665:: Eminently overuse-injury which frequently occurs in running and jumping athletes. Patients affected by insertional Achilles tendinopathy complain of pain on the posterior aspect of the heel and may have morning stiffness, swelling with activity and tenderness at the tendon insertion level. If this condition becomes chronic, calcific deposits at the Achilles insertional level may be developed (due to microfractures and healing of the osteotendinous union) which can degenerate, if it persists over time, in the abnormal bony prominence on the posterior aspect of heel, condition known as Haglund deformity, which can be painful and difficult close-shoes fitting due to friction and irritation.
47:
314:
326:
2151:
353:(heel bone). The tendon begins near the middle of the calf, and receives muscle fibers on its inner surface, particularly from the soleus muscle, almost to its lower end. Gradually thinning below, it inserts into the middle part of the back of the calcaneus bone. The tendon spreads out somewhat at its lower end so that its narrowest part is about 4 cm (1.6 in) above its insertion.
460:
is the soreness or stiffness of the tendon, particularly worse when exercising, and generally due to overuse. The most common symptoms are sharp achy pain and swelling around the affected tendon. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may
383:
accompanies the small saphenous vein as it descends in the posterior leg, traveling inferolateral to it as it crosses the lateral border of the
Achilles tendon. The tendon is the thickest tendon in the human body. It can receive a load stress 3.9 times body weight during walking and 7.7 times body
688:
and humans. It provides elastic energy storage in hopping, walking, and running. Computer models suggest this energy storage
Achilles tendon increases top running speed by >80% and reduces running costs by more than three-quarters. It has been suggested that the "absence of a well-developed
531:. Within the tendon, increased blood flow, tendon fibril disorganisation, and partial thickness tears may be identified. Achilles tendinosis frequently involves the mid portion of the tendon but may involve the insertion, which is then known as enthesopathy. Though
610:. Relatively rapid return to weight bearing (within 4 weeks) appears acceptable. The risk of re-rupture is about 25% with casting. If appropriate treatment does not occur within 4 weeks of the injury outcomes suffer.
671:: Occurs approximately 2–7 cm proximal from the Achilles insertion into the calcaneus. Characterized by a combination of pain and swelling at this level. It has associated a remarkable impaired performance.
282:") and he was eventually killed by a poison dart to the heel. The name thus also refers to the particularly disabling and painful effect of an injury to this tendon. The first closed rupture was described by
1755:
El-Akkawi AI, Joanroy R, Barfod KW, Kallemose T, Kristensen SS, Viberg B (March 2018). "Effect of Early Versus Late
Weightbearing in Conservatively Treated Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Meta-Analysis".
415:. Because the fibres of the tendon spiral about 90 degrees, fibres from the gastrocnemius tend to attach to the outer part of the bone, whereas fibres from the soleus tend to attach closer to the midline.
1799:
van der Eng DM, Schepers T, Goslings JC, Schep NW (2012). "Rerupture rate after early weightbearing in operative versus conservative treatment of
Achilles tendon ruptures: a meta-analysis".
299:(names relating to people) have no relationship to the subject matter, most anatomical eponyms also have scientifically descriptive terms. The term calcaneal comes from the Latin
599:. Achilles tendon rupture occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year. Males are more commonly affected than females. People in their 30s to 50s are most commonly affected.
511:
may also be helpful. In those in whose symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered. Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.
422:
orientation. Vibration of the tendon causes movement backwards and the illusion of a forward body tilt in standing subjects. This is because vibrations stimulate
3026:
527:. In both cases, the tendon is thickened, may demonstrate surrounding inflammation by virtue of the presence of paratenonitis, retrocalcaneal or retro-achilles
278:
as a baby to render his body invulnerable. As the heel by which she held him was not touched by the water, it was his one vulnerable spot (hence the expression "
2020:
Wiegerinck JI, Kerkhoffs GM, van
Sterkenburg MN, Sierevelt IN, van Dijk CN (June 2013). "Treatment for insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review".
1727:
495:
and exercises to strengthen the back are often recommended for prevention, evidence to support these measures is poor. Treatment typically involves rest, ice,
131:
2183:
1197:
Thompson C, BĂ©langer M, Fung J (November 2007). "Effects of bilateral
Achilles tendon vibration on postural orientation and balance during standing".
251:
he described the tendon's location and said that it was commonly called "the cord of
Achilles." The tendon has been described as early as the time of
1606:
Koulouris G, Ting AY, Jhamb A, Connell D, Kavanagh EC (October 2007). "Magnetic resonance imaging findings of injuries to the calf muscle complex".
1985:
Sundararajan PP, Wilde TS (March 2014). "Radiographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging analysis of insertional
Achilles tendinopathy".
321:
attaches distally to the calcaneual tuberosity, and arises superiorly from the triceps surae complex of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
107:
689:
Achilles tendon in the nonhuman
African apes would preclude them from effective running, both at high speeds and over extended distances."
659:: The inflammation of a connective tissue sleeve which surrounds the tendon and protects it from friction, irritation, and repeated trauma
2917:
1461:
1240:
Ceyte H, Cian C, Zory R, Barraud PA, Roux A, Guerraz M (April 2007). "Effect of
Achilles tendon vibration on postural orientation".
1581:
1080:"Locating the sural nerve during calcaneal (Achilles) tendon repair with confidence: a cadaveric study with clinical applications"
2176:
1920:
718:
Doral MN, Alam M, Bozkurt M, Turhan E, Atay OA, Dönmez G, Maffulli N (May 2010). "Functional anatomy of the Achilles tendon".
2972:
2967:
2878:
2804:
2556:
1181:
1062:
1030:
880:
851:
822:
793:
496:
1331:
Hubbard MJ, Hildebrand BA, Battafarano MM, Battafarano DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders".
2799:
2561:
17:
621:
are cholesterol deposits that commonly develop in the Achilles tendon of people with lipid metabolism disorders such as
2169:
1878:
1487:
Park DY, Chou L (December 2006). "Stretching for prevention of Achilles tendon injuries: a review of the literature".
1903:
1675:
907:
844:
Fascia: The Tensional Network of the Human Body: The science and clinical applications in manual and movement therapy
2070:
Sellers WI, Pataky TC, Caravaggi P, Crompton RH (2010). "Evolutionary Robotic Approaches in Primate Gait Analysis".
2847:
2618:
2155:
2842:
2613:
813:
Robert Kennedy's Musclemag International Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding: The Ultimate A-Z Book on Muscle Building!
571:
Rupture typically occurs as a result of a sudden bending up of the foot when the calf muscle is engaged, direct
2873:
2709:
2398:
2929:
2907:
2704:
2348:
2339:
622:
126:
1127:
Giddings VL, Beaupré GS, Whalen RT, Carter DR (March 2000). "Calcaneal loading during walking and running".
2633:
1297:
372:
lies between the tendon and the upper part of the calcaneus. It is about 15 centimetres (6 in) long.
3016:
2600:
2591:
2456:
2433:
2272:
1374:
Thomas JL, Christensen JC, Kravitz SR, Mendicino RW, Schuberth JM, Vanore JV, et al. (1 May 2010).
46:
2977:
2934:
2735:
927:
2714:
2446:
2376:
2361:
2315:
2310:
1501:
361:
1141:
2912:
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2608:
2388:
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634:
90:
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in the calf muscles. The muscle spindles alert the brain that the body is moving forward, so the
388:
215:
407:. This action brings the sole of the foot closer to the back of the leg. The gastrocnemius also
3006:
2895:
2809:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2421:
1496:
1136:
427:
270:
Verheyen referred to the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel by his mother
138:
114:
102:
839:
768:
2416:
2411:
2366:
2284:
1665:
897:
51:
The Achilles tendon or calcaneal tendon is attached to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles.
2657:
2652:
1540:
Peters JA, Zwerver J, Diercks RL, Elferink-Gemser MT, van den Akker-Scheek I (March 2016).
592:
580:
564:
is when the Achilles tendon breaks. Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the
485:
473:
376:
346:
338:
180:
387:
The blood supply to the Achilles tendon is poor, and mostly via a recurrent branch of the
8:
2962:
2777:
1834:
Maffulli N, Ajis A (June 2008). "Management of chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon".
618:
544:
453:
444:
211:
2789:
2221:
2217:
2192:
2087:
2045:
1781:
1631:
1522:
1405:
1376:"The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain: a clinical practice guideline-revision 2010"
1356:
1265:
1222:
1104:
1079:
811:
743:
313:
2107:"In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hopping"
3021:
2743:
2623:
2566:
2320:
2128:
2037:
2002:
1967:
1928:
1899:
1874:
1851:
1816:
1773:
1705:
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1623:
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1514:
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735:
646:
279:
31:
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1360:
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568:. A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult.
3011:
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1099:
1091:
1078:
Blackmon JA, Atsas S, Clarkson MJ, Fox JN, Daney BT, Dodson SC, Lambert HW (2013).
993:
899:
The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories
727:
576:
500:
176:
602:
Prevention may include stretching before activity. Treatment may be by surgery or
2527:
2522:
2451:
2381:
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998:
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477:
469:
400:
369:
242:
192:
95:
1697:
1558:
1541:
519:
Achilles tendon degeneration (tendinosis) is typically investigated with either
468:. Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise,
360:
and skin, and stands out prominently behind the bone; the gap is filled up with
337:, and is located at the back of the lower leg. The Achilles tendon connects the
261:" (Latin for "great tendon") and by subsequent anatomists prior to Verheyen as "
2954:
2517:
2500:
2260:
2226:
1998:
1963:
1812:
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1510:
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365:
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1619:
1344:
869:
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3000:
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2505:
638:
342:
283:
184:
119:
325:
2512:
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2132:
2041:
2019:
2006:
1971:
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1218:
1158:
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1007:
739:
642:
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Acting via the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles cause
391:, and some through arterial branches passing through surrounding muscles.
2539:
1847:
380:
252:
535:
may be seen in the context of advancing age, it is also associated with
1330:
698:
524:
492:
457:
2123:
2106:
144:
2586:
2406:
2212:
2196:
681:
575:, or long-standing tendonitis. Other risk factors include the use of
547:. Achilles tendinosis is a known risk factor for calf muscle tears.
536:
504:
350:
188:
1869:
Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2012).
2238:
1539:
528:
508:
238:
226:
219:
1373:
465:
408:
296:
200:
175:, and is the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the
1798:
1542:"Preventive interventions for tendinopathy: A systematic review"
1053:
Amis A, Bull A, Gupte CM (2008). Standring S, Borley NR (eds.).
2946:
2765:
2488:
2150:
1754:
685:
572:
357:
334:
271:
168:
2069:
1896:
Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis
1057:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. p. 1451.
764:
Elements of human anatomy: general, descriptive, and practical
237:
The oldest-known written record of the tendon being named for
2334:
1176:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 546.
418:
Vibration of the tendon without vision has a major impact on
404:
196:
78:
375:
Along the side of the muscle, and superficial to it, is the
2827:
1126:
785:
McGlamry's comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery
584:
565:
540:
275:
225:
The Achilles tendon was named in 1693 after the Greek hero
210:
Abnormalities of the Achilles tendon include inflammation (
204:
1605:
1055:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
842:. In Schleip R, Findley TW, Chaitow L, Huijing P (eds.).
520:
191:(heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause
172:
66:
1077:
411:
the leg at the knee. Both muscles are innervated by the
333:
The Achilles tendon connects muscle to bone, like other
1950:
Weinfeld SB (March 2014). "Achilles tendon disorders".
1873:(18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 3149.
1868:
1836:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
717:
1171:
1025:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders. p. 225.
986:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
982:"The early history of tendo Achillis and its rupture"
2191:
1239:
1196:
484:
class. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and
1295:
218:, and becoming embedded with cholesterol deposits (
1893:
1667:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
868:
810:
591:use. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and
464:It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as
1984:
1695:
633:The Achilles tendon is often tested as part of a
2998:
1582:"Achilles tendinitis — Symptoms and causes"
637:. In this examination, the tendon is hit with a
2104:
1704:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
837:
3027:Words and phrases derived from Greek mythology
2022:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1862:
1296:Conyer RT, Beahrs T, Kadakia AR (March 2022).
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1172:Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AW, Gray H (2005).
808:
720:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
2177:
1898:(7th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 453.
1599:
1052:
781:
461:also be present. Onset is generally gradual.
1833:
1190:
1071:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1023:Elsevier's integrated anatomy and embryology
1014:
964:
1918:
1276:
1129:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
942:
846:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 218–.
711:
300:
290:
262:
256:
246:
2184:
2170:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1871:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1721:
1719:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
840:"Fascia-related disorders: Hypermobility."
760:
680:The Achilles tendon is short or absent in
430:compensates by moving the body backwards.
295:" (Latin for "calcaneal tendon"). Because
289:The Achilles tendon is also known as the "
241:is in 1693 by the Flemish/Dutch anatomist
45:
2122:
2105:Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM (December 2005).
1750:
1748:
1557:
1500:
1391:
1165:
1140:
1103:
1039:
1020:
997:
979:
838:Voermans NC, Huijing PA (February 2013).
1949:
1725:
1670:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 19.
1546:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
1486:
1480:
433:
324:
312:
2056:
1716:
1684:
1642:
1533:
1447:
1315:
932:, Leuven: Aegidium Denique, p. 269
922:
866:
767:. Lippincott, Grambo, and Co. pp.
14:
2999:
1887:
1745:
895:
2557:Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
2165:
1987:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1801:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1758:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1663:
1425:"Heel Pain: Diagnosis and Management"
1380:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
1084:The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery
788:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
782:McGlamry ED, Banks AS (1 June 2001).
652:Level or portion of tendon affected:
497:non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents
267:" (Latin for "Hippocrates' string").
2562:Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
1952:The Medical Clinics of North America
628:
579:, a significant change in exercise,
2111:The Journal of Experimental Biology
27:Tendon at the back of the lower leg
24:
1422:
25:
3038:
2143:
1919:Sardon Melo SN (28 August 2018).
1696:Shamrock AG, Varacallo M (2020).
649:(downward movement) of the foot.
452:of the Achilles tendon is called
2149:
1151:10.1097/00005768-200003000-00012
675:
545:seronegative spondyloarthritides
2098:
2013:
1978:
1943:
1912:
1827:
1792:
1732:MSD Manual Professional Edition
1574:
1466:MSD Manual Professional Edition
1416:
1367:
1233:
1120:
514:
438:
84:tendo calcaneus, tendo Achillis
1894:Talley NJ, O'Connor S (2013).
1489:Foot & Ankle International
957:De musculis pedii et antipedii
916:
889:
860:
831:
802:
775:
754:
13:
1:
809:Thorne G, Embleton P (1997).
704:
623:familial hypercholesterolemia
356:The tendon is covered by the
2744:Fibularis (peroneus) muscles
2624:Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
1254:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.044
1211:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.08.013
999:10.1302/0301-620X.89B4.18978
613:
308:
7:
2918:Flexor digiti minimi brevis
1559:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.03.008
1174:Gray's anatomy for students
817:. Musclemag International.
692:
641:. This tests the S1 and S2
394:
274:when she dipped him in the
255:, who described it as the "
10:
3043:
1999:10.1053/j.jfas.2013.12.009
1964:10.1016/j.mcna.2013.11.005
1813:10.1053/j.jfas.2013.03.027
1770:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.06.006
1726:Campagne D (August 2017).
1698:"Achilles Tendon, Rupture"
1511:10.1177/107110070602701215
1393:10.1053/j.jfas.2010.01.001
1096:10.1053/j.jfas.2012.09.010
1021:Bogart BI, Ort VH (2007).
980:Klenerman L (April 2007).
867:Ballard C (27 June 2003).
554:
550:
442:
286:in the sixteenth century.
245:. In his widely used text
232:
199:, and (except the soleus)
29:
2945:
2856:
2848:Extensor digitorum brevis
2835:
2826:
2786:
2773:
2764:
2734:
2688:
2641:
2632:
2619:Extensor digitorum longus
2599:
2585:
2536:
2496:
2487:
2432:
2397:
2347:
2333:
2281:
2246:
2237:
2203:
2084:10.1007/s10764-010-9396-4
2034:10.1007/s00167-012-2219-8
1620:10.1007/s00256-007-0306-6
1429:American Family Physician
1345:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006
732:10.1007/s00167-010-1083-7
476:, and medications of the
329:Achilles tendon at foetus
171:at the back of the lower
137:
125:
113:
101:
89:
77:
72:
61:
56:
44:
39:
2843:Extensor hallucis brevis
2614:Extensor hallucis longus
1199:Clinical Neurophysiology
929:Corporis humani anatomia
635:neurological examination
248:Corporis Humani Anatomia
30:Not to be confused with
2874:Flexor digitorum brevis
2710:Flexor digitorum longus
1921:"Achilles tendinopathy"
1728:"Achilles Tendon Tears"
902:. Springer. p. 2.
684:, but long in arboreal
645:: a normal response is
606:with the toes somewhat
562:Achilles tendon rupture
557:Achilles tendon rupture
389:posterior tibial artery
2908:Flexor hallucis brevis
2879:Abductor digiti minimi
2705:Flexor hallucis longus
955:(Appendix, caput XII.
948:, & ab Hippocrate
943:
761:Richardson TG (1854).
428:central nervous system
330:
322:
301:
291:
263:
257:
247:
139:Anatomical terminology
2285:Lateral rotator group
1462:"Achilles Tendinitis"
1423:Tu P (January 2018).
1298:"Achilles Tendinitis"
875:. Heinemann Library.
434:Clinical significance
384:weight when running.
328:
317:The achilles tendon,
316:
18:Achilles' tendon
2273:Tensor fasciae latae
2158:at Wikimedia Commons
2117:(Pt 24): 4715–4725.
1848:10.2106/JBJS.G.01241
1242:Neuroscience Letters
581:rheumatoid arthritis
474:rheumatoid arthritis
377:small saphenous vein
347:calcaneal tuberosity
163:, also known as the
2790:Intermuscular septa
454:Achilles tendinitis
445:Achilles tendinitis
403:of the foot at the
212:Achilles tendinitis
195:of the foot at the
3017:Lower limb anatomy
2935:Plantar interossei
2715:Tibialis posterior
2447:External obturator
2377:Vastus intermedius
2316:External obturator
2311:Internal obturator
2193:Muscles of the hip
1931:on 4 November 2018
1608:Skeletal Radiology
1386:(3 Suppl): S1-19.
896:Taylor RB (2017).
331:
323:
264:chorda Hippocratis
65:Back of the lower
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2973:Superior extensor
2968:Inferior extensor
2930:Dorsal interossei
2913:Adductor hallucis
2891:Quadratus plantae
2869:Abductor hallucis
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2730:
2729:
2609:Tibialis anterior
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2567:Cribriform fascia
2389:Articularis genus
2329:
2328:
2306:Superior gemellus
2301:Inferior gemellus
2296:Quadratus femoris
2154:Media related to
2124:10.1242/jeb.01950
1664:Ferri FF (2015).
1495:(12): 1086–1095.
1183:978-0-8089-2306-0
1064:978-0-8089-2371-8
1032:978-1-4160-3165-9
882:978-1-4034-3300-8
853:978-0-7020-5228-6
824:978-1-55210-001-1
795:978-0-683-30471-8
629:Neurological exam
595:and supported by
214:), degeneration,
153:
152:
148:
16:(Redirected from
3034:
2896:Lumbrical muscle
2833:
2832:
2793:
2771:
2770:
2693:
2668:Accessory soleus
2646:
2639:
2638:
2597:
2596:
2552:Iliotibial tract
2543:
2494:
2493:
2372:Vastus lateralis
2345:
2344:
2289:
2244:
2243:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2028:(6): 1345–1355.
2017:
2011:
2010:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:. Archived from
1925:Emirates Integra
1916:
1910:
1909:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1842:(6): 1348–1360.
1831:
1825:
1824:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1661:
1640:
1639:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1561:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1504:
1502:10.1.1.1012.5059
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1328:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1274:
1273:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
977:
962:
961:
954:
939:
937:
920:
914:
913:
893:
887:
886:
874:
864:
858:
857:
835:
829:
828:
816:
806:
800:
799:
779:
773:
772:
758:
752:
751:
715:
657:Paratendinopathy
619:Tendon xanthomas
577:fluoroquinolones
501:physical therapy
305:, meaning heel.
304:
294:
266:
260:
250:
165:calcaneal tendon
145:edit on Wikidata
142:
49:
37:
36:
21:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2984:
2941:
2852:
2814:
2787:
2782:
2760:
2726:
2689:
2684:
2673:Achilles tendon
2642:
2628:
2590:
2573:
2537:
2532:
2528:Muscular lacuna
2523:Adductor hiatus
2483:
2428:
2422:Semimembranosus
2393:
2382:Vastus medialis
2338:
2325:
2282:
2277:
2251:Gluteal muscles
2233:
2199:
2190:
2156:Achilles tendon
2146:
2141:
2140:
2103:
2099:
2068:
2057:
2018:
2014:
1983:
1979:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1867:
1863:
1832:
1828:
1797:
1793:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1717:
1694:
1685:
1678:
1662:
1643:
1614:(10): 921–927.
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1538:
1534:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1421:
1417:
1372:
1368:
1329:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1277:
1238:
1234:
1205:(11): 2456–67.
1195:
1191:
1184:
1170:
1166:
1142:10.1.1.482.4683
1125:
1121:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1051:
1040:
1033:
1019:
1015:
978:
965:
946:chorda Achillis
944:Vocatum passim
935:
933:
921:
917:
910:
894:
890:
883:
865:
861:
854:
836:
832:
825:
807:
803:
796:
780:
776:
759:
755:
716:
712:
707:
695:
678:
647:plantar flexion
631:
616:
597:medical imaging
559:
553:
517:
478:fluoroquinolone
470:high-heel shoes
447:
441:
436:
424:muscle spindles
401:plantar flexion
397:
345:muscles to the
319:tendo calcaneus
311:
292:tendo calcaneus
243:Philip Verheyen
235:
193:plantar flexion
157:Achilles tendon
149:
52:
40:Achilles tendon
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2955:Plantar fascia
2951:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2696:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Adductor canal
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2501:Femoral sheath
2497:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:Semitendinosus
2414:
2412:Biceps femoris
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Rectus femoris
2359:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2144:External links
2142:
2139:
2138:
2097:
2078:(2): 321–338.
2072:Int J Primatol
2055:
2012:
1993:(2): 147–151.
1977:
1958:(2): 331–338.
1942:
1911:
1904:
1886:
1880:978-0071748896
1879:
1861:
1826:
1807:(5): 622–628.
1791:
1764:(2): 346–352.
1744:
1715:
1683:
1676:
1641:
1598:
1573:
1552:(3): 205–211.
1532:
1479:
1446:
1415:
1366:
1339:(2): 289–303.
1314:
1275:
1232:
1189:
1182:
1164:
1135:(3): 627–634.
1119:
1070:
1063:
1038:
1031:
1013:
992:(4): 545–547.
963:
915:
908:
888:
881:
859:
852:
830:
823:
801:
794:
774:
753:
726:(5): 638–643.
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
694:
691:
677:
674:
673:
672:
666:
660:
630:
627:
615:
612:
589:corticosteroid
555:Main article:
552:
549:
516:
513:
499:(NSAIDs), and
443:Main article:
440:
437:
435:
432:
396:
393:
366:adipose tissue
310:
307:
280:Achilles' heel
234:
231:
185:soleus muscles
151:
150:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
32:Achilles' heel
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3039:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:Human anatomy
3005:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2778:Pes anserinus
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:tarsal tunnel
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Gastrocnemius
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:Triceps surae
2651:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:Femoral canal
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1907:
1905:9780729541985
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1677:9780323378222
1673:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
960:
958:
953:
951:
947:
931:
930:
925:
919:
911:
909:9783319503288
905:
901:
900:
892:
884:
878:
873:
872:
863:
855:
849:
845:
841:
834:
826:
820:
815:
814:
805:
797:
791:
787:
786:
778:
770:
766:
765:
757:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
710:
700:
697:
696:
690:
687:
683:
676:Other animals
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
648:
644:
643:spinal nerves
640:
639:tendon hammer
636:
626:
624:
620:
611:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
446:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
392:
390:
385:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:gastrocnemius
336:
327:
320:
315:
306:
303:
298:
293:
287:
285:
284:Ambroise Pare
281:
277:
273:
268:
265:
259:
254:
249:
244:
240:
230:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:gastrocnemius
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
146:
140:
136:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
71:
68:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2994:
2924:
2902:
2885:
2863:
2788:
2690:
2672:
2643:
2592:compartments
2538:
2513:Femoral ring
2340:compartments
2283:
2205:Iliac region
2114:
2110:
2100:
2075:
2071:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1924:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1761:
1757:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1701:
1666:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1468:. March 2018
1465:
1435:(2): 86–93.
1432:
1428:
1418:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1336:
1333:Primary Care
1332:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:
1248:(1): 71–75.
1245:
1241:
1235:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1173:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1054:
1022:
1016:
989:
985:
956:
950:tendo magnus
949:
945:
941:
934:, retrieved
928:
918:
898:
891:
870:
862:
843:
833:
812:
804:
784:
777:
763:
756:
723:
719:
713:
679:
668:
662:
656:
651:
632:
617:
608:pointed down
601:
570:
560:
533:enthesopathy
518:
515:Degeneration
490:
463:
450:Inflammation
448:
439:Inflammation
417:
413:tibial nerve
398:
386:
374:
355:
332:
318:
288:
269:
258:tendo magnus
236:
224:
209:
164:
160:
156:
154:
108:A04.7.02.048
83:
2959:retinacula
2644:Superficial
2540:Fascia lata
2222:Psoas minor
2218:Psoas major
1586:Mayo Clinic
1090:(1): 42–7.
669:Mid-portion
663:Insertional
593:examination
486:examination
456:. Achilles
381:sural nerve
253:Hippocrates
197:ankle joint
183:(calf) and
73:Identifiers
3001:Categories
2810:Transverse
2362:Quadriceps
2321:Piriformis
1935:20 October
1702:StatPearls
705:References
699:Heel lifts
682:great apes
525:ultrasound
493:stretching
458:tendinosis
276:River Styx
2925:4th layer
2903:3rd layer
2886:2nd layer
2864:1st layer
2805:Posterior
2722:Popliteus
2680:Plantaris
2634:Posterior
2442:Pectineus
2407:Hamstring
2399:Posterior
2357:Sartorius
2213:Iliopsoas
2197:human leg
1497:CiteSeerX
1302:OrthoInfo
1137:CiteSeerX
959:, p. 269)
924:Veheyen P
614:Xanthomas
537:arthritis
509:orthotics
505:heel lift
351:calcaneus
309:Structure
302:calcaneum
220:xanthomas
189:calcaneus
177:plantaris
161:heel cord
3022:Achilles
2963:Peroneal
2800:Anterior
2601:Anterior
2457:Adductor
2452:Gracilis
2349:Anterior
2239:Buttocks
2133:16326953
2092:30997461
2042:23052113
2007:24556480
1972:24559878
1856:18519331
1821:23659914
1778:28974345
1710:28613594
1628:17483942
1568:25981200
1519:17207437
1441:29365222
1402:20439021
1361:46886582
1353:29759125
1270:24715489
1262:17300868
1227:12031334
1219:17897877
1159:10731005
1114:23099184
1008:17463129
936:12 March
926:(1693),
748:24159374
740:20182867
693:See also
543:and the
539:such as
529:bursitis
420:postural
395:Function
239:Achilles
227:Achilles
62:Location
3012:Tendons
2857:Plantar
2736:Lateral
2477:Minimus
2266:Minimus
2256:Maximus
2227:Iliacus
2050:2214735
1786:3506883
1737:26 June
1636:8358926
1591:27 June
1527:8233009
1472:27 June
1410:3199352
1105:7232653
871:Muscles
686:gibbons
604:casting
551:Rupture
482:steroid
466:running
362:areolar
349:on the
335:tendons
297:eponyms
233:History
216:rupture
203:at the
201:flexion
187:to the
167:, is a
96:D000125
57:Details
2978:Flexor
2947:Fascia
2836:Dorsal
2766:Fascia
2754:Brevis
2749:Longus
2663:Soleus
2489:Fascia
2472:Magnus
2467:Brevis
2462:Longus
2434:Medial
2261:Medius
2131:
2090:
2048:
2040:
2005:
1970:
1902:
1877:
1854:
1819:
1784:
1776:
1708:
1674:
1634:
1626:
1566:
1525:
1517:
1499:
1439:
1408:
1400:
1359:
1351:
1307:4 July
1268:
1260:
1225:
1217:
1180:
1157:
1139:
1112:
1102:
1061:
1029:
1006:
906:
879:
850:
821:
792:
746:
738:
573:trauma
491:While
409:flexes
379:. The
358:fascia
343:soleus
272:Thetis
169:tendon
2335:Thigh
2088:S2CID
2046:S2CID
1782:S2CID
1632:S2CID
1523:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1266:S2CID
1223:S2CID
744:S2CID
587:, or
405:ankle
370:bursa
143:[
132:51061
79:Latin
2828:Foot
2691:Deep
2195:and
2129:PMID
2038:PMID
2003:PMID
1968:PMID
1937:2020
1900:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1852:PMID
1817:PMID
1774:PMID
1739:2018
1706:PMID
1672:ISBN
1624:PMID
1593:2018
1564:PMID
1515:PMID
1474:2018
1437:PMID
1398:PMID
1349:PMID
1309:2018
1258:PMID
1215:PMID
1178:ISBN
1155:PMID
1110:PMID
1059:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1004:PMID
938:2018
904:ISBN
877:ISBN
848:ISBN
819:ISBN
790:ISBN
736:PMID
585:gout
566:heel
541:gout
503:. A
368:. A
364:and
341:and
205:knee
155:The
120:2662
103:TA98
91:MeSH
2587:Leg
2119:doi
2115:208
2080:doi
2030:doi
1995:doi
1960:doi
1844:doi
1809:doi
1766:doi
1616:doi
1554:doi
1507:doi
1388:doi
1341:doi
1250:doi
1246:416
1207:doi
1203:118
1147:doi
1100:PMC
1092:doi
994:doi
769:441
728:doi
523:or
521:MRI
507:or
480:or
222:).
173:leg
159:or
127:FMA
115:TA2
67:leg
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