Altitude sickness - Knowledge

359: 1700:(PSA), VSA, or vacuum-pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) can be used to generate the oxygen if electricity is available. Stationary oxygen concentrators typically use PSA technology, which has performance degradations at the lower barometric pressures at high altitudes. One way to compensate for the performance degradation is to use a concentrator with more flow capacity. There are also portable oxygen concentrators that can be used on vehicular DC power or on internal batteries, and at least one system commercially available measures and compensates for the altitude effect on its performance up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The application of high-purity oxygen from one of these methods increases the partial pressure of oxygen by raising the 1551:. Once the climber has acclimatized to a given altitude, the process is repeated with camps placed at progressively higher elevations. The rule of thumb is to ascend no more than 300 m (1,000 ft) per day to sleep. That is, one can climb from 3,000 m (9,800 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm) to 4,500 m (15,000 ft) (58 kPa or 0.57 atm) in one day, but one should then descend back to 3,300 m (10,800 ft) (67.5 kPa or 0.666 atm) to sleep. This process cannot safely be rushed, and this is why climbers need to spend days (or even weeks at times) acclimatizing before attempting to climb a high peak. Simulated altitude equipment such as 615: 1579:(CDC) suggest the same dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours. Acetazolamide, a mild diuretic, works by stimulating the kidneys to secrete more bicarbonate in the urine, thereby acidifying the blood. This change in pH stimulates the respiratory center to increase the depth and frequency of respiration, thus speeding the natural acclimatization process. An undesirable side-effect of acetazolamide is a reduction in aerobic endurance performance. Other minor side effects include a tingle-sensation in hands and feet. Although a 53: 4198: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 577:, resulting in greater blood flow and, consequently, greater capillary pressures. On the other hand, HAPE may be due to general vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation (normally a response to regional ventilation-perfusion mismatches) which, with constant or increased cardiac output, also leads to increases in capillary pressures. For those with HACE, 379:). This is the most frequent type of altitude sickness encountered. Symptoms often manifest within ten hours of ascent and generally subside within two days, though they occasionally develop into the more serious conditions. Symptoms include headache, confusion, fatigue, stomach illness, dizziness, and sleep disturbance. Exertion may aggravate the symptoms. 1547:, climb up to a higher camp (slowly), and then return to base camp. A subsequent climb to the higher camp then includes an overnight stay. This process is then repeated a few times, each time extending the time spent at higher altitudes to let the body adjust to the oxygen level there, a process that involves the production of additional 1422: 1301: 1583:, acetazolamide is a non-antibiotic and has not been shown to cause life-threatening allergic cross-reactivity in those with a self-reported sulfonamide allergy. Dosage of 1000 mg/day will produce a 25% decrease in performance, on top of the reduction due to high-altitude exposure. The CDC advises that 1191: 1570:(trade name Diamox) may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres (9,000 ft), and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS. Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily. The 1542:

levels at higher elevations, in order to avoid altitude sickness. Once above approximately 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) – a pressure of 70 kilopascals (0.69 atm) – most climbers and high-altitude trekkers take the "climb-high, sleep-low" approach. For high-altitude

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AMS occurs in about 20% of people after rapidly going to 2,500 metres (8,000 ft) and in 40% of people after going to 3,000 metres (10,000 ft). While AMS and HACE occurs equally frequently in males and females, HAPE occurs more often in males. The earliest description of altitude sickness is

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are characteristic of extreme altitudes. Progressive deterioration of physiologic function eventually outstrips acclimatization. As a result, no permanent human habitation occurs above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). A period of acclimatization is necessary when ascending to extreme altitude; abrupt

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Altitude sickness typically occurs only above 2,500 metres (8,000 ft), though some are affected at lower altitudes. Risk factors include a prior episode of altitude sickness, a high degree of activity, and a rapid increase in elevation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and is supported for those

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Pre-acclimatization is when the body develops tolerance to low oxygen concentrations before ascending to an altitude. It significantly reduces risk because less time has to be spent at altitude to acclimatize in the traditional way. Additionally, because less time has to be spent on the mountain,

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The Golden Rules of Altitude Illness 1) Above 8,000 feet, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and vomiting should be considered to be altitude illness until proven otherwise. 2) No one with mild symptoms of altitude illness should ascend any higher until symptoms have resolved. 3) Anyone with

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Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule, except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations. The Centre suggests a dosage of 125 mg twice daily for prophylaxis, starting from 24

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250 mg twice daily dosing assists in AMS treatment by quickening altitude acclimatization. A study by the Denali Medical Research Project concluded: "In established cases of acute mountain sickness, treatment with acetazolamide relieves symptoms, improves arterial oxygenation, and prevents

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Ascending slowly is the best way to avoid altitude sickness. Avoiding strenuous activity such as skiing, hiking, etc. in the first 24 hours at high altitude may reduce the symptoms of AMS. Alcohol and sleeping pills are respiratory depressants, and thus slow down the acclimatization process and

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HACE is a life-threatening condition that can lead to coma or death. Symptoms include headache, fatigue, visual impairment, bladder dysfunction, bowel dysfunction, loss of coordination, paralysis on one side of the body, and confusion. Descent to lower altitudes may save those affected by HACE.

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In high-altitude conditions, oxygen enrichment can counteract the hypoxia related effects of altitude sickness. A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate-controlled rooms. At 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) (67 kPa or 0.66 atm), raising the oxygen

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People with high-altitude sickness generally have reduced hyperventilator response, impaired gas exchange, fluid retention or increased sympathetic drive. There is thought to be an increase in cerebral venous volume because of an increase in cerebral blood flow and hypocapnic cerebral

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Altitude sickness can first occur at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), with the effects becoming severe at extreme altitudes (greater than 5,500 metres (18,000 ft)). Only brief trips above 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) are possible and supplemental oxygen is needed to avert sickness.

1076: 733:; the atmospheric pressure is low, but there is still 20.9% oxygen. Water vapour still occupies the same pressure too—this means that there is less oxygen pressure available in the lungs and blood. Compare these two equations comparing the amount of oxygen in blood at altitude: 855: 953: 647:

Altitude sickness usually occurs following a rapid ascent and can usually be prevented by ascending slowly. In most of these cases, the symptoms are temporary and usually abate as altitude acclimatization occurs. However, in extreme cases, altitude sickness can be fatal.

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As altitude increases, the available amount of oxygen to sustain mental and physical alertness decreases with the overall air pressure, though the relative percentage of oxygen in air, at about 21%, remains practically unchanged up to 21,000 metres (69,000 ft). The

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People have different susceptibilities to altitude sickness; for some otherwise healthy people, acute altitude sickness can begin to appear at around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, such as at many mountain ski resorts, equivalent to a pressure of 80

1436:, and subsequently bicarbonate), Hb increases through haemoconcentration and erythrogenesis. Alkalosis shifts the haemoglobin dissociation constant to the left, 2,3-BPG increases to counter this. Cardiac output increases through an increase in heart rate. 1307: 317:

Sickness is prevented by gradually increasing elevation by no more than 300 metres (1,000 ft) per day. Being physically fit does not decrease the risk. Generally, descent and sufficient fluid intake can treat symptoms. Mild cases may be helped by

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Increased water intake may also help in acclimatization to replace the fluids lost through heavier breathing in the thin, dry air found at altitude, although consuming excessive quantities ("over-hydration") has no benefits and may cause dangerous

413:. A headache occurring at an altitude above 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) – a pressure of 76 kilopascals (0.75 atm) – combined with any one or more of the following symptoms, may indicate altitude sickness: 1197: 1087: 1483:

Altitude sickness is typically self-diagnosed since symptoms are consistent: nausea, vomiting, headache, and can generally be deduced from a rapid change in altitude or oxygen levels. However, some symptoms may be confused with

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High altitude illness can be classified according to the altitude: high (1,500–3,500 metres (4,900–11,500 ft)), very high (3,500–5,500 metres (11,500–18,000 ft)) and extreme (above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft)).

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at the end of the respiratory cycle, a measure of a higher alveolar ventilation) and corresponding high oxygen saturation levels tend to have a lower incidence of acute mountain sickness than those with high end-tidal

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inflated with a foot pump, can be used to reduce the effective altitude by as much as 1,500 m (5,000 ft). A Gamow bag is generally used only as an aid to evacuate severe AMS patients, not to treat them at

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Lipman GS, Kanaan NC, Holck PS, Constance BB, Gertsch JH (June 2012). "Ibuprofen prevents altitude illness: a randomized controlled trial for prevention of altitude illness with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories".

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leaves to try to alleviate the symptoms of mild altitude sickness. This therapy has not yet been proven effective in a clinical study. In Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine, an extract of the root tissue of

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Oxygen may be used for mild to moderate AMS below 3,700 metres (12,000 ft) and is commonly provided by physicians at mountain resorts. Symptoms abate in 12 to 36 hours without the need to descend.

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The rate of ascent, altitude attained, amount of physical activity at high altitude, as well as individual susceptibility, are contributing factors to the onset and severity of high-altitude illness.

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and an existing ventilation system provides an effective altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm), which is more tolerable for those unaccustomed to high altitudes.

1518:, so called because they mimic altitude by reducing the percentage of oxygen in the air while keeping air pressure constant to the surroundings. Examples of pre-acclimation measures include remote 314:

who have more than a minor reduction in activities. It is recommended that at high altitude any symptoms of headache, nausea, shortness of breath, or vomiting be assumed to be altitude sickness.

680:) generally stays above 90%. Altitude sickness is common between 2,400 and 4,000 metres (7,900 and 13,100 ft) because of the large number of people who ascend rapidly to these altitudes. 1732:(at altitude) are dangerous unless highly controlled and with good medical facilities. However, the following treatments have been used when the patient's location and circumstances permit: 4449: 2783: 2313: 700:

may occur during exercise, during sleep, and in the presence of high altitude pulmonary edema or other acute lung conditions. Severe altitude illness occurs most commonly in this range.

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Two studies in 2012 showed that ibuprofen 600 milligrams three times daily was effective at decreasing the severity and incidence of AMS; it was not clear if HAPE or HACE was affected.

1417:{\textstyle ({\text{Sa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\times 1.34{\tfrac {\text{mL}}{\text{g Hb}}}\times {\text{Hb}})+({\text{O}}_{2}{\text{ carriage in blood}}\times {\text{Pa}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}})} 1617:

is a suggested non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller that can help alleviate both the headache and nausea associated with AMS. It has not been studied for the prevention of

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should be avoided. Alcohol also tends to cause dehydration and exacerbates AMS. Thus, avoiding alcohol consumption in the first 24–48 hours at a higher altitude is optimal.

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is often taken in order to prevent the symptoms of high altitude sickness, however, no clear medical studies have confirmed the effectiveness or safety of this extract.

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Grissom CK, Roach RC, Sarnquist FH, Hackett PH (March 1992). "Acetazolamide in the treatment of acute mountain sickness: clinical efficacy and effect on gas exchange".

1296:{\textstyle \left(0.54\times 1.34\times 19.3{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 3.3{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {14.0{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}} 3576: 3200:

Visitors unaccustomed to high elevations may experience symptoms of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)uggestions for alleviating symptoms include drinking plenty of water

1186:{\textstyle \left(0.98\times 1.34\times 14{\frac {\text{g}}{\text{dL}}}\right)+(0.023\times 12{\text{ kPa}})={\frac {17.3{\text{ mL O}}_{2}}{100{\text{ mL blood}}}}} 1555:

provide hypoxic (reduced oxygen) air, and are designed to allow partial pre-acclimation to high altitude, reducing the total time required on the mountain itself.

3334:"Altitude Sickness in Climbers and Efficacy of NSAIDs Trial (ASCENT): randomized, controlled trial of ibuprofen versus placebo for prevention of altitude illness" 1606:

has been limited by the possibility that these drugs might worsen the headache of mountain sickness. A promising possible preventive for altitude sickness is

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Bates MG, Thompson AA, Baillie JK (March 2007). "Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of high altitude pulmonary edema".

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hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending; with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS. The

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At high altitude, 1,500 to 3,500 metres (4,900 to 11,500 ft), the onset of physiological effects of diminished inspiratory oxygen pressure (PiO

3377:"Prophylactic Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen Results in Equivalent Acute Mountain Sickness Incidence at High Altitude: A Prospective Randomized Trial" 2820:"Presumed "sulfa allergy" in patients with intracranial hypertension treated with acetazolamide or furosemide: cross-reactivity, myth or reality?" 2883:

Gonzalez Garay, Alejandro; Molano Franco, Daniel; Nieto Estrada, Víctor H.; Martí-Carvajal, Arturo J.; Arevalo-Rodriguez, Ingrid (March 2018).

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of diatomic nitrogen and oxygen are very similar and thus no change occurs in the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen until stratospheric heights.

2455: 2228:"End-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and acute mountain sickness in the first 24 hours upon ascent to Cusco Peru (3326 meters)" 1071:{\textstyle F_{I}{\text{O}}_{2}\times (P_{\text{B}}-P_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}})-\left({\frac {P_{{\text{CO}}_{2}}}{\text{RQ}}}\right)} 4530: 1576: 1786:

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) has also shown to be as good as ibuprofen for altitude sickness when tested on climbers ascending Everest.

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The only reliable treatment, and in many cases the only option available, is to descend. Attempts to treat or stabilize the patient

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treatments have not been found to be effective medications for prevention of AMS. Interest in phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as

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due to the higher rate of water vapor lost from the lungs at higher altitudes may contribute to the symptoms of altitude sickness.

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Oxygen from gas bottles or liquid containers can be applied directly via a nasal cannula or mask. Oxygen concentrators based upon

850:{\textstyle 21\%\times (101.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {5.3{\text{ kPa}}}{0.8}}\right)=13.3{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}} 4535: 948:{\textstyle 21\%\times (36.3{\text{ kPa}}-6.3{\text{ kPa}})-\left({\frac {1.8{\text{ kPa}}}{0.74}}\right)=3.9{\text{ kPa O}}_{2}} 17: 4666: 4380: 3381: 3338: 2342:

The relative amount of oxygen in the air (21 percent) does not vary appreciably at altitudes up to 21,350 meters (70,000 feet).

2232: 2942:"Oral antioxidant supplementation does not prevent acute mountain sickness: double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial" 1488:. Some severe cases may require professional diagnosis which can be assisted with multiple different methods such as using an 4480: 4454: 4314: 3735: 3189: 2714: 2580: 2288: 2123: 1990: 1977:

Rose, Stuart R.; Keystone, Jay S.; Connor, Bradley A.; Hackett, Peter; Kozarsky, Phyllis E.; Quarry, Doug (1 January 2006).

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attributed to a Chinese text from around 30 BCE that describes "Big Headache Mountains", possibly referring to the

1657:. Medical evidence to support the effectiveness and safety of these approaches is often contradictory or lacking. 4555: 4334: 2400:"Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 3. Miscellaneous and non-pharmacological interventions" 1629:

Herbal supplements and traditional medicines are sometimes suggested to prevent high altitude sickness including

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Altitude acclimatization is necessary for some people who move rapidly from lower altitudes to higher altitudes.

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Left: A woman at normal altitude. Right: The same woman with a swollen face while trekking at high altitude (

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Travel at High Altitude: a free booklet about how to keep healthy at altitude. Available in many languages.

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Molano Franco D, Nieto Estrada VH, Gonzalez Garay AG, Martí-Carvajal AJ, Arevalo-Rodriguez I (April 2019).

1828: 673: 570: 303: 142: 118: 3092:"Chinese herbal medicine for acute mountain sickness: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials" 2528:

U.S. Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report

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worsening symptoms or severe symptoms of altitude illness should descend immediately to a lower altitude.

1978: 279: 157: 4595: 4176: 1489: 2067:"Does This Patient Have Acute Mountain Sickness?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review" 1780:

can be used to treat the symptoms of pulmonary or cerebral edema, but do not treat the underlying AMS.

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are the primary symptom used to diagnose altitude sickness, although a headache is also a symptom of

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Cain SM, Dunn JE (July 1966). "Low doses of acetazolamide to aid accommodation of men to altitude".

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ascent without supplemental oxygen for other than brief exposures invites severe altitude sickness.

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West JB (February 1995). "Oxygen enrichment of room air to relieve the hypoxia of high altitude".

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Gertsch JH, Corbett B, Holck PS, Mulcahy A, Watts M, Stillwagon NT, et al. (December 2012).

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may be used if descent is not possible. Treatment efforts, however, have not been well studied.

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Baillie JK, Thompson AA, Irving JB, Bates MG, Sutherland AI, Macnee W, et al. (May 2009).

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may provide temporary relief from symptoms in order to keep descending under their own power.

565:(fluid accumulation in the tissues of the body). At very high altitude, humans can get either 4485: 4293: 4099: 4067: 3992: 3821: 3811: 2781:

Kelly TE, Hackett PH (2010). "Acetazolamide and sulfonamide allergy: a not so simple story".

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Simancas-Racines D, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Osorio D, Franco JV, Xu Y, Hidalgo R (June 2018).

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Meier D, Collet TH, Locatelli I, Cornuz J, Kayser B, Simel DL, Sartori C (November 2017).

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Kanaan NC, Peterson AL, Pun M, Holck PS, Starling J, Basyal B, et al. (June 2017).

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less food and supplies have to be taken up. Several commercial systems exist that use

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Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (can cause right ventricular hypertrophy)

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At very high altitude, 3,500 to 5,500 metres (11,500 to 18,000 ft), maximum SaO

664:) includes decreased exercise performance and increased ventilation (lower arterial 4109: 3963: 3680: 3518: 3390: 3347: 3306: 3280: 3260: 3223: 3152: 3115: 3105: 3062: 3052: 2955: 2912: 2896: 2833: 2792: 2753: 2745: 2467: 2419: 2411: 2365: 2241: 2080: 2034: 2030: 2026: 1981:. In Rose, Stuart R.; Keystone, Jay S.; Connor, Bradley A.; Hackett, Peter (eds.). 471: 3554: 2672: 1467:↑ kidney excretion of bicarbonate (use of acetazolamide can augment for treatment) 726: 588:

at rest, and cough that is initially dry but may progress to produce pink, frothy

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be reserved for treatment of severe AMS and HACE during descents, and notes that

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High-altitude sickness, altitude illness, hypobaropathy, altitude bends, soroche

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HAPE can progress rapidly and is often fatal. Symptoms include fatigue, severe

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Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy

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climbers, a typical acclimatization regimen might be to stay a few days at a

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For more serious cases of AMS, or where rapid descent is impractical, a

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and if it may help prevent altitude sickness. Despite their popularity,

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The hypoxia leads to an increase in minute ventilation (hence both low

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Symptoms that may indicate life-threatening altitude sickness include:

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CDC Health Information for International Travel 2010 "The Yellow Book"

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Medical condition due to rapid exposure to low oxygen at high altitude

4507: 4171: 4139: 3670: 3513: 1837: – Disorder caused by dissolved gases forming bubbles in tissues 1740: 1666: 1614: 1610:(ITPP), which increases the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin. 1544: 713: 697: 672:). While arterial oxygen transport may be only slightly impaired the 449: 363: 319: 291: 233: 101: 2306:"Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia" 4020: 3785: 2571:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp. 1777: 1771: 1538:

Altitude acclimatization is the process of adjusting to decreasing

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scan to check for abnormal buildup of fluids in the lung or brain.

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Prior episode, high degree of activity, rapid increase in elevation

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Leukotriene receptor antagonist-associated Churg–Strauss syndrome

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Wang J, Xiong X, Xing Y, Liu Z, Jiang W, Huang J, Feng B (2013).

1767: 1759: 1662: 1646: 1642: 1621:(swelling of the brain) associated with extreme symptoms of AMS. 1493: 1447: 585: 499: 445: 193: 93: 1825: – Laboratory diagnosis of high hemoglobin content in blood 3441: 2530:(USARIEM–TN–04–05). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 1539: 589: 431: 1985:(Thirteenth ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby. pp. 216–229. 592:. Descent to lower altitudes alleviates the symptoms of HAPE. 2500: 2460:

Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain

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High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine

1812: – Environmental effects on physiology and mental health 1806: – Process to maintain internal air pressure in aircraft 1625:

Over-the-counter herbal supplements and traditional medicines

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The body's response to high altitude includes the following:

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Hackett PH, Roach RC (July 2001). "High-altitude illness".

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There is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of

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The most serious symptoms of altitude sickness arise from

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A Comprehensive Guide to Wilderness & Travel Medicine

1976: 2174:. Apex (Altitude Physiology Expeditions). Archived from 2015:"Interventions for treating acute high altitude illness" 290:, vomiting, tiredness, confusion, trouble sleeping, and 2701:. In Turell D, Brunette G, Kozarsky P, Lefor A (eds.). 708:

Above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), marked hypoxemia,

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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may occur after long-term exposure to high altitude.

3419: 2982: 2456:"Humans at altitude: physiology and pathophysiology" 3584: 2818:Lee AG, Anderson R, Kardon RH, Wall M (July 2004). 2562: 2303: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2564: 1894:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 1416: 1295: 1185: 1070: 947: 849: 2521: 1831: – Biological reaction to increased altitude 1526:air breathing in order to simulate altitude, and 482:Nose bleeding, shortness of breath upon exertion 366:Base Camp, Nepal; 4,130 m (13,550 ft)). 4643: 3089: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 3044:Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 2687: 2515: 2188: — High altitude information for laypeople 1443:↑ Erythropoietin → ↑ hematocrit and haemoglobin 3543:Altitude Illness Clinical Guide for Physicians 2522:Muza, S.R.; Fulco, C.S.; Cymerman, A. (2004). 2225: 1755:further impairment of pulmonary gas exchange." 4278: 3570: 2262: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 3325: 3177: 2976: 2933: 2780: 2696: 2453: 2353: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1800: – Athletic training at high elevations 545:Headache that does not respond to analgesics 223:Descent to lower altitude, sufficient fluids 3287: 3242: 3205: 3136: 2889:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2729: 2404:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1983:International Travel Health Guide 2006-2007 1533: 4531:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis 4292: 4285: 4271: 4221: 3577: 3563: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2169: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1577:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 382:Those individuals with the lowest initial 294:. Acute mountain sickness can progress to 51: 3394: 3351: 3119: 3109: 3066: 3056: 2959: 2916: 2757: 2471: 2423: 2245: 2038: 2008: 2006: 1952:"Altitude Diseases – Injuries; Poisoning" 1911: 1897:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 590. 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1758:The folk remedy for altitude sickness in 1613:Prior to the onset of altitude sickness, 4476:Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome 3211: 2985:Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 2454:Brown JP, Grocott MP (1 February 2013). 613: 357: 4536:Generalized bullous fixed drug eruption 3538:Merck Manual entry on altitude sickness 3382:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 3339:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 3039:"Erythroxylum – a comprehensive review" 3009: 2619:"Chapter 3: Environmental health risks" 2556: 2233:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2191: 1770:is a tea made from the coca plant. See 14: 4644: 4381:Chemotherapy-induced hyperpigmentation 3171: 2003: 1849: 1508: 606:Breathing § Breathing at altitude 448:or weakness, headache with or without 4481:Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome 4455:Methotrexate-induced papular eruption 4315:Sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome 4266: 3736:Radiation-induced erythema multiforme 3558: 3036: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2332:from the original on 28 November 2010 2304:FSF Editorial Staff (May–June 1997). 2113: 1999:from the original on 11 October 2022. 1890: 683: 534:Shortness of breath even when resting 353: 4386:Scleroderma-like reaction to taxanes 4209: 3142: 2784:High Altitude Medicine & Biology 2567:Principles of anatomy and physiology 2563:Tortora GJ, Anagnostakos NP (1987). 2226:Douglas DJ, Schoene RB (June 2010). 2202: 2142: 2114:Weiss E (2005). "Altitude Illness". 1683: 474:(swelling of hands, feet, and face) 257:40% at 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) 4445:Adverse reaction to biologic agents 4414:Anticoagulant-induced skin necrosis 4376:Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema 4325:Adverse effects of fluoroquinolones 4053:Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules 3741:Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar 2675:. Everest BC Clinic, BaseCampMD.com 2653:. Everest BC Clinic, BaseCampMD.com 2357:The New England Journal of Medicine 2314:Human Factors and Aviation Medicine 703: 622:often experience altitude sickness. 401: 255:20% at 2,500 metres (8,000 ft) 24: 2440: 2384: 1956:Merck Manuals Professional Edition 1818: – Sport of mountain climbing 1810:Effects of high altitude on humans 1659:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 868: 770: 757:Pressure of oxygen in the alveolus 692:falls below 90% as the arterial PO 666:partial pressure of carbon dioxide 610:Effects of high altitude on humans 507: 398:and low oxygen saturation levels. 306:(HACE) with associated confusion. 278:, caused by rapid exposure to low 25: 4678: 4601:HIV disease-related drug reaction 4551:Drug-related gingival hyperplasia 3415: 3311:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.01.019 2825:American Journal of Ophthalmology 2730:Platt D, Griggs RC (April 2012). 1689:concentration level by 5% via an 1475:vasoconstriction causing oedema. 384:partial pressure of end-tidal pCO 4561:Drug-induced lupus erythematosus 4396:Exudative hyponychial dermatitis 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4197: 4196: 3839:Inner ear decompression sickness 2860:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide" 2524:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide" 2283:(5th ed.). Mosby Elsevier. 1710: 1528:positive end-expiratory pressure 655: 330:. Severe cases may benefit from 4556:Drug-induced lichenoid reaction 4233: 3368: 3083: 3030: 3003: 2876: 2852: 2811: 2774: 2723: 2665: 2626:International travel and health 2607: 2601:Institute for Altitude Medicine 2589: 2488: 2347: 2297: 2219: 1979:"CHAPTER 15 – Altitude Illness" 1707:(fraction of inspired oxygen). 744:At 8400 m (The Balcony of 727:physiology of altitude sickness 4320:Urticarial erythema multiforme 2163: 2136: 2107: 2031:10.1002/14651858.CD009567.pub2 1970: 1608:myo-inositol trispyrophosphate 1561: 1411: 1367: 1361: 1311: 1256: 1239: 1146: 1129: 1028: 988: 896: 874: 798: 776: 13: 1: 4667:Hazards of outdoor recreation 4591:Linear IgA bullous dermatosis 4460:Adverse reaction to cytokines 4073:environmental skin conditions 3866:High-altitude pulmonary edema 3215:Journal of Applied Physiology 1842: 1499: 1082:Oxygen Carriage in the blood 567:high-altitude pulmonary edema 554:Increased nausea and vomiting 551:Gradual loss of consciousness 389:(the lowest concentration of 296:high-altitude pulmonary edema 139:high-altitude pulmonary edema 114:High-altitude pulmonary edema 4627:Serum sickness-like reaction 4606:Photosensitive drug reaction 4063:Tropical anhidrotic asthenia 3872:High-altitude cerebral edema 3298:Annals of Emergency Medicine 3228:10.1152/jappl.1966.21.4.1195 3181:Rocky Mountain National Park 3157:10.1016/0034-5687(94)00094-G 3037:Bauer I (26 November 2019). 3010:Sanford, John (March 2012). 2750:10.1001/archneurol.2011.2723 2496:"What Is Altitude Sickness?" 1829:Hypoxic ventilatory response 1723: 1669:, have for centuries chewed 1478: 1457:and a right shift on the Hb- 720: 696:falls below 60mmHg. Extreme 571:high-altitude cerebral edema 462:"pins and needles" sensation 304:high-altitude cerebral edema 143:high-altitude cerebral edema 119:high-altitude cerebral edema 60:Altitude sickness warning – 7: 4335:Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction 4085:frictional/traumatic/sports 3711:Chronic radiation keratosis 3265:10.7326/0003-4819-116-6-461 3252:Annals of Internal Medicine 3184:. Globe Pequot. p. 9. 3178:Dannen K, Dannen D (2002). 2697:Hackett P, Shlim D (2009). 2370:10.1056/NEJM200107123450206 2275: 1790: 1649:-based supplements such as 10: 4683: 4652:Effects of external causes 4596:Toxic epidermal necrolysis 4177:Pseudoacanthosis nigricans 2149:. Springer. pp. 2–7. 674:arterial oxygen saturation 603: 4657:Mountaineering and health 4614: 4571:Drug-induced pigmentation 4566:Drug-induced nail changes 4523: 4516: 4468: 4437: 4404: 4366: 4343: 4300: 4192: 4029: 4001: 3956: 3948:Space adaptation syndrome 3925: 3899: 3883: 3856:Chronic mountain sickness 3799: 3774: 3761:Radiation recall reaction 3751:Radiation-induced morphea 3703: 3654:Warm water immersion foot 3626: 3600: 3593: 3493: 3423: 3396:10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.011 3353:10.1016/j.wem.2012.08.001 3058:10.1186/s40794-019-0095-7 2901:10.1002/14651858.CD012983 2838:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.02.019 2615:World Health Organization 2548:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2416:10.1002/14651858.CD013315 2247:10.1016/j.wem.2010.01.003 2172:"Acute mountain sickness" 2170:Baillie, K.; Simpson, A. 1698:pressure swing adsorption 1520:ischaemic preconditioning 308:Chronic mountain sickness 266:, the mildest form being 251: 227: 219: 211: 206:carbon monoxide poisoning 187: 177: 167: 152: 147:chronic mountain sickness 137:Acute mountain sickness, 133: 125: 107: 79: 67: 59: 50: 42: 37: 4581:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 4310:Penicillin drug reaction 4130:Weathering nodule of ear 3746:Radiation-induced keloid 3731:Radiation-induced cancer 3661:Non-freezing cold injury 3639:Immersion foot syndromes 2473:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mks047 2323:Flight Safety Foundation 1534:Altitude acclimatization 599: 4586:Injection site reaction 4546:Drug-induced angioedema 4524:Skin and body membranes 4058:Sclerosing lymphangitis 3649:Tropical immersion foot 3548:18 October 2006 at the 2599:. Telluride, Colorado: 2085:10.1001/jama.2017.16192 1384: carriage in blood 542:(swelling of the brain) 490:Persistent rapid pulse 336:portable hyperbaric bag 298:(HAPE) with associated 276:effect of high altitude 268:acute mountain sickness 18:Acute mountain sickness 4576:Drug-induced urticaria 4391:Hydroxyurea dermopathy 4294:Adverse drug reactions 4145:Painful fat herniation 4125:Vibration white finger 3834:Decompression sickness 3691:Erythrocyanosis crurum 3145:Respiration Physiology 1835:Decompression sickness 1418: 1297: 1187: 1072: 949: 851: 623: 367: 189:Differential diagnosis 4486:Vaccine adverse event 4100:Fissure of the nipple 4068:UV-sensitive syndrome 3993:Adverse drug reaction 3822:Middle ear barotrauma 3812:Arterial gas embolism 2797:10.1089/ham.2010.1051 2737:Archives of Neurology 1743:, a portable plastic 1464:disassociation curve) 1450:(allows ↑ release of 1419: 1298: 1188: 1073: 950: 852: 731:alveolar gas equation 617: 436:excessive flatulation 361: 4358:Steroid folliculitis 4095:Equestrian perniosis 2961:10.1093/qjmed/hcp026 2709:. St. Louis: Mosby. 1804:Cabin pressurization 1308: 1198: 1088: 960: 862: 764: 528:Persistent dry cough 522:Symptoms similar to 519:(fluid in the lungs) 4622:Fixed drug reaction 4182:Narcotic dermopathy 4090:Black heel and palm 4043:Dermatosis neglecta 3917:Psychological abuse 3756:Radiation poisoning 3111:10.1155/2013/732562 2281:Wilderness Medicine 2205:"Altitude Sickness" 2203:Thompson, A. A. R. 1691:oxygen concentrator 1651:medroxyprogesterone 1637:, minerals such as 1509:Pre-acclimatization 729:centres around the 344:Karakoram Mountains 300:shortness of breath 196:, viral infection, 4424:Vitamin K reaction 4152:Uranium dermatosis 4105:Pulling boat hands 4014:Lightning injuries 3494:External resources 2617:(1 January 2007). 2597:"Altitude Illness" 2178:on 1 February 2010 1745:hyperbaric chamber 1591:may prevent HAPE. 1414: 1351: 1293: 1183: 1068: 945: 847: 684:Very high altitude 624: 557:Retinal hemorrhage 430:Loss of appetite, 419:Disordered system 368: 354:Signs and symptoms 74:Emergency medicine 4639: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4541:Drug-induced acne 4491:Eczema vaccinatum 4419:Warfarin necrosis 4260: 4259: 4009:Electrical injury 3851:Altitude sickness 3699: 3698: 3528: 3527: 3191:978-0-7627-2245-7 2872:on 24 March 2012. 2716:978-0-7020-3481-7 2582:978-0-06-350729-6 2290:978-0-323-03228-5 2125:978-0-9659768-1-7 2079:(18): 1810–1819. 1992:978-0-323-04050-1 1891:Ferri FF (2016). 1798:Altitude training 1684:Oxygen enrichment 1572:Everest Base Camp 1427: 1426: 1401: 1394: 1385: 1374: 1359: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1325: 1318: 1291: 1288: 1272: 1254: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1181: 1178: 1162: 1144: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1062: 1061: 1049: 1024: 1013: 998: 977: 937: 921: 915: 894: 883: 839: 823: 817: 796: 785: 505: 504: 427:Gastrointestinal 280:amounts of oxygen 264:Altitude sickness 261: 260: 183:Based on symptoms 179:Diagnostic method 158:amounts of oxygen 38:Altitude sickness 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4674: 4521: 4520: 4429:Texier's disease 4330:Red man syndrome 4287: 4280: 4273: 4264: 4263: 4248: 4236: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4211: 4200: 4199: 4036:physical factors 4032:skin conditions 3964:Hypersensitivity 3681:Cold intolerance 3598: 3597: 3585:Consequences of 3579: 3572: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3421: 3420: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3060: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3018:on 24 April 2012 3014:. Archived from 3007: 3001: 3000: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2895:(12): CD012983. 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2865:. Archived from 2864: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2708: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2647: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2623: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2570: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2475: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2395: 2382: 2381: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2331: 2310: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2273: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2200: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2143:West JB (2013). 2140: 2134: 2133: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2042: 2025:(12): CD009567. 2010: 2001: 2000: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1948: 1909: 1908: 1888: 1463: 1456: 1435: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1255: 1252: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1142: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1039: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1000: 999: 996: 984: 983: 978: 975: 972: 971: 954: 952: 951: 946: 944: 943: 938: 935: 926: 922: 917: 916: 913: 907: 895: 892: 884: 881: 856: 854: 853: 848: 846: 845: 840: 837: 828: 824: 819: 818: 815: 809: 797: 794: 786: 783: 736: 735: 704:Extreme altitude 472:Peripheral edema 416: 415: 402:Primary symptoms 274:), is a harmful 98:trouble sleeping 55: 35: 34: 21: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4631: 4610: 4512: 4464: 4433: 4400: 4362: 4339: 4296: 4291: 4261: 4256: 4188: 4078:Electrical burn 4035: 4034:resulting from 4033: 4031: 4025: 3997: 3984:Arthus reaction 3952: 3933:Motion sickness 3921: 3895: 3879: 3795: 3791:Oxygen toxicity 3770: 3695: 3622: 3589: 3587:external causes 3583: 3550:Wayback Machine 3529: 3524: 3523: 3489: 3488: 3432: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3373: 3369: 3330: 3326: 3292: 3288: 3247: 3243: 3222:(4): 1195–200. 3210: 3206: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3141: 3137: 3088: 3084: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3008: 3004: 2981: 2977: 2938: 2934: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2816: 2812: 2779: 2775: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2695: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2612: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2561: 2557: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2531: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2452: 2441: 2410:(4): CD013315. 2396: 2385: 2352: 2348: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2308: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2274: 2263: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2201: 2192: 2181: 2179: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2141: 2137: 2126: 2112: 2108: 2063: 2056: 2011: 2004: 1993: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1950: 1949: 1912: 1905: 1889: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1793: 1726: 1713: 1705: 1686: 1627: 1564: 1549:red blood cells 1536: 1511: 1502: 1481: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1434: 1430: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1356: 1341: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1262: 1251: 1221: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1141: 1111: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1004: 995: 991: 979: 974: 973: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 939: 934: 933: 912: 908: 906: 902: 891: 880: 863: 860: 859: 841: 836: 835: 814: 810: 808: 804: 793: 782: 765: 762: 761: 723: 706: 695: 691: 686: 679: 671: 663: 658: 612: 602: 517:Pulmonary edema 510: 508:Severe symptoms 487:Cardiovascular 454:lightheadedness 404: 397: 387: 356: 256: 129:Within 24 hours 117: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4406:Anticoagulants 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4135:Wrestler's ear 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4115:Surfer's knots 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3960: 3958: 3957:Adverse effect 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3907:Physical abuse 3903: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3843: 3842: 3841: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3726:Radiation burn 3723: 3721:Radiation acne 3718: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3540: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3510: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3475: 3464: 3449: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424:Classification 3417: 3416:External links 3414: 3411: 3410: 3367: 3324: 3286: 3241: 3204: 3190: 3170: 3135: 3082: 3029: 3002: 2975: 2932: 2875: 2851: 2810: 2773: 2722: 2715: 2686: 2673:"Treating AMS" 2664: 2639: 2606: 2588: 2581: 2555: 2514: 2487: 2439: 2383: 2346: 2296: 2289: 2261: 2218: 2190: 2162: 2155: 2135: 2124: 2106: 2054: 2002: 1991: 1969: 1910: 1903: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1819: 1816:Mountaineering 1813: 1807: 1801: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1756: 1749: 1737: 1725: 1722: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1685: 1682: 1677:Radix rhodiola 1661:, such as the 1655:erythropoietin 1626: 1623: 1619:cerebral edema 1563: 1560: 1553:altitude tents 1535: 1532: 1516:altitude tents 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1444: 1432: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1406: 1389: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1355: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1313: 1303: 1287: mL blood 1284: 1277: 1267: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1193: 1177: mL blood 1174: 1167: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1066: 1054: 1043: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1018: 1007: 1003: 994: 990: 987: 982: 970: 966: 955: 942: 932: 929: 925: 920: 911: 905: 901: 898: 890: 887: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 857: 844: 834: 831: 827: 822: 813: 807: 803: 800: 792: 789: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 759: 753: 752: 749: 742: 739: 722: 719: 705: 702: 693: 689: 685: 682: 677: 669: 661: 657: 654: 633:RMS velocities 601: 598: 559: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540:Cerebral edema 536: 535: 532: 529: 526: 520: 509: 506: 503: 502: 496: 492: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 476: 475: 469: 465: 464: 443: 439: 438: 428: 424: 423: 420: 403: 400: 395: 391:carbon dioxide 385: 355: 352: 332:oxygen therapy 284:high elevation 259: 258: 253: 249: 248: 246:oxygen therapy 231: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 215:Gradual ascent 213: 209: 208: 191: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 162:high elevation 154: 150: 149: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 111: 105: 104: 83: 77: 76: 71: 65: 64: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4679: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4503:Halogenoderma 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4162:Skin pop scar 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:Runner's rump 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3846:High altitude 3844: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817:Aerosinusitis 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3346:(4): 307–15. 3345: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305:(6): 484–90. 3304: 3300: 3299: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151:(2): 225–32. 3150: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2991:(3): 226–31. 2990: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791:(4): 319–23. 2790: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2674: 2668: 2652: 2651:"Prophylaxis" 2646: 2644: 2627: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364:(2): 107–14. 2363: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2343: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2240:(2): 109–13. 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2156:9781461475736 2152: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2007: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1904:9780323448383 1900: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Acetazolamide 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1721: 1719: 1711:Other methods 1708: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1631:ginkgo biloba 1622: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1585:Dexamethasone 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1568:acetazolamide 1559: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1476: 1469: 1466: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1404: 1387: 1377: 1364: 1353: 1338: 1335: 1328: 1304: 1282: 1275: 1265: 1259: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1172: 1165: 1155: 1149: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1064: 1052: 1041: 1035: 1031: 1016: 1005: 1001: 992: 985: 980: 968: 964: 956: 940: 930: 927: 923: 918: 909: 903: 899: 888: 885: 877: 871: 865: 858: 842: 832: 829: 825: 820: 811: 805: 801: 790: 787: 779: 773: 767: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 747: 743: 741:At Sea Level 740: 738: 737: 734: 732: 728: 718: 715: 711: 701: 699: 681: 675: 667: 656:High altitude 653: 649: 645: 642: 640: 636: 634: 628: 621: 620:Mount Everest 616: 611: 607: 597: 593: 591: 587: 582: 580: 579:dexamethasone 576: 572: 568: 564: 556: 553: 550: 548:Unsteady gait 547: 544: 541: 538: 537: 533: 530: 527: 525: 521: 518: 515: 514: 513: 501: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 485: 481: 478: 477: 473: 470: 467: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 444: 441: 440: 437: 433: 429: 426: 425: 421: 418: 417: 414: 412: 408: 399: 392: 388: 380: 378: 374: 365: 360: 351: 349: 345: 339: 337: 333: 329: 328:dexamethasone 325: 324:acetazolamide 321: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 254: 250: 247: 243: 242:dexamethasone 239: 238:acetazolamide 235: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 190: 186: 182: 180: 176: 172: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 112: 110: 109:Complications 106: 103: 99: 95: 94:feeling tired 91: 87: 84: 82: 78: 75: 72: 70: 66: 63: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 4438:Immunologics 4368:Chemotherapy 4353:Steroid acne 4249: 4237: 4225: 4213: 4201: 4156: 4084: 4072: 3912:Sexual abuse 3900:Maltreatment 3850: 3827:Pneumothorax 3686:Acrocyanosis 3676:Aerosol burn 3618:Heat syncope 3613:Hyperthermia 3512: 3501: 3477: 3466: 3451: 3436: 3389:(2): 72–78. 3386: 3380: 3370: 3343: 3337: 3327: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3259:(6): 461–5. 3256: 3250: 3244: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3196:Google Books 3194:– via 3180: 3173: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3101: 3095: 3085: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3022:19 September 3020:. Retrieved 3016:the original 3005: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2954:(5): 341–8. 2951: 2945: 2935: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2867:the original 2854: 2832:(1): 114–8. 2829: 2823: 2813: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2744:(4): 527–9. 2741: 2735: 2725: 2704: 2677:. Retrieved 2667: 2655:. Retrieved 2630:. Retrieved 2628:. p. 31 2625: 2609: 2591: 2566: 2558: 2544:cite journal 2532:. Retrieved 2527: 2517: 2505:. Retrieved 2499: 2490: 2466:(1): 17–22. 2463: 2459: 2407: 2403: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2334:. Retrieved 2318: 2312: 2299: 2280: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2180:. Retrieved 2176:the original 2165: 2145: 2138: 2129: 2115: 2109: 2076: 2070: 2022: 2018: 1982: 1972: 1960:. Retrieved 1955: 1893: 1823:polycythemia 1772:mate de coca 1729: 1727: 1718:hyponatremia 1714: 1695: 1687: 1675: 1634: 1628: 1612: 1593: 1565: 1557: 1537: 1512: 1503: 1482: 1473: 1438: 1428: 724: 707: 687: 659: 650: 646: 643: 637: 629: 625: 618:Climbers on 594: 583: 560: 511: 479:Respiratory 434:, vomiting, 405: 381: 369: 340: 316: 312: 271: 267: 263: 262: 169:Risk factors 29: 4469:Other drugs 4302:Antibiotics 3969:Anaphylaxis 3943:Airsickness 3938:Seasickness 3644:Trench foot 3634:Hypothermia 3594:Temperature 3503:MedlinePlus 2679:21 November 2657:21 November 2632:21 November 1635:R crenulata 1600:antioxidant 1596:sumatriptan 1581:sulfonamide 1562:Medications 1486:dehydration 936: kPa O 838: kPa O 639:Dehydration 569:(HAPE), or 468:Locomotory 411:dehydration 375:(0.79 373:kilopascals 202:dehydration 126:Usual onset 62:Indian Army 43:Other names 4646:Categories 4498:Bromoderma 4167:Skin track 4120:Tennis toe 4048:Pinch mark 4030:Ungrouped 3974:Angioedema 3891:Starvation 3861:Death zone 3807:Barotrauma 3666:Chilblains 3479:DiseasesDB 3104:: 732562. 2336:28 October 2277:Auerbach P 1958:. May 2018 1843:References 1821:Secondary 1604:sildenafil 1589:Nifedipine 1500:Prevention 1271: mL O 1161: mL O 710:hypocapnia 604:See also: 524:bronchitis 348:Kilik Pass 229:Medication 212:Prevention 194:Exhaustion 4508:Iododerma 4172:Slap mark 4140:Coral cut 3704:Radiation 3671:Frostbite 3514:eMedicine 3051:(1): 20. 2909:1469-493X 2482:1743-1816 2101:205087288 1748:altitude. 1741:Gamow bag 1724:Treatment 1667:Altiplano 1615:ibuprofen 1566:The drug 1545:base camp 1524:hypobaric 1479:Diagnosis 1388:× 1354:× 1336:× 1253: kPa 1246:× 1216:× 1210:× 1143: kPa 1136:× 1106:× 1100:× 1032:− 1002:− 986:× 914: kPa 900:− 893: kPa 886:− 882: kPa 872:× 869:% 816: kPa 802:− 795: kPa 788:− 784: kPa 774:× 771:% 721:Mechanism 714:alkalosis 698:hypoxemia 450:dizziness 422:Symptoms 407:Headaches 364:Annapurna 320:ibuprofen 292:dizziness 288:headaches 252:Frequency 234:Ibuprofen 220:Treatment 102:dizziness 69:Specialty 4345:Hormones 4227:Glossary 4203:Category 4021:Drowning 3800:Pressure 3786:Asphyxia 3601:Elevated 3546:Archived 3519:med/3225 3405:28479001 3362:23098412 3319:22440488 3130:24454510 3077:31798934 2997:17408118 2970:19273551 2927:29529715 2846:15234289 2805:21190500 2768:22158718 2434:31012483 2378:11450659 2327:Archived 2279:(2007). 2256:20591371 2182:8 August 2093:29136449 2049:29959871 1997:Archived 1962:3 August 1791:See also 1778:Steroids 1647:hormonal 1643:antacids 1522:, using 751:Formula 498:General 458:insomnia 442:Nervous 198:hangover 90:vomiting 86:Headache 81:Symptoms 4517:General 4239:Outline 4215:Commons 3979:Allergy 3782:Hypoxia 3766:Sunburn 3627:Reduced 3473:D000532 3281:1731172 3273:1739236 3236:5916650 3165:7777705 3121:3881533 3068:6880514 2918:6494375 2759:3785308 2534:5 March 2425:6477878 2040:6513207 1768:Bolivia 1760:Ecuador 1730:in situ 1665:of the 1663:Aymaras 1448:2,3-BPG 746:Everest 586:dyspnea 575:hypoxia 500:malaise 446:Fatigue 346:around 116:(HAPE), 4662:Skiing 4251:Portal 4157:iv use 3926:Travel 3874:(HACE) 3868:(HAPE) 3775:Oxygen 3508:000133 3462:E902.0 3403: 3360: 3317: 3279: 3271: 3234: 3188: 3163: 3128: 3118: 3075: 3065: 2995: 2968: 2925: 2915: 2907: 2844: 2803: 2766: 2756: 2713: 2579: 2575:–445. 2507:2 July 2480: 2432: 2422: 2376: 2287: 2254: 2207:. 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