. London: Routledge.
2778:on November 20, 2009.
2269:Kirkland, Elizabeth.
831:Kirkland, Elizabeth.
775:
658:
637:and further south to
303:
104:
4162:Urban Affairs Review
4101:Urban Affairs Review
4013:Urban Affairs Review
3423:Bayareacensus.ca.gov
3329:de Koning, Rosanne.
3279:The Washington Times
2582:10.2139/ssrn.1025724
2009:Levitt, Zoë (2015).
1407:Urban Affairs Review
1096:Urban Affairs Review
429:effort of the city.
81:socioeconomic status
3087:Illinois Geographer
2897:(August 27, 2021).
2021:(1): 87–88, 90–93.
1874:2020PLoSO..1533361B
659:Oakland, California
4233:Critical Sociology
4072:10.14288/1.0100689
3908:www.houstoncba.org
3820:10.1007/bf03376848
3365:The New York Times
2932:Governing Magazine
2904:The New York Times
2029:– via JSTOR.
778:
743:Gentrification in
661:
627:subsidized housing
580:Gentrification in
417:been designated a
306:
107:
4393:on March 30, 2017
4200:978-0-88410-697-5
4143:978-1-59213-437-3
3752:978-0-691-16255-3
3727:978-0-691-16255-3
3660:. pp. 29–49.
3640:978-0-691-16255-3
3581:978-1-55844-341-9
3551:978-1-55844-341-9
3197:, pp. 18–19.
3185:, pp. 17–18.
1366:(13): 2721–2741.
947:Crime and Justice
590:African-Americans
586:U Street Corridor
363:Section 8 housing
338:streetcar suburbs
326:Virginia-Highland
4456:
4435:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4381:
4371:
4352:
4333:
4300:
4266:
4256:
4223:
4204:
4185:
4156:
4147:
4135:
4124:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4075:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4036:
4007:
3969:
3968:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3855:
3854:Meeks, Tomiko. .
3851:
3840:
3839:
3799:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3573:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3398:Business Insider
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2985:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2772:Creative Loafing
2764:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:Creative Loafing
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2565:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2446:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2390:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2102:. March 30, 2017
2092:
2086:
2085:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1885:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1660:
1659:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1543:
1542:, p. 93–94.
1537:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1504:
1499:
1488:
1487:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1305:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1239:
1233:
1227:Vandergrift 2006
1212:
1206:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1008:(9): 1180–1202.
993:
987:
986:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
903:
902:
869:(8): 1581–1604.
854:
848:
847:
837:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
812:. March 18, 2019
802:
709:police brutality
689:Mission District
618:U.S. census data
582:Washington, D.C.
576:Washington, D.C.
545:Second World War
491:housing shortage
471:Irish immigrants
434:Prudential Tower
365:vouchers due to
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4439:
4438:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4379:
4368:
4349:
4310:Urban Geography
4264:
4220:
4201:
4144:
4089:
4087:
4050:
4048:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3929:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3800:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3669:
3665:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3627:
3623:
3610:
3606:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3490:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3327:
3323:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3270:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3102:
3098:
3083:
3079:
3020:
3016:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2920:
2916:
2892:
2888:
2882:gentrification.
2867:
2863:
2844:
2840:
2817:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2652:
2609:
2605:
2566:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2455:Urban Geography
2447:
2436:
2391:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2320:
2313:
2298:
2289:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2175:Urban Education
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1921:
1917:
1868:(5): e0233361.
1854:
1841:
1788:
1784:
1737:
1733:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1632:
1628:
1585:
1581:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1448:
1444:
1399:
1395:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1240:
1236:
1213:
1209:
1182:
1178:
1137:
1133:
1088:
1084:
1041:
1037:
994:
990:
939:
935:
925:
923:
913:
906:
855:
851:
835:
829:
825:
815:
813:
804:
803:
796:
791:
770:
741:
717:
667:cities such as
653:
647:
578:
531:
525:
505:
499:
487:
463:
443:
410:
389:
379:
342:Old Fourth Ward
298:
292:
287:
278:
269:
263:
258:
236:
197:
191:
167:
154:
130:
99:
97:Economic shifts
77:
54:
41:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4437:
4436:
4403:
4384:Calvin College
4372:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4334:
4316:(7): 694–725.
4301:
4257:
4224:
4219:978-0415548403
4218:
4205:
4199:
4186:
4168:(6): 815–843.
4157:
4148:
4142:
4125:
4107:(4): 463–491.
4096:
4076:
4057:
4037:
4019:(6): 751–776.
4008:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3920:
3892:
3878:
3841:
3783:
3758:
3751:
3733:
3726:
3708:
3694:
3680:
3663:
3646:
3639:
3621:
3604:
3587:
3580:
3557:
3550:
3527:
3515:
3503:
3498:New York Times
3484:
3479:New York Times
3465:
3435:
3410:
3385:
3351:
3321:
3285:
3264:
3245:
3234:
3218:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3161:, p. 149.
3151:
3116:(4): 726–751.
3096:
3077:
3034:(2): 383–406.
3014:
2995:(2): 295–312.
2960:(2): 383–406.
2944:
2914:
2886:
2876:Bloomberg News
2861:
2838:
2827:(4): 515–522.
2811:
2792:
2781:
2759:
2748:
2729:
2692:(5): 474–486.
2672:
2650:
2623:(3): 261–276.
2603:
2557:
2555:, p. 769.
2551:, p. 37;
2541:
2514:
2488:
2461:(2): 118–142.
2434:
2405:(4): 549–572.
2374:
2363:. June 1, 2018
2348:
2311:
2306:New York Times
2287:
2261:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2181:(2): 183–215.
2161:
2152:
2140:
2125:
2113:
2087:
2060:(1): 110–121.
2044:
2032:
2001:
1990:. June 8, 2017
1972:
1935:(6): 909–922.
1915:
1839:
1782:
1731:
1692:
1681:. June 8, 2017
1661:
1626:
1579:
1544:
1532:
1521:
1505:
1489:
1462:(4): 726–751.
1442:
1393:
1346:
1337:|journal=
1312:10.3386/w25809
1291:
1234:
1207:
1196:Hackworth 2002
1176:
1131:
1082:
1055:(1): 121–138.
1035:
988:
959:10.1086/449122
933:
904:
849:
823:
793:
792:
790:
787:
769:
766:
750:john a. powell
740:
737:
716:
713:
677:Silicon Valley
649:Main article:
646:
643:
577:
574:
569:public housing
553:property value
527:Main article:
524:
521:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
486:
483:
467:West Cambridge
462:
461:West Cambridge
459:
442:
439:
409:
406:
402:Central Artery
378:
375:
294:Main article:
291:
288:
286:
283:
277:
274:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
257:
254:
235:
232:
193:Main article:
190:
187:
166:
165:Public schools
163:
153:
150:
129:
126:
98:
95:
76:
75:Social changes
73:
53:
50:
40:
37:
35:
32:
21:Gentrification
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4461:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4367:9780043012024
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4348:9780520264779
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4269:Urban Studies
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4086:
4085:Bloomberg.com
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3861:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3677:. p. 30.
3676:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3618:. p. 12.
3617:
3616:
3608:
3601:. p. 25.
3600:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3525:, p. 37.
3524:
3523:Schulman 2012
3519:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3311:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3173:, p. 17.
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:Urban Studies
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:10.1068/d0203
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:Urban Studies
2948:
2933:
2929:
2928:Governing.com
2925:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2895:Krugman, Paul
2890:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2549:Belanger 2012
2545:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2502:
2501:Governing.com
2498:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Urban Studies
1357:
1350:
1342:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:Belanger 2012
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:Maloutas 2011
1189:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
922:
918:
911:
909:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Urban Studies
860:
853:
845:
841:
834:
827:
811:
807:
801:
799:
794:
786:
782:
774:
765:
761:
759:
753:
751:
746:
736:
732:
728:
726:
721:
715:New York City
712:
710:
706:
700:
698:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:San Francisco
666:
657:
652:
642:
640:
636:
630:
628:
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Dupont Circle
603:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
573:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
530:
520:
518:
513:
509:
504:
494:
492:
482:
478:
474:
472:
468:
458:
454:
452:
447:
438:
435:
430:
428:
427:urban renewal
422:
420:
415:
405:
403:
399:
394:
388:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:Metro Atlanta
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
302:
297:
282:
273:
268:
253:
249:
247:
246:San Francisco
243:
242:
231:
227:
225:
221:
215:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
186:
182:
178:
176:
175:disinvestment
170:
162:
158:
152:Voter turnout
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
103:
94:
91:
85:
82:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
49:
45:
31:
28:
22:
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4388:the original
4383:
4357:
4338:
4313:
4309:
4275:(1): 61–83.
4272:
4268:
4239:(1): 33–48.
4236:
4232:
4209:
4190:
4165:
4161:
4152:
4131:
4104:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4062:
4049:. Retrieved
4045:
4016:
4012:
3990:(1): 31–47.
3987:
3983:
3976:Bibliography
3943:(1): 15–33.
3940:
3936:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:
3881:
3814:(3): 74–88.
3811:
3807:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3761:
3742:
3736:
3717:
3711:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3683:
3673:
3666:
3656:
3649:
3630:
3624:
3614:
3607:
3597:
3590:
3567:
3560:
3537:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3497:
3487:
3478:
3468:
3458:February 28,
3456:. Retrieved
3450:
3428:November 16,
3426:. Retrieved
3422:
3413:
3403:November 16,
3401:. Retrieved
3397:
3388:
3378:November 16,
3376:. Retrieved
3364:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3334:
3324:
3300:November 16,
3298:. Retrieved
3288:
3277:
3267:
3258:
3248:
3237:
3213:The Atlantic
3212:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2992:
2988:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2937:February 28,
2935:. Retrieved
2927:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2864:
2856:1721.1/30979
2847:
2841:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2795:
2784:
2776:the original
2771:
2762:
2751:
2742:
2732:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2669:. Routledge.
2666:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2573:
2544:
2534:February 28,
2532:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2507:February 26,
2505:. Retrieved
2500:
2491:
2458:
2454:
2402:
2398:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:the Guardian
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2328:The Guardian
2327:
2305:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2249:Shelterforce
2248:
2223:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2155:
2143:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1987:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1865:
1861:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1751:(19): 3683.
1748:
1744:
1734:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1678:
1642:(3): 27–56.
1639:
1635:
1629:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1540:Freeman 2006
1535:
1524:
1502:Freeman 2006
1459:
1455:
1445:
1413:(1): 65–95.
1410:
1406:
1396:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1328:cite journal
1294:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1231:Florida 2015
1215:Freeman 2005
1210:
1184:Quastel 2009
1179:
1144:
1134:
1102:(1): 33–73.
1099:
1095:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1005:
1001:
991:
950:
946:
936:
924:. Retrieved
921:The Atlantic
920:
866:
862:
852:
843:
839:
826:
814:. Retrieved
809:
783:
779:
762:
754:
742:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
701:
693:
673:Dot-Com Boom
662:
631:
623:
614:depopulation
610:Adams Morgan
598:Capitol Hill
594:
579:
565:
561:rehabilitate
542:
533:
532:
511:
506:
488:
479:
475:
464:
455:
448:
444:
431:
423:
411:
391:The city of
390:
358:West Midtown
350:Reynoldstown
335:
307:
279:
270:
250:
239:
237:
228:
224:blockbusting
216:
205:
201:
198:
183:
179:
171:
168:
159:
155:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
90:polarization
86:
78:
69:
65:
61:
55:
52:Displacement
46:
42:
26:
25:
4410:: 133–182.
3913:October 22,
3776:October 22,
3511:Buntin 2015
2367:October 11,
2341:October 11,
2254:October 17,
2106:October 11,
1988:www.cdc.gov
1802:(1): 1–25.
1685:October 27,
1679:www.cdc.gov
1223:Buntin 2015
1200:Dobson 2007
953:: 163–201.
926:October 17,
816:October 21,
602:Gale (1987)
557:Center City
538:Bella Vista
451:Bay Village
441:Bay Village
252:in income.
234:Measurement
63:opponents.
3869:|url=
1994:October 7,
789:References
517:wealth gap
485:California
381:See also:
367:state laws
322:Inman Park
4432:155028628
4330:143989462
4253:145738703
4182:144137542
4121:154267676
4046:Slate.com
4033:154673967
4004:154873842
3965:149528357
3957:1754-9175
3836:141113208
3828:0440-9213
3452:Governing
3373:0362-4331
3242:Gale 1987
3195:Lang 1982
3183:Lang 1982
3171:Lang 1982
3159:Lang 1982
3130:0003-1224
3048:0042-0980
3009:145250435
2806:USA Today
2716:0961-4524
2707:1828/6800
2645:146607326
2637:0739-456X
2598:152976830
2590:1556-5068
2553:Boyd 2008
2528:Governing
2483:144473092
2475:0272-3638
2429:225334261
2421:1559-1646
2336:0261-3077
2203:210278171
2195:0042-0859
2074:0038-4941
1949:1099-3460
1892:1932-6203
1816:1099-3460
1726:0166-0462
1712:: 52–73.
1648:1936-007X
1636:Cityscape
1621:153744304
1613:0166-0462
1599:: 80–89.
1574:0166-0462
1560:: 52–73.
1476:0003-1224
1437:158668946
1429:1078-0874
1388:229506947
1380:0042-0980
1320:159389948
1268:0166-0462
1254:: 38–51.
1171:235317713
1163:2574-0997
1126:157152566
1118:1078-0874
1077:210778419
1069:2572-4568
1030:144755930
1022:0011-1287
983:144433741
967:0192-3234
883:0042-0980
705:redlining
414:South End
408:South End
398:North End
241:Governing
220:redlining
56:Also see
4443:Category
4424:25067387
4397:April 2,
4297:15748911
4289:21174893
4090:April 2,
4051:April 2,
3860:cite web
3344:March 4,
3310:cite web
3146:84835637
3138:43187561
3072:27271073
3064:21275200
3056:43081742
2982:27271073
2974:21275200
2284:: 18–30.
2100:The Root
2082:42956112
2027:43875796
1967:27761683
1910:32437388
1862:PLOS ONE
1834:31938975
1777:31574988
1656:26328272
1484:84835637
1286:28579662
891:21949948
846:: 18–30.
685:protests
665:Bay Area
549:blighted
371:BeltLine
354:Edgewood
346:Kirkwood
318:freeways
285:Examples
3871:value (
2724:5781831
1958:5126023
1901:7241805
1870:Bibcode
1825:7010901
1768:6801918
1277:5450830
975:1147427
899:5901845
768:Houston
758:Midtown
745:Detroit
739:Detroit
508:Chicago
497:Chicago
290:Atlanta
208:Oakland
34:Changes
4430:
4422:
4364:
4345:
4328:
4295:
4287:
4251:
4216:
4197:
4180:
4140:
4119:
4031:
4002:
3963:
3955:
3867:Check
3834:
3826:
3749:
3724:
3637:
3578:
3548:
3371:
3259:Forbes
3144:
3136:
3128:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3007:
2980:
2972:
2722:
2714:
2643:
2635:
2596:
2588:
2481:
2473:
2427:
2419:
2334:
2201:
2193:
2080:
2072:
2025:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1908:
1898:
1890:
1832:
1822:
1814:
1775:
1765:
1724:
1654:
1646:
1619:
1611:
1572:
1482:
1474:
1435:
1427:
1386:
1378:
1318:
1284:
1274:
1266:
1169:
1161:
1124:
1116:
1075:
1067:
1028:
1020:
981:
973:
965:
897:
889:
881:
681:Google
393:Boston
385:, and
377:Boston
128:Health
4428:S2CID
4420:JSTOR
4391:(PDF)
4380:(PDF)
4326:S2CID
4293:S2CID
4265:(PDF)
4249:S2CID
4178:S2CID
4117:S2CID
4029:S2CID
4000:S2CID
3961:S2CID
3832:S2CID
3572:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3142:S2CID
3134:JSTOR
3068:S2CID
3052:JSTOR
3005:S2CID
2978:S2CID
2720:S2CID
2641:S2CID
2594:S2CID
2479:S2CID
2425:S2CID
2274:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2078:JSTOR
2023:JSTOR
1652:JSTOR
1617:S2CID
1480:S2CID
1433:S2CID
1384:S2CID
1316:S2CID
1304:(PDF)
1167:S2CID
1122:S2CID
1073:S2CID
1026:S2CID
979:S2CID
971:JSTOR
895:S2CID
836:(PDF)
39:Crime
4399:2017
4362:ISBN
4343:ISBN
4285:PMID
4214:ISBN
4195:ISBN
4138:ISBN
4092:2017
4053:2017
3953:ISSN
3915:2020
3873:help
3824:ISSN
3778:2020
3747:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3576:ISBN
3546:ISBN
3460:2015
3430:2016
3405:2016
3380:2016
3369:ISSN
3346:2015
3316:link
3302:2016
3126:ISSN
3060:PMID
3044:ISSN
2970:PMID
2939:2015
2712:ISSN
2633:ISSN
2586:ISSN
2536:2015
2509:2015
2471:ISSN
2417:ISSN
2369:2020
2343:2020
2332:ISSN
2256:2020
2191:ISSN
2108:2020
2070:ISSN
1996:2020
1963:PMID
1945:ISSN
1906:PMID
1888:ISSN
1830:PMID
1812:ISSN
1773:PMID
1722:ISSN
1687:2020
1644:ISSN
1609:ISSN
1570:ISSN
1472:ISSN
1425:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1341:help
1282:PMID
1264:ISSN
1159:ISSN
1114:ISSN
1065:ISSN
1018:ISSN
963:ISSN
928:2020
887:PMID
879:ISSN
818:2020
810:NCRC
563:it.
352:and
324:and
19:See
4412:doi
4318:doi
4277:doi
4241:doi
4170:doi
4109:doi
4068:doi
4021:doi
3992:doi
3945:doi
3816:doi
3118:doi
3036:doi
2997:doi
2962:doi
2852:hdl
2829:doi
2702:hdl
2694:doi
2625:doi
2578:doi
2463:doi
2407:doi
2183:doi
2062:doi
1953:PMC
1937:doi
1896:PMC
1878:doi
1820:PMC
1804:doi
1763:PMC
1753:doi
1714:doi
1601:doi
1562:doi
1464:doi
1415:doi
1368:doi
1308:doi
1272:PMC
1256:doi
1194:;
1149:doi
1104:doi
1057:doi
1010:doi
955:doi
871:doi
625:non
206:In
4445::
4426:.
4418:.
4382:.
4324:.
4314:30
4312:.
4308:.
4291:.
4283:.
4273:48
4271:.
4267:.
4247:.
4237:38
4235:.
4231:.
4176:.
4166:37
4164:.
4115:.
4105:40
4103:.
4083:.
4044:.
4027:.
4017:43
4015:.
3998:.
3988:27
3986:.
3959:.
3951:.
3941:12
3939:.
3935:.
3923:^
3906:.
3895:^
3864::
3862:}}
3858:{{
3844:^
3830:.
3822:.
3812:45
3810:.
3806:.
3786:^
3769:.
3496:.
3477:.
3449:.
3438:^
3421:.
3396:.
3367:.
3363:.
3337:.
3333:.
3312:}}
3308:{{
3276:.
3257:.
3221:^
3211:.
3140:.
3132:.
3124:.
3114:79
3112:.
3108:.
3091:58
3089:.
3066:.
3058:.
3050:.
3042:.
3032:48
3030:.
3026:.
3003:.
2993:23
2991:.
2976:.
2968:.
2958:48
2956:.
2930:.
2926:.
2907:.
2901:.
2879:.
2873:.
2825:45
2823:.
2804:.
2770:.
2741:.
2718:.
2710:.
2700:.
2690:13
2688:.
2684:.
2653:^
2639:.
2631:.
2621:27
2619:.
2615:.
2592:.
2584:.
2576:.
2572:.
2560:^
2525:.
2499:.
2477:.
2469:.
2459:30
2457:.
2453:.
2437:^
2423:.
2415:.
2403:24
2401:.
2397:.
2377:^
2359:.
2330:.
2326:.
2314:^
2304:.
2290:^
2282:32
2280:.
2276:.
2247:.
2235:^
2197:.
2189:.
2179:55
2177:.
2173:.
2128:^
2098:.
2076:.
2068:.
2058:87
2056:.
2019:20
2017:.
2013:.
1986:.
1975:^
1961:.
1951:.
1943:.
1933:93
1931:.
1927:.
1904:.
1894:.
1886:.
1876:.
1866:15
1864:.
1860:.
1842:^
1828:.
1818:.
1810:.
1800:97
1798:.
1794:.
1771:.
1761:.
1749:16
1747:.
1743:.
1720:.
1710:66
1708:.
1704:.
1677:.
1664:^
1650:.
1640:18
1638:.
1615:.
1607:.
1597:45
1595:.
1591:.
1568:.
1558:66
1556:.
1508:^
1492:^
1478:.
1470:.
1460:79
1458:.
1454:.
1431:.
1423:.
1411:56
1409:.
1405:.
1382:.
1374:.
1364:58
1362:.
1358:.
1332::
1330:}}
1326:{{
1314:.
1280:.
1270:.
1262:.
1252:61
1250:.
1246:.
1229:;
1225:;
1221:;
1217:;
1202:;
1198:;
1190:;
1186:;
1165:.
1157:.
1147:.
1143:.
1120:.
1112:.
1100:54
1098:.
1094:.
1071:.
1063:.
1051:.
1047:.
1024:.
1016:.
1006:62
1004:.
1000:.
977:.
969:.
961:.
949:.
945:.
919:.
907:^
893:.
885:.
877:.
867:48
865:.
861:.
844:32
842:.
838:.
808:.
797:^
707:,
608:,
421:.
348:,
344:,
4434:.
4414::
4401:.
4370:.
4351:.
4332:.
4320::
4299:.
4279::
4255:.
4243::
4222:.
4203:.
4184:.
4172::
4146:.
4123:.
4111::
4094:.
4074:.
4070::
4055:.
4035:.
4023::
4006:.
3994::
3967:.
3947::
3917:.
3889:.
3875:)
3838:.
3818::
3780:.
3755:.
3730:.
3643:.
3584:.
3554:.
3513:.
3500:.
3481:.
3462:.
3432:.
3407:.
3382:.
3348:.
3318:)
3304:.
3282:.
3261:.
3215:.
3148:.
3120::
3074:.
3038::
3011:.
2999::
2984:.
2964::
2941:.
2858:.
2854::
2835:.
2831::
2808:.
2745:.
2726:.
2704::
2696::
2647:.
2627::
2600:.
2580::
2538:.
2511:.
2485:.
2465::
2431:.
2409::
2371:.
2345:.
2308:.
2258:.
2205:.
2185::
2110:.
2084:.
2064::
1998:.
1969:.
1939::
1912:.
1880::
1872::
1836:.
1806::
1779:.
1755::
1728:.
1716::
1689:.
1658:.
1623:.
1603::
1576:.
1564::
1486:.
1466::
1439:.
1417::
1390:.
1370::
1343:)
1339:(
1322:.
1310::
1288:.
1258::
1173:.
1151::
1128:.
1106::
1079:.
1059::
1053:3
1032:.
1012::
985:.
957::
951:8
930:.
901:.
873::
820:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.