671:: Eminently overuse-injury which frequently occurs in running and jumping athletes. Patients affected by insertional Achilles tendinopathy complain of pain on the posterior aspect of the heel and may have morning stiffness, swelling with activity and tenderness at the tendon insertion level. If this condition becomes chronic, calcific deposits at the Achilles insertional level may be developed (due to microfractures and healing of the osteotendinous union) which can degenerate, if it persists over time, in the abnormal bony prominence on the posterior aspect of heel, condition known as Haglund deformity, which can be painful and difficult close-shoes fitting due to friction and irritation.
36:
320:
332:
2157:
359:(heel bone). The tendon begins near the middle of the calf, and receives muscle fibers on its inner surface, particularly from the soleus muscle, almost to its lower end. Gradually thinning below, it inserts into the middle part of the back of the calcaneus bone. The tendon spreads out somewhat at its lower end so that its narrowest part is about 4 cm (1.6 in) above its insertion.
466:
is the soreness or stiffness of the tendon, particularly worse when exercising, and generally due to overuse. The most common symptoms are sharp achy pain and swelling around the affected tendon. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may
389:
accompanies the small saphenous vein as it descends in the posterior leg, traveling inferolateral to it as it crosses the lateral border of the
Achilles tendon. The tendon is the thickest tendon in the human body. It can receive a load stress 3.9 times body weight during walking and 7.7 times body
694:
and humans. It provides elastic energy storage in hopping, walking, and running. Computer models suggest this energy storage
Achilles tendon increases top running speed by >80% and reduces running costs by more than three-quarters. It has been suggested that the "absence of a well-developed
537:. Within the tendon, increased blood flow, tendon fibril disorganisation, and partial thickness tears may be identified. Achilles tendinosis frequently involves the mid portion of the tendon but may involve the insertion, which is then known as enthesopathy. Though
616:. Relatively rapid return to weight bearing (within 4 weeks) appears acceptable. The risk of re-rupture is about 25% with casting. If appropriate treatment does not occur within 4 weeks of the injury outcomes suffer.
677:: Occurs approximately 2–7 cm proximal from the Achilles insertion into the calcaneus. Characterized by a combination of pain and swelling at this level. It has associated a remarkable impaired performance.
288:") and he was eventually killed by a poison dart to the heel. The name thus also refers to the particularly disabling and painful effect of an injury to this tendon. The first closed rupture was described by
1761:
El-Akkawi AI, Joanroy R, Barfod KW, Kallemose T, Kristensen SS, Viberg B (March 2018). "Effect of Early Versus Late
Weightbearing in Conservatively Treated Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Meta-Analysis".
421:. Because the fibres of the tendon spiral about 90 degrees, fibres from the gastrocnemius tend to attach to the outer part of the bone, whereas fibres from the soleus tend to attach closer to the midline.
176:
1805:
van der Eng DM, Schepers T, Goslings JC, Schep NW (2012). "Rerupture rate after early weightbearing in operative versus conservative treatment of
Achilles tendon ruptures: a meta-analysis".
305:(names relating to people) have no relationship to the subject matter, most anatomical eponyms also have scientifically descriptive terms. The term calcaneal comes from the Latin
605:. Achilles tendon rupture occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year. Males are more commonly affected than females. People in their 30s to 50s are most commonly affected.
517:
may also be helpful. In those in whose symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered. Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.
428:
orientation. Vibration of the tendon causes movement backwards and the illusion of a forward body tilt in standing subjects. This is because vibrations stimulate
3032:
533:. In both cases, the tendon is thickened, may demonstrate surrounding inflammation by virtue of the presence of paratenonitis, retrocalcaneal or retro-achilles
284:
as a baby to render his body invulnerable. As the heel by which she held him was not touched by the water, it was his one vulnerable spot (hence the expression "
2026:
Wiegerinck JI, Kerkhoffs GM, van
Sterkenburg MN, Sierevelt IN, van Dijk CN (June 2013). "Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review".
1733:
501:
and exercises to strengthen the back are often recommended for prevention, evidence to support these measures is poor. Treatment typically involves rest, ice,
120:
2189:
1203:
Thompson C, BĂ©langer M, Fung J (November 2007). "Effects of bilateral
Achilles tendon vibration on postural orientation and balance during standing".
257:
he described the tendon's location and said that it was commonly called "the cord of
Achilles." The tendon has been described as early as the time of
1612:
Koulouris G, Ting AY, Jhamb A, Connell D, Kavanagh EC (October 2007). "Magnetic resonance imaging findings of injuries to the calf muscle complex".
1991:
Sundararajan PP, Wilde TS (March 2014). "Radiographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging analysis of insertional
Achilles tendinopathy".
327:
attaches distally to the calcaneual tuberosity, and arises superiorly from the triceps surae complex of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
96:
695:
Achilles tendon in the nonhuman
African apes would preclude them from effective running, both at high speeds and over extended distances."
665:: The inflammation of a connective tissue sleeve which surrounds the tendon and protects it from friction, irritation, and repeated trauma
2923:
1467:
1246:
Ceyte H, Cian C, Zory R, Barraud PA, Roux A, Guerraz M (April 2007). "Effect of
Achilles tendon vibration on postural orientation".
1587:
1086:"Locating the sural nerve during calcaneal (Achilles) tendon repair with confidence: a cadaveric study with clinical applications"
2182:
1926:
724:
Doral MN, Alam M, Bozkurt M, Turhan E, Atay OA, Dönmez G, Maffulli N (May 2010). "Functional anatomy of the Achilles tendon".
2978:
2973:
2884:
2810:
2562:
1187:
1068:
1036:
886:
857:
828:
799:
502:
1337:
Hubbard MJ, Hildebrand BA, Battafarano MM, Battafarano DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders".
2805:
2567:
171:
627:
are cholesterol deposits that commonly develop in the Achilles tendon of people with lipid metabolism disorders such as
2175:
1884:
1493:
Park DY, Chou L (December 2006). "Stretching for prevention of Achilles tendon injuries: a review of the literature".
1909:
1681:
913:
850:
Fascia: The Tensional Network of the Human Body: The science and clinical applications in manual and movement therapy
2076:
Sellers WI, Pataky TC, Caravaggi P, Crompton RH (2010). "Evolutionary Robotic Approaches in Primate Gait Analysis".
2853:
2624:
2161:
2848:
2619:
819:
Robert Kennedy's Musclemag International Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding: The Ultimate A-Z Book on Muscle Building!
577:
Rupture typically occurs as a result of a sudden bending up of the foot when the calf muscle is engaged, direct
2879:
2715:
2404:
2935:
2913:
2710:
2354:
2345:
628:
115:
1133:
Giddings VL, Beaupré GS, Whalen RT, Carter DR (March 2000). "Calcaneal loading during walking and running".
2639:
1303:
378:
lies between the tendon and the upper part of the calcaneus. It is about 15 centimetres (6 in) long.
3022:
2606:
2597:
2462:
2439:
2278:
1380:
Thomas JL, Christensen JC, Kravitz SR, Mendicino RW, Schuberth JM, Vanore JV, et al. (1 May 2010).
35:
2983:
2940:
2741:
933:
2720:
2452:
2382:
2367:
2321:
2316:
1507:
367:
1147:
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2614:
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2311:
2301:
640:
79:
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in the calf muscles. The muscle spindles alert the brain that the body is moving forward, so the
394:
221:
413:. This action brings the sole of the foot closer to the back of the leg. The gastrocnemius also
3012:
2901:
2815:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2427:
1502:
1142:
433:
276:
Verheyen referred to the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel by his mother
127:
103:
91:
845:
774:
2422:
2417:
2372:
2290:
1671:
903:
40:
The Achilles tendon or calcaneal tendon is attached to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
2663:
2658:
1546:
Peters JA, Zwerver J, Diercks RL, Elferink-Gemser MT, van den Akker-Scheek I (March 2016).
598:
586:
570:
is when the Achilles tendon breaks. Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the
491:
479:
382:
352:
344:
186:
393:
The blood supply to the Achilles tendon is poor, and mostly via a recurrent branch of the
8:
2968:
2783:
1840:
Maffulli N, Ajis A (June 2008). "Management of chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon".
624:
550:
459:
450:
217:
2795:
2227:
2223:
2198:
2093:
2051:
1787:
1637:
1528:
1411:
1382:"The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain: a clinical practice guideline-revision 2010"
1362:
1271:
1228:
1110:
1085:
817:
749:
319:
2113:"In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hopping"
3027:
2749:
2629:
2572:
2326:
2134:
2043:
2008:
1973:
1934:
1905:
1880:
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285:
20:
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574:. A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult.
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1105:
1097:
1084:
Blackmon JA, Atsas S, Clarkson MJ, Fox JN, Daney BT, Dodson SC, Lambert HW (2013).
999:
905:
The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories
733:
582:
506:
182:
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Prevention may include stretching before activity. Treatment may be by surgery or
2533:
2528:
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375:
248:
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84:
1703:
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Achilles tendon degeneration (tendinosis) is typically investigated with either
474:. Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise,
366:
and skin, and stands out prominently behind the bone; the gap is filled up with
343:, and is located at the back of the lower leg. The Achilles tendon connects the
267:" (Latin for "great tendon") and by subsequent anatomists prior to Verheyen as "
2960:
2523:
2506:
2266:
2232:
2004:
1969:
1818:
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371:
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875:
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644:
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289:
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167:
108:
331:
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2012:
1977:
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Acting via the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles cause
397:, and some through arterial branches passing through surrounding muscles.
2545:
1853:
386:
258:
541:
may be seen in the context of advancing age, it is also associated with
1336:
704:
530:
498:
463:
2129:
2112:
133:
2592:
2412:
2218:
2202:
687:
581:, or long-standing tendonitis. Other risk factors include the use of
553:. Achilles tendinosis is a known risk factor for calf muscle tears.
542:
510:
356:
194:
1875:
Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2012).
2244:
1545:
534:
514:
244:
232:
225:
1379:
471:
414:
302:
206:
1804:
1548:"Preventive interventions for tendinopathy: A systematic review"
1059:
Amis A, Bull A, Gupte CM (2008). Standring S, Borley NR (eds.).
2952:
2771:
2494:
2156:
1760:
691:
578:
363:
340:
277:
157:
2075:
1902:
Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis
1063:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. p. 1451.
770:
Elements of human anatomy: general, descriptive, and practical
243:
The oldest-known written record of the tendon being named for
2340:
1182:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 546.
424:
Vibration of the tendon without vision has a major impact on
410:
202:
67:
381:
Along the side of the muscle, and superficial to it, is the
2833:
1132:
791:
McGlamry's comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery
590:
571:
546:
281:
231:
The Achilles tendon was named in 1693 after the Greek hero
216:
Abnormalities of the Achilles tendon include inflammation (
210:
1611:
1061:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
848:. In Schleip R, Findley TW, Chaitow L, Huijing P (eds.).
526:
197:(heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause
161:
55:
1083:
417:
the leg at the knee. Both muscles are innervated by the
339:
The Achilles tendon connects muscle to bone, like other
1956:
Weinfeld SB (March 2014). "Achilles tendon disorders".
1879:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 3149.
1874:
1842:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
723:
1177:
1031:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders. p. 225.
992:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
988:"The early history of tendo Achillis and its rupture"
2197:
1245:
1202:
490:
class. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and
1301:
224:, and becoming embedded with cholesterol deposits (
1899:
1673:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
874:
816:
597:use. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and
470:It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as
1990:
1701:
639:The Achilles tendon is often tested as part of a
3004:
1588:"Achilles tendinitis — Symptoms and causes"
643:. In this examination, the tendon is hit with a
2110:
1710:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
843:
3033:Words and phrases derived from Greek mythology
2028:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1868:
1302:Conyer RT, Beahrs T, Kadakia AR (March 2022).
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1178:Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW, Gray H (2005).
814:
726:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
2183:
1904:(7th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 453.
1605:
1058:
787:
467:also be present. Onset is generally gradual.
1839:
1196:
1077:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1029:Elsevier's integrated anatomy and embryology
1020:
970:
1924:
1282:
1135:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
948:
852:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 218–.
717:
306:
296:
268:
262:
252:
2190:
2176:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
1877:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1727:
1725:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
846:"Fascia-related disorders: Hypermobility."
766:
686:The Achilles tendon is short or absent in
436:compensates by moving the body backwards.
301:" (Latin for "calcaneal tendon"). Because
295:The Achilles tendon is also known as the "
247:is in 1693 by the Flemish/Dutch anatomist
34:
2128:
2111:Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM (December 2005).
1756:
1754:
1563:
1506:
1397:
1171:
1146:
1109:
1045:
1026:
1003:
985:
844:Voermans NC, Huijing PA (February 2013).
1955:
1731:
1676:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 19.
1552:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
1492:
1486:
439:
330:
318:
164:, and is the thickest in the human body.
2062:
1722:
1690:
1648:
1539:
1453:
1321:
938:, Leuven: Aegidium Denique, p. 269
928:
872:
773:. Lippincott, Grambo, and Co. pp.
3005:
1893:
1751:
901:
2563:Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
2171:
1993:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1807:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1764:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1669:
1431:"Heel Pain: Diagnosis and Management"
1386:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1090:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
794:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
788:McGlamry ED, Banks AS (1 June 2001).
658:Level or portion of tendon affected:
503:non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents
273:" (Latin for "Hippocrates' string").
2568:Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
1958:The Medical Clinics of North America
634:
585:, a significant change in exercise,
2117:The Journal of Experimental Biology
16:Tendon at the back of the lower leg
13:
1428:
14:
3044:
2149:
1925:Sardon Melo SN (28 August 2018).
1702:Shamrock AG, Varacallo M (2020).
655:(downward movement) of the foot.
458:of the Achilles tendon is called
2155:
1157:10.1097/00005768-200003000-00012
681:
551:seronegative spondyloarthritides
2104:
2019:
1984:
1949:
1918:
1833:
1798:
1738:MSD Manual Professional Edition
1580:
1472:MSD Manual Professional Edition
1422:
1373:
1239:
1126:
520:
444:
181: It serves to attach the
73:tendo calcaneus, tendo Achillis
1900:Talley NJ, O'Connor S (2013).
1495:Foot & Ankle International
963:De musculis pedii et antipedii
922:
895:
866:
837:
808:
781:
760:
1:
815:Thorne G, Embleton P (1997).
710:
629:familial hypercholesterolemia
362:The tendon is covered by the
2750:Fibularis (peroneus) muscles
2630:Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
1260:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.044
1217:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.08.013
1005:10.1302/0301-620X.89B4.18978
619:
314:
7:
2924:Flexor digiti minimi brevis
1565:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.03.008
1180:Gray's anatomy for students
823:. Musclemag International.
698:
647:. This tests the S1 and S2
400:
280:when she dipped him in the
261:, who described it as the "
10:
3049:
2005:10.1053/j.jfas.2013.12.009
1970:10.1016/j.mcna.2013.11.005
1819:10.1053/j.jfas.2013.03.027
1776:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.06.006
1732:Campagne D (August 2017).
1704:"Achilles Tendon, Rupture"
1517:10.1177/107110070602701215
1399:10.1053/j.jfas.2010.01.001
1102:10.1053/j.jfas.2012.09.010
1027:Bogart BI, Ort VH (2007).
986:Klenerman L (April 2007).
873:Ballard C (27 June 2003).
560:
556:
448:
292:in the sixteenth century.
251:. In his widely used text
238:
205:, and (except the soleus)
172:Excessive citations inline
18:
2951:
2862:
2854:Extensor digitorum brevis
2841:
2832:
2792:
2779:
2770:
2740:
2694:
2647:
2638:
2625:Extensor digitorum longus
2605:
2591:
2542:
2502:
2493:
2438:
2403:
2353:
2339:
2287:
2252:
2243:
2209:
2090:10.1007/s10764-010-9396-4
2040:10.1007/s00167-012-2219-8
1626:10.1007/s00256-007-0306-6
1435:American Family Physician
1351:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006
738:10.1007/s00167-010-1083-7
482:, and medications of the
335:Achilles tendon at foetus
160:at the back of the lower
126:
114:
102:
90:
78:
66:
61:
50:
45:
33:
28:
2849:Extensor hallucis brevis
2620:Extensor hallucis longus
1205:Clinical Neurophysiology
935:Corporis humani anatomia
641:neurological examination
254:Corporis Humani Anatomia
19:Not to be confused with
2880:Flexor digitorum brevis
2716:Flexor digitorum longus
1927:"Achilles tendinopathy"
1734:"Achilles Tendon Tears"
908:. Springer. p. 2.
690:, but long in arboreal
651:: a normal response is
612:with the toes somewhat
568:Achilles tendon rupture
563:Achilles tendon rupture
395:posterior tibial artery
177:considered for deletion
2914:Flexor hallucis brevis
2885:Abductor digiti minimi
2711:Flexor hallucis longus
961:(Appendix, caput XII.
954:, & ab Hippocrate
949:
767:Richardson TG (1854).
434:central nervous system
336:
328:
307:
297:
269:
263:
253:
128:Anatomical terminology
2291:Lateral rotator group
1468:"Achilles Tendinitis"
1429:Tu P (January 2018).
1304:"Achilles Tendinitis"
881:. Heinemann Library.
440:Clinical significance
390:weight when running.
334:
323:The achilles tendon,
322:
2279:Tensor fasciae latae
2164:at Wikimedia Commons
2123:(Pt 24): 4715–4725.
1854:10.2106/JBJS.G.01241
1248:Neuroscience Letters
587:rheumatoid arthritis
480:rheumatoid arthritis
383:small saphenous vein
353:calcaneal tuberosity
152:, also known as the
2796:Intermuscular septa
460:Achilles tendinitis
451:Achilles tendinitis
409:of the foot at the
218:Achilles tendinitis
201:of the foot at the
3023:Lower limb anatomy
2941:Plantar interossei
2721:Tibialis posterior
2453:External obturator
2383:Vastus intermedius
2322:External obturator
2317:Internal obturator
2199:Muscles of the hip
1937:on 4 November 2018
1614:Skeletal Radiology
1392:(3 Suppl): S1-19.
902:Taylor RB (2017).
337:
329:
270:chorda Hippocratis
54:Back of the lower
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2979:Superior extensor
2974:Inferior extensor
2936:Dorsal interossei
2919:Adductor hallucis
2897:Quadratus plantae
2875:Abductor hallucis
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2736:
2735:
2615:Tibialis anterior
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2573:Cribriform fascia
2395:Articularis genus
2335:
2334:
2312:Superior gemellus
2307:Inferior gemellus
2302:Quadratus femoris
2160:Media related to
2130:10.1242/jeb.01950
1670:Ferri FF (2015).
1501:(12): 1086–1095.
1189:978-0-8089-2306-0
1070:978-0-8089-2371-8
1038:978-1-4160-3165-9
888:978-1-4034-3300-8
859:978-0-7020-5228-6
830:978-1-55210-001-1
801:978-0-683-30471-8
635:Neurological exam
601:and supported by
220:), degeneration,
142:
141:
137:
3040:
2902:Lumbrical muscle
2839:
2838:
2799:
2777:
2776:
2699:
2674:Accessory soleus
2652:
2645:
2644:
2603:
2602:
2558:Iliotibial tract
2549:
2500:
2499:
2378:Vastus lateralis
2351:
2350:
2295:
2250:
2249:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2034:(6): 1345–1355.
2023:
2017:
2016:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1933:. Archived from
1931:Emirates Integra
1922:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1848:(6): 1348–1360.
1837:
1831:
1830:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1667:
1646:
1645:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1510:
1508:10.1.1.1012.5059
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1280:
1279:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
983:
968:
967:
960:
945:
943:
926:
920:
919:
899:
893:
892:
880:
870:
864:
863:
841:
835:
834:
822:
812:
806:
805:
785:
779:
778:
764:
758:
757:
721:
663:Paratendinopathy
625:Tendon xanthomas
583:fluoroquinolones
507:physical therapy
311:, meaning heel.
310:
300:
272:
266:
256:
180:
154:calcaneal tendon
134:edit on Wikidata
131:
38:
26:
25:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2990:
2947:
2858:
2820:
2793:
2788:
2766:
2732:
2695:
2690:
2679:Achilles tendon
2648:
2634:
2596:
2579:
2543:
2538:
2534:Muscular lacuna
2529:Adductor hiatus
2489:
2434:
2428:Semimembranosus
2399:
2388:Vastus medialis
2344:
2331:
2288:
2283:
2257:Gluteal muscles
2239:
2205:
2196:
2162:Achilles tendon
2152:
2147:
2146:
2109:
2105:
2074:
2063:
2024:
2020:
1989:
1985:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1838:
1834:
1803:
1799:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1730:
1723:
1700:
1691:
1684:
1668:
1649:
1620:(10): 921–927.
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1544:
1540:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1454:
1427:
1423:
1378:
1374:
1335:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1283:
1244:
1240:
1211:(11): 2456–67.
1201:
1197:
1190:
1176:
1172:
1148:10.1.1.482.4683
1131:
1127:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1057:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1021:
984:
971:
952:chorda Achillis
950:Vocatum passim
941:
939:
927:
923:
916:
900:
896:
889:
871:
867:
860:
842:
838:
831:
813:
809:
802:
786:
782:
765:
761:
722:
718:
713:
701:
684:
653:plantar flexion
637:
622:
603:medical imaging
565:
559:
523:
484:fluoroquinolone
476:high-heel shoes
453:
447:
442:
430:muscle spindles
407:plantar flexion
403:
351:muscles to the
325:tendo calcaneus
317:
298:tendo calcaneus
249:Philip Verheyen
241:
199:plantar flexion
165:
146:Achilles tendon
138:
41:
29:Achilles tendon
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2961:Plantar fascia
2957:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2655:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Adductor canal
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2507:Femoral sheath
2503:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2423:Semitendinosus
2420:
2418:Biceps femoris
2409:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Rectus femoris
2365:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2150:External links
2148:
2145:
2144:
2103:
2084:(2): 321–338.
2078:Int J Primatol
2061:
2018:
1999:(2): 147–151.
1983:
1964:(2): 331–338.
1948:
1917:
1910:
1892:
1886:978-0071748896
1885:
1867:
1832:
1813:(5): 622–628.
1797:
1770:(2): 346–352.
1750:
1721:
1689:
1682:
1647:
1604:
1579:
1558:(3): 205–211.
1538:
1485:
1452:
1421:
1372:
1345:(2): 289–303.
1320:
1281:
1238:
1195:
1188:
1170:
1141:(3): 627–634.
1125:
1076:
1069:
1044:
1037:
1019:
998:(4): 545–547.
969:
921:
914:
894:
887:
865:
858:
836:
829:
807:
800:
780:
759:
732:(5): 638–643.
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
700:
697:
683:
680:
679:
678:
672:
666:
636:
633:
621:
618:
595:corticosteroid
561:Main article:
558:
555:
522:
519:
505:(NSAIDs), and
449:Main article:
446:
443:
441:
438:
402:
399:
372:adipose tissue
316:
313:
286:Achilles' heel
240:
237:
191:soleus muscles
140:
139:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
21:Achilles' heel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Human anatomy
3011:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2784:Pes anserinus
2782:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:tarsal tunnel
2704:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2664:Gastrocnemius
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:Triceps surae
2657:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:Femoral canal
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1911:9780729541985
1907:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1683:9780323378222
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
966:
964:
959:
957:
953:
937:
936:
931:
925:
917:
915:9783319503288
911:
907:
906:
898:
890:
884:
879:
878:
869:
861:
855:
851:
847:
840:
832:
826:
821:
820:
811:
803:
797:
793:
792:
784:
776:
772:
771:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
720:
716:
706:
703:
702:
696:
693:
689:
682:Other animals
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
654:
650:
649:spinal nerves
646:
645:tendon hammer
642:
632:
630:
626:
617:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
564:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
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493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
457:
452:
437:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
398:
396:
391:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:gastrocnemius
342:
333:
326:
321:
312:
309:
304:
299:
293:
291:
290:Ambroise Pare
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
265:
260:
255:
250:
246:
236:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:gastrocnemius
184:
178:
174:
173:
169:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
135:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3000:
2930:
2908:
2891:
2869:
2794:
2696:
2678:
2649:
2598:compartments
2544:
2519:Femoral ring
2346:compartments
2289:
2211:Iliac region
2120:
2116:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2031:
2027:
2021:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1935:the original
1930:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1876:
1870:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1767:
1763:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1707:
1672:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1474:. March 2018
1471:
1441:(2): 86–93.
1438:
1434:
1424:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1342:
1339:Primary Care
1338:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1254:(1): 71–75.
1251:
1247:
1241:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1179:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1060:
1028:
1022:
995:
991:
962:
956:tendo magnus
955:
951:
947:
940:, retrieved
934:
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904:
897:
876:
868:
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839:
818:
810:
790:
783:
769:
762:
729:
725:
719:
685:
674:
668:
662:
657:
638:
623:
614:pointed down
607:
576:
566:
539:enthesopathy
524:
521:Degeneration
496:
469:
456:Inflammation
454:
445:Inflammation
423:
419:tibial nerve
404:
392:
380:
361:
338:
324:
294:
275:
264:tendo magnus
242:
230:
215:
170:
153:
149:
145:
143:
97:A04.7.02.048
72:
2965:retinacula
2650:Superficial
2546:Fascia lata
2228:Psoas minor
2224:Psoas major
1592:Mayo Clinic
1096:(1): 42–7.
675:Mid-portion
669:Insertional
599:examination
492:examination
462:. Achilles
387:sural nerve
259:Hippocrates
203:ankle joint
189:(calf) and
62:Identifiers
3007:Categories
2816:Transverse
2368:Quadriceps
2327:Piriformis
1941:20 October
1708:StatPearls
711:References
705:Heel lifts
688:great apes
531:ultrasound
499:stretching
464:tendinosis
282:River Styx
2931:4th layer
2909:3rd layer
2892:2nd layer
2870:1st layer
2811:Posterior
2728:Popliteus
2686:Plantaris
2640:Posterior
2448:Pectineus
2413:Hamstring
2405:Posterior
2363:Sartorius
2219:Iliopsoas
2203:human leg
1503:CiteSeerX
1308:OrthoInfo
1143:CiteSeerX
965:, p. 269)
930:Veheyen P
620:Xanthomas
543:arthritis
515:orthotics
511:heel lift
357:calcaneus
315:Structure
308:calcaneum
226:xanthomas
195:calcaneus
183:plantaris
175:is being
150:heel cord
3028:Achilles
2969:Peroneal
2806:Anterior
2607:Anterior
2463:Adductor
2458:Gracilis
2355:Anterior
2245:Buttocks
2139:16326953
2098:30997461
2048:23052113
2013:24556480
1978:24559878
1862:18519331
1827:23659914
1784:28974345
1716:28613594
1634:17483942
1574:25981200
1525:17207437
1447:29365222
1408:20439021
1367:46886582
1359:29759125
1276:24715489
1268:17300868
1233:12031334
1225:17897877
1165:10731005
1120:23099184
1014:17463129
942:12 March
932:(1693),
754:24159374
746:20182867
699:See also
549:and the
545:such as
535:bursitis
426:postural
401:Function
245:Achilles
233:Achilles
168:template
51:Location
3018:Tendons
2863:Plantar
2742:Lateral
2483:Minimus
2272:Minimus
2262:Maximus
2233:Iliacus
2056:2214735
1792:3506883
1743:26 June
1642:8358926
1597:27 June
1533:8233009
1478:27 June
1416:3199352
1111:7232653
877:Muscles
692:gibbons
610:casting
557:Rupture
488:steroid
472:running
368:areolar
355:on the
341:tendons
303:eponyms
239:History
222:rupture
209:at the
207:flexion
193:to the
156:, is a
85:D000125
46:Details
2984:Flexor
2953:Fascia
2842:Dorsal
2772:Fascia
2760:Brevis
2755:Longus
2669:Soleus
2495:Fascia
2478:Magnus
2473:Brevis
2468:Longus
2440:Medial
2267:Medius
2137:
2096:
2054:
2046:
2011:
1976:
1908:
1883:
1860:
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1790:
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1714:
1680:
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1632:
1572:
1531:
1523:
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1365:
1357:
1313:4 July
1274:
1266:
1231:
1223:
1186:
1163:
1145:
1118:
1108:
1067:
1035:
1012:
912:
885:
856:
827:
798:
752:
744:
579:trauma
497:While
415:flexes
385:. The
364:fascia
349:soleus
278:Thetis
158:tendon
2341:Thigh
2094:S2CID
2052:S2CID
1788:S2CID
1638:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1412:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1272:S2CID
1229:S2CID
750:S2CID
593:, or
411:ankle
376:bursa
166:‹The
132:[
121:51061
68:Latin
2834:Foot
2697:Deep
2201:and
2135:PMID
2044:PMID
2009:PMID
1974:PMID
1943:2020
1906:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1858:PMID
1823:PMID
1780:PMID
1745:2018
1712:PMID
1678:ISBN
1630:PMID
1599:2018
1570:PMID
1521:PMID
1480:2018
1443:PMID
1404:PMID
1355:PMID
1315:2018
1264:PMID
1221:PMID
1184:ISBN
1161:PMID
1116:PMID
1065:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1010:PMID
944:2018
910:ISBN
883:ISBN
854:ISBN
825:ISBN
796:ISBN
742:PMID
591:gout
572:heel
547:gout
509:. A
374:. A
370:and
347:and
211:knee
144:The
109:2662
92:TA98
80:MeSH
2593:Leg
2125:doi
2121:208
2086:doi
2036:doi
2001:doi
1966:doi
1850:doi
1815:doi
1772:doi
1622:doi
1560:doi
1513:doi
1394:doi
1347:doi
1256:doi
1252:416
1213:doi
1209:118
1153:doi
1106:PMC
1098:doi
1000:doi
775:441
734:doi
529:or
527:MRI
513:or
486:or
228:).
162:leg
148:or
116:FMA
104:TA2
56:leg
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