Achaemenid Empire - Knowledge

2777:, and Dorians from the Greek cities of Asia Minor. This Greek support was numerically small, amounting to no more than 10,000 men, but it formed, together with the Greek mercenaries from Egypt who went over to him afterward, the force on which he placed his chief reliance, and to which the ultimate success of his expedition was mainly due. The approach of Artaxerxes sufficiently weakened the resolution of Tennes that he endeavoured to purchase his own pardon by delivering up 100 principal citizens of Sidon into the hands of the Persian king and then admitting Artaxerxes within the defences of the town. Artaxerxes had the 100 citizens transfixed with javelins, and when 500 more came out as supplicants to seek his mercy, Artaxerxes consigned them to the same fate. Sidon was then burnt to the ground, either by Artaxerxes or by the Sidonian citizens. Forty thousand people died in the conflagration. Artaxerxes sold the ruins at a high price to speculators, who calculated on reimbursing themselves by the treasures which they hoped to dig out from among the ashes. Tennes was later put to death by Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes later sent Jews who supported the revolt to 24433: 5124: 5392:

Islam-i-Ajam. It was this Persian Islam, rather than the original Arab Islam, that was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, and of course to India. The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna. By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization ... The major centers of Islam in the late medieval and early modern periods, the centers of both political and cultural power, such as India, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, were all part of this Iranian civilization.

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general enactments, binding upon all, did not infringe upon their political and social idiosyncrasies, but even protected and maintained them; so that each of the nations that constitute the whole, had its own form of constitution. As light illuminates everything—imparting to each object a peculiar vitality—so the Persian Empire extends over a multitude of nations, and leaves to each one its particular character. Some have even kings of their own; each one its distinct language, arms, way of life and customs. All this diversity coexists harmoniously under the impartial dominion of Light ... a combination of peoples—leaving each of them free. Thereby, a stop is put to that barbarism and ferocity with which the nations had been wont to carry on their destructive feuds.

3131: 6976: 5019: 23870: 23010: 3004: 21642: 3195: 22605: 4386: 6950: 3404: 7185: 1453: 26097: 7208: 22314: 4621: 25727: 5276: 24263: 4713: 2666: 22277: 21702: 5144: 5201: 6874: 4171: 87: 7079: 13458: 4648: 22856: 3626: 26449: 7173: 2809: 17286: 17152: 16311: 16244: 16113: 15496: 15098: 6924: 24490: 2367: 3728:. The basic rule of governance was based upon loyalty and obedience of each satrapy to the central power, or the king, and compliance with tax laws. Due to the ethno-cultural diversity of the subject nations under the rule of Persia, its enormous geographic size, and the constant struggle for power by regional competitors, the creation of a professional army was necessary for both maintenance of the peace and to enforce the authority of the king in cases of rebellion and foreign threat. Cyrus managed to create a strong land army, using it to advance in his campaigns in 4886: 4089: 1747:, a magus named Gaumata impersonated Bardiya and incited a revolution in Persia. Whatever the exact circumstances of the revolt, Cambyses heard news of it in the summer of 522 BC and began to return from Egypt, but he was wounded in the thigh in Syria and died of gangrene, so Bardiya's impersonator became king. The account of Darius is the earliest, and although the later historians all agree on the key details of the story, that a magus impersonated Bardiya and took the throne, this may have been a story created by Darius to justify his own usurpation. Iranologist 3498: 4116: 1530: 14524: 7056: 3634: 5178: 23184: 2686: 71: 4355: 3547: 2794: 22052: 5467: 26439: 7029: 7158: 5163: 21677: 4806: 1921: 23455: 6798: 22262: 2087: 1686:. He says that these actions led to a madness that caused him to kill his brother Bardiya (who Herodotus says was killed in secret), his own sister-wife and Croesus of Lydia. He then concludes that Cambyses completely lost his mind, and all later classical authors repeat the themes of Cambyses' impiety and madness. However, this is based on spurious information, as the epitaph of Apis from 524 BC shows that Cambyses participated in the funeral rites of Apis styling himself as pharaoh. 4689: 25311: 6897: 25202: 4977:

Royal and aristocratic women do not seem to have lived in seclusion from men, since it is known that they appeared in public and traveled with their husbands, participated in hunting and in feasts: at least the chief wife of a royal or aristocratic man did not live in seclusion, as it is clearly stated that wives customarily accompanied their husbands at dinner banquets, although they left the banquet when the "women entertainers" came in and the men began "merrymaking".

21885: 3781: 3661:) could reach the remotest of areas in fifteen days. Herodotus observes that "there is nothing in the world that travels faster than these Persian couriers. Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stays these courageous couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds." Despite the relative local independence given by the satrapy system, royal inspectors, the "eyes and ears of the king", toured the empire and reported on local conditions. 2901:, the two generals who had most distinguished themselves in the Egyptian campaign, were advanced to posts of the highest importance. Mentor, who was governor of the entire Asiatic seaboard, was successful in reducing to subjection many of the chiefs who during the recent troubles had rebelled against Persian rule. In the course of a few years, Mentor and his forces were able to bring the whole Asian Mediterranean coast into complete submission and dependence. 3586: 21472: 23524: 1617: 4470: 3365: 4944:— that the emperor had been the first to make cult statues of divinities and have them placed in temples in many of the major cities of the empire. Berosus also substantiates Herodotus when he says the Persians knew of no images of gods until Artaxerxes II erected those images. On the means of sacrifice, Herodotus adds "they raise no altar, light no fire, pour no libations." Herodotus also observed that "no prayer or offering can be made without a 13497: 7106: 21482: 24518: 1268: 2095: 2494: 2442:) that the displaced Tissaphernes came to the new king on his coronation day to warn him that his younger brother Cyrus (the Younger) was preparing to assassinate him during the ceremony. Artaxerxes had Cyrus arrested and would have had him executed if their mother Parysatis had not intervened. Cyrus was then sent back as Satrap of Lydia, where he prepared an armed rebellion. Cyrus assembled a large army, including a contingent of 6696: 6848: 4961:

to a satrap or another important Persian man; it was permitted for members of the royal family to marry relatives, but there is no evidence for marriage between closer family members than half-siblings. The king's concubines were often either slaves, sometimes prisoners of war, or foreign princesses, whom the king did not marry because they were foreigners, and whose children did not have the right to inherit the throne.

25544: 5034:. The quintessential feature of Persian architecture was its eclectic nature with elements of Median, Assyrian, and Asiatic Greek all incorporated, yet maintaining a unique Persian identity seen in the finished products. Its influence pervades the regions ruled by the Achaemenids, from the Mediterranean shores to India, especially with its emphasis on monumental stone-cut design and gardens subdivided by water-courses. 1713:. Herodotus claims that the naval invasion of Carthage was canceled because the Phoenicians, who made up a large part of Cambyses' fleet, refused to take up arms against their own people, but modern historians doubt whether an invasion of Carthage was ever planned at all. However, Cambyses dedicated his efforts to the other two campaigns, aiming to improve the Empire's strategic position in Africa by conquering the 22536: 23632: 4973:

audiences, at least for female supplicants. Royal women and noblewomen at court could furthermore travel on their own, accompanied by both male and female staff, own and manage their own fortune, land, and business. Depictions of Persian women show them with long dresses and veils which did not cover their faces nor their hair, only flowing down over their neck at the back of the head as an ornament.

22449: 1895:, who was also known as Xerxes the Great. The Persian invasion led indirectly to Macedonia's rise in power and Persia had some common interests in the Balkans; with Persian aid, the Macedonians stood to gain much at the expense of some Balkan tribes such as the Paeonians and Greeks. All in all, the Macedonians were "willing and useful Persian allies. Macedonian soldiers fought against Athens and 22272: 23627: 23179: 22851: 22444: 22257: 23744: 22706: 21689: 4162:, that were kept constantly at a strength of exactly 10,000 men. He claimed that the unit's name stemmed from the custom that every killed, seriously wounded, or sick member was immediately replaced with a new one, maintaining the numbers and cohesion of the unit. They had wicker shields, short spears, swords or large daggers, and bow and arrows. Underneath their robes they wore 5432:

not rehearse for you again the achievements of your Achaemenid period. Then for the first time in known history an empire almost as extensive as the United States received an orderly government, a competence of administration, a web of swift communications, a security of movement by men and goods on majestic roads, equalled before our time only by the zenith of Imperial Rome.

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create a coalition of his forces, to create an army to defend against Alexander. Before Bessus could fully unite with his confederates at the eastern part of the empire, Alexander, fearing the danger of Bessus gaining control, found him, put him on trial in a Persian court under his control, and ordered his execution in a "cruel and barbarous manner."

2490:. The construction of temples, though serving a religious purpose, was not a purely selfless act, as they also served as an important source of income. From the Babylonian kings, the Achaemenids adopted the concept of a mandatory temple tax, a one-tenth tithe which all inhabitants paid to the temple nearest to their land or another source of income. 2206:. A simultaneous naval battle at Artemisium was tactically indecisive as large storms destroyed ships from both sides. The battle was stopped prematurely when the Greeks received news of the defeat at Thermopylae and retreated. The battle was a tactical victory for the Persians, giving them uncontested control of Artemisium and the Aegean Sea. 4594:, in his invasion of Greece. Although the Persians failed to capture the Greek city-states completely, the tradition of maritime involvement was carried down by the Persian kings, most notably Artaxerxes II. Years later, when Alexander invaded Persia and during his advancement into India, he took a page from the Persian art of war, by having 3442:' (governor) was the governor who administered the region, a 'general' supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a 'state secretary' kept the official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the satrap as well as the central government. At differing times, there were between 20 and 30 satrapies. 4968:, but there is no archeological evidence supporting the existence of a harem, or the seclusion of women from contact with men, at the Persian court. The royal women joined the king at breakfast and dinner and accompanied him on his journeys. They may have participated in the royal hunt, as well as during the royal banquets; 3074:

Alexander's decision to put the Magi on trial was more an attempt to undermine their influence and display his own power than a show of concern for Cyrus's tomb. Regardless, Alexander the Great ordered Aristobulus to improve the tomb's condition and restore its interior, showing respect for Cyrus. From there he headed to

5045:, decoration of palaces, glazed brick masonry, fine craftsmanship (masonry, carpentry, etc.), and gardening. Although the Persians took artists, with their styles and techniques, from all corners of their empire, they did not just produce a combination of styles, but a synthesis of a new unique Persian style. 4957:

Greek sources, neither of them fully reliable as sources, but the most reliable references are the archeological Persepolis Fortification Tablets (PFT), which describes women in connection to the royal court in Persepolis, from royal women to female laborers who were recipients of food rations at Persepolis.

2131:, in an attempt to bolster his position in Miletus, both financially and in terms of prestige. The mission was a debacle, and sensing his imminent removal as a tyrant, Aristagoras chose to incite the whole of Ionia into rebellion against the Persian king, Darius I, who was commonly known as Darius the Great. 5431:

For thousands of years Persians have been creating beauty. Sixteen centuries before Christ there went from these regions or near it ... You have been here a kind of watershed of civilization, pouring your blood and thought and art and religion eastward and westward into the world ... I need

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at any one trip. Soon, other states of the empire were constructing their own ships, each incorporating slight local preferences. The ships eventually found their way to the Persian Gulf and Persian naval forces laid the foundation for a strong Persian maritime presence there. Persians also had ships

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Bagoas went back to the Persian capital with Artaxerxes, where he took a leading role in the internal administration of the Empire and maintained tranquillity throughout the rest of the Empire. During the last six years of the reign of Artaxerxes III, the Persian Empire was governed by a vigorous and

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The character of the country, intersected by numerous canals and full of strongly fortified towns, was in his favour and Nectanebo II might have been expected to offer a prolonged, if not even a successful resistance. However, he lacked good generals, and, over-confident in his own powers of command,

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The hierarchy of the royal women at the Persian court was ranked with the king's mother first, followed by the queen and the king's daughters, the king's concubines, and the other women of the royal palace. The king normally married a female member of the royal family or a Persian noblewoman related

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language (as used in that territory) was adopted as a "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages. The use of a single official language, which modern scholarship has dubbed "Official Aramaic" or "Imperial Aramaic", can

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was known for the wealth of its crops; it was to be the granary of the Persian Empire (as later of Rome's) and was required to provide 120,000 measures of grain in addition to 700 talents of silver. This was exclusively a tax levied on subject peoples. There is evidence that conquered and rebellious

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constituted the first major conflict between Greece and the Achaemenid Empire, and as such represents the first phase of the Greco-Persian Wars. Asia Minor had been brought back into the Persian fold, but Darius had vowed to punish Athens and Eretria for their support of the revolt. Moreover, seeing

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The Persian Empire is an empire in the modern sense—like that which existed in Germany, and the great imperial realm under the sway of Napoleon; for we find it consisting of a number of states, which are indeed dependent, but which have retained their own individuality, their manners, and laws. The

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There are no evidence of any women being employed as an official in the administration or within religious service, however, there are plenty of archeological evidence of women being employed as free labourers in Persepolis, where they worked alongside men. Women could be employed as the leaders of

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The Achaemenid navy established bases located along the Karun, and in Bahrain, Oman, and Yemen. The Persian fleet was not only used for peace-keeping purposes along the Karun but also opened the door to trade with India via the Persian Gulf. Darius's navy was in many ways a world power at the time,

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The horses used by the Achaemenids for cavalry were often suited with scale armour, like most cavalry units. The riders often had the same armour as Infantry units, wicker shields, short spears, swords or large daggers, bow and arrow, and scale armour coats. The camel cavalry was different, because

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coats. The spear counterbalances of the common soldiery were of silver; to differentiate commanding ranks, the officers' spear butt-spikes were golden. Surviving Achaemenid colored glazed bricks and carved reliefs represent the Immortals as wearing elaborate robes, hoop earrings and gold jewellery,

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and kinsman. As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men murder Darius III and then declared himself Darius' successor, as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia leaving Darius' body in the road to delay Alexander, who brought it to Persepolis for an honourable funeral. Bessus would then

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After his success in Egypt, Artaxerxes returned to Persia and spent the next few years effectively quelling insurrections in various parts of the Empire so that a few years after his conquest of Egypt, the Persian Empire was firmly under his control. Egypt remained a part of the Persian Empire from

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writes that when Cambyses had Bardiya killed he immediately put the magus Sphendadates in his place as satrap of Bactria due to a remarkable physical resemblance. Two of Cambyses' confidants then conspired to usurp Cambyses and put Sphendadates on the throne under the guise of Bardiya. According to

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consisting mainly of Jewish soldiers, who remained stationed at Elephantine throughout Cambyses' reign. The invasions of Ammon and Ethiopia themselves were failures. Herodotus claims that the invasion of Ethiopia was a failure due to the madness of Cambyses and the lack of supplies for his men, but

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8), which would be followed by many desserts, a treat which they reproached the Greeks for omitting from their meals. He also observed that the Persians drank wine in large quantities and used it even for counsel, deliberating on important affairs when drunk, and deciding the next day, when sober,

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inscriptions, and it appears that in these cases that the Elamite texts are translations of the Old Persian ones. It is then likely that although Elamite was used by the capital government in Susa, it was not a standardized language of government everywhere in the empire. The use of Elamite is not

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held true, the Sparabara returned to normal life farming the land and grazing their herds. Because of this, they lacked true professional quality on the battlefield, yet they were well trained and courageous to the point of holding the line in most situations long enough for a counter-attack. They

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that the numerous and well-appointed army with which Philip had commenced his siege of the city was compelled to give up the attempt. By the last year of Artaxerxes' rule, Philip II already had plans in place for an invasion of the Persian Empire, which would crown his career, but the Greeks would

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hypothesises that Bardiya was not killed by Cambyses, but waited until his death in the summer of 522 BC to claim his legitimate right to the throne as he was then the only male descendant of the royal family. Briant says that although the hypothesis of a deception by Darius is generally accepted

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The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as

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Royal and aristocratic Achaemenid women were given an education in subjects that did not appear compatible with seclusions, such as horsemanship and archery. Royal and aristocratic women held and managed vast estates and workshops and employed large numbers of servants and professional laborers.

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The position of women in the Achaemenid Empire differed depending on which culture they belonged to and therefore varied depending on the region. The position of Persian women in actual Persia has traditionally been described from mythological Biblical references and the sometimes biased Ancient

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Although Old Persian also appears on some seals and art objects, that language is attested primarily in the Achaemenid inscriptions of Western Iran, suggesting then that Old Persian was the common language of that region. However, by the reign of Artaxerxes II, the grammar and orthography of the

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The construction material of choice was wood, but some armoured Achaemenid ships had metallic blades on the front, often meant to slice enemy ships using the ship's momentum. Naval ships were also equipped with hooks on the side to grab enemy ships, or to negotiate their position. The ships were

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in 499 BC, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus, and Caria, were military rebellions by several regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 to 493 BC. At the heart of the rebellion was the dissatisfaction of the Greek cities of Asia Minor with the tyrants appointed by

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relates how the Persian envoys at the Macedonian court demanded the presence of women during a banquet because it was the custom for women to participate in the banquets in their own country. The queen may have attended the king's audience, and archeological evidence shows that she gave her own

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during different periods of the empire, the native Old Iranian sources provide no indication of Greek linguistic influence. However, there is plenty of evidence (in addition to the accounts of Herodotus) that Greeks, apart from being deployed and employed in the core regions of the empire, also

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was the first Achaemenid king to invest in a Persian fleet. Even by then no true "imperial navy" had existed either in Greece or Egypt. Persia would become the first empire, under Darius, to inaugurate and deploy the first regular imperial navy. Despite this achievement, the personnel for the

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and partly Egyptian troops; between whom jealousies and suspicions were easily sown by the Persian leaders. As a result, the Persians were able to rapidly reduce numerous towns across Lower Egypt and were advancing upon Memphis when Nectanebo decided to quit the country and flee southwards to

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Since its foundation by Cyrus, the Persian empire had been primarily a land empire with a strong army but void of any actual naval forces. By the 5th century BC, this was to change, as the empire came across Greek and Egyptian forces, each with their own maritime traditions and capabilities.

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Maria Brosius, "WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia", Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2021, available at WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia (accessed on 26 January 2021). Originally Published: January 1, 2000. Last Updated: March 15, 2010. Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, New York, 1996–

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In the ensuing chaos created by Alexander's invasion of Persia, Cyrus's tomb was broken into and most of its luxuries were looted. When Alexander reached the tomb, he was horrified by the manner in which it had been treated, and questioned the Magi, putting them on trial. By some accounts,

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also supported Artabazos and the combined forces managed to defeat the forces sent by Artaxerxes III in 354 BC. However, in 353 BC, they were defeated by Artaxerxes III's army and were disbanded. Orontes was pardoned by the king, while Artabazos fled to the safety of the court of

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The events surrounding Cambyses's death and Bardiya's succession are greatly debated as there are many conflicting accounts. According to Herodotus, as Bardiya's assassination had been committed in secret, the majority of Persians still believed him to be alive. This allowed two

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was in vain warning the Athenians) attracted the attention of Artaxerxes. In response, he ordered that Persian influence was to be used to check and constrain the rising power and influence of the Macedonian kingdom. In 340 BC, a Persian force was dispatched to assist the

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Artaxerxes III then ordered the disbanding of all the satrapal armies of Asia Minor, as he felt that they could no longer guarantee peace in the west and was concerned that these armies equipped the western satraps with the means to revolt. The order was however ignored by

4564:, crossing it by means of a second boat bridge. The bridge over the Bosphorus essentially connected the nearest tip of Asia to Europe, encompassing at least some 1000 meters of open water if not more. Herodotus describes the spectacle, and calls it the "bridge of Darius": 1887:. Finally, Megabazus sent envoys to Amyntas, demanding acceptance of Persian domination, which the Macedonians did. The Balkans provided many soldiers for the multi-ethnic Achaemenid army. Many of the Macedonian and Persian elite intermarried, such as the Persian official 2288:(469 or 466 BC), military action between Greece and Persia was halted. When Artaxerxes I took power, he introduced a new Persian strategy of weakening the Athenians by funding their enemies in Greece. This indirectly caused the Athenians to move the treasury of the 2825:, consisting of the troops that he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1,000 from Thebes. He divided these troops into three bodies, and placed at the head of each a Persian and a Greek. The Greek commanders were Lacrates of Thebes, 2640:, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt. Soon after this defeat, there were rebellions in 3621:

Under the Achaemenids, trade was extensive and there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities in the far reaches of the empire. Tariffs on trade, along with agriculture and tribute, were major sources of revenue for the empire.

5323:, close to the historical site of Babylon), derived much of their support from Persian aristocracy and heavily incorporated the Persian language and architecture into Islamic culture. The Achaemenid Empire is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the 4370:

In the later years of the Achaemenid Empire, the chariot archer had become merely a ceremonial part of the Persian army, yet in the early years of the Empire, their use was widespread. The chariot archers were armed with lances, bows, arrows, swords, and

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the camels and sometimes the riders, were provided little protection against enemies, yet when they were offered protection, they would have lances, swords, bow, arrow, and scale armour. The camel cavalry was first introduced into the Persian army by

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reached southwestern Iran, where it came to be accepted by the rulers and through them became a defining element of Persian culture. The religion was not only accompanied by a formalization of the concepts and divinities of the traditional Iranian

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enough that it could never revolt against Persia. For the 10 years that Persia controlled Egypt, believers in the native religion were persecuted and sacred books were stolen. Before Artaxerxes returned to Persia, he appointed Pherendares as

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enemies could be sold into slavery. Alongside its other innovations in administration and taxation, the Achaemenids may have been the first government in the ancient Near East to register private slave sales and tax them using an early form of

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of Lydia sought to take advantage of the new international situation by advancing into what had previously been Median territory in Asia Minor. Cyrus led a counterattack which not only fought off Croesus' armies, but also led to the capture of

4913:." He claims the Persians offer sacrifice to: "the sun and moon, to the earth, to fire, to water, and to the winds. These are the only gods whose worship has come down to them from ancient times. At a later period, they began the worship of 4773:

inscriptions was so "far from perfect" that it has been suggested that the scribes who composed those texts had already largely forgotten the language, and had to rely on older inscriptions, which they to a great extent reproduced verbatim.

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was lavishly extended with gilded columns and roof tiles of silver and copper. The extraordinary innovation of the Zoroastrian shrines can also be dated to his reign, and it was probably during this period that Zoroastrianism spread from

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from the enemy. The Sparabara were taken from the full members of Persian society, were trained from childhood to be soldiers and when not called out to fight on campaigns in distant lands they practised hunting on the vast plains of

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Although the Persians and Medes shared domination and others were placed in important positions, the Achaemenids did not – could not – provide a name for their multinational state. Nevertheless, they referred to it as Khshassa, "the

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be assumed to have greatly contributed to the astonishing success of the Achaemenids in holding their far-flung empire together for as long as they did." In 1955, Richard Frye questioned the classification of Imperial Aramaic as an "

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Although the Persians and Medes shared domination and others were placed in important positions, the Achaemenids did not—could not—provide a name for their multinational state. Nevertheless, they referred to it as Khshassa, "the

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The reduction of Sidon was followed closely by the invasion of Egypt. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes III, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under

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describes his eyewitness account of a massive military bridge created by joining 37 Persian ships across the Tigris. The Persians used each boat's buoyancy to support a connected bridge above which supply could be transferred.

1288:, upon which all the other tribes are dependent. Of these, the Pasargadae are the most distinguished; they contain the clan of the Achaemenids from which spring the Perseid kings. Other tribes are the Panthialaei, Derusiaei, 4247:

was used by the Persians and Medes, who adopted it from the Scythians and transmitted it to other nations, including the Greeks. Achaemenid armies typically used socketed, three-bladed (also known as trilobate or Scythian)

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Alexander generally kept the original Achaemenid administrative structure, leading some scholars to dub him as "the last of the Achaemenids". Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire was divided among his generals, the

1469:. Once in control of Ecbatana, Cyrus styled himself as the successor to Astyages and assumed control of the entire empire. By inheriting Astyages' empire, he also inherited the territorial conflicts the Medes had with both 2140:

that the political situation in Greece posed a continued threat to the stability of his Empire, he decided to embark on the conquest of all of Greece. The first campaign of the invasion was to bring the territories in the

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The Persians continued to reduce the cities along the west coast that still held out against them, before finally imposing a peace settlement in 493 BC on Ionia that was generally considered to be both just and fair. The

5307:. In fact, the Greeks, and later on the Romans, adopted the best features of the Persian method of governing an empire. The Persian model of governance was particularly formative in the expansion and maintenance of the 5004:, which were then given a higher salary than the male workers of their workforce; and while female laborers were given less than men, qualified workers within the crafts were given equal pay regardless of their sex. 1509:

When the power in Ecbatana changed hands from the Medes to the Persians, many tributaries to the Median Empire believed their situation had changed and revolted against Cyrus. This forced Cyrus to fight wars against

4220:. The wicker shields were able to effectively stop arrows but not strong enough to protect the soldier from spears. However, the Sparabara could deal with most other infantry, including trained units from the East. 3482:

Also, many seals and seal impressions are found in these Persepolis archives. These documents represent administrative activity and flow of data in Persepolis over more than fifty consecutive years (509 to 457 BC).

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was the longest reigning of the Achaemenid kings and it was during this 45-year period of relative peace and stability that many of the monuments of the era were constructed. Artaxerxes moved the capital back to

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In the modern era, the Achaemenid Empire has been recognized for its imposition of a successful model of centralized bureaucratic administration, its multicultural policy, building complex infrastructure such as

2858:. The Persian army completely routed the Egyptians and occupied the Lower Delta of the Nile. Following Nectanebo fleeing to Ethiopia, all of Egypt submitted to Artaxerxes. The Jews in Egypt were sent either to 2417:

was appointed to replace Tissaphernes and aid was given entirely to Sparta which finally defeated Athens in 404 BC. In the same year, Darius fell ill and died in Babylon. His death gave an Egyptian rebel named

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because Ochus had promised he would not die by the sword, by poison or by hunger. Ochus then took the royal name Darius II. Darius' ability to defend his position on the throne ended the short power vacuum.

24432: 7526:—the last was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the 3668:, an informal mercantile route that originated in the fertile lowlands of Mesopotamia and snaked through the Zagros highlands, through the Iranian plateau and Afghanistan into the Central Asian regions of 1378:; the title "King of Anshan" was an adaptation of the earlier Elamite title "King of Susa and Anshan". There are conflicting accounts of the identities of the earliest Kings of Anshan. According to the 1549:

Nothing is known of Persia–Babylon relations between 547 and 539 BC, but it is likely that there were hostilities between the two empires for several years leading up to the war of 540–539 BC and the

4335:

The Persian cavalry was crucial for conquering nations and maintained its importance in the Achaemenid army to the last days of the Achaemenid Empire. The cavalry was separated into four groups. The

5363:

regarded Abbasid society as a "reintegration" or "reincarnation" of Achaemenid society, as the synthesis of Persian, Turkic and Islamic modes of governance and knowledge allowed for the spread of

1734:

to rise up against Cambyses, with one of them sitting on the throne able to impersonate Bardiya because of their remarkable physical resemblance and shared name (Smerdis in Herodotus's accounts).

4909:

wrote: " have no images of the gods, no temples nor altars, and consider the use of them a sign of folly. This comes, I think, from their not believing the gods to have the same nature with men,

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ceased to be the language of government, and Aramaic gained in importance. It was probably during this reign that the solar calendar was introduced as the national calendar. Under Artaxerxes I,

4186:

were usually the first to engage in hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. Although not much is known about them today, it is believed that they were the backbone of the Persian army who formed a

3209:

During an apparent transitional period, corresponding to the reigns of Vādfradād II and another uncertain king, no titles of authority appeared on the reverse of their coins. The earlier title

2886:. With the wealth gained from his reconquering Egypt, Artaxerxes was able to amply reward his mercenaries. He then returned to his capital having successfully completed his invasion of Egypt. 2624:, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt, which had revolted under his father, Artaxerxes II. At the same time, a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor, which, being supported by 2160:

part of the empire; it had been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC but retained a great deal of autonomy. However, in 490 BC the Persian forces were defeated by the Athenians at the

2385:

Necropolis. It was Persian tradition that kings begin constructing their own tombs while they were still alive. Artaxerxes I was immediately succeeded by his eldest and only legitimate son,

86: 5335:. The historical mark of the empire went far beyond its territorial and military influences and included cultural, social, technological and religious influences as well. For example, many 11760: 3561:

Darius also introduced a regulated and sustainable tax system that was precisely tailored to each satrapy, based on their supposed productivity and their economic potential. For instance,

26753: 19974: 10385:

Alexander: a history of the origin and growth of the art of war from the earliest times to the battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301, with a detailed account of the campaigns of the great Macedonian

16091: 3018:, who before he could act was also poisoned by Bagoas. Bagoas is further said to have killed not only all Arses' children, but many of the other princes of the land. Bagoas then placed 1891:

who married Amyntas' daughter, Gygaea. Family ties that the Macedonian rulers Amyntas and Alexander enjoyed with Bubares ensured them good relations with the Persian kings Darius and

4252:. These arrowheads were cast from leaded tin-bronze, which made them amenable to mass-production unlike the wrought iron arrowheads of the period that had to be individually forged. 26748: 11501: 11482: 11425: 11406: 11387: 11368: 11349: 11330: 11216: 11197: 11139: 11120: 11101: 9137: 9115: 4757:

of the Achaemenid empire, suggesting that the use of Aramaic language in Achaemenid empire was more widespread than generally thought. Many centuries after the fall of the empire,

4481:

At first the ships were built in Sidon by the Phoenicians; the first Achaemenid ships measured about 40 meters in length and 6 meters in width, able to transport up to 300 Persian

2592:, but he managed to appease both of the Cadusian kings. One individual who successfully emerged from this campaign was Darius Codomannus, who later occupied the Persian throne as 11235: 9033: 9009: 8949: 8925: 8901: 8853: 8418: 3391:

would on occasion claim Achaemenid descent. Recently there has been some corroboration for the Parthian claim to Achaemenid ancestry via the possibility of an inherited disease (

15792: 11663:"Combining chemical and lead isotope analyses with 3-D geometric–morphometric shape analysis: A methodological case study of socketed bronze arrowheads from the southern Levant" 11520: 11311: 11273: 5116:. The men who wrought the wood were Sardinians and Egyptians. The men who wrought the baked brick were Babylonians. The men who adorned the wall, those were Medes and Egyptians. 11463: 11444: 11292: 8576: 8351: 9173: 9093: 9057: 8973: 8877: 8842: 19964: 4296: 2932:

of Athens started giving speeches calling for a 'crusade against the barbarians' but there was not enough strength left in any of the Greek city-states to answer his call.

1682:

Herodotus depicts Cambyses as openly antagonistic to the Egyptian people and their gods, cults, temples, and priests, in particular stressing the murder of the sacred bull

2845:

he was out-maneuvered by the Greek mercenary generals, and his forces were eventually defeated by the combined Persian armies. After his defeat, Nectanebo hastily fled to

11254: 11158: 11082: 10848:, "Foreign Slaves on the Estates of the Achaemenid Kings and their Nobles", in Trudy dvadtsat' pyatogo mezhdunarodnogo kongressa vostokovedov II, Moscow, 1963, pp. 151–52 5303:

The Achaemenid Empire left a lasting impression on the heritage and cultural identity of Asia and the Middle East, and influenced the development and structure of future

8095: 8079:

A superimposition of the maps of Achaemenid and Alexander's empires shows a 90% match, except that Alexander's realm never reached the peak size of the Achaemenid realm.

7301:

Bardiya is referred to by a variety of names in Greek sources, including Smerdis, Tanyoxarces, Tanoxares, Mergis and Mardos. The earliest account to mention him is the

848: 834: 809: 795: 781: 767: 753: 739: 725: 711: 697: 683: 669: 12763: 7207: 21518: 5143: 11944:

The Achaemenids maintained some bridges on their main routes. What we hear of is boat bridges, which seem to have been in normal use on the Tigris in Babylonia...

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that reveal details of the day-to-day functioning of the empire. In the grand rock-face inscriptions of the kings, the Elamite texts are always accompanied by

2462:

were now deep in Persian territory and were at risk of attack. So they searched for others to offer their services to but eventually had to return to Greece.

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evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire, namely Iran. For example, Greeks were part of the various ethnicities that constructed

1465:

Cyrus revolted against the Median Empire in 553 BC, and in 550 BC succeeded in defeating the Medes, capturing Astyages and taking the Median capital city of

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adopted Achaemenid customs in their daily lives in a reciprocal cultural exchange, some being employed by or allied to the Persian kings. The impact of the

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introduces the Persian Empire as the "first empire that passed away" and its people as the "first historical people" in history. According to his account:

3026:, personally forced Bagoas to swallow poison. In 334 BC, when Darius was just succeeding in subduing Egypt again, Alexander and his battle-hardened troops 10473:"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 96. KINGS of PERSIS. Vādfradād (Autophradates) I. 3rd century BC. AR Tetradrachm (28mm, 15.89 g, 9h). Istakhr (Persepolis) mint" 16501: 16417: 14217: 13410: 10205: 8736: 7318:, he died of natural causes. According to Herodotus, he died after accidentally wounding himself in the thigh. The true cause of death remains uncertain. 7184: 4751:", noting that no surviving edict expressly and unambiguously accorded that status to any particular language. Frye reclassifies Imperial Aramaic as the 4784:

language. Even though the Achaemenids had extensive contacts with the Greeks and vice versa, and had conquered many of the Greek-speaking areas both in

2430:

pleaded with him to have her second eldest son Cyrus (the Younger) crowned, but Darius refused. Queen Parysatis favoured Cyrus more than her eldest son

2245:

encouraged the Greek cities of Asia to revolt, and the Persians lost all of their territories in Europe with Macedonia once again becoming independent.

23094: 22970: 21133: 19986: 10654: 8654: 8606: 2773:, he succeeded in obtaining a thousand Theban heavy-armed hoplites under Lacrates, three thousand Argives under Nicostratus, and six thousand Æolians, 1498:

in charge of collecting tribute in Lydia and left, but once Cyrus had left Pactyes instigated a rebellion against Cyrus. Cyrus sent the Median general

21239: 17321: 16295: 10760: 10261: 3748:. Cyrus would die battling a local Iranian insurgency in the empire, before he could have a chance to develop a naval force. That task would fall to 2742:

in check. Both satraps suffered crushing defeats at the hands of Tennes, the Sidonese king, who was aided by 40,000 Greek mercenaries sent to him by

2393:, who apparently had gained the support of his regions. Sogdianus reigned for six months and fifteen days before being captured by his half-brother, 13367: 11002: 9815: 8330: 3361:

while the main Persian Empire had fallen. Despite Greek influence on the Kingdom of Pontus, Pontics continued to maintain their Achaemenid lineage.

1569:

was taken prisoner. Upon taking control of the city, Cyrus depicted himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by

23387: 2144:

peninsula back within the empire. The Persian grip over these territories had loosened following the Ionian Revolt. In 492 BC, the Persian general

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was worshipped; his temples and symbols were the most widespread, most people bore names related to him and most festivals were dedicated to him.

4212:

shields as a form of light maneuverable defence. This, however, left them at a severe disadvantage against heavily armoured opponents such as the

2873:

After this victory over the Egyptians, Artaxerxes had the city walls destroyed, started a reign of terror, and set about looting all the temples.

2389:. However, after a few days on the throne, he was assassinated while drunk by Pharnacyas and Menostanes on the orders of his illegitimate brother 22825: 20653: 20644: 20388: 19900: 11661:

Yahalom-Mack, Naama; Herzlinger, Gadi; Bogdanovsky, Alexander; Tirosh, Ofir; Garfinkel, Yosef; Dugaw, Sean; Lipschits, Oded; Erel, Yigal (2020).

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Ashrafian, Hutan (2011). "Limb gigantism, neurofibromatosis and royal heredity in the Ancient World 2500 years ago: Achaemenids and Parthians".

1229: 19885: 16644: 16506: 15819: 15767: 14239: 13111:

Lavan, Myles; Payne, Richard E.; Weisweiler, John, eds. (2016). "Cosmopolitan Politics: The Assimilation and Subordination of Elite Cultures".

8520: 8260: 3752:, who would officially give Persians their own royal navy to allow them to engage their enemies on multiple seas of this vast empire, from the 18109: 10674: 2765:, 300 triremes, and 500 transports or provision ships. After gathering this army, he sought assistance from the Greeks. Though refused aid by 1099:

in 321 BC. Hellenistic rule remained in place for almost a century before the Iranian elites of the central plateau reclaimed power under the

23765: 23486: 23397: 23086: 22801: 22743: 22739: 21511: 9334:

Johannes Engels, "Ch. 5: Macedonians and Greeks", In: Roisman and Worthington, "A companion to Ancient Macedonia", p. 87. Oxford Press, 2010.

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propelled by sails or manpower. The ships the Persians created were unique. As far as maritime engagement, the ships were equipped with two

26698: 23043: 23039: 22747: 20176: 14196: 11498: 11479: 11422: 11403: 11384: 11365: 11346: 11327: 11251: 11213: 11194: 11155: 11136: 11117: 11098: 10231: 9931: 9134: 9112: 1755: 12499: 1367:, another group of Iranian people, possibly established a short-lived empire when they played a major role in overthrowing the Assyrians. 26452: 23490: 23297: 22868: 22831: 22797: 22372: 22368: 21701: 19954: 16511: 14572: 14534: 13446: 13307: 5645: 13336: 12048: 11177: 10139: 9030: 9006: 8946: 8922: 8898: 8850: 8415: 8411: 7384: 5417:, the American historian and philosopher, during one of his speeches, "Persia in the History of Civilization", as an address before the 2976: 26096: 22655: 22499: 22364: 22360: 21641: 20322: 19838: 17054: 17034: 9665: 2296:

to the Athenian acropolis. This funding practice inevitably prompted renewed fighting in 450 BC, where the Greeks attacked at the

1227: 1226: 14970: 13122:

Iranica in the Achaeamenid Period (ca. 550-330 B.C.): Lexicon of Old Iranian Proper Names and Loanwords, Attested in Non-Iranian Texts

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surrendered his country to the Persians in about 512–511, Macedonians and Persians were strangers no more as well. The subjugation of

23383: 23379: 23293: 23090: 21847: 17122: 16167: 9297: 8490: 7884: 6724: 4505: 1238: 998: 14523: 10301:

A compendium of classical literature: comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches

9170: 9090: 9054: 8970: 8874: 8839: 8573: 8348: 1952:

By the 5th century BC, the Kings of Persia were either ruling over or had subordinated territories encompassing not just all of the

1506:, set about reducing all the cities which had taken part in the rebellion. The subjugation of Lydia took about four years in total. 1230: 23494: 22751: 21504: 16300: 7229: 2249:, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, assassinated Xerxes with the help of a 1679:, where the Persians defeated him and took him prisoner. After attempting a failed revolt, Psamtik III promptly committed suicide. 13324: 19873: 16710: 16204: 13757: 6618: 4419: 1443: 478: 1237: 22897: 22651: 22631: 20498: 20349: 20112: 17044: 13486: 13396: 13113:

Cosmopolitanism and Empire: Universal Rulers, Local Elites, and Cultural Integration in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean

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The standard was described as "a golden eagle mounted upon a lofty shaft." This image is a reconstruction, the design based on

4653:

One of the two gold deposition plates. Two more were in silver. They all had the same trilingual inscription (DPh inscription).

4522:

who in the summer of 397 BC would build a formidable navy, as part of a rearmament which would lead to his decisive victory at

2676: 1836: 1447: 22604: 22313: 2167: 26733: 26678: 26606: 26559: 26529: 20844: 20674: 20619: 20488: 20354: 19252: 19062: 18444: 17314: 16571: 16290: 13454: 13283: 13243: 13221: 13199: 13172: 13129: 13101: 13047: 13019: 13000: 12981: 12919: 12892: 12865: 12838: 12799: 12571: 12536: 12483: 12453: 12426: 12399: 12372: 12345: 12318: 12290: 12254: 12015: 11967: 11900: 11873: 11795: 11717: 11612: 11547: 11054: 10914: 10787: 10730: 10727: 10672:

From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification.

10431: 10189: 10025: 9991: 9882: 9799: 9725: 9673: 9615: 9581: 9550: 9526: 9489: 9439: 9405: 9284: 9268: 8236: 8195: 8151: 8109: 8034: 7965: 7931: 7894: 7821: 7701: 7651: 7589: 7495: 7463: 7416: 7002: 5401: 2997: 11710:

Cemeteries of the First Millennium B.C. at Deve Hüyük, near Carchemish, salvaged by T. E. Lawrence and C. L. Woolley in 1913

5315:'. Like the ancient Persians, the Abbasid dynasty centered their vast empire in Mesopotamia (at the newly founded cities of 26738: 26693: 26673: 20006: 19996: 16992: 10991: 10007: 2297: 1234: 1223: 1064:, the use of official languages across its territories, and the development of civil services, including its possession of 18968: 14247: 12828: 9650:

The Athenian support was particularly troubling to Darius since he had come to their aid during their conflict with Sparta

26728: 24853: 22348: 22200: 22057: 21204: 21154: 20880: 20414: 17377: 17039: 16943: 16182: 13913: 10741: 10697: 3130: 2629: 2546: 12649: 9952: 3007:

Alexander's first victory over Darius, the Persian king depicted in medieval European style in the 15th century romance

1224: 26723: 26703: 25523: 23202: 20429: 20418: 20363: 20311: 20166: 19969: 19114: 18114: 14232: 14070: 14065: 13762: 5284: 3609:(a universal legal system which would become the basis of later Iranian law), and the construction of a new capital at 3550: 3541: 3460: 1439: 17: 12182:

Ware, James R.; Kent, Roland G. (1924). "The Old Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III".

2609: 2565:, until she was poisoned by Artaxerxes II's mother Parysatis in about 400 BC. Another chief wife was a Greek woman of 1001:, spanning a total of 5.5 million square kilometres (2.1 million square miles). The empire spanned from the 26683: 20859: 20803: 20783: 20599: 20574: 20470: 20394: 20296: 19926: 19768: 17758: 17049: 16439: 13481: 13262: 7921: 7332: 1410:

and that Darius is also descended from Teispes through a different line, but no earlier texts mention Achaemenes. In

23869: 20693: 10994:

in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The inscription is based on: Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans.,

5018: 3395:) demonstrated by the physical descriptions of rulers and from the evidence of familial disease on ancient coinage. 2649: 1179: 963: 26708: 21324: 20890: 17307: 17074: 16981: 15941: 13827: 13679: 11018: 7157: 6975: 4673: 3101:, resulting in a number of smaller states. The largest of these, which held sway over the Iranian plateau, was the 2877:

gained a significant amount of wealth from this looting. Artaxerxes also raised high taxes and attempted to weaken

2588:

and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies. Artaxerxes started a campaign against the rebellious

2562: 11989:. Translated by George Rawlinson; Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson; Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. John Murray. p. 4263:. They tended to fight with their own native weapons which would have included a crescent-shaped light wickerwork 3003: 2513:. To redirect the Spartans' attention to Greek affairs, Artaxerxes II subsidized their enemies: in particular the 26688: 26668: 26663: 26658: 25517: 20834: 20374: 20210: 20205: 19944: 19571: 18740: 16801: 16152: 15777: 14919: 14565: 14374: 13439: 12123:

Frye, Richard N.; Driver, G. R. (1955). "Review of G.R. Driver's 'Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B.C.'".

6085: 3953: 2423: 31: 17902: 14840: 13375: 13358: 12078: 6768:

First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom and founder of the dynasty. Attested to only by the Behistun Inscription.

6738: 1789:). The Magi, though persecuted, continued to exist, and a year following the death of the first pseudo-Smerdis ( 26713: 25590: 25137: 25061: 21439: 21264: 21144: 21128: 20614: 20549: 20450: 20399: 20171: 20122: 20107: 20011: 20001: 19981: 19773: 19432: 16791: 16198: 16177: 13511: 9607: 9514: 6652: 5827: 4918: 4810: 2455: 2443: 1233: 1146:

compound translating to "having a friend's mind"). Achaemenes was himself a minor seventh-century ruler of the

841: 21072: 19843: 19783: 17513: 17092: 13407: 10803: 10517:"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 90. KINGS of PERSIS. Vahbarz (Oborzos). 3rd century BC. AR Obol (10mm, 0.50 g, 11h)" 10209: 9767:"Artaxerxes I Makrokheir (Artaxerxes I) Makrokheir (± 475-± 424) » Stamboom Homs » Genealogy Online" 8733: 7667: 7091:, having re-conquered the land after it was lost during the reign of Artaxerxes II. His birth name was Ochus. 4216:, and their two-metre-long spear was not able to give the Sparabara ample range to plausibly engage a trained 3194: 2722:, the Cypriot monarch. Idrieus succeeded in reducing Cyprus. Artaxerxes initiated a counter-offensive against 1068:. Its advancements inspired the implementation of similar styles of governance by a variety of later empires. 26442: 26422: 25704: 25611: 25596: 25434: 25304: 25105: 24804: 24489: 21873: 21298: 20739: 20722: 20629: 20604: 20460: 20368: 20358: 19178: 17135: 17117: 16765: 15797: 14378: 14225: 13767: 12031: 10651: 6717: 4037: 744: 504: 206: 10824: 9766: 1235: 1222: 26243: 26052: 26028: 25428: 24408: 21302: 21138: 20854: 20594: 20584: 20332: 20188: 19788: 19173: 19057: 17711: 17059: 16656: 16275: 16214: 16044: 15854: 13718: 3700:

to profit from trade between East and West. This route was greatly rehabilitated and formalized during the

2645: 1080: 21068: 7289:

The chronology of the reign of Cyrus is uncertain, and these events are alternatively dated in 542–541 BC.

6949: 4797:, apart from the Greek inscriptions found nearby there, and one short Persepolis tablet written in Greek. 3684:. Following Alexander's conquests, this highway allowed for the spread of cultural syncretic fusions like 2194:. His army entered Greece from the north in the spring of 480 BC, meeting little or no resistance through 25665: 24704: 24503: 24050: 24044: 22291: 21647: 21093: 21087: 21038: 20849: 20679: 20558: 20183: 19183: 18220: 17112: 16489: 16392: 15931: 15690: 13918: 13856: 10999: 9819: 8327: 7064:. Ruling for 47 years, Artaxerxes II was the longest reigning Achaemenid king. His birth name was Arses. 6689: 6677: 5516: 3027: 2883: 2813: 2545:

on the Anatolian coast to the Persians while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC he

2153: 2017: 1824: 1363:

in the western Iranian Plateau. The Achaemenid Empire may not have been the first Iranian empire, as the

1228: 1076: 582: 530: 11630:"A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and its Historical Implications" 10757: 4385: 1752:

today, "nothing has been established with certainty at the present time, given the available evidence".

1207:, literally meaning "The Kingdom", was used to refer to the Empire formed by their multinational state. 1111:

The Achaemenid Empire borrows its name from the ancestor of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the empire,

1075:, an ardent admirer of Cyrus; the conquest marked a key achievement in the then-ongoing campaign of his 26718: 26643: 26292: 26148: 25911: 25602: 25412: 24758: 24420: 24388: 24382: 22589: 21308: 20769: 20634: 20102: 19880: 19778: 16968: 16231: 16074: 15946: 15836: 14594: 14558: 13973: 13615: 13432: 11634: 9573: 7487: 6647: 6608: 5280: 4398: 4363: 4147: 4128: 4108: 3403: 3273:. Šābuhr's brother and successor, Ardaxšir (Artaxerxes) V, defeated the last legitimate Parthian king, 11662: 10257: 8141: 7432: 4323:

The armoured Persian horsemen and their death dealing chariots were invincible. No man dared face them

4292: 1231: 26429: 26037: 25923: 25905: 25755: 25417: 25281: 24982: 24797: 23694: 21412: 21003: 20773: 20554: 20480: 20342: 20317: 20240: 19991: 19890: 19833: 19245: 19141: 18289: 17853: 17201: 17130: 16705: 16561: 16494: 15720: 15663: 13861: 13387:

an electronic resource for the study of the history, literature and archaeology of the Persian Empire

12947: 11043:

Palmira Johnson Brummett; Robert R. Edgar; Neil J. Hackett; Robert R. Edgar; Neil J. Hackett (2003).

11042: 8703: 8699: 6589: 6493: 5752: 4794: 4620: 3532:

as a ceremonial capital; he revolutionized the economy by placing it on the silver and gold coinage.

2897:

After the conquest of Egypt, there were no more revolts or rebellions against Artaxerxes. Mentor and

2849:, leaving the fortified towns to be defended by their garrisons. These garrisons consisted of partly 2537:

he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of

1452: 1289: 1096: 216: 70: 16622: 7761:

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D".

5052:, and its detailed workmanship, coupled with its grand scale. In describing the construction of his 4581:. The Propontis is five hundred furlongs across and fourteen hundred long. Its waters flow into the 1663:, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians. Psamtik positioned his army at 26415: 26060: 26057: 25980: 25950: 25893: 25879: 25285: 24269: 24007: 23424: 23208: 22051: 21123: 20913: 20793: 20744: 20716: 20579: 20117: 20031: 19760: 19099: 19074: 18924: 18583: 18578: 17242: 16962: 16747: 16454: 15981: 15976: 15782: 15513: 15063: 14716: 14581: 14513: 14270: 13908: 13744: 13590: 13390: 13350: 12787: 12764:"Iran's cultural heritage reflects the grandeur and beauty of the golden age of the Persian empire" 10671: 8167: 7876: 6710: 6672: 6667: 6657: 5446: 5419: 5130: 5048:

One of the most remarkable examples of both Achaemenid architecture and art is the grand palace of

3373: 3236: 2935:

Although there were no rebellions in the Persian Empire itself, the growing power and territory of

2344: 1236: 1232: 556: 24262: 16849: 13040:

Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza

12788:

Edward Lipiński; Karel van Lerberghe; Antoon Schoors; Karel Van Lerberghe; Antoon Schoors (1995).

10406: 10322: 9854: 9645: 8714: 5275: 4569:

Strait called Bosphorus, across which the bridge of Darius had been thrown, is hundred and twenty

3716:

Despite its humble origins in Persis, the empire reached an enormous size under the leadership of

2837:

resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries. Nectanebo II occupied the

2533:. In 387 BC, Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the 2446:, and made his way deeper into Persia. The army of Cyrus was stopped by the royal Persian army of 26758: 26075: 26003: 25977: 25953: 25947: 25932: 25844: 25780: 25745: 25689: 25638: 25211: 23688: 23469: 23214: 22522: 21980: 21354: 21328: 21319: 21189: 21149: 20753: 20689: 20649: 20384: 20235: 20092: 20051: 19309: 19166: 19047: 18588: 18541: 18484: 18183: 18127: 17875: 17462: 17191: 17064: 16720: 16668: 16371: 16162: 16069: 15956: 15591: 14942: 13959: 13867: 13785: 13554: 13345: 12282:

An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and Achaemenid Inscriptions

11990: 10106: 9752: 9481: 7133: 7111: 7084: 7061: 7049: 7034: 7008: 6981: 6955: 6929: 6902: 6879: 6853: 6235: 5991: 5572: 5188: 5013: 4712: 3407:

Satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire showing their ancient names and the extent of their territory.

3326: 2702:

In 343 BC, Artaxerxes committed responsibility for the suppression of the Cyprian rebels to

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also unreservedly praises Cyrus for his actions in the conquest of Babylon, referring to him as

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whose task was to accomplish conquests in the Balkans. The Persian troops subjugated gold-rich

1717:

and taking strategic positions in the western oases. To this end, he established a garrison at

1705:) surrendered to Cambyses and sent tribute without a fight. Cambyses then planned invasions of 1262: 221: 26549: 22855: 21884: 13333: 13304: 12473: 12388:

Philippa Adrych; Robert Bracey; Dominic Dalglish; Stefanie Lenk; Rachel Wood (23 March 2017).

12308: 11733:

Delrue, Parsival (2007). "Trilobate Arrowheads at Ed-Dur (U.A.E, Emirate of Umm Al-Qaiwain)".

11602: 10906: 10777: 10017: 10011: 9518: 9258: 8187: 7813: 7078: 5259:, the last Achaemenid king to have a tomb. The tomb of the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty, 4660:

During the reign of Cyrus II and Darius I, and as long as the seat of government was still at

3641:

The satrapies were linked by a 2,500-kilometer highway, the most impressive stretch being the

2604:, who asked for the help of Athens in a rebellion against the king. Athens sent assistance to 1722:

archaeological evidence suggests that the expedition was not a failure, and a fortress at the

26598:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

26519: 26482: 26404: 26281: 25941: 25917: 25873: 25861: 25855: 25852: 25807: 25801: 25777: 25742: 25698: 25686: 25683: 25680: 25668: 25662: 25650: 25644: 25463: 25373: 25370: 25361: 24924: 23001: 20732: 20684: 20659: 20379: 20127: 19905: 19823: 19440: 19397: 19119: 19079: 18892: 18767: 17831: 17821: 17780: 17751: 17629: 17220: 17102: 16776: 16752: 16607: 16086: 15971: 15869: 15844: 15436: 15315: 15269: 15200: 15165: 14480: 14144: 13813: 13664: 13373:

Iran, The Forgotten Glory – Documentary Film About Ancient Iran (achaemenids & Sassanids)

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Photos of the tribute bearers from the 23 satrapies of the Achaemenid empire, from Persepolis

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Sources differ on the circumstances of Cambyses' death. According to Darius the Great in the

5933: 5853: 5791: 5169: 4879: 4826: 4647: 4390: 4359: 4348: 4175: 3629:

Letter from the Satrap of Bactria to the governor of Khulmi, concerning camel keepers, 353 BC

3625: 3354: 3180:, when Seleucid power waned in the areas of southwestern Persia and the Persian Gulf region. 2558: 2253:, Aspamitres. The exact year and date of Xerxes' assassination is disputed among historians. 2210: 2203: 1723: 1474: 1415: 1321: 1045: 702: 211: 26596: 26448: 22261: 19007: 15401: 14909: 12882: 12748: 11829: 11779: 10898: 9975: 9506: 8171: 8026: 7805: 5563: 3438:

system. A satrapy was an administrative unit, usually organized on a geographical basis. A '

3165:. They ruled from the end of the 3rd century BC to the beginning of the 2nd century BC, and 2808: 1647:

received a large territory in Central Asia. By 525 BC, Cambyses had successfully subjugated

772: 26743: 25849: 25798: 25707: 25701: 25671: 25273: 25226: 25214: 25038: 24979: 24603: 24497: 24320: 23847: 22995: 22516: 21933: 21283: 21185: 21078: 21018: 20993: 20972: 20952: 20925: 20727: 20669: 20564: 20327: 20292: 20056: 19238: 19212: 19042: 19012: 18887: 18818: 18789: 18708: 18042: 17880: 17870: 17196: 17069: 17009: 16862: 16796: 16639: 16627: 16471: 16280: 16039: 16034: 15936: 15896: 15700: 15596: 15586: 15579: 15133: 14470: 14334: 14258: 14206: 13820: 13674: 13610: 11787: 11674: 10158: 9983: 9361: 8730: 7995: 7315: 7302: 6662: 5332: 5200: 4859: 4697: 4693: 4486:

often of a capacity 100 to 200 troops patrolling the empire's various rivers including the

4167:

though these garments and accessories were most likely worn only for ceremonial occasions.

3566: 2989: 2936: 2641: 2614: 2554: 2534: 2103: 1770: 1740: 1698: 1534: 1399: 1193: 1174: 1124: 958: 890: 25310: 18992: 16226: 10133: 10048: 9301: 7606: 4088: 3637:

Part of the royal road that connected Ekbatan to Anatolia, this road is still in use today

2127:, Aristagoras, launched a joint expedition with the Persian satrap Artaphernes to conquer 1726:, on the border between Egypt and Kush, remained in use throughout the Achaemenid period. 8: 26354: 26209: 25914: 25864: 25789: 25739: 25692: 25677: 25656: 25355: 25341: 25229: 25162: 24985: 24876: 24818: 24582: 24255: 24095: 23814: 23619: 23436: 23249: 22565: 21776: 21023: 20712: 20445: 20337: 19936: 19931: 19895: 19828: 19677: 19365: 18904: 18784: 18750: 18652: 18472: 18467: 18279: 17998: 17934: 17809: 17794: 17665: 17610: 17524: 17431: 17409: 17258: 17186: 17014: 17004: 16975: 16843: 16676: 16617: 16187: 16096: 15996: 15986: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15906: 15901: 15886: 15881: 15802: 15658: 15536: 15481: 15406: 14830: 14794: 14349: 14124: 14002: 13966: 13575: 13209: 12387: 10845: 9542: 8570: 8345: 7546:. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient 6996: 6395: 6265: 5694: 5490: 4843: 4701: 4427: 4077: 3497: 3350: 3045: 3033: 3015: 2985: 2891: 2497:

Persian Empire timeline including important events and territorial evolution – 550–323 BC

2406: 2366: 2285: 2246: 2234: 2145: 1957: 1816: 1655:

and was making preparations to invade Egypt with the newly created Persian navy. Pharaoh

1582: 1360: 1169:

pronunciation of the native word referring to the country of the people originating from

1072: 426: 18620: 18610: 13321: 13160: 11984: 11678: 10400: 10316: 9639: 7642:

Tucker, Elizabeth (2001). "Greek and Iranian". In Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos (ed.).

6923: 5343:

is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts, and the empire was instrumental in the spread of

4115: 1529: 26580: 26394: 26271: 25832: 25771: 25765: 25293: 25257: 25170: 25151: 25047: 25044: 24997: 24963: 24960: 24915: 24606: 24591: 24576: 24252: 24249: 24240: 23999: 23174: 22902: 22175: 22028: 21945: 21748: 21387: 21349: 21294: 21289: 21194: 21109: 20749: 20609: 20569: 20409: 20404: 20302: 20287: 20046: 19848: 19669: 19638: 19531: 19288: 19017: 18997: 18980: 18931: 18796: 18605: 18556: 18489: 18407: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18294: 18264: 18156: 18054: 17922: 17897: 17373: 16955: 16612: 16412: 16397: 16192: 16147: 16142: 15991: 15541: 15153: 14410: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14172: 14138: 14114: 14057: 13806: 13772: 13521: 13399:

a "Virtual Interactive Achemenide Museum" of more than 8000 items of the Persian Empire

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Herodotus: the text of Canon Rawlinson's translation, with the notes abridged, Volume 1

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is the name by which the Assyrians know this goddess, to whom the Persians referred as

4560:, using an enormous bridge made by connecting Achaemenid boats, then marched up to the 4474: 3825: 3693: 3565:

was assessed for the highest amount and for a startling mixture of commodities – 1,000

3492: 3322: 3106: 3037: 2398: 2313: 2218: 2195: 2172: 2161: 2081: 1672: 1277: 1084: 1049: 986: 517: 491: 239: 25050: 10358:"Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great, Xerxes the Great – Crystalinks" 10337: 4885: 4866:. Cyrus the Great assisted in the restoration of the sacred places of various cities. 4776:

When the occasion demanded, Achaemenid administrative correspondence was conducted in

1807:

writes that the native leadership debated the best form of government for the empire.

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The Fortress of Dorginarti and Lower Nubia during the Seventh to Fifth Centuries B.C.

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Herodotus, Herodotus, trans. A.D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).

10610: 10427: 10383: 10357: 10185: 10021: 9987: 9878: 9795: 9721: 9669: 9611: 9577: 9546: 9522: 9507: 9485: 9435: 9401: 9280: 9264: 8242: 8232: 8191: 8172: 8147: 8105: 8030: 7961: 7927: 7917: 7890: 7817: 7806: 7778: 7733: 7697: 7647: 7585: 7491: 7459: 7412: 7328: 6425: 6325: 6315: 6025: 6015: 5973: 5873: 5396: 5360: 5308: 4748: 4677: 4602:

construct a similar boat-bridge at the Indus river in India in the spring of 327 BC.

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Around 850 BC the original nomadic people who began the empire called themselves the

1088: 870: 827: 452: 162: 23982: 8053:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". 3471:; the remains of more than 10,000 of these cuneiform documents have been uncovered. 2829:

and Nicostratus of Argos while the Persians were led by Rhossaces, Aristazanes, and

26653: 26648: 26478: 26390: 26336: 26267: 26254: 26233: 26198: 26047: 25835: 25804: 25659: 25635: 25403: 25400: 25394: 25349: 25242: 25223: 25217: 25173: 25156: 25000: 24991: 24988: 24912: 24909: 24747: 24632: 24219: 23309: 23243: 23231: 22924: 22471: 21761: 21368: 21359: 21269: 21259: 21215: 21055: 21043: 20997: 20942: 20759: 20624: 20455: 20424: 20269: 20250: 19959: 19579: 18975: 18762: 18757: 18713: 18700: 18630: 18598: 18593: 18457: 18452: 18434: 18395: 18328: 18311: 18252: 18242: 18237: 18178: 18134: 18104: 18064: 18047: 18030: 17993: 17744: 17706: 17181: 16916: 16632: 16376: 16285: 16006: 16001: 15809: 15752: 15735: 15705: 15636: 15411: 15190: 15068: 14995: 14815: 14691: 14201: 14152: 13997: 13931: 13900: 13889: 13848: 13799: 13730: 13659: 13620: 13148: 13069: 12227: 12191: 12132: 11742: 11682: 10871: 10602: 10516: 10472: 10094: 9740: 8183: 8062: 8019: 7770: 7252: 7137: 7115: 7088: 7038: 7012: 6985: 6959: 6933: 6906: 6857: 6455: 6145: 6115: 5224: 4743: 4721: 4717: 4705: 4669: 4446: 4354: 4288: 3749: 3546: 3449:

unit, consisting of 10,000 highly trained soldiers Cyrus also formed an innovative

3434:. The Achaemenids allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in the form of the 3170: 2826: 2822: 2747: 2685: 2451: 2324: 2305: 2242: 2187: 1941: 1937: 1913:

or "Greeks with hats that look like shields", possibly referring to the Macedonian

1892: 1828: 1774: 1744: 1602: 1502:

to deal with the rebellion, and Pactyes was captured. Mazares, and after his death

1419: 1403: 1348: 1276:

The Persian nation contains a number of tribes as listed here. ... : the

1087:, when most of the fallen Achaemenid Empire's territory came under the rule of the 922: 304: 167: 152: 92: 21496: 16868: 16737: 14036: 12742: 11780: 10495: 9976: 5223:, with the tombs of four of the kings of the dynasty are carved in this mountain: 5076: ... the precious stone lapis-lazuli and carnelian ... was brought from 3633: 2956:, to maintain his independence. Sufficient effective aid was given to the city of 2793: 2549:. Although successful against the Greeks, Artaxerxes II had more trouble with the 26399: 26385: 26360: 26313: 26276: 26262: 26086: 25935: 25888: 25795: 25760: 25632: 25627: 25555: 25529: 25385: 25260: 25254: 25239: 25232: 25186: 25176: 25009: 24954: 24948: 24945: 24891: 24839: 24675: 24609: 24597: 24585: 24573: 24558: 24537: 24456: 24360: 24357: 24331: 24246: 24225: 24213: 24180: 24174: 24144: 24066: 23876: 23228: 23183: 23137: 23131: 23121: 22911: 22011: 21989: 21756: 21402: 21339: 21274: 21249: 21234: 21173: 20962: 20814: 20704: 20526: 20225: 20161: 20065: 19913: 19815: 19587: 19563: 19499: 19480: 19472: 19448: 19333: 19275: 19193: 19161: 19034: 19002: 18985: 18941: 18936: 18914: 18909: 18867: 18860: 18835: 18695: 18690: 18531: 18412: 18306: 18301: 18269: 18094: 18084: 17978: 17971: 17966: 17951: 17907: 17789: 17775: 17723: 17692: 17687: 17677: 17387: 16597: 15951: 15911: 15849: 14952: 14887: 14741: 14435: 14430: 14420: 14166: 13992: 13945: 13711: 13633: 13414: 13379: 13362: 13340: 13328: 13311: 13236:

The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire

12909: 12855: 12789: 12692:(Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559–331 BC), Oxford, 1996. pp. 125–182) 12653: 12561: 12542: 12416: 12389: 12362: 12280: 12005: 11957: 11916: 11890: 11863: 11604:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State

11524: 11505: 11486: 11467: 11448: 11429: 11410: 11391: 11372: 11353: 11334: 11315: 11296: 11277: 11258: 11239: 11220: 11201: 11181: 11162: 11143: 11124: 11105: 11086: 11044: 11006: 10905:(2nd ed., 2nd print. ed.). Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Soc. p. 10764: 10745: 10701: 10678: 10658: 10421: 10299: 10042: 9935: 9715: 9601: 9567: 9536: 9475: 9429: 9373: 9214: 9177: 9141: 9119: 9097: 9061: 9037: 9013: 8977: 8953: 8929: 8905: 8881: 8857: 8846: 8740: 8661: 8613: 8580: 8422: 8355: 8334: 7955: 7579: 7555: 7531: 7527: 7479: 7453: 7439: 7388: 6335: 6285: 6185: 6155: 6095: 6035: 5953: 5923: 5893: 5863: 5658: 5503: 5466: 5455: 5260: 4875: 4851: 4766: 4439: 4407: 3937: 3717: 3697: 3411: 3388: 3384: 3306: 3290: 3270: 3260: 3244: 3229: 3189: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3041: 3023: 2981: 2802: 2798: 2371: 2164:

and Darius I would die before having the chance to launch an invasion of Greece.

1953: 1929: 1714: 1574: 1550: 1395: 1371: 1334: 1147: 1100: 1095:, both of which had emerged as successors to the Macedonian Empire following the 1092: 1065: 1029: 982: 978: 268: 177: 26438: 21676: 18615: 16649: 13089: 13057: 12007:

Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander's empire

9686: 6833:

Transformed the dynasty into an empire; King of the "four corners of the world"

4530:. Artaxerxes II would also use his navy to later on quell a rebellion in Egypt. 2812:

The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius, on the

2115:

Persia to rule them, along with the individual actions of two Milesian tyrants,

26297: 25841: 25734: 25623: 25576: 25537: 25480: 25382: 25318: 25236: 25195: 25189: 25179: 25167: 24951: 24939: 24927: 24847: 24736: 24690: 24600: 24570: 24534: 24398: 24243: 24222: 24216: 24207: 24159: 24129: 24111: 24086: 24074: 23986: 23843: 23714: 23565: 23427: 23421: 23324: 23316: 23252: 23225: 23189: 23022: 22789: 22786: 22687: 22095: 21860: 21766: 21743: 21635: 21244: 20764: 20589: 20077: 20041: 19704: 19622: 19555: 19381: 19136: 19131: 19094: 19069: 19052: 18963: 18948: 18919: 18877: 18725: 18685: 18680: 18635: 18561: 18521: 18511: 18501: 18316: 18195: 18089: 17956: 17838: 17661: 16903: 16837: 16592: 16351: 16219: 16024: 16019: 15730: 15683: 15601: 15546: 15274: 15180: 15143: 14990: 14852: 14686: 14450: 14440: 14398: 14266: 13894: 13792: 13752: 13705: 13689: 13640: 13605: 13600: 13231: 13073: 12722:(Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559–331 BC), Oxford, 1996. pp. 94–97) 12704:(Brosius, Maria, Women in ancient Persia (559–331 BC), Oxford, 1996. pp. 83–93) 12159: 10606: 10575: 8651: 8603: 8050: 7880: 7355: 7140:; last ruler of the empire. His birth name was either Artashata or Codomannus. 7072: 6445: 6125: 6105: 6045: 5681: 5592: 5372: 5344: 5340: 5256: 5244: 5216: 5205: 5053: 4870: 4863: 4805: 4758: 4627: 4375:. The horses were also suited with scale armour similar to scale armour of the 4336: 4315: 4236: 4190:

and used their two-metre-long spears to protect more vulnerable troops such as

3929: 3901: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3841: 3793: 3685: 3677: 3415: 3334: 3330: 3314: 2846: 2625: 2577: 2561:

in 372–362 BC. He is reported to have had a number of wives. His main wife was

2530: 2518: 2382: 2274: 2190:, vowed to complete the job. He organized a massive invasion aiming to conquer 2128: 1989: 1920: 1831:(521–486) in 513—after immense preparations—a huge Achaemenid army invaded the 1676: 1379: 1330: 1297: 543: 465: 439: 388: 198: 77: 12827:

Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges; Yāršātir, Iḥsān (19 November 1998).

11686: 10875: 10738: 10694: 10073: 9344: 4275:. The Takabara were recruited from territories that incorporated modern Iran. 3792:

The empire's great armies were, like the empire itself, very diverse, having:

3524:

of the Achaemenids, which has continued until today. This was accomplished by

3056:

which surrendered in early 330 BC. From Persepolis, Alexander headed north to

1165:, for the most part localized around Persis. The name "Persia" is a Greek and 26637: 26592: 26515: 26500: 26372: 26304: 26184: 25829: 25826: 25579: 25573: 25533: 25489: 25397: 25358: 25192: 25131: 25032: 25029: 24957: 24942: 24903: 24900: 24843: 24782: 24664: 24370: 24363: 24340: 24234: 24228: 24192: 24114: 24070: 24027: 23819: 23717: 23711: 23669: 23568: 23371: 23333: 23106: 22992: 22906: 22716: 22667: 22422: 22406: 22099: 22025: 21986: 21960: 21954: 21915: 21856: 21827: 21552: 21475: 21379: 21364: 21334: 21279: 21159: 21114: 21063: 21033: 19736: 19630: 19595: 19317: 19217: 19104: 18899: 18872: 18845: 18823: 18801: 18568: 18551: 18536: 18380: 18333: 18321: 18247: 18139: 18013: 18008: 17983: 17865: 17569: 17565: 17398: 17251: 16936: 16896: 16882: 16541: 16356: 16131: 15678: 15673: 15646: 15574: 15471: 15005: 14927: 14676: 14656: 14619: 14309: 14081: 13778: 13595: 13527: 13516: 12969: 12646: 10128: 9948: 9597: 8246: 7782: 7737: 7575: 7559: 7271: 7099: 7028: 6797: 6524: 6513: 6255: 6175: 6135: 5582: 5542: 5384: 5380: 5368: 5252: 5240: 5042: 5031: 4964:

Greek sources accuse the king of having hundreds of concubines secluded in a

4941: 4847: 4753: 4730: 4631: 4519: 4344: 4340: 4244: 4120: 4013: 3897: 3741: 3724:, to rule as his proxy over a certain designated area of his empire called a 3689: 3665: 3454: 3450: 3225:(Persis), suggesting that the kings of Persis had become independent rulers. 3061: 2878: 2465: 2447: 2431: 2355:

to maintain him in bread, meat, and wine. In addition, Artaxerxes I gave him

2289: 2136: 2111: 2057: 1973: 1906: 1748: 1694: 1690: 1635:

In 530 BC, Cyrus died, presumably while on a military expedition against the

1620: 1610: 1519: 1061: 1006: 880: 674: 376: 172: 23454: 18645: 18625: 16889: 15212: 13152: 12418:

The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia

7275: 7265: 4688: 4291:

hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in Old Persian (

3282: 2225:. In 480 BC the Greeks won a decisive victory over the Persian fleet at the 2086: 1899:

in Xerxes I's army. The Persians referred to both Greeks and Macedonians as

1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1202: 968: 91:

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest territorial extent, under the rule of

52: 26545: 26342: 26220: 26154: 26072: 26063: 25994: 25920: 25823: 25567: 25468: 25391: 25245: 25201: 25081: 25006: 24966: 24897: 24894: 24888: 24827: 24779: 24767: 24681: 24658: 24651: 24567: 24561: 24531: 24343: 24315: 24297: 24288: 24237: 24030: 24024: 24018: 23923: 23893: 23699: 23611: 23508: 23445: 23393: 23222: 22947: 22882: 22872: 22783: 22734: 22619: 22599: 22595: 22380: 22244: 22104: 22084: 22037: 21996: 21783: 21738: 21587: 21572: 21407: 21392: 21344: 21253: 20798: 20664: 20087: 20036: 19744: 19728: 19712: 19654: 19109: 18850: 18840: 18806: 18735: 18730: 18657: 18447: 18429: 18390: 18385: 18365: 18360: 18232: 18225: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18099: 18037: 18018: 18003: 17939: 17702: 16997: 16687: 16681: 16587: 16582: 16521: 16402: 15757: 15631: 15606: 15558: 15551: 15476: 15391: 15027: 14962: 14820: 14758: 14681: 14639: 12814:"Mastering World History" by Philip L. Groisser, New York, 1970, p. 17 12546: 10614: 6642: 6571: 6534: 6502: 6465: 6435: 6355: 6195: 5761: 5376: 5232: 4898: 4846:

has been described as a "remarkable feature" of the Achaemenid Empire. The

4781: 4463: 4372: 4163: 3761: 3654: 3475:

is represented by about 1,000 or more original records. Only one tablet in

3214: 3198: 2953: 2834: 2743: 2633: 2506: 2501:

Artaxerxes II became involved in a war with Persia's erstwhile allies, the

2413:, gave support first to Athens, then to Sparta, but in 407 BC, Darius' son 2410: 2356: 2328: 2266: 2222: 2025: 1683: 1590: 1586: 1014: 328: 17489: 17299: 16922: 12857:

Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity

11069:

A history of Greece, Volume 2, By Connop Thirlwall, Longmans, 1836, p. 174

10947: 10402:

A smaller history of Greece: from the earliest times to the Roman conquest

10336:

Ralph Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths (1816).

6818:

Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II. No records from his reign survive.

4765:—Aramaic vocabulary would survive as the essential characteristics of the 4299: 4139:, though in the later years of the Achaemenid Empire, a fourth group, the 3784:

Relief of throne-bearing soldiers in their native clothing at the tomb of

1382:(the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) the kings of Anshan were 26357: 26348: 26203: 26157: 26142: 26133: 26127: 26069: 25971: 25929: 25899: 25896: 25838: 25695: 25647: 25558: 25477: 25474: 25457: 25367: 25182: 25125: 25122: 25119: 25094: 25084: 25072: 24921: 24862: 24815: 24791: 24785: 24776: 24770: 24715: 24678: 24661: 24645: 24579: 24564: 24552: 24540: 24511: 24478: 24475: 24337: 24312: 24309: 24303: 24210: 24171: 24168: 24156: 24141: 24138: 24126: 24033: 24021: 24012: 23961: 23955: 23905: 23902: 23890: 23887: 23823: 23800: 23783: 23769: 23760: 23530: 23459: 23449: 23301: 23286: 23280: 23264: 23261: 23164: 23143: 23053: 23016: 22939: 22780: 22570: 22495: 22490: 22483: 22453: 22439: 22402: 22252: 22161: 22076: 22046: 22032: 21801: 21787: 21732: 21667: 21597: 21567: 21485: 21449: 21200: 20885: 20808: 20639: 18828: 18813: 18662: 18375: 18284: 18274: 18200: 17848: 17843: 17531: 17419: 17369: 17331: 17236: 16819: 16758: 16577: 16531: 16516: 16444: 16172: 15651: 15456: 15351: 15158: 14894: 14825: 14731: 14649: 14634: 13669: 13372: 11539:

The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions

10182:

The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary

9279:

The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,

7581:

Traduction: encyclopédie internationale de la recherche sur la traduction

7191: 6841: 6700: 6345: 6305: 6065: 5943: 5414: 4739: 4681: 4595: 4582: 4499: 4187: 4159: 3961: 3780: 3745: 3737: 3598: 3476: 3138: 2944: 2863: 2782: 2672: 2157: 2120: 2045: 1961: 1933: 1718: 1660: 1640: 1018: 280: 147: 23523: 17274: 15331: 11647: 11629: 10936:. American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area. pp. 25–26. 7534:

the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved slightly to the north on the

6847: 3605:

Other accomplishments of Darius' reign included the codification of the

3585: 2573:). Artaxerxes II is said to have had more than 115 sons from 350 wives. 26366: 26363: 26345: 26322: 26307: 26301: 26181: 26178: 26136: 26124: 26118: 26103: 25974: 25965: 25962: 25956: 25938: 25908: 25716: 25641: 25582: 25448: 25388: 25251: 25145: 25116: 25113: 25110: 25098: 25090: 25078: 25066: 24812: 24788: 24773: 24709: 24671: 24648: 24642: 24546: 24285: 24117: 24015: 23974: 23964: 23958: 23920: 23917: 23914: 23908: 23896: 23884: 23881: 23851: 23797: 23794: 23607: 23586: 23562: 23538: 23367: 23258: 23255: 23246: 23237: 23156: 23047: 22933: 22888: 22876: 22720: 22558: 22554: 22503: 22324: 22232: 22158: 22154: 21898: 21771: 21721: 21715: 20839: 20230: 19752: 19720: 19646: 19614: 19424: 18855: 18672: 18546: 18506: 18439: 16771: 16602: 16461: 16449: 16361: 16270: 15859: 15611: 15279: 15254: 15233: 15175: 15037: 15010: 14726: 14606: 14498: 14455: 14262: 14075: 14022: 13626: 13562: 12528:

Zoroastrian Studies: The Iranian Religion and Various Monographs (1928)

12163: 12144: 11660: 10734: 10143:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 663. 8074: 7790: 7515: 7511: 7195: 7164: 7126: 6896: 6811: 6761: 6561: 6475: 6295: 6275: 6245: 6205: 6165: 5997: 5963: 5883: 5837: 5482: 5264: 5248: 5220: 5209: 5184: 5134: 5049: 5027: 4789: 4762: 4549:

also gives many accounts of the Persians using ships to build bridges.

4538:

that would launch projectiles such as stones, or flammable substances.

4469: 4379: 4249: 4061: 4045: 4021: 3977: 3821: 3765: 3757: 3733: 3720:. Cyrus created a multi-state empire where he allowed regional rulers, 3642: 3610: 3529: 3464: 3419: 3364: 3342: 3310: 3113:

of northeastern Iran over the course of the 2nd century BC through the

3066: 3057: 3053: 3022:, a nephew of Artaxerxes IV, on the throne. Darius III, previously the 3019: 2917: 2719: 2593: 2585: 2510: 2483: 2470: 2336: 2041: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1872: 1668: 1636: 1624: 1616: 1407: 1391: 1254: 1112: 1057: 800: 412: 130: 112: 24517: 16526: 14404: 12203: 12112:. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 250–61 . 11955: 7808:

The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium

7335:. The total amount of ethnicities could very well amount to much more. 7105: 3463:

provide many insights into the Achaemenid government system. Found at

1851:, and virtually all other regions that touch the European part of the 1773:, Gaumata ruled for seven months before being overthrown in 522 BC by 1048:, marking the formal establishment of a new imperial polity under the 26375: 26318: 26175: 26145: 26139: 26130: 26115: 26109: 26091: 26066: 25944: 25926: 25713: 25710: 25570: 25497: 25483: 25454: 25442: 25364: 25335: 25075: 25069: 24834: 24764: 24721: 24718: 24667: 24450: 24367: 24353: 24350: 24306: 24300: 24282: 24204: 24195: 24165: 24162: 24153: 24135: 24132: 23970: 23967: 23831: 23827: 23803: 23751: 23738: 23708: 23603: 23599: 23477: 23337: 23074: 23069: 23065: 23034: 22951: 22928: 22892: 22777: 22700: 22623: 22615: 22582: 22479: 22463: 22435: 22398: 22267: 22225: 22042: 21921: 21807: 19965:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

19685: 19662: 19456: 19389: 19357: 18745: 18516: 18400: 18370: 18151: 18025: 17816: 17581: 17551: 16781: 16694: 15710: 15668: 15641: 15451: 15396: 15380: 15238: 15078: 15032: 14957: 14932: 14899: 14753: 14696: 14671: 14539: 14383: 14369: 14304: 13684: 13355: 12184:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

12086: 10546:

Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy

10419: 7847: 7845: 7543: 7503: 7022: 6969: 6405: 6375: 6365: 6075: 5913: 5771: 5236: 5113: 5101: 5081: 5026:

Achaemenid architecture included large cities, temples, palaces, and

4993: 4969: 4906: 4902: 4817: 4777: 4599: 4578: 4557: 4546: 4459: 4451: 4376: 4328: 4228: 4183: 4151: 4132: 4073: 3909: 3889: 3873: 3817: 3753: 3705: 3681: 3669: 3579: 3554: 3513: 3278: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3134: 2957: 2929: 2867: 2757:

After this, Artaxerxes personally led an army of 330,000 men against

2751: 2739: 2427: 2419: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2352: 2116: 2094: 2061: 2037: 2033: 2021: 1884: 1876: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1820: 1804: 1710: 1702: 1656: 1648: 1606: 1570: 1566: 1538: 1523: 1411: 1375: 1317: 1267: 1143: 1010: 758: 364: 352: 340: 14550: 13496: 13257:. Cambridge NewYork, NY Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 12445:

The Other God: Dualist Religions from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy

12136: 11019:"The Diary of Young Explorers: Iran and the Royal Road | SILK ROADS" 10998:(New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol. 4, Book 8, § 98, 10859: 9973: 9660: 9658: 8143:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume II

8066: 7774: 7720:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

5215:

Many Achaemenid rulers built tombs for themselves. The most famous,

3247:, and they were allowed to continue minting coins with the title of 2493: 1883:, the coastal Greek cities, and defeated and conquered the powerful 1605:

from their exile and with authorizing the reconstruction of much of

1197: 46: 26325: 26151: 26112: 26106: 25983: 25564: 25561: 25506: 25503: 25445: 25376: 25326: 25289: 25142: 24684: 24543: 24525: 24508: 24446: 24373: 24347: 24294: 24276: 24186: 24061: 23952: 23943: 23931: 23899: 23863: 23839: 23789: 23757: 23733: 23705: 23675: 23663: 23656: 23642: 23636: 23571: 23481: 23463: 23375: 23353: 23349: 23234: 23160: 22989: 22943: 22920: 22915: 22846: 22841: 22810: 22627: 22551: 22547: 22540: 22418: 22339: 22184: 22016: 22006: 22001: 21992: 21928: 21911: 21682: 21629: 20875: 20215: 20097: 19349: 18146: 17929: 17887: 17826: 17575: 17560: 17556: 17540: 17506: 17494: 17482: 17457: 16929: 15431: 15426: 15294: 15249: 15170: 15058: 15053: 15022: 14779: 14736: 14701: 14666: 14614: 14445: 14415: 14290: 14088: 14029: 12231: 12195: 10779:

The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries BC

9870: 7539: 7507: 6917: 6890: 6826: 6225: 6215: 5781: 5668: 5348: 5296: 5228: 5093: 5077: 5061: 4937: 4926: 4890: 4821: 4591: 4541: 4535: 4466:

chosen by Darius the Great to operate the empire's combat vessels.

4423: 4415: 4414:. The elephant was most likely introduced into the Persian army by 4260: 4256: 4155: 4140: 4136: 4104: 4057: 4017: 3973: 3949: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3785: 3658: 3525: 3431: 3357:. Thus, this Persian dynasty managed to survive and prosper in the 3346: 3318: 3098: 3075: 2855: 2778: 2692: 2570: 2474: 2459: 2435: 2262: 2199: 2179: 2049: 2029: 2005: 1977: 1856: 1706: 1664: 1553:. In October 539 BC, Cyrus won a battle against the Babylonians at 1503: 1466: 1423: 1398:, also known as Cyrus the Great, who founded the empire. The later 1281: 1258: 1033: 316: 244: 118: 26554:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 25543: 15376: 13094:

The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period

12880: 12700: 12698: 10860:"Registration and Taxation of Slave Sales in Achaemenid Babylonia" 10314: 9816:"Plutarch's Lives by Plutarch: Themistocles Themistocles, Part II" 9717:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

7842: 5219:, is an ancient necropolis located about 12 km north-west of 3266: 26378: 26206: 26187: 26172: 26166: 26160: 25494: 25439: 25332: 25329: 25277: 25128: 24870: 24809: 24730: 24724: 24465: 24459: 24231: 24201: 24056: 23946: 23911: 23702: 23645: 23546: 23515: 23219: 22768: 22711: 22640: 22535: 22527: 22392: 22327: 22134: 22131: 22116: 22112: 21924: 21918: 21902: 21780: 21418: 19341: 18059: 17988: 17944: 17799: 17634: 17599: 17593: 17587: 17477: 17445: 17424: 17214: 16661: 16157: 16049: 15446: 15416: 15371: 15356: 15341: 15336: 15289: 15259: 14982: 14789: 14784: 14721: 14661: 14624: 14475: 14460: 14425: 14359: 14095: 13582: 13568: 11536:

Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).

10132: 10044:

A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus & Branchidæ

9655: 7644:

A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity

7551: 7547: 7523: 6867: 6791: 6783:

Son of Achaemenes. Attested to only by the Behistun Inscription.

6776: 6415: 5903: 5734: 5724: 5714: 5632: 5605: 5352: 5320: 5316: 5073: 4981: 4930: 4922: 4725: 4570: 4553: 4307: 4272: 4224: 4217: 4213: 4191: 4093: 4049: 4041: 4029: 4025: 4001: 3997: 3985: 3981: 3969: 3965: 3917: 3905: 3865: 3845: 3833: 3829: 3805: 3797: 3725: 3570: 3562: 3472: 3468: 3423: 3338: 3232: 3166: 3086: 2940: 2859: 2774: 2762: 2731: 2727: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2637: 2589: 2566: 2522: 2479: 2439: 2360: 2270: 2124: 2099: 1981: 1888: 1864: 1860: 1832: 1801:) attempt a coup. The coup, though initially successful, failed. 1735: 1644: 1598: 1581:, and he also portrayed himself as restoring the heritage of the 1562: 1511: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1387: 1383: 1305: 1301: 1151: 1002: 292: 107: 23631: 17860: 7213:

Plaque with horned lion-griffins. The Metropolitan Museum of Art

4422:. Elephants may have been used in Greek campaigns by Darius and 3704:, during which it developed into a major component of the famed 3162: 2797:

Relief showing Darius I offering lettuces to the Egyptian deity

2628:, threatened to become serious. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes 2397:, who had rebelled against him. Sogdianus was executed by being 2090:

Map showing events of the first phases of the Greco-Persian Wars

1909:", their term for "Greeks"), and to Macedonians specifically as 26169: 26163: 26121: 26032: 25500: 25451: 25026:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

24824: 24727: 24712: 24696: 24441: 24426: 24291: 24198: 24189: 24123: 24080: 23949: 23940: 23937: 23934: 23835: 23807: 23748: 23639: 23534: 23361: 23240: 23152: 23140: 22771: 22728: 22693: 22674: 22646: 22543: 22475: 22413: 22356: 22308: 22217: 22188: 22144: 22141: 22091: 22021: 21939: 21892: 21842: 21817: 21812: 21791: 21608: 21582: 21557: 21224: 20544: 19373: 17892: 17767: 17265: 16910: 16731: 15715: 15621: 15466: 15421: 15366: 15326: 15310: 15284: 15228: 15073: 15000: 14904: 14872: 14862: 14810: 14711: 14644: 14508: 14503: 14465: 14387: 14051: 13534: 12695: 10987: 10796: 10776:

Archibald, Zosia; Davies, John K.; Gabrielsen, Vincent (2011).

9751:

See discussion on possible dates for the battle in the article

7578:; Greiner, Norbert; Schultze, Brigitte; Koller, Werner (2007). 7554:, a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the 7535: 5801: 5704: 5424: 5336: 5304: 5288: 5154: 5105: 5069: 5038: 4989: 4985: 4940:

records—although writing over seventy years after the reign of

4914: 4839: 4785: 4574: 4561: 4523: 4491: 4426:, but Greek accounts only mention 15 of them being used at the 4394: 4382:. The chariots would contain imperial symbols and decorations. 4264: 4209: 4196: 4069: 4065: 4053: 4033: 4009: 3933: 3881: 3813: 3801: 3721: 3650: 3594: 3517: 3439: 3435: 3377: 3369: 3240: 3089: 3082: 2993: 2965: 2949: 2925: 2898: 2874: 2850: 2830: 2770: 2766: 2605: 2581: 2542: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2487: 2340: 2317: 2309: 2265:

was assassinated, he was succeeded by his eldest surviving son

2250: 2230: 2214: 2191: 2149: 2141: 2053: 2013: 1969: 1965: 1925: 1914: 1896: 1880: 1868: 1844: 1652: 1594: 1578: 1558: 1491: 1418:, he writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I and 1352: 1285: 1170: 1025: 990: 814: 786: 640: 23626: 23178: 22850: 22448: 22443: 22271: 22256: 19230: 9869:

Maurice Whittemore Mather (ed.), Joseph William Hewitt (ed.),

9287:, p. 1515, "The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516" 3453:

throughout the empire, based on several relay stations called

2584:

to conclude a peace which required the city's forces to leave

2381:, his body was taken to the tomb already built for him in the 1518:

in Central Asia. During these wars, Cyrus established several

1220: 934: 26369: 26351: 24866: 24472: 24453: 23519: 23430: 23401: 23328: 23060: 22724: 22611: 22530: 22458: 22335: 22331: 22213: 22151: 22147: 22108: 21895: 21837: 21832: 21822: 21795: 21577: 20082: 18526: 17440: 15626: 15616: 15461: 15441: 15386: 15346: 15320: 15264: 14763: 14364: 14339: 14274: 14158: 13541: 13060:(1983). "The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid Imperial Policy". 12675: 12441: 10864:

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

6988:. Assassinated by his half-brother and successor, Sogdianus. 5609: 5324: 5292: 5109: 5097: 5089: 5085: 4965: 4527: 4487: 4455: 4232: 4205: 4005: 3993: 3989: 3957: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3837: 3809: 3574: 3509: 3501: 3141:(Autophradates I). 3rd century BC. Istakhr (Persepolis) mint. 2913: 2909: 2758: 2723: 2707: 2695:, with a label in Greek (ΔΑΡΕΙΟΣ, top right) giving his name. 2550: 2538: 2301: 2293: 1470: 1370:

The Achaemenids were initially rulers of the Elamite city of

1364: 1309: 1293: 1244:

Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details

1166: 1041: 1037: 730: 716: 636: 400: 23743: 22705: 13384: 13346:

Achaemenid art on Iran Chamber Society (www.iranchamber.com)

11956:

E.V. Cernenko; Angus McBride; M.V. Gorelik (24 March 1983).

10804:"India Relations: Achaemenid Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 10534:

The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus

2237:

retook Athens but was eventually destroyed in 479 BC at the

26754:

States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC

25323: 25087: 25014: 24858: 24614: 23725: 23580: 23502: 23343: 23271: 23100: 22986: 22817: 22792: 22680: 22661: 22430: 22388: 22343: 22283: 22221: 22168: 22137: 22066: 21966: 21908: 21905: 21852: 21696: 21688: 21658: 21618: 21602: 21592: 21562: 19862: 19325: 19261: 17436: 15223: 14882: 14867: 14847: 14748: 14629: 14490: 14393: 14043: 10966:"Darius I (Darius the Great), King of Persia (from 521 BC)" 9534: 8787: 7797: 7519: 7199: 5622: 5356: 5347:

as far east as China. The empire also set the tone for the

5247:

preferred to carve their tombs beside their spring capital

5104:. The stone-cutters who wrought the stone were Ionians and 4945: 4878:

but also introduced several novel ideas, including that of

4855: 4665: 4661: 4590:

Years later, a similar boat bridge would be constructed by

4495: 4240: 3673: 3657:

at specific intervals. The relays of mounted couriers (the

3646: 3590: 3427: 3157:

dynasty, are known to have acted as representatives of the

3049: 2838: 2761:. Artaxerxes' army comprised 300,000-foot soldiers, 30,000 2378: 2348: 2202:, but was delayed by a small Greek force for three days at 2065: 1901: 1731: 1554: 1515: 1494:

and the fall of the Lydian Kingdom in 546 BC. Cyrus placed

1356: 1338: 1292:, all of which are attached to the soil, the remainder—the 994: 940: 925: 688: 124: 17736: 13402: 12664:(Ctesias, frg. 16 (56) in Jacoby, Fragmente III/C, p. 471) 12218:

Gershevitch, Ilya (1964). "Zoroaster's own contribution".

11591:

Volume IX, Encyclopædia Britannica, Fifteenth Edition 1983

9066: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8635: 8633: 8554: 8552: 7879:(2012). "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 bce)". In 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7629: 3036:(Alexander III of Macedon) defeated the Persian armies at 2576:

In 358 BC Artaxerxes II died and was succeeded by his son

23320: 20840:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

14857: 12853: 12826: 12381: 12364:

The Personalities of Mithra in Archaeology and Literature

11986:

The History of Herodotus: a new English version, Volume 3

10775: 10626: 10624: 10558:

Strabo of Amasia: A Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome

9538:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

9316: 9194: 9182: 7830: 6803:

Son of Teispes, first Achaemenid ruler with attestation.

4268: 3688:

into Central Asia and China, as well as empires like the

3653:, built by command of Darius I. It featured stations and 3301:

The Achaemenid line would also be carried on through the

3120: 2473:, which he greatly extended. Also, the summer capital at 2256: 2171:

Achaemenid king fighting hoplites, seal and seal holder,

2069: 1187: 1137: 946: 26749:

States and territories established in the 6th century BC

26489:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 12974:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

12310:

From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire

12168:

Grundriss der iranischen Philologie: Band I. Abteilung 1

10423:

Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction

10297: 8777: 8775: 8585: 8456: 8454: 3680:, allowing for the construction of frontier cities like 3445:

Cyrus the Great created an organized army including the

1533:

The Bible recounts Cyrus's liberation of the Israelites

22957: 21613: 12791:

Immigration and emigration within the ancient Near East

12040: 11888: 9974:

Sekunda, Nick; Nicholas V. Sekunda; Simon Chew (1992).

8982: 8799: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8683: 8681: 8630: 8549: 8495: 8389: 8387: 8272: 8270: 8118: 7626: 7573: 7178:

Apadana Hall, Persian and Median soldiers at Persepolis

5367:

over a wide swath of Eurasia through the Turkic-origin

4585:, the length of which is four hundred furlongs ... 4450:

imperial navy would not come from Iran, but were often

4127:

The Achaemenid infantry consisted of three groups: the

3333:

in 63 BC. The kingdom grew to its largest extent under

1347:

and settled a region including north-western Iran, the

26468:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

12524: 11712:. British Archaeological Reports Limited. p. 65. 11535: 10621: 10381: 10276: 8666: 8618: 5287:, was built by Greek architects for the local Persian 3243:, he left the Persian dynasts in office, known as the 2992:

in the chariot to the right, represented in a Pompeii

1456:

Map of the expansion process of Achaemenid territories

23989:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

15114: 12435: 11627: 10570: 10568: 10566: 9834: 8772: 8451: 7225:

List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

5311:, whose rule is widely considered the period of the ' 5239:. Other kings constructed their own tombs elsewhere. 4556:

horsemen north of the Black Sea, crossed over at the

2750:. As a result, the Persian forces were driven out of 2102:

and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient

1827:

was part of Persian military operations initiated by

1561:

without a fight before finally capturing the city of

943: 931: 30:"Persian Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see 23057:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

13110: 12740: 12606: 12604: 12585: 12583: 10819: 10817: 9687:"Darius I | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts" 9146: 8745: 8678: 8537: 8525: 8466: 8439: 8427: 8384: 8372: 8360: 8306: 8294: 8282: 8267: 8208: 7857: 7851: 4119:

Persian soldiers (left) fighting against Scythians.

1875:. Darius left in Europe one of his commanders named 1639:

in Central Asia. He was succeeded by his eldest son

1123:

means "of the family of the Achaemenis/Achaemenes" (

949: 21526: 12278: 11628:Dugaw, Sean; Lipschits, Oded; Stiebel, Guy (2020). 9641:

The ancient world from the earliest times to 800 CE

9455: 7502:Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by 7362:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 21 November 2011 4174:Color reconstruction of Achaemenid infantry on the 3616: 3221:, or king, appeared, sometimes with the mention of 2971: 1248: 937: 928: 22860:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 13012:A History of Ancient Persia: The Achaemenid Empire 12640: 12638: 12636: 12442:Juri P. Stojanov; Yuri Stoyanov (11 August 2000). 10563: 10420:Pierre Briant; Amélie Kuhrt; Amélie Kuhrt (2010). 10258:"Philip of Macedon Philip II of Macedon Biography" 9253: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8229:A history of the ancient Near East ca. 3000–323 BC 8018: 7255:, which depicts the standard in dark red and gold. 3269:, the kingdom of Persis then became a part of the 2359:to provide him with clothes, and he also gave him 2304:'s failure to attain much in this expedition, the 1071:By 330 BC, the Achaemenid Empire was conquered by 13255:Color and meaning in the art of Achaemenid Persia 12907: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12601: 12580: 12471: 10814: 10722:, NEJ International Pictures; 1st edition (2005) 10710:, 15 December 1994, last updated 17 November 2011 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10040: 9637: 7954:Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa (2005). 7668:"History of Iran: Achaemenid Society and Culture" 4820:mentions that the Persians were invited to great 2710:, who employed 8,000 Greek mercenaries and forty 2217:and prepared to meet the Greeks at the strategic 1671:. He was soundly defeated by the Persians in the 26635: 13408:Swedish Contributions to the Archaeology of Iran 12158: 11935: 11915: 10350: 10041:Newton, Sir Charles Thomas; R.P. Pullan (1862). 9421: 8166: 7953: 7889:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 131. 7719: 4831:whether to act on the decision or set it aside. 3201:(Darios I) used for the first time the title of 2569:named Aspasia (not the same as the concubine of 1956:and all of the territories formerly held by the 19901:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 12822: 12820: 12559: 12472:Fisher, William Bayne; Gershevitch, I. (1968). 12333: 12255:"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 1, chapter 133" 12003: 11561: 11559: 10670:Stolper, Matthew W. and Tavernier, Jan (2007), 10426:. Princeton University Press. pp. 183–85. 10016:. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press. p. 9263:. pp. 342–45. John Wiley & Sons, 2011 9238: 8719: 8231:(Third ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK. 7450:The Times Atlas of World History, p.79 (1989): 5183:Achaemenid golden bowl with lioness imagery of 4526:in 394 BC, re-establishing Achaemenid power in 4473:Reconstitution of Persian landing ships at the 4314:. The word "great" only appears in Babylonian. 3329:in 281 BC and lasted until its conquest by the 3317:origin, may even have been directly related to 3109:. Native Iranian rule would be restored by the 19987:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 19886:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 13356:Coins, medals and orders of the Persian empire 13192:Persische Reichspolitik und lokale Heiligtümer 13139:Wallinga, Herman (1984). "The Ionian Revolt". 12613: 12360: 12327: 10661:Oriental Institute – The University of Chicago 10055: 8226: 8016: 7803: 4980:No woman ever ruled the Achaemenid Empire, as 2841:and its various branches with his large navy. 2233:. The land army which he left in Greece under 21512: 19769:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 19246: 17752: 17315: 14566: 14233: 13440: 13397:Musée achéménide virtuel et interactif (Mavi) 12881:Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis; Sarah Stewart (2005). 12467: 12465: 12306: 12272: 11861: 10398: 10293: 10291: 9856:Palestine: the Bible History of the holy land 9509:Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia 9434:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 6. 9427: 8090: 7722:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7607:"Iran vii. Non-Iranian Languages (3) Elamite" 6718: 4674:Persepolis fortification and treasury tablets 3788:, demonstrating the satrapies under his rule. 3516:which, along with a similar silver coin, the 2718:the Athenian, and Evagoras, son of the elder 1759:The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent 1329:The Achaemenid Empire was created by nomadic 1117: 977: 'The Empire' or 'The Kingdom'), was an 605:5,500,000 km (2,100,000 sq mi) 26503:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 26477: 23981:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 22574:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 20845:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 19209:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14197:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire 13214:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire 13167:. Translated by Azodi, Azizeh. I.B. Tauris. 12817: 12337:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire 12079:"Culture – National Radio TV of Afghanistan" 11865:Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war 11556: 9967: 9504: 8829: 8827: 8139: 7756: 7754: 7393:p.43 (East portion of the Achaemenid Empire) 7382:p.42 (West portion of the Achaemenid Empire) 4626:Gold foundation tablets of Darius I for the 4509:Greek ships against Achaemenid ships at the 3736:, which after his death was used by his son 3589:Achaemenid tax collector, calculating on an 3569:, four months' supply of food for the army. 2426:. At his death bed, Darius' Babylonian wife 1601:. He is credited with freeing the people of 26513: 25730:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 19955:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 17329: 14535:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire 13334:Livius.org on Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions 12860:. Cambridge University Press. p. 243. 12478:. Cambridge University Press. p. 412. 12414: 12408: 12300: 12217: 11922:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 4, Issues 5–8 11607:. Cambridge University Press. p. 345. 10739:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCwxJsk14e4 10315:Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906). 10224: 10184:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 117. 10121: 10074:"Artaxerxes III Ochus ( 358 BC to 338 BC )" 10006: 10000: 9473: 8178:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 7696:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. p. 101. 7451: 7411:. Oxford University Press. pp. 42–43. 7404: 3418:empire, governed from four capital cities: 3353:and for a brief time the Roman province of 2788: 1783:, "who holds firm the good", also known as 1659:had died in 526, and had been succeeded by 1036:. From Persis, Cyrus rose and defeated the 974: 21519: 21505: 20461:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 20323:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 19839:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 19253: 19239: 17759: 17745: 17366:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 17322: 17308: 17108:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 17055:International Congress of Maritime Museums 17035:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 16327: 14573: 14559: 14240: 14226: 13447: 13433: 13159: 13062:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 13037: 12713:(Heracleides of Cyme apud Athenaeus, 514b) 12647:https://iranicaonline.org/articles/women-i 12462: 12354: 12122: 12046: 11895:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. 11542:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. 10388:. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. p. 438. 10288: 10198: 9337: 9322: 8259:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7979: 7977: 7926:. American Oriental Society. p. 181. 7836: 7715: 7713: 7297: 7295: 6725: 6711: 4864:permitted them to return to their homeland 4259:were a rare unit who were a tough type of 3151:Several later Persian rulers, forming the 2964:In 338 BC Artaxerxes was poisoned by 1585:by comparing himself to the Assyrian king 1429: 85: 26430:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 23026:"King of the four quarters of the world" 19970:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 17168: 17123:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 13208: 13189: 13119: 12830:The Persian Presence in the Islamic World 12761: 12502:. Kingjamesbibletrust.org. Archived from 11982: 11167: 11046:Civilization past & present, Volume 1 10592: 10093: 9714:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). 9212: 8824: 8124: 8049: 7760: 7751: 7646:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7478: 5168:Iconic relief of lion and bull fighting, 4869:It was during the Achaemenid period that 3573:was clearly already fabled for its gold; 3553:, in the Achaemenid Empire, according to 3528:, who reinforced the empire and expanded 3467:in the 1930s, they are mostly in ancient 3184:Kings of Persis under the Parthian Empire 2048:(corresponding to modern Afghanistan and 1565:on 12 October, where the Babylonian king 1024:Around the 7th century BC, the region of 26601:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 19789:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 13271: 13138: 12181: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11843: 10986:The words are actually inscribed on the 10896: 10782:. Oxford University Press. p. 404. 10687: 10127: 9603:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 8793: 7875: 7230:List of Zoroastrian states and dynasties 5274: 5199: 5017: 4884: 4804: 4720:, a copy of the Behistun inscription in 4711: 4687: 4504: 4468: 4384: 4358:Achaemenid cavalryman in the satrapy of 4353: 4282: 4169: 4114: 4087: 3779: 3632: 3624: 3584: 3545: 3496: 3402: 3363: 3193: 3129: 3064:, the man whom he had heard of from the 3002: 2975: 2807: 2792: 2636:. After a year of fighting the Egyptian 2492: 2365: 2166: 2093: 2085: 1919: 1754: 1615: 1537:, allowing them to resettle and rebuild 1528: 1451: 1266: 1161:and their constantly shifting territory 873:and native language of the ruling class. 26575: 26573: 26571: 26446: 20575:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 19033: 17093:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 13028: 13009: 12990: 12976:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 12946:. Mazda Publishers, Inc. Archived from 12937:"Persia in the History of Civilization" 12448:. Yale University Press. pp. 77–. 11777: 11510: 11491: 11472: 11453: 11434: 11415: 11396: 11377: 11358: 11339: 11320: 11301: 11282: 11263: 11244: 11225: 11206: 11187: 11148: 11129: 11110: 11091: 10857: 10511: 10509: 9505:Curtis, John E.; Tallis, Nigel (2005). 9072: 8781: 8591: 8460: 8288: 8214: 8188:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199732159.001.0001 7983: 7974: 7957:Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7912: 7910: 7863: 7710: 7694:Late Achaemenid and Hellenistic Babylon 7584:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1194–95. 7484:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 7292: 6882:, allegedly an impostor named Gaumata. 5007: 4389:Armoured cavalry: Achaemenid Dynast of 2525:. These subsidies helped to engage the 2454:in 401 BC, where Cyrus was killed. The 1847:river. Darius' army subjugated several 1444:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley 999:largest empire by that point in history 14: 26636: 26311: 25541: 25339: 23119: 23110:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 23014: 21938: 20113:History of democracy in classical Iran 17045:European Association of Archaeologists 13230: 13038:Howe, Timothy; Reames, Jeanne (2008). 12968: 12673: 12500:"Book of Ezra | King James Bible" 12107: 11892:Aspects of empire in Achaemenid Sardis 11732: 11707: 10630: 10490: 10488: 10486: 10282: 9906:(Dandamaev & Lukonin, 1989:361–62) 9877:. University of Oklahoma Press, 1979, 9713: 9709: 9707: 9596: 9565: 9200: 9188: 9152: 8988: 8818: 8766: 8754: 8687: 8639: 8558: 8543: 8531: 8501: 8472: 8445: 8433: 8393: 8378: 8366: 8312: 8300: 8276: 8174:The Oxford handbook of Iranian history 8135: 8133: 8010: 7886:The Oxford handbook of Iranian history 7804:Morris, Ian; Scheidel, Walter (2009). 7641: 7433:Philip's Atlas of World History (1999) 4668:, the language of the chancellery was 4552:Darius I, in an attempt to subdue the 4227:. Major contributing nations were the 4199:. However, when all was quiet and the 3121:Descendants in later Persian dynasties 3078:, where Darius III had sought refuge. 2438:relates (probably on the authority of 2284:After Persia had been defeated at the 2257:Cultural phase and Zoroastrian reforms 2241:. The final defeat of the Persians at 2213:, Xerxes sacked the evacuated city of 1448:European Scythian campaign of Darius I 1150:in southwestern Iran, and a vassal of 26591: 26436: 26403: 26398: 26389: 26341: 26280: 26275: 26266: 26261: 26252: 26242: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26218: 26084: 26056: 26051: 26046: 26036: 26027: 26017: 26012: 26001: 25992: 25886: 25621: 25528: 25426: 25416: 25302: 25150: 25059: 24881: 24874: 24832: 24756: 24734: 24702: 24688: 24657: 24641: 24515: 24487: 24463: 24418: 24379: 24324: 24260: 24093: 24078: 24055: 24042: 24005: 23855: 23812: 23686: 23662: 23654: 23617: 23555: 23544: 23514: 23498: 23467: 23434: 23414: 23392: 23359: 23268: 23200: 23188: 23147: 23059: 23051: 22979: 22760: 22514: 22507: 22469: 22396: 22378: 22347: 22300: 22266: 22251: 22243: 22230: 22211: 22199: 22182: 22166: 22129: 22082: 22056: 21978: 21943: 21871: 21695: 21664: 21657: 21646: 21627: 21500: 20911: 20835:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 20620:Iran and the World Trade Organization 20524: 20267: 20148: 19273: 19234: 17740: 17722: 17701: 17691: 17609: 17580: 17512: 17488: 17303: 17167: 16326: 16301:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 16259: 16129: 16128: 15511: 15113: 14592: 14580: 14554: 14221: 13428: 13252: 13088: 13056: 12531:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 224. 11882: 11840: 11600: 10929: 10750: 10179: 10013:A History of Ancient Israel and Judah 9955:from the original on 25 February 2008 9852: 9840: 9461: 9431:Concise Encyclopedia of World History 9229: 8672: 8624: 8227:Van de Mieroop, Marc (25 June 2015). 8025:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 7331:) are the ones that took part in the 6909:. Cousin of Cambyses II and Bardiya. 3775: 3551:Volume of annual tribute per district 3289:, becoming the first king of the new 3265:With the reign of Šābuhr, the son of 3217:(Darios I) however, the new title of 2998:Naples National Archaeological Museum 2928:' former island empire. In response, 2866:, the same location that the Jews of 2738:, to invade the city and to keep the 2075: 2052:) to the far east, parts of northern 1689:Following the conquest of Egypt, the 1406:, claims that Teispes was the son of 1271:Family tree of the Achaemenid rulers. 26568: 26544: 20007:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 19997:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 11565: 11036: 10992:James A. Farley Post Office Building 10506: 9720:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 9535:Facts on File, Incorporated (2009). 9393: 9355: 8160: 8146:. Infobase Publishing. p. 551. 7960:. Infobase Publishing. p. 256. 7940: 7923:Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon 7916: 7907: 7691: 7604: 7235: 5000:their workforce, known by the title 4672:. This is primarily attested in the 3664:Another highway of commerce was the 3048:(331 BC). Afterwards, he marched on 2968:with the assistance of a physician. 26699:Historical transcontinental empires 21240:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 20881:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 20855:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 20654:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 20389:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 17040:Archaeological Institute of America 12794:. Peeters Publishers. p. 119. 12674:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. 10769: 10496:"FRATARAKA – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 10483: 9946: 9704: 8130: 7812:. Oxford University Press. p. 7574:Kittel, Harald; Frank, Armin Paul; 7380:2002 Oxford Atlas of World History 7327:All peoples listed (except for the 5133:. The palace served as a model for 4630:, in their original stone box. The 3213:(Frataraka) had disappeared. Under 2580:. In 355 BC, Artaxerxes III forced 2056:to the south, and parts of eastern 2020:to the north and west, most of the 1028:in the southwestern portion of the 27:Ancient Iranian empire (550–330 BC) 24: 26524:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 26443:Chronology of the Neolithic period 26095: 25725: 25542: 25524:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 25309: 25200: 24516: 24488: 24431: 24261: 23868: 23522: 21883: 19779:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 14071:Persepolis Administrative Archives 13194:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 13183: 12934: 12854:Margaret Christina Miller (2004). 12747:. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 12676:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica" 12566:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 24. 12125:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 10264:from the original on 14 March 2008 9741:Iran-e-Bastan/Pirnia book 1 p. 873 9666:"A companion to Ancient Macedonia" 7852:Lavan, Payne & Weisweiler 2016 7249:an Achaemenid tile from Persepolis 5359:(also known as Persia). Historian 5285:Seven wonders of the ancient world 4936:The Babylonian scholar and priest 4223:The Achaemenids relied heavily on 3542:Districts of the Achaemenid Empire 3461:Persepolis Administrative Archives 3313:. This Pontic Kingdom, a state of 3126:"Frataraka" of the Seleucid Empire 3009:The History of Alexander's Battles 2529:in what would become known as the 2377:When Artaxerxes died in 424 BC at 2064:) to the south-west, and parts of 1440:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 25: 26770: 26100:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 24436:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 22247:("made the land of Elam submit") 20850:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 20471:Supreme National Security Council 20297:Persian Constitutional Revolution 19927:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 19834:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 19824:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 17050:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 16440:Coastal defence and fortification 15815:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 15115:Navigation, and ports and harbors 13293: 13190:Achenbach, Reinhard, ed. (2019). 12762:MacDonald, Eve (8 January 2020). 11735:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 11667:Journal of Archaeological Science 10901:A history of computing technology 10652:Persepolis Fortification Archive. 10405:. Harper & Brothers. p. 10321:. The Macmillan Company. p. 10298:Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861). 10105:. Longmans, Green. Archived from 9664:Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington. 9397:The Making of the Georgian Nation 9298:"Persian influence on Greece (2)" 7984:Schmitt, Rüdiger (21 July 2011). 7726:Journal of World-Systems Research 7472: 7333:Second Persian invasion of Greece 4271:as well as light linen cloth and 3081:Darius III was taken prisoner by 2040:to the north and north-east, the 1947: 1426:, the king of the Median Empire. 26585: 26538: 26521:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 26507: 26493: 26471: 26462: 26447: 26437: 23742: 23630: 23625: 23453: 23182: 23177: 23008: 22854: 22849: 22704: 22603: 22534: 22447: 22442: 22312: 22275: 22270: 22260: 22255: 22050: 21700: 21687: 21675: 21640: 21480: 21471: 21470: 20446:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 17284: 17150: 17075:Society for American Archaeology 16309: 16242: 16111: 15494: 15096: 14522: 13495: 13456: 12944:Addressing 'Iran-America Society 12928: 12901: 12874: 12847: 12808: 12781: 12755: 12734: 12725: 12716: 12707: 12686: 12667: 12658: 12592: 12553: 12518: 12492: 12307:Pierre Briant (1 January 2002). 12247: 12211: 12175: 12152: 12116: 12108:Shaked, Saul (1987). "Aramaic". 12101: 12071: 12024: 12010:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 134. 11997: 11976: 11949: 11929: 11909: 11889:Elspeth R.M. Dusinberre (2002). 11822: 11804: 11771: 11753: 11747:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00281.x 11726: 11701: 11654: 11621: 11594: 11585: 11529: 11072: 11063: 11011: 10980: 10958: 10940: 10923: 10890: 10851: 10839: 10713: 10664: 10645: 10636: 10586: 10576:"Pontus – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 10551: 10539: 10527: 10465: 10440: 10413: 10392: 10375: 10329: 10308: 10250: 10173: 10147: 10087: 10034: 9940: 9909: 9900: 9891: 9863: 9846: 9818:. 1 October 2015. Archived from 9808: 9784: 9764: 9758: 9745: 9734: 9679: 9631: 9467: 9260:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 9257:Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington 7455:The Times Atlas of World History 7321: 7305:, which has his name as Bardiya. 7251:, and the coloring based on the 7206: 7183: 7171: 7156: 7104: 7077: 7054: 7027: 7001: 6974: 6948: 6922: 6895: 6872: 6846: 6796: 6737: 6694: 5465: 5331:and for the emancipation of the 5255:and the right tomb belonging to 5176: 5161: 5149:Lion on a decorative panel from 5142: 5122: 4646: 4619: 4092:Achaemenid king killing a Greek 3617:Transportation and communication 3535: 3383:Both the later dynasties of the 3239:(c. 171–138 BC) took control of 3014:Artaxerxes III was succeeded by 2972:Fall to Alexander III of Macedon 2684: 2664: 2547:campaigned against the Cadusians 2123:. In 499 BC, the then-tyrant of 1795:), saw a second pseudo-Smerdis ( 1743:, written by the following king 1249:Origin of the Achaemenid dynasty 921: 846: 832: 807: 793: 779: 765: 751: 737: 723: 709: 695: 681: 667: 69: 25518:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 20645:Military equipment manufactured 20211:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 19975:United States withdrawal (2018) 19896:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 19260: 16507:Phoenician discovery of America 13278:. University of Chicago Press. 12525:A. V. Williams Jackson (2003). 12220:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11942:. Schocken Books. p. 109. 11761:"Collection online: arrow-head" 10930:Nyrop, Richard F., ed. (1978). 10382:Theodore Ayrault Dodge (1890). 10180:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1990). 10010:; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). 9387: 9366: 9328: 9290: 9273: 9223: 9206: 9158: 9124: 9102: 9078: 9042: 9018: 8994: 8958: 8934: 8910: 8886: 8862: 8708: 8693: 8645: 8597: 8564: 8507: 8478: 8399: 8339: 8318: 8220: 8170:(2012). Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). 8084: 8043: 7869: 7685: 7660: 7308: 7283: 7258: 5041:reliefs, metalwork such as the 4917:, which they borrowed from the 3105:, ruled by Alexander's general 2677:Archaeological Museum of Naples 2269:. It was during his reign that 2229:and forced Xerxes to retire to 1573:, who had promoted the cult of 1522:in Central Asia, including the 1359:. The Persians were originally 32:Persian Empire (disambiguation) 26453:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 25591:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 25138:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 25062:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 23624:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 21205:modern / contemporary 20451:Expediency Discernment Council 19774:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 19763:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 19287: 16199:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 13512:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton 12833:. Cambridge University Press. 12415:Jean Perrot (28 August 2013). 12313:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 252–. 11868:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 68. 11830:"Darius' seal: photo – Livius" 10948:"DĀTA – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 9608:University of California Press 9515:University of California Press 9477:Concise Atlas of World History 9428:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). 7598: 7567: 7452:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1997). 7444: 7425: 7405:O'Brien, Patrick Karl (2002). 7398: 7374: 7348: 7241: 4634:had been deposited underneath 4208:and carried large rectangular 3414:founded the empire as a multi- 3277:in 224 AD, and was crowned at 2988:on horseback to the left, and 2456:Ten Thousand Greek Mercenaries 2444:Ten Thousand Greek mercenaries 1701:in present-day eastern Libya ( 842:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 184: 13: 1: 26423:Muslim conquest of the Levant 25669:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 25612:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 25597:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 25435:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 25305:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 25106:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 24805:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 20419:state-sponsorship allegations 20149: 17118:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 15793:Phoenician maritime expansion 13768:Scythian campaign of Darius I 13680:Xerxes I's inscription at Van 13275:History of the Persian Empire 13033:(PhD). University of Chicago. 12741:Charles Henry Caffin (1917). 12475:The Cambridge History of Iran 12367:. Bibliotheca Persica Press. 12047:Dandamayev, Muhammad (2002). 11925:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 11786:. Osprey Publishing. p. 10897:Williams, Michael R. (1998). 10595:J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 10232:"Chapter V: Temporary Relief" 10155:"The Legend of Gog And Magog" 10099:"Phœnicia under the Persians" 9982:. Osprey Publishing. p. 9668:John Wiley & Sons, 2011. 9219:. C. Scribner's. p. 278. 7341: 5842: 5806: 5686: 5673: 5650: 5637: 5614: 5597: 5547: 5534: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5267:(now a world heritage site). 5251:, the left tomb belonging to 5060:Yaka timber was brought from 4635: 4573:in length, reaching from the 4097: 3398: 3174: 2862:or to the south coast of the 2632:and engaged in fighting with 2618: 2422:the opportunity to throw off 2209:Following his victory at the 1760: 1341: 1337:who arrived in what is today 1013:as the base, the majority of 745:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 624:17 million to 35 million 228: 26734:Iron Age countries in Europe 26679:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 24972:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 21706:(Uruk influence or control) 20876:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 20268: 20177:twin towns and sister cities 19483:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 19360:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 19336:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 17060:Nautical Archaeology Society 13758:Conquest of the Indus Valley 13719:Battle of the Persian Border 13272:Olmstead, Albert T. (1948). 13238:. Harvard University Press. 12279:William W. Malandra (1983). 12049:"Persepolis Elamite Tablets" 9400:. Indiana University Press. 9394:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). 7276: 7266: 7118:. His birth name was Arses. 7041:. His birth name was Ochus. 5084:, the silver and ebony from 5068:. The gold was brought from 4610: 4498:in the west, as well as the 4420:conquest of the Indus Valley 3520:, introduced the bimetallic 3479:has been identified so far. 3349:, the Greek colonies of the 2833:, the chief of the eunuchs. 2363:with bedding for his house. 2343:. Also, Artaxerxes gave him 2331:, who was the winner of the 2186:"Hero Among Kings"), son of 1843:roaming to the north of the 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1203: 1188: 1138: 1106: 969: 53: 7: 26739:Monarchy in Persia and Iran 26694:Former monarchies of Europe 26674:Countries in ancient Africa 25666:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 24705:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 24504:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 24051:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 24045:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 23305:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 22292:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 21693:(Anonymous "King-priests") 21648:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 21155:Water supply and sanitation 20912: 20886:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 20525: 19945:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 19320:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 19274: 17766: 17113:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 16490:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 16296:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 16153:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 15512: 14593: 13919:Wars of Alexander the Great 13391:Persepolis Before Incursion 12884:Birth of the Persian Empire 12394:. Oxford University Press. 11782:The Persian Army 560–330 BC 10548:, by John Freely, pp. 69–70 9978:The Persian Army 560–330 BC 9897:(Polybius, 27 October 2012) 9644:. Allyn and Bacon. p. 7218: 4834: 4204:were armoured with quilted 4083: 3711: 2814:Egyptian statue of Darius I 2370:Achaemenid gold ornaments, 1976:), but beyond this, all of 1724:Second Cataract of the Nile 1215: 1083:marks the beginning of the 78:Standard of Cyrus the Great 10: 26775: 26729:Iron Age countries in Asia 26458: 26293:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 25720: 25603:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 25487: 25461: 25413:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 24759:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 24524:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 24421:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 24383:Second Intermediate Period 23193:(vassal of the Akkadians) 22581: 21726:Early or legendary kings: 20635:Economy of the Middle East 20012:2021–2022 Iranian protests 20002:2019–2020 Iranian protests 19982:2017–2018 Iranian protests 19443:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 16969:Phoenician Ship Expedition 16260: 15810:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 15803:Circumnavigation of Africa 13974:Battle of the Persian Gate 13616:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 13115:. Oxford University Press. 13074:10.1177/030908928300802507 13029:Heidorn, Lisa Ann (1992). 12961: 12908:George W.F. Hegel (2007). 11778:Sekunda, Nicholas (1992). 11635:Israel Exploration Journal 10825:"History of Iran (Persia)" 10607:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.025 10448:"Resources – Iran History" 9638:Willis Mason West (1904). 9574:Cambridge University Press 9232:The Histories Book 3.80–83 7488:Cambridge University Press 7149: 5427:on 21 April 1948, stated: 5281:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 5011: 4850:reports that Persian king 4800: 4780:, making it a widely used 4738:Following the conquest of 4605: 4437: 4304:adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya 4278: 4109:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3539: 3490: 3486: 3258: 3187: 3144: 2781:on the south coast of the 2424:Persian control over Egypt 2079: 2024:coastal regions, parts of 1855:, such as parts of modern 1810: 1630: 1544: 1480: 1460: 1433: 1252: 1210: 1198: 1178: 1128: 1066:a large, professional army 1017:to the northeast, and the 962: 505:European Scythian Campaign 47: 29: 26724:History of Zoroastrianism 26704:History of Eastern Europe 26427: 26420: 26413: 26384: 26334: 26331: 26290: 26249: 26215: 26196: 26038:Parthamaspates of Parthia 26024: 25989: 25848: 25816: 25609: 25588: 25515: 25512: 25418:Assyrian conquest of Elam 25411: 25299: 25265: 25199: 25160: 25024: 25013: 24970: 24798:Third Intermediate Period 24613: 24484: 24328:Second Babylonian dynasty 24273:("Old Babylonian Period") 24039: 23991: 23755: 23723: 23695:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 23667: 23651: 23598: 23595: 23578: 23500: 23485: 23444: 23411: 23357: 23341: 23315: 23307: 23278: 23203:First Intermediate Period 23197: 23173: 23129: 23114: 23098: 23073: 23064: 23038: 23033: 22845: 22824: 22805: 22796: 22757: 22732: 22715: 22691: 22678: 22673: 22659: 22644: 22635: 22587: 22563: 22488: 22428: 22411: 22376: 22355: 22349:Early Dynastic Period III 22297: 22281: 22209: 22207: 22196: 22123: 22074: 22064: 21975: 21952: 21868: 21799: 21730: 21713: 21710: 21651: 21624: 21551: 21535: 21466: 21432: 21378: 21181: 21172: 21102: 21054: 20986: 20933: 20924: 20920: 20907: 20868: 20860:National Development Fund 20823: 20780:Telecommunications and IT 20774:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 20703: 20600:Foreign direct investment 20545:Bonyad (charitable trust) 20537: 20533: 20520: 20479: 20438: 20280: 20276: 20263: 20157: 20144: 20024: 19891:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 19881:Interim Government (1979) 19860: 19808: 19801: 19697: 19607: 19524: 19515: 19492: 19409: 19302: 19295: 19286: 19282: 19269: 19202: 19154: 18671: 18075: 17774: 17719: 17698: 17686: 17683: 17676: 17673: 17655: 17645: 17628: 17621: 17619: 17585: 17573: 17564: 17555: 17550: 17522: 17505: 17476: 17461: 17456: 17435: 17430: 17418: 17408: 17396: 17386: 17368: 17365: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17338: 17282: 17174: 17163: 17148: 17083: 17025: 16828: 16812: 16560: 16495:Samothrace temple complex 16430: 16385: 16344: 16337: 16333: 16322: 16307: 16266: 16255: 16240: 16138: 16124: 16109: 16062: 16015: 15868: 15835: 15828: 15766: 15567: 15524: 15520: 15507: 15492: 15211: 15124: 15120: 15109: 15094: 15046: 14981: 14918: 14803: 14772: 14605: 14601: 14588: 14531: 14520: 14285: 14189: 14107: 14011: 13985: 13862:Wars of the Delian League 13698: 13652: 13553: 13504: 13493: 13469: 13403:Persian history in detail 13305:Livius.org on Achaemenids 13253:Nagel, Alexander (2023). 12911:The Philosophy of History 12887:. I.B.Tauris. p. 7. 12744:How to study architecture 12731:(Plutarch, Moralia, 140B) 12297:in the Achaemenid Empire. 11959:The Scythians, 700–300 BC 11936:John Manuel Cook (1983). 11708:Moorey, P. R. S. (1980). 11687:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105147 10876:10.1515/zava.1989.79.1.80 10858:Stolper, Matthew (1989). 10677:20 September 2022 at the 10657:29 September 2016 at the 10047:. Day & son. p. 9569:The Making of Roman India 9474:O'Brien, Patrick (2002). 8168:Shapour Shahbazi, Alireza 5436: 5402:The Philosophy of History 5270: 5088:, the ornamentation from 5056:, Darius I records that: 4680:(Babylonian dialect) and 3954:Ethiopians of Baluchistan 3337:the Great, who conquered 2335:, after Themistocles was 2182:(485–465 BC, Old Persian 1709:, the oasis of Ammon and 1118: 1097:Partition of Triparadisus 862: 646: 632: 628: 618: 614: 609: 601: 596: 592: 579: 566: 553: 540: 527: 514: 501: 488: 475: 462: 449: 436: 432: 422: 418: 406: 394: 382: 370: 358: 346: 334: 322: 310: 298: 286: 274: 262: 258: 250: 238: 194: 140: 100: 84: 66: 61: 41: 26684:Former empires in Africa 26416:Muslim conquest of Egypt 25880:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 25711:Cleopatra VII Philopator 25208:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 24270:First Babylonian dynasty 24008:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 23512:(vassal of the Gutians) 23209:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 22201:Early Dynastic Period II 20610:International oil bourse 20375:Ministry of Intelligence 19960:Syrian civil war (2011–) 19784:1921 Persian coup d'état 17347:Northwestern Mesopotamia 15783:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 13914:Second conquest of Egypt 13745:Siege of Sardis (547 BC) 13591:Palace of Darius in Susa 13339:18 December 2016 at the 13322:The Behistun Inscription 12560:Virginia Schomp (2009). 12334:M. A. Dandamaev (1989). 12285:. U of Minnesota Press. 12004:Waldemar Heckel (2006). 11566:Jona, Lendering (1997). 11257:29 November 2022 at the 11184:. "Encyclopædia Iranica. 11161:29 November 2022 at the 11085:29 November 2022 at the 10996:The History of Herodotus 10763:29 November 2022 at the 10560:, by Daniela Dueck, p. 3 9176:27 February 2021 at the 9096:24 February 2021 at the 9036:24 February 2021 at the 9012:28 February 2021 at the 8976:24 February 2021 at the 8952:26 February 2021 at the 8880:25 February 2021 at the 8845:27 February 2021 at the 8421:25 February 2021 at the 7387:29 November 2022 at the 7190:Lateral view of tomb of 5333:Jewish exiles in Babylon 5195: 5131:Palace of Darius at Susa 5037:Achaemenid art includes 4951: 4700:. Other versions are in 4178:(end of 4th century BC). 4103:–475 BC, at the time of 4076:, Enienes, Dolopes, and 3374:Palace of Darius in Susa 3044:(333 BC), and lastly at 2916:regained control of the 2789:Second conquest of Egypt 2323:Artaxerxes offered 2281:religion of the empire. 1871:, before it returned to 1643:, while his younger son 1374:near the modern city of 570:Second conquest of Egypt 479:Conquest of Indus Valley 26709:History of North Africa 26501:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 26244:Province of Mesopotamia 26053:Province of Mesopotamia 26029:Province of Mesopotamia 26004:Roman conquest of Egypt 25845:Antigonus II Mattathias 25639:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 25212:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 23689:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 23215:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 22523:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 22058:Early Dynastic Period I 21981:Second Dynasty of Egypt 21134:scientists and scholars 20640:Milad Tower and complex 20430:Women's rights movement 20425:White Revolution (1963) 20093:Peoples of the Caucasus 19435:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 19328:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 17065:RPM Nautical Foundation 16802:Surviving ancient ships 16721:Marsala Punic shipwreck 14066:Districts of the Empire 13868:Battle of the Eurymedon 13786:Siege of Naxos (499 BC) 13763:First conquest of Egypt 13421:(2007) by Carl Nylander 13361:26 January 2021 at the 13310:17 October 2013 at the 13153:10.1163/156852584X00619 13120:Tavernier, Jan (2007). 13010:Brosius, Maria (2021). 12991:Brosius, Maria (2006). 12652:3 November 2020 at the 12421:. Bloomsbury Academic. 12361:A. D. H. Bivar (1998). 12340:. BRILL. pp. 97–. 11049:. Longman. p. 38. 10536:, by B.C. McGing, p. 11 10318:Persia past and present 10140:Encyclopædia Britannica 9917:"The Achaemenid Empire" 9753:Battle of the Eurymedon 9691:Encyclopedia Britannica 9482:Oxford University Press 8660:19 January 2019 at the 8612:19 January 2019 at the 8017:Ulrich Wilcken (1967). 7438:17 October 2018 at the 5517:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 5189:National Museum of Iran 5032:tomb of Cyrus the Great 5022:The ruins of Persepolis 5014:Achaemenid architecture 4696:part of the trilingual 4685:attested after 458 BC. 4433: 4401:, early 4th century BC. 4366:, early 4th century BC. 3205:(King). 2nd century BC. 3060:, where he visited the 2996:dated 1st century BC – 2905:successful government. 2870:had earlier been sent. 2730:, satrap of Syria, and 2602:Artabazos II of Phrygia 2409:, at the insistence of 1940:'s wife, and mother of 1535:held captive in Babylon 1436:Wars of Cyrus the Great 1430:Formation and expansion 1062:organized postal system 26689:Former empires in Asia 26669:6th century BC in Iran 26664:5th century BC in Iran 26659:4th century BC in Iran 26101: 25883:Philip II Philoromaeus 25877:Antiochus XII Dionysus 25871:Demetrius III Eucaerus 25868:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 25859:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 25731: 25699:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 25654:Arsinoe III Philopator 25547: 25315: 25205: 25042:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 24974:Second Dynasty of Isin 24521: 24494: 24437: 24266: 24149:(Non-dynastic usurpers 23873: 23558:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 23527: 23417:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 22982:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 22763:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 22590:Second kingdom of Mari 22303:Third Dynasty of Egypt 22237:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 21889: 21880:First Dynasty of Egypt 21445:Anti-Iranian sentiment 21440:Science and technology 21265:Intellectual movements 21145:International rankings 21129:Intellectual movements 20615:International rankings 20108:Heads of state of Iran 19914:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 19475:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 19312:culture (3400–2000 BC) 17507:Middle Hittite Kingdom 17098:Giza Solar boat museum 16552:Underwater exploration 16547:Underwater archaeology 16512:Pre-Columbian theories 16367:John Sinclair Morrison 16328:Research and education 15778:Austronesian Expansion 14181:Seven Achaemenid clans 13953:Siege of Tyre (332 BC) 13939:Siege of Halicarnassus 13925:Battle of the Granicus 13393:(Virtual tour project) 13124:. Peeters Publishers. 11862:Kaveh Farrokh (2007). 10968:. 1902encyclopedia.com 10399:William Smith (1887). 10304:. Biddle. p. 313. 9859:. London. p. 657. 9792:Artaxerxes I of Persia 9676:pp 135–38, 343–45 9566:Parker, Grant (2008). 9323:Howe & Reames 2008 8092:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh 8055:Social Science History 7763:Social Science History 7408:Atlas of World History 7277:Xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām 7163:Ruins of Throne Hall, 6056:Masmughans of Damavand 5530:Zayandeh River Culture 5434: 5412: 5394: 5300: 5212: 5129:Reconstruction of the 5118: 5108:. The goldsmiths were 5023: 4905:, the Greek historian 4894: 4814: 4795:Darius' palace in Susa 4767:Pahlavi writing system 4735: 4709: 4588: 4514: 4478: 4402: 4367: 4333: 4319: 4179: 4124: 4112: 3789: 3638: 3630: 3602: 3558: 3505: 3408: 3380: 3206: 3173:obtained independence 3142: 3040:(334 BC), followed by 3011: 3000: 2924:and took over much of 2908:The Persian forces in 2894:'s conquest of Egypt. 2817: 2805: 2498: 2374: 2176: 2107: 2091: 1944: 1766: 1627: 1621:Cyrus the Great's tomb 1541: 1457: 1327: 1272: 1263:Achaemenid family tree 993:. Based in modern-day 879:Official language and 26714:History of South Asia 26487:The Ancient Near East 26405:Byzantine Mesopotamia 26319:Province of Asoristan 26282:Byzantine Mesopotamia 26099: 26092:Province of Asoristan 25874:Philip I Philadelphus 25862:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 25856:Antiochus VIII Grypus 25853:Seleucus V Philometor 25808:Antiochus VII Sidetes 25802:Antiochus VI Dionysus 25729: 25702:Berenice IV Epiphanea 25663:Ptolemy VI Philometor 25651:Ptolemy IV Philopator 25648:Berenice II Euergetis 25645:Ptolemy III Euergetes 25546: 25464:Neo-Babylonian Empire 25374:Marduk-apla-iddina II 25371:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 25362:Marduk-apla-iddina II 25313: 25268:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 25204: 24925:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 24615:Middle Elamite period 24520: 24492: 24435: 24265: 23872: 23526: 23281:Third kingdom of Mari 23002:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 22077:First kingdom of Mari 21887: 21874:Early Dynastic Period 21716:Proto-Dynastic period 20733:Shetab Banking System 20723:Banking and insurance 20685:Tehran Stock Exchange 20605:Intellectual property 19950:PJAK conflict (2004–) 19723:Turcomans (1378–1508) 19715:Turcomans (1374–1468) 19664:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 19467:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 19179:Medieval great powers 17630:Neo-Babylonian Empire 17463:Old Babylonian Empire 17378:Early Dynastic period 17169:Legend and literature 17127:Viking ship museums: 17103:Grand Egyptian Museum 16863:Austronesian replicas 16838:Heyerdahl expeditions 16748:Caligula's Giant Ship 16608:Dover Bronze Age Boat 15270:Berenice Troglodytica 14481:Hellespontine Phrygia 13909:Great Satraps' Revolt 13828:Destruction of Athens 13814:Battle of Thermopylae 13665:Old Persian cuneiform 13378:28 April 2010 at the 12259:www.perseus.tufts.edu 11962:. Osprey Publishing. 11601:Potts, D. T. (1999). 11238:4 August 2020 at the 11180:10 March 2007 at the 10933:Iran, a Country Study 10808:www.iranicaonline.org 10707:Encyclopaedia Iranica 10700:29 April 2011 at the 10580:www.iranicaonline.org 10500:www.iranicaonline.org 10008:Miller, James Maxwell 8856:10 March 2021 at the 8140:Jamie Stokes (2009). 5934:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 5888:3rd-century BC–132 BC 5854:Kingdom of Cappadocia 5810: 6th century BC 5792:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5429: 5407: 5389: 5278: 5203: 5170:Apadana of Persepolis 5080:. The turquoise from 5058: 5021: 4911:as the Greeks imagine 4888: 4808: 4715: 4691: 4566: 4508: 4472: 4399:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus 4391:Hellespontine Phrygia 4388: 4364:Altıkulaç Sarcophagus 4360:Hellespontine Phrygia 4357: 4321: 4286: 4176:Alexander Sarcophagus 4173: 4118: 4091: 3783: 3636: 3628: 3588: 3549: 3500: 3406: 3367: 3197: 3133: 3006: 2979: 2811: 2796: 2559:Revolt of the Satraps 2496: 2369: 2211:Battle of Thermopylae 2170: 2097: 2089: 1923: 1758: 1619: 1532: 1475:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1455: 1434:Further information: 1355:alongside the native 1274: 1270: 1046:Neo-Babylonian Empire 889:Literary language in 703:Neo-Babylonian Empire 557:Great Satraps' Revolt 207:Mesopotamian religion 141:Common languages 25850:Alexander II Zabinas 25714:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 25690:Ptolemy XI Alexander 25672:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 25227:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 25215:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 25039:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 24980:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 24604:Marduk-apla-iddina I 24498:New Kingdom of Egypt 24321:Early Kassite rulers 23615:(Vassals of Ur III) 23596:(Vassals of UR III) 22996:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 22966:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 22517:Old Kingdom of Egypt 20694:Technology start-ups 20595:Environmental issues 20585:Economic Reform Plan 20499:Provincial governors 20189:Environmental issues 19937:Iran Air Flight 655 19678:Jalayirid Sultanate 19550:Caliphate (750–1258) 19392:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 19189:European colonialism 19174:Ancient great powers 17357:Southern Mesopotamia 17352:Northern Mesopotamia 17070:Sea Research Society 16472:Maritime archaeology 16281:Ameinias the Phocian 16276:Mediterranean piracy 14207:Cappadocian calendar 13821:Battle of Artemisium 13726:Lydian-Persian Wars 13675:Behistun Inscription 13487:History of democracy 13413:22 July 2021 at the 13327:3 March 2016 at the 12563:The Ancient Persians 12110:Encyclopedia Iranica 12053:Encyclopedia Iranica 11523:23 July 2021 at the 11466:24 July 2020 at the 11447:24 July 2020 at the 11314:23 July 2021 at the 11295:24 July 2020 at the 11276:23 July 2021 at the 11005:8 March 2021 at the 10720:Persepolis Recreated 10103:History of Phoenicia 9934:19 June 2008 at the 9362:Behistun Inscription 9140:2 April 2017 at the 9118:2 April 2017 at the 9060:4 March 2021 at the 8928:4 March 2021 at the 8904:1 March 2021 at the 8731:Behistun Inscription 7991:Encyclopædia Iranica 7986:"Achaemenid Dynasty" 7877:Shahbazi, A. Shapour 7612:Encyclopædia Iranica 7360:Encyclopædia Iranica 7316:Behistun Inscription 7303:Behistun Inscription 5420:Iran–America Society 5008:Architecture and art 4897:During the reign of 4860:Babylonian captivity 4844:Religious toleration 4813:, or drinking vessel 4698:Behistun inscription 3950:Ethiopians of Africa 3325:. It was founded by 2961:not unite with him. 2937:Philip II of Macedon 2615:Philip II of Macedon 2535:Treaty of Antalcidas 1771:Behistun inscription 1741:Behistun Inscription 1400:Behistun Inscription 1361:nomadic pastoralists 1333:. The Persians were 917:First Persian Empire 911:, also known as the 26355:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 25865:Antiochus X Eusebes 25693:Ptolemy XII Auletes 25684:Ptolemy X Alexander 25678:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 25657:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 25342:Neo-Assyrian Empire 25230:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 25163:Neo-Assyrian Empire 24986:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 24877:Syro-Hittite states 24583:Shagarakti-Shuriash 24256:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 23250:Neferkare Pepiseneb 23149:Akkadian Governors: 21653:Pre-Dynastic period 21094:Freedom of religion 20680:Supreme Audit Court 20559:Automotive industry 20206:Iranian Balochistan 19932:1987 Mecca incident 19829:Iran crisis of 1946 19818:dynasty (1925–1979) 19747:Dynasty (1751–1794) 19688:dynasty (1338–1357) 19680:dynasty (1335–1432) 19672:dynasty (1314–1393) 19657:dynasty (1244–1381) 19641:dynasty (1077–1231) 19625:dynasty (1011–1215) 19542:Caliphate (661–750) 19534:Caliphate (632–661) 19502:Empire (AD 224–651) 19419:Empire (550–330 BC) 19400:Empire (626–539 BC) 19384:Empire (678–549 BC) 19368:Empire (911–609 BC) 19184:Modern great powers 17611:Neo-Assyrian Empire 17525:Bronze Age Collapse 17458:Old Hittite Kingdom 17432:Old Assyrian period 17410:Third Dynasty of Ur 16163:Maritime Jade Route 15316:Kaveri Poompattinam 14003:Peace of Antalcidas 13967:Battle of Gaugamela 13576:Gate of All Nations 13014:. Wiley-Blackwell. 11679:2020JArSc.118j5147Y 10744:12 May 2021 at the 10362:www.crystalinks.com 10212:on 17 February 2008 10206:"Persian Period II" 9875:Anabasis, Books 1–4 9543:Infobase Publishing 9203:, pp. 101–103. 9191:, pp. 100–101. 9075:, pp. 147–150. 8796:, pp. 406–409. 8739:11 May 2021 at the 8579:11 May 2021 at the 8571:Nabonidus Chronicle 8354:11 May 2021 at the 8346:Nabonidus Chronicle 8333:12 May 2021 at the 8021:Alexander the Great 7672:www.iranchamber.com 7329:Caucasian Albanians 6590:Contemporary period 6494:Early modern period 6396:Jalayirid Sultanate 6266:Khwarazmian dynasty 5695:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5573:Kura–Araxes culture 5491:Baradostian culture 5383:empires. Historian 4824:feasts (Herodotus, 4428:Battle of Gaugamela 4143:, were introduced. 3850:Caucasian Albanians 3666:Great Khorasan Road 3597:, according to the 3309:region of northern 3034:Alexander the Great 3016:Artaxerxes IV Arses 2986:Alexander the Great 2892:Alexander the Great 2308:was agreed between 2292:from the island of 2286:Battle of Eurymedon 1583:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1073:Alexander the Great 1032:was settled by the 466:Conquest of Babylon 427:Classical antiquity 26581:Sumerian King List 26395:Palaestina Secunda 26272:Palaestina Secunda 26102: 25833:Alexander Jannaeus 25732: 25722:Hellenistic Period 25548: 25316: 25294:Humban-haltash III 25258:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 25206: 25171:Tukulti-Ninurta II 25152:Kingdom of Samaria 25048:Mar-biti-apla-usur 25045:Shirikti-shuqamuna 25015:Neo-Elamite period 24998:Marduk-shapik-zeri 24983:Itti-Marduk-balatu 24964:Tiglath-Pileser II 24961:Ashur-resh-ishi II 24916:Enlil-kudurri-usur 24607:Zababa-shuma-iddin 24592:Kadashman-Harbe II 24577:Kadashman-Enlil II 24522: 24495: 24438: 24267: 24253:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 24250:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 24241:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 24000:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 23874: 23528: 22903:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 22284:Old Elamite period 22176:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 22029:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 21946:Jemdet Nasr period 21890: 21225:Persian New Year ( 20630:Main economic laws 20201:Iranian Azerbaijan 20103:Monarchs of Persia 20047:Persianate society 19755:Empire (1789–1925) 19739:Empire (1736–1796) 19731:Empire (1501–1736) 19707:Empire (1370–1507) 19633:Empire (1037–1194) 19598:dynasty (934–1062) 19590:dynasty (931–1090) 19582:dynasty (861–1003) 19451:Empire (312–63 BC) 19352:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 17467:Southern Akkadians 17374:Jemdet Nasr period 16711:Bajo de la Campana 16413:Peter Throckmorton 16398:Jean-Yves Empereur 16372:William L. Rodgers 16193:Maritime Silk Road 14495:Samaritan Province 13857:Babylonian revolts 13807:Battle of Marathon 13773:Greco-Persian Wars 13522:Achaemenid coinage 13368:Dynasty Achaemenid 12170:. Boston: Adamant. 12059:on 21 January 2012 11983:Herodotus (1859). 11939:The Persian Empire 11504:6 May 2008 at the 11485:6 May 2008 at the 11428:6 May 2008 at the 11409:6 May 2008 at the 11390:6 May 2008 at the 11371:6 May 2008 at the 11352:6 May 2008 at the 11333:6 May 2008 at the 11219:6 May 2008 at the 11200:6 May 2008 at the 11142:6 May 2008 at the 11123:6 May 2008 at the 11104:6 May 2008 at the 10827:. Historyworld.net 10452:toosfoundation.com 10339:The Monthly review 10134:"Artaxerxes" 9213:Herodotus (1897). 8325:Nabonidus Cylinder 7605:Windfuhr, Gernot. 7560:Seleucia-Ctesiphon 6609:Interim Government 6599:Iranian Revolution 6386:Muzaffarid dynasty 6090:864 – 14th century 6080:791 – 11th century 6006:Rashidun Caliphate 5828:Kingdom of Armenia 5477:Prehistoric period 5365:Persianate culture 5329:Greco-Persian Wars 5313:Islamic Golden Age 5301: 5213: 5151:Darius I the Great 5024: 5002:arraššara pašabena 4895: 4862:in 539–530 BC and 4815: 4736: 4728:. Aramaic was the 4710: 4632:Apadana coin hoard 4515: 4479: 4475:Battle of Marathon 4403: 4393:attacking a Greek 4368: 4320: 4306:"), as well as in 4180: 4150:were described by 4125: 4113: 3790: 3776:Ethnic composition 3639: 3631: 3603: 3559: 3506: 3493:Achaemenid coinage 3409: 3381: 3351:Tauric Chersonesos 3323:Achaemenid dynasty 3207: 3178: 150 BC 3143: 3107:Seleucus I Nicator 3028:invaded Asia Minor 3012: 3001: 2818: 2806: 2622: 351 BC 2499: 2375: 2219:Isthmus of Corinth 2177: 2173:Cimmerian Bosporus 2162:Battle of Marathon 2108: 2092: 2082:Greco-Persian Wars 2076:Greco-Persian Wars 1945: 1924:The Persian queen 1767: 1693:and the Greeks of 1675:before fleeing to 1673:Battle of Pelusium 1628: 1542: 1458: 1422:, the daughter of 1273: 1085:Hellenistic period 1050:Achaemenid dynasty 1021:to the southeast. 987:Achaemenid dynasty 981:empire founded by 909:Achaemenian Empire 531:Babylonian Revolts 518:Greco-Persian Wars 408:• 336–330 BC 396:• 338–336 BC 384:• 358–338 BC 372:• 405–358 BC 360:• 423–405 BC 348:• 424–423 BC 336:• 424–424 BC 324:• 465–424 BC 312:• 486–465 BC 300:• 522–486 BC 288:• 522–522 BC 276:• 530–522 BC 264:• 559–530 BC 127:(Darius the Great) 18:Achaemenid Dynasty 26719:Ancient Near East 26644:Achaemenid Empire 26631: 26630: 26625: 26624: 26621: 26620: 26608:978-1-62564-606-4 26593:Unger, Merrill F. 26561:978-0-14-193825-7 26531:978-1-60606-649-2 26298:Province of Egypt 26229:Province of Egypt 26009:Province of Egypt 25751:Antigonid dynasty 25551:Achaemenid Empire 25472:Nebuchadnezzar II 25380:Ashur-nadin-shumi 25249:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 25221:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 25036:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 25004:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 24995:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 24937:Asharid-apal-Ekur 24934:Tiglath-Pileser I 24931:Ashur-resh-ishi I 24919:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 24907:Tukulti-Ninurta I 24854:Kingdom of Israel 24822:Osorkon the Elder 24743:Shutrukid dynasty 24628:Igehalkid dynasty 24595:Adad-shuma-iddina 24589:Enlil-nadin-shumi 24556:Kadashman-Enlil I 24550:Kadashman-harbe I 23994:Sukkalmah dynasty 23858:Isin-Larsa period 23680:Shimashki Dynasty 23406:Puzur-Inshushinak 23005:Netjerkare Siptah 22775:Neferirkare Kakai 22320:Egyptian pyramids 21529:Ancient Near East 21494: 21493: 21462: 21461: 21458: 21457: 21428: 21427: 21335:Opium consumption 21168: 21167: 21004:Ethnic minorities 20978:Iranian languages 20903: 20902: 20899: 20898: 20516: 20515: 20512: 20511: 20395:Political parties 20333:Children's rights 20318:Foreign relations 20312:2009 presidential 20259: 20258: 20221:Iranian Kurdistan 20140: 20139: 20136: 20135: 20020: 20019: 19992:COVID-19 pandemic 19851:Revolution (1979) 19797: 19796: 19617:Empire (977–1186) 19574:dynasty (864–928) 19566:dynasty (821–873) 19558:dynasty (819–999) 19511: 19510: 19427:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 19228: 19227: 19150: 19149: 19115:Polish–Lithuanian 18290:Gurjara-Pratihara 17734: 17733: 17729: 17728: 17657:Macedonian Empire 17647:Achaemenid Empire 17520:c. 1200–1150 BCE 17503:c. 1400–1200 BCE 17474:c. 1600–1400 BCE 17454:c. 1800–1600 BCE 17416:c. 2000–1800 BCE 17406:c. 2100–2000 BCE 17394:c. 2200–2100 BCE 17384:c. 2350–2200 BCE 17363:c. 3500–2350 BCE 17297: 17296: 17293: 17292: 17159: 17158: 17146: 17145: 16766:Madrague de Giens 16485:Temple of Isthmia 16481:Maritime temples 16467:Marine navigation 16426: 16425: 16418:Shelley Wachsmann 16408:J. Richard Steffy 16318: 16317: 16251: 16250: 16120: 16119: 16107: 16106: 16058: 16057: 15788:Ocean exploration 15503: 15502: 15490: 15489: 15149:Rutter (nautical) 15105: 15104: 15092: 15091: 14948:Mortise and tenon 14582:Ancient seafaring 14548: 14547: 14253:Achaemenid Empire 14251:Provinces of the 14215: 14214: 13882:Battle of Cyzicus 13876:Peloponnesian War 13842:Battle of Plataea 13835:Battle of Salamis 13738:Battle of Thymbra 13611:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht 13463:Achaemenid Empire 13285:978-0-226-62777-9 13245:978-0-674-72882-0 13223:978-90-04-09172-6 13201:978-3-447-11319-9 13174:978-1-86064-675-1 13161:Wiesehöfer, Josef 13131:978-90-429-1833-7 13103:978-1-136-01694-3 13049:978-1-930053-56-4 13021:978-1-444-35092-0 13002:978-0-415-32089-4 12983:978-1-57506-031-6 12921:978-1-60206-438-6 12894:978-1-84511-062-8 12867:978-0-521-60758-2 12840:978-0-521-59185-0 12801:978-90-6831-727-5 12680:iranicaonline.org 12573:978-0-7614-4218-9 12538:978-0-7661-6655-4 12485:978-0-521-20091-2 12455:978-0-300-08253-1 12428:978-1-84885-621-9 12401:978-0-19-251111-9 12374:978-0-933273-28-3 12347:978-90-04-09172-6 12320:978-1-57506-120-7 12292:978-0-8166-1114-0 12017:978-1-4051-1210-9 11969:978-0-85045-478-9 11902:978-0-521-81071-5 11875:978-1-84603-108-3 11812:"The Darius Seal" 11797:978-1-85532-250-9 11719:978-0-86054-101-1 11614:978-0-521-56496-0 11549:978-1-107-01652-1 11056:978-0-321-09097-3 10952:iranicaonline.org 10916:978-0-8186-7739-7 10789:978-0-19-958792-6 10728:978-964-06-4525-3 10433:978-0-691-14194-7 10191:978-0-8028-0966-7 10095:Rawlinson, George 10027:978-0-664-21262-9 9993:978-1-85532-250-9 9883:978-0-8061-1347-0 9853:Kitto, J (1841). 9822:on 1 October 2015 9801:978-613-0-82634-5 9727:978-0-307-42518-8 9674:978-1-4443-5163-7 9617:978-0-520-24225-8 9583:978-0-521-85834-2 9552:978-1-4381-2676-0 9528:978-0-520-24731-4 9491:978-0-19-521921-0 9441:978-81-269-0775-5 9407:978-0-253-20915-3 9285:978-0-19-860641-3 9269:978-1-4443-5163-7 8991:, pp. 55–57. 8821:, pp. 52–55. 8769:, pp. 49–50. 8675:, pp. 88–89. 8642:, pp. 43–44. 8627:, pp. 85–86. 8594:, pp. 11–12. 8561:, pp. 41–43. 8504:, pp. 37–38. 8238:978-1-118-71817-9 8197:978-0-19-973215-9 8153:978-0-8160-7158-6 8111:978-0-85773-309-2 8036:978-0-393-00381-9 7967:978-0-8160-5722-1 7933:978-0-940490-33-8 7896:978-0-19-973215-9 7823:978-0-19-975834-0 7703:978-90-429-1449-0 7692:Boiy, T. (2004). 7653:978-0-521-83307-3 7591:978-3-11-017145-7 7497:978-0-521-20092-9 7465:978-0-7230-0906-1 7418:978-0-19-521921-0 7236:Explanatory notes 7147: 7146: 6991:424 BC (45 days) 6735: 6734: 6627: 6626: 6580: 6579: 6543: 6542: 6484: 6483: 6426:Afrasiyab dynasty 6326:Khorshidi dynasty 6316:Pishkinid dynasty 6206:Ghaznavid dynasty 6026:Abbasid Caliphate 6016:Umayyad Caliphate 5982: 5981: 5978:550s–11th century 5874:Kingdom of Pontus 5818:Achaemenid Empire 5782:Anshanite Kingdom 5743: 5742: 5646:Oxus Civilization 5554: 5553: 5397:Georg W. F. Hegel 5325:Greek city-states 5309:Abbasid Caliphate 5092:, the ivory from 4811:Achaemenid rhyton 4749:official language 4692:A section of the 4511:Battle of Salamis 4412:Battle of Thymbra 3770:Mediterranean Sea 3702:Abbasid Caliphate 3522:monetary standard 3393:neurofibromatosis 3359:Hellenistic world 3303:Kingdom of Pontus 3297:Kingdom of Pontus 3161:in the region of 3024:Satrap of Armenia 2922:Mediterranean Sea 2746:and commanded by 2736:satrap of Cilicia 2557:. He quashed the 2415:Cyrus the Younger 2399:suffocated in ash 2333:Battle of Salamis 2239:Battle of Plataea 2227:Battle of Salamis 2068:, China, and the 1988:and parts of the 1986:Southern Caucasus 1984:, as well as the 1932:, sister-wife of 1769:According to the 1186: 1136: 1089:Ptolemaic Kingdom 1081:Alexander's death 1077:Macedonian Empire 905:Achaemenid Empire 901: 900: 871:Official language 858: 857: 854: 853: 828:Macedonian Empire 820: 819: 583:Fall to Macedonia 492:Conquest of Egypt 453:Conquest of Lydia 217:Egyptian religion 115:(Cyrus the Great) 43:Achaemenid Empire 16:(Redirected from 26766: 26613: 26612: 26589: 26583: 26577: 26566: 26565: 26542: 26536: 26535: 26514:Thomas, Ariane; 26511: 26505: 26504: 26497: 26491: 26490: 26475: 26469: 26466: 26451: 26441: 26391:Palaestina Prima 26337:Byzantine Empire 26268:Palaestina Prima 26255:Byzantine Empire 26234:Syria Palaestina 26199:Palmyrene Empire 26185:Bahram VI Chobin 26048:Syria Palaestina 25836:Salome Alexandra 25819:Kingdom of Judea 25805:Diodotus Tryphon 25660:Cleopatra I Syra 25636:Ptolemy Keraunos 25404:Ashur-uballit II 25401:Sin-shumu-lishir 25395:Ashur-etil-ilani 25350:Sargonid dynasty 25243:Marduk-apla-usur 25224:Nabu-apla-iddina 25218:Shamash-mudammiq 25174:Ashurnasirpal II 25157:Kingdom of Judah 25001:Adad-apla-iddina 24992:Enlil-nadin-apli 24989:Nebuchadnezzar I 24913:Ashur-nirari III 24910:Ashur-nadin-apli 24748:Shutruk-Nakhunte 24633:Untash-Napirisha 24622:Kidinuid dynasty 24220:Shamshi-Adad III 23928:Dynasty of Larsa 23746: 23634: 23629: 23457: 23310:Shar-Kali-Sharri 23244:Neferkare Tereru 23232:Neferkare Khendu 23186: 23181: 23012: 22971:Kiku-siwe-tempti 22858: 22853: 22708: 22637:Kish III dynasty 22607: 22538: 22451: 22446: 22351:(2600–2340 BCE) 22316: 22279: 22274: 22264: 22259: 22203:(2700–2600 BCE) 22060:(2900–2700 BCE) 22054: 21971:(3100–2700 BCE) 21950:(3100–2900 BCE) 21704: 21691: 21679: 21655:(4000–2900 BCE) 21644: 21543: 21542: 21539: 21538: 21521: 21514: 21507: 21498: 21497: 21484: 21474: 21473: 21325:National symbols 21179: 21178: 20994:Iranian citizens 20931: 20930: 20922: 20921: 20909: 20908: 20891:Research centers 20580:Economic history 20535: 20534: 20522: 20521: 20456:Guardian Council 20278: 20277: 20265: 20264: 20146: 20145: 20123:Electric history 20118:Military history 20032:Ancient Persians 19940: 19939:shootdown (1988) 19922: 19909: 19906:Iranian Embassy 19876: 19865: 19863:Islamic Republic 19852: 19844:1953 coup d'état 19819: 19806: 19805: 19764: 19761:Khanates of the 19756: 19748: 19740: 19732: 19724: 19716: 19708: 19689: 19681: 19673: 19665: 19658: 19650: 19642: 19634: 19626: 19618: 19599: 19591: 19583: 19575: 19567: 19559: 19551: 19543: 19535: 19522: 19521: 19503: 19484: 19476: 19468: 19460: 19452: 19444: 19436: 19428: 19420: 19401: 19393: 19385: 19377: 19369: 19361: 19353: 19345: 19337: 19329: 19321: 19313: 19300: 19299: 19284: 19283: 19271: 19270: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19232: 19231: 19031: 19030: 18696:Austro-Hungarian 18396:Chagatai Khanate 17761: 17754: 17747: 17738: 17737: 17707:Byzantine Empire 17582:Middle Babylonia 17548:c. 1150–911 BCE 17341: 17340: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17301: 17300: 17288: 17287: 17182:Ark of bulrushes 17165: 17164: 17154: 17153: 16792:Oldest surviving 16502:Nusantao network 16377:Chester G. Starr 16342: 16341: 16335: 16334: 16324: 16323: 16313: 16312: 16286:Cilician pirates 16257: 16256: 16246: 16245: 16183:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 16178:Iron Age Britain 16126: 16125: 16115: 16114: 15833: 15832: 15522: 15521: 15509: 15508: 15498: 15497: 15412:Ptolemais Theron 15122: 15121: 15111: 15110: 15100: 15099: 14692:Single-outrigger 14603: 14602: 14590: 14589: 14575: 14568: 14561: 14552: 14551: 14543: 14526: 14242: 14235: 14228: 14219: 14218: 14202:Xanthian Obelisk 14175: 14161: 14147: 14133: 14098: 14091: 14084: 14060: 14046: 14039: 14032: 14025: 13998:Peace of Callias 13976: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13934: 13932:Siege of Miletus 13927: 13903: 13901:Battle of Cnidus 13890:Battle of Cunaxa 13884: 13870: 13851: 13849:Battle of Mycale 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13816: 13809: 13802: 13800:Siege of Eretria 13795: 13788: 13781: 13747: 13740: 13733: 13731:Battle of Pteria 13721: 13714: 13660:Achaemenid music 13643: 13636: 13629: 13621:Tombs at Xanthos 13585: 13578: 13571: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13499: 13461: 13460: 13449: 13442: 13435: 13426: 13425: 13289: 13268: 13249: 13227: 13210:Dandamaev, M. A. 13205: 13178: 13156: 13147:(3/4): 401–437. 13135: 13116: 13107: 13085: 13053: 13042:. Regina Books. 13034: 13025: 13006: 12987: 12955: 12954: 12953:on 23 July 2011. 12952: 12941: 12932: 12926: 12925: 12905: 12899: 12898: 12878: 12872: 12871: 12851: 12845: 12844: 12824: 12815: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12785: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12768:The Conversation 12759: 12753: 12752: 12738: 12732: 12729: 12723: 12720: 12714: 12711: 12705: 12702: 12693: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12671: 12665: 12662: 12656: 12642: 12611: 12610:Herodotus, I.132 12608: 12599: 12596: 12590: 12589:Herodotus, I.131 12587: 12578: 12577: 12557: 12551: 12550: 12522: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12511: 12496: 12490: 12489: 12469: 12460: 12459: 12439: 12433: 12432: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12391:Images of Mithra 12385: 12379: 12378: 12358: 12352: 12351: 12331: 12325: 12324: 12304: 12298: 12296: 12276: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12251: 12245: 12243: 12215: 12209: 12207: 12179: 12173: 12171: 12156: 12150: 12148: 12120: 12114: 12113: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12085:. 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Archived from 12044: 12038: 12037: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12001: 11995: 11994: 11980: 11974: 11973: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11917:Ehsan Yar-Shater 11913: 11907: 11906: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11859: 11838: 11837: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11785: 11775: 11769: 11768: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11705: 11699: 11698: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11533: 11527: 11514: 11508: 11495: 11489: 11476: 11470: 11457: 11451: 11438: 11432: 11419: 11413: 11400: 11394: 11381: 11375: 11362: 11356: 11343: 11337: 11324: 11318: 11305: 11299: 11286: 11280: 11267: 11261: 11248: 11242: 11229: 11223: 11210: 11204: 11191: 11185: 11171: 11165: 11152: 11146: 11133: 11127: 11114: 11108: 11095: 11089: 11076: 11070: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11040: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11015: 11009: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10927: 10921: 10920: 10904: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10832: 10821: 10812: 10811: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10773: 10767: 10754: 10748: 10717: 10711: 10691: 10685: 10668: 10662: 10649: 10643: 10640: 10634: 10628: 10619: 10618: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10572: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10521:www.cngcoins.com 10513: 10504: 10503: 10492: 10481: 10480: 10477:www.cngcoins.com 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10342:. 1816. p. 10333: 10327: 10326: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10295: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10234:. Archived from 10228: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10208:. Archived from 10202: 10196: 10195: 10177: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10161:on 15 March 2008 10157:. Archived from 10151: 10145: 10144: 10136: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10070: 10053: 10052: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9981: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9944: 9938: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9913: 9907: 9904: 9898: 9895: 9889: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9850: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9771:Genealogy Online 9762: 9756: 9749: 9743: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9711: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9683: 9677: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9563: 9561: 9559: 9532: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9370: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9300:. Archived from 9294: 9288: 9277: 9271: 9255: 9236: 9235: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9128: 9122: 9106: 9100: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9046: 9040: 9022: 9016: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8962: 8956: 8938: 8932: 8914: 8908: 8890: 8884: 8866: 8860: 8831: 8822: 8816: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8743: 8728: 8717: 8712: 8706: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8343: 8337: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8258: 8250: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8177: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8137: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8101:The Sasanian Era 8088: 8082: 8081: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8024: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7998:on 29 April 2011 7994:. Archived from 7981: 7972: 7971: 7951: 7938: 7937: 7914: 7905: 7904: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7811: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7639: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7550:, just as later 7480:Yarshater, Ehsan 7476: 7470: 7469: 7448: 7442: 7431:Visible online: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7402: 7396: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7352: 7336: 7325: 7319: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7290: 7287: 7281: 7279: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7253:Alexander Mosaic 7245: 7210: 7187: 7175: 7160: 7138:Pharaoh of Egypt 7116:Pharaoh of Egypt 7108: 7089:Pharaoh of Egypt 7081: 7058: 7039:Pharaoh of Egypt 7031: 7013:Pharaoh of Egypt 7005: 6986:Pharaoh of Egypt 6978: 6960:Pharaoh of Egypt 6952: 6934:Pharaoh of Egypt 6926: 6907:Pharaoh of Egypt 6899: 6876: 6858:Pharaoh of Egypt 6850: 6800: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6668:Military history 6658:Economic history 6636:Related articles 6619:Islamic Republic 6595: 6594: 6558: 6557: 6499: 6498: 6456:Kar-Kiya dynasty 6376:Chobanid dynasty 6366:Ilkhanate Empire 6146:Sallarid dynasty 6116:Saffarid dynasty 6002: 6001: 5847: 5844: 5812:–11th century AD 5811: 5808: 5772:Scythian Kingdom 5758: 5757: 5688: 5675: 5652: 5639: 5616: 5599: 5569: 5568: 5549: 5536: 5523: 5510: 5497: 5487: 5486: 5469: 5459: 5441: 5440: 5180: 5165: 5146: 5126: 4718:Behistun papyrus 4650: 4640: 4637: 4623: 4518:but it would be 4331: 4297:𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴 4289:Darius the Great 4102: 4099: 3930:Aegean islanders 3504:of Artaxerxes II 3211:prtrk' zy alhaya 3179: 3176: 2827:Mentor of Rhodes 2748:Mentor of Rhodes 2688: 2679:. c. 340–320 BC. 2668: 2623: 2620: 2610:Orontes of Mysia 2320:in 449 BC. 2306:Peace of Callias 2298:Battle of Cyprus 2106:, 5th century BC 2044:and the western 1942:Xerxes the Great 1938:Darius the Great 1829:Darius the Great 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1775:Darius the Great 1765: 1762: 1745:Darius the Great 1715:Kingdom of Meroë 1609:, including the 1514:and the nomadic 1420:Mandane of Media 1404:Darius the Great 1349:Zagros Mountains 1346: 1343: 1325: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1191: 1185:romanized: 1184: 1182: 1141: 1135:romanized: 1134: 1132: 1121: 1120: 976: 972: 966: 956: 955: 952: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 850: 849: 836: 835: 824: 823: 811: 810: 797: 796: 783: 782: 769: 768: 755: 754: 741: 740: 727: 726: 713: 712: 699: 698: 685: 684: 671: 670: 664: 663: 648: 647: 305:Darius the Great 185:§ Languages 93:Darius the Great 89: 73: 56: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 26774: 26773: 26769: 26768: 26767: 26765: 26764: 26763: 26634: 26633: 26632: 26627: 26626: 26617: 26616: 26609: 26590: 26586: 26578: 26569: 26562: 26543: 26539: 26532: 26512: 26508: 26499: 26498: 26494: 26476: 26472: 26467: 26463: 26400:Byzantine Syria 26386:Byzantine Egypt 26361:Farrukh Hormizd 26321: 26317: 26314:Sasanian Empire 26300: 26296: 26277:Byzantine Syria 26263:Byzantine Egypt 26202: 26094: 26090: 26087:Sasanian Empire 26007: 25912:Mithridates III 25892: 25889:Parthian Empire 25822: 25761:Seleucid Empire 25758: 25748: 25724: 25633:Ptolemy I Soter 25631: 25628:Ptolemaic Egypt 25600: 25594: 25554: 25536: 25532: 25530:Kings of Byblos 25521: 25493: 25467: 25438: 25432: 25406: 25386:Mushezib-Marduk 25356:Tiglath-Pileser 25354: 25345: 25322: 25308: 25292: 25288: 25284: 25280: 25276: 25272: 25271: 25263: 25261:Nabu-mukin-zeri 25255:Nabu-nadin-zeri 25240:Marduk-bel-zeri 25233:Baba-aha-iddina 25210: 25187:Adad-nirari III 25177:Shalmaneser III 25166: 25155: 25154: 25141: 25135: 25134: 25132:Menkheperre Ini 25109: 25102: 25101: 25065: 25051:Nabû-mukin-apli 25028: 25017:(1100–540 BCE) 25010:Nabu-shum-libur 24978: 24955:Ashur-nirari IV 24949:Ashurnasirpal I 24946:Shamshi-Adad IV 24892:Ashur-uballit I 24887: 24869: 24865: 24861: 24857: 24851: 24850: 24846: 24842: 24840:Kings of Byblos 24838: 24808: 24801: 24795: 24794: 24763: 24762: 24746: 24740: 24708: 24695: 24694: 24676:Neferneferuaten 24636: 24635: 24631: 24625: 24619: 24618:(1500–1100 BCE) 24610:Enlil-nadin-ahi 24598:Adad-shuma-usur 24586:Kashtiliashu IV 24574:Kadashman-Turgu 24559:Burnaburiash II 24538:Kashtiliash III 24530: 24507: 24501: 24471: 24470:(1600–1260 BCE) 24469: 24439: 24430: 24424: 24412: 24406: 24402: 24396: 24392: 24386: 24366: 24361:Peshgaldaramesh 24356: 24346: 24336: 24332:Sealand Dynasty 24329: 24326: 24325: 24319: 24318: 24281: 24274: 24272: 24247:Ashur-nirari II 24226:Puzur-Ashur III 24214:Shamshi-Adad II 24185: 24183: 24181:Adaside dynasty 24178: 24177: 24152: 24150: 24148: 24147: 24110: 24108: 24106: 24099: 24090: 24084: 24073: 24069: 24067:Kings of Byblos 24065: 24059: 24048: 24011: 23998: 23997: 23979:Uruk VI dynasty 23977: 23926: 23877:Dynasty of Isin 23867: 23861: 23850: 23846: 23842: 23838: 23834: 23830: 23826: 23822: 23818: 23793: 23787: 23780: 23776: 23775: 23774: 23772: 23768: 23764: 23747: 23741: 23737: 23731: 23728: 23698: 23692: 23674: 23635: 23623: 23614: 23610: 23606: 23602: 23585: 23575: 23561: 23545: 23537: 23533: 23529: 23518: 23511: 23507: 23493: 23489: 23480: 23476: 23475: 23473: 23462: 23458: 23452: 23448: 23439:(2150–2000 BCE) 23420: 23404: 23400: 23396: 23390: 23386: 23382: 23378: 23374: 23370: 23366: 23352: 23348: 23336: 23332: 23308: 23304: 23300: 23296: 23292: 23291: 23289: 23284: 23274: 23229:Djedkare Shemai 23218: 23212: 23206: 23192: 23163: 23159: 23155: 23151: 23138:Sargon of Akkad 23136: 23135: 23132:Akkadian Empire 23124:(2340–2150 BCE) 23122:Akkadian Period 23109: 23105: 23093: 23089: 23068: 23056: 23046: 23042: 23025: 23021: 23007: 22985: 22964: 22962: 22950: 22946: 22942: 22931: 22927: 22923: 22914: 22905: 22891: 22887: 22875: 22871: 22859: 22830: 22827: 22821: 22809: 22800: 22767: 22766: 22750: 22746: 22742: 22738: 22727: 22723: 22719: 22710: 22709: 22703: 22699: 22698: 22686: 22685: 22669: 22666: 22654: 22650: 22639: 22630: 22626: 22622: 22618: 22614: 22610: 22609: 22608: 22602: 22598: 22594: 22593: 22585:(2500-539 BCE) 22573: 22569: 22539: 22533: 22526: 22520: 22502: 22498: 22494: 22482: 22478: 22474: 22462: 22456: 22452: 22438: 22434: 22424: 22421: 22417: 22405: 22401: 22391: 22387: 22385: 22371: 22367: 22363: 22359: 22323: 22317: 22311: 22307: 22306: 22290: 22289: 22288:(2700–1500 BCE) 22287: 22235: 22224: 22187:("conqueror of 22173: 22157: 22150: 22140: 22126: 22107: 22103: 22098: 22089: 22080: 22072: 22069: 22049: 21985: 21984: 21970: 21964: 21958: 21949: 21891: 21877: 21864: 21805: 21736: 21725: 21719: 21705: 21699: 21692: 21686: 21680: 21674: 21673: 21672:(4000–3100 BCE) 21671: 21665: 21639: 21633: 21605: 21586: 21576: 21549: 21547: 21531: 21525: 21495: 21490: 21454: 21424: 21403:Rap and hip-hop 21374: 21355:Public holidays 21340:Persian gardens 21329:Imperial Anthem 21320:National Jewels 21275:Iranian studies 21164: 21098: 21050: 20982: 20943:Persian (Farsi) 20916: 20895: 20864: 20826: 20819: 20754:Pharmaceuticals 20699: 20690:Venture capital 20665:Rial (currency) 20650:Nuclear program 20529: 20508: 20475: 20434: 20385:Nuclear program 20350:Judicial system 20272: 20255: 20226:Iranian plateau 20153: 20132: 20016: 19938: 19920: 19907: 19875:History (1979–) 19874: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19850: 19817: 19793: 19762: 19754: 19746: 19738: 19730: 19722: 19714: 19706: 19693: 19687: 19679: 19671: 19663: 19656: 19648: 19640: 19632: 19624: 19616: 19603: 19597: 19589: 19581: 19573: 19565: 19557: 19549: 19541: 19533: 19517: 19507: 19501: 19488: 19482: 19474: 19466: 19458: 19450: 19442: 19434: 19426: 19418: 19405: 19399: 19398:Neo-Babylonian 19391: 19383: 19376:(860 BC–590 BC) 19375: 19367: 19359: 19351: 19344:(c.2300–675 BC) 19343: 19335: 19327: 19319: 19311: 19291: 19278: 19265: 19259: 19229: 19224: 19213:American Empire 19198: 19194:African empires 19146: 19029: 18721:Central African 18667: 18485:Romano-Germanic 18071: 17805:Middle Assyrian 17778: 17770: 17765: 17735: 17730: 17724:Sassanid Empire 17693:Parthian Empire 17688:Seleucid Empire 17678:Seleucid Empire 17597: 17591: 17568: 17559: 17388:Akkadian Empire 17334: 17328: 17298: 17289: 17285: 17280: 17170: 17155: 17151: 17142: 17085: 17079: 17027: 17026:Institutes and 17021: 16976:Viking replicas 16917:Balangay Voyage 16830: 16824: 16808: 16563: 16556: 16432: 16422: 16381: 16329: 16314: 16310: 16305: 16262: 16247: 16243: 16238: 16134: 16116: 16112: 16103: 16054: 16011: 15864: 15824: 15769: 15762: 15563: 15516: 15499: 15495: 15486: 15362:Mueang Phra Rot 15216: 15207: 15116: 15101: 15097: 15088: 15042: 15016:Triangular sail 14977: 14914: 14888:Sail components 14799: 14768: 14742:Tessarakonteres 14597: 14584: 14579: 14549: 14544: 14537: 14527: 14518: 14504:Skudra (Thrace) 14485:Greater Phrygia 14281: 14280: 14246: 14216: 14211: 14185: 14171: 14157: 14143: 14129: 14103: 14094: 14087: 14080: 14056: 14042: 14035: 14028: 14021: 14007: 13993:Earth and water 13981: 13972: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13946:Battle of Issus 13944: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13899: 13880: 13866: 13847: 13840: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13812: 13805: 13798: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13743: 13736: 13729: 13717: 13712:Battle of Hyrba 13710: 13694: 13648: 13639: 13634:Nereid Monument 13632: 13625: 13581: 13574: 13567: 13549: 13540: 13533: 13526: 13500: 13491: 13465: 13455: 13453: 13415:Wayback Machine 13380:Wayback Machine 13363:Wayback Machine 13341:Wayback Machine 13329:Wayback Machine 13312:Wayback Machine 13300:Persian History 13296: 13286: 13265: 13246: 13232:Kosmin, Paul J. 13224: 13202: 13186: 13184:Further reading 13181: 13175: 13132: 13104: 13050: 13022: 13003: 12984: 12964: 12959: 12958: 12950: 12939: 12933: 12929: 12922: 12906: 12902: 12895: 12879: 12875: 12868: 12852: 12848: 12841: 12825: 12818: 12813: 12809: 12802: 12786: 12782: 12772: 12770: 12760: 12756: 12739: 12735: 12730: 12726: 12721: 12717: 12712: 12708: 12703: 12696: 12691: 12687: 12672: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12654:Wayback Machine 12643: 12614: 12609: 12602: 12598:Berosus, III.65 12597: 12593: 12588: 12581: 12574: 12558: 12554: 12539: 12523: 12519: 12509: 12507: 12498: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12440: 12436: 12429: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12348: 12332: 12328: 12321: 12305: 12301: 12293: 12277: 12273: 12263: 12261: 12253: 12252: 12248: 12216: 12212: 12180: 12176: 12160:Geiger, Wilhelm 12157: 12153: 12137:10.2307/2718444 12131:(3/4): 456–61. 12121: 12117: 12106: 12102: 12092: 12090: 12089:on 8 March 2021 12077: 12076: 12072: 12062: 12060: 12045: 12041: 12030: 12029: 12025: 12018: 12002: 11998: 11981: 11977: 11970: 11954: 11950: 11934: 11930: 11914: 11910: 11903: 11887: 11883: 11876: 11860: 11841: 11828: 11827: 11823: 11810: 11809: 11805: 11798: 11776: 11772: 11759: 11758: 11754: 11731: 11727: 11720: 11706: 11702: 11659: 11655: 11626: 11622: 11615: 11599: 11595: 11590: 11586: 11576: 11574: 11564: 11557: 11550: 11534: 11530: 11525:Wayback Machine 11515: 11511: 11506:Wayback Machine 11496: 11492: 11487:Wayback Machine 11477: 11473: 11468:Wayback Machine 11458: 11454: 11449:Wayback Machine 11439: 11435: 11430:Wayback Machine 11420: 11416: 11411:Wayback Machine 11401: 11397: 11392:Wayback Machine 11382: 11378: 11373:Wayback Machine 11363: 11359: 11354:Wayback Machine 11344: 11340: 11335:Wayback Machine 11325: 11321: 11316:Wayback Machine 11306: 11302: 11297:Wayback Machine 11287: 11283: 11278:Wayback Machine 11268: 11264: 11259:Wayback Machine 11249: 11245: 11240:Wayback Machine 11230: 11226: 11221:Wayback Machine 11211: 11207: 11202:Wayback Machine 11192: 11188: 11182:Wayback Machine 11173:Chaumont, M.L. 11172: 11168: 11163:Wayback Machine 11153: 11149: 11144:Wayback Machine 11134: 11130: 11125:Wayback Machine 11115: 11111: 11106:Wayback Machine 11096: 11092: 11087:Wayback Machine 11077: 11073: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11041: 11037: 11027: 11025: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11007:Wayback Machine 10985: 10981: 10971: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10928: 10924: 10917: 10895: 10891: 10856: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10830: 10828: 10823: 10822: 10815: 10802: 10801: 10797: 10790: 10774: 10770: 10765:Wayback Machine 10758:Book III, 89–95 10755: 10751: 10746:Wayback Machine 10718: 10714: 10702:Wayback Machine 10693:Michael Alram, 10692: 10688: 10679:Wayback Machine 10669: 10665: 10659:Wayback Machine 10650: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10629: 10622: 10591: 10587: 10574: 10573: 10564: 10556: 10552: 10544: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10515: 10514: 10507: 10494: 10493: 10484: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10456: 10454: 10446: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10397: 10393: 10380: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10334: 10330: 10313: 10309: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10256: 10255: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10238:on 19 June 2008 10230: 10229: 10225: 10215: 10213: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10192: 10178: 10174: 10164: 10162: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10110: 10109:on 20 July 2006 10092: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10056: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9972: 9968: 9958: 9956: 9947:Kjeilen, Tore. 9945: 9941: 9936:Wayback Machine 9922: 9920: 9919:. 25 April 2014 9915: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9901: 9896: 9892: 9868: 9864: 9851: 9847: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9814: 9813: 9809: 9802: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9763: 9759: 9750: 9746: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9712: 9705: 9695: 9693: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9663: 9656: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9610:. p. 157. 9595: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9564: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9533: 9529: 9503: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9472: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9356: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9307: 9305: 9304:on 24 July 2020 9296: 9295: 9291: 9278: 9274: 9256: 9239: 9228: 9224: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9178:Wayback Machine 9163: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9142:Wayback Machine 9129: 9125: 9120:Wayback Machine 9107: 9103: 9098:Wayback Machine 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9062:Wayback Machine 9047: 9043: 9038:Wayback Machine 9023: 9019: 9014:Wayback Machine 8999: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8978:Wayback Machine 8963: 8959: 8954:Wayback Machine 8939: 8935: 8930:Wayback Machine 8915: 8911: 8906:Wayback Machine 8891: 8887: 8882:Wayback Machine 8867: 8863: 8858:Wayback Machine 8847:Wayback Machine 8832: 8825: 8817: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8746: 8741:Wayback Machine 8729: 8720: 8713: 8709: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8662:Wayback Machine 8650: 8646: 8638: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8614:Wayback Machine 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8581:Wayback Machine 8569: 8565: 8557: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8483: 8479: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8423:Wayback Machine 8404: 8400: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8356:Wayback Machine 8344: 8340: 8335:Wayback Machine 8323: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8268: 8252: 8251: 8239: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8198: 8165: 8161: 8154: 8138: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8112: 8089: 8085: 8067:10.2307/1170959 8051:Taagepera, Rein 8048: 8044: 8037: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7952: 7941: 7934: 7918:Kent, Roland G. 7915: 7908: 7897: 7881:Daryaee, Touraj 7874: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7843: 7837:Wiesehöfer 2001 7835: 7831: 7824: 7802: 7798: 7775:10.2307/1170959 7759: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7640: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7572: 7568: 7558:double city of 7498: 7490:. p. 482. 7477: 7473: 7466: 7458:. Times Books. 7449: 7445: 7440:Wayback Machine 7430: 7426: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7389:Wayback Machine 7379: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7326: 7322: 7313: 7309: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7263: 7259: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7221: 7214: 7211: 7202: 7188: 7179: 7176: 7167: 7161: 7152: 7136:in addition to 7114:in addition to 7087:in addition to 7037:in addition to 7011:in addition to 6984:in addition to 6958:in addition to 6932:in addition to 6905:in addition to 6856:in addition to 6731: 6701:Iran portal 6695: 6693: 6692: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6673:Women's history 6637: 6629: 6628: 6592: 6582: 6581: 6555: 6545: 6544: 6496: 6486: 6485: 6336:Qutlugh-Khanids 6286:Atabegs of Yazd 6186:Rawadid dynasty 6156:Ziyarid dynasty 6096:Tahirid dynasty 5994: 5992:Medieval period 5984: 5983: 5968:6th century–785 5954:Sasanian Empire 5924:Kings of Persis 5894:Parthian Empire 5864:Seleucid Empire 5845: 5809: 5755: 5753:Imperial period 5745: 5744: 5659:Akkadian Empire 5606:Lullubi Kingdom 5566: 5556: 5555: 5504:Zarzian culture 5479: 5457: 5450: 5439: 5351:, heritage and 5273: 5263:, was built in 5261:Cyrus the Great 5198: 5191: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5157: 5147: 5138: 5127: 5016: 5010: 4954: 4852:Cyrus the Great 4837: 4803: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4624: 4613: 4608: 4442: 4440:Achaemenid navy 4436: 4408:Cyrus the Great 4337:chariot archers 4332: 4327: 4281: 4154:as being heavy 4100: 4086: 3778: 3718:Cyrus the Great 3714: 3619: 3544: 3538: 3495: 3489: 3412:Cyrus the Great 3401: 3305:, based in the 3291:Sasanian Empire 3287:šāhanšāh ī Ērān 3271:Sasanian Empire 3263: 3261:Sasanian Empire 3255:Sasanian Empire 3245:Kings of Persis 3192: 3190:Kings of Persis 3177: 3149: 3123: 3115:Parthian Empire 3103:Seleucid Empire 2982:Battle of Issus 2974: 2950:Thracian prince 2943:(against which 2884:satrap of Egypt 2803:Temple of Hibis 2799:Amun-Ra Kamutef 2791: 2714:, commanded by 2700: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2680: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2621: 2372:Brooklyn Museum 2259: 2084: 2078: 1958:Assyrian Empire 1954:Persian Plateau 1950: 1930:Cyrus the Great 1849:Thracian people 1837:tried to defeat 1815:Ever since the 1813: 1763: 1633: 1551:Fall of Babylon 1547: 1483: 1463: 1450: 1432: 1344: 1326: 1324:1.101 & 125 1316: 1265: 1253:Main articles: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1218: 1213: 1109: 1101:Parthian Empire 1093:Seleucid Empire 1030:Iranian plateau 983:Cyrus the Great 924: 920: 897: 896: 847: 833: 808: 794: 780: 766: 752: 738: 724: 710: 696: 682: 668: 621: 585: 572: 559: 546: 533: 520: 507: 494: 481: 468: 455: 442: 409: 397: 385: 373: 361: 349: 337: 325: 313: 301: 289: 277: 269:Cyrus the Great 265: 234: 229:§ Religion 202: 190: 158: 157: 136: 96: 80: 75: 74: 57: 51: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26772: 26762: 26761: 26759:Former empires 26756: 26751: 26746: 26741: 26736: 26731: 26726: 26721: 26716: 26711: 26706: 26701: 26696: 26691: 26686: 26681: 26676: 26671: 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26629: 26628: 26623: 26622: 26619: 26618: 26615: 26614: 26607: 26584: 26567: 26560: 26537: 26530: 26516:Potts, Timothy 26506: 26492: 26470: 26460: 26459: 26456: 26455: 26445: 26434: 26433: 26426: 26419: 26412: 26408: 26407: 26402: 26397: 26388: 26382: 26381: 26340: 26333: 26329: 26328: 26310: 26289: 26285: 26284: 26279: 26274: 26265: 26259: 26258: 26251: 26247: 26246: 26241: 26236: 26231: 26225: 26224: 26217: 26213: 26212: 26195: 26191: 26190: 26083: 26079: 26078: 26055: 26050: 26045: 26041: 26040: 26035: 26026: 26022: 26021: 26016: 26011: 25999: 25998: 25991: 25990:30 BCE–116 CE 25987: 25986: 25924:Mithridates IV 25906:Mithridates II 25885: 25847: 25842:Aristobulus II 25815: 25811: 25810: 25735:Argead dynasty 25719: 25624:Argead dynasty 25620: 25616: 25615: 25607: 25606: 25586: 25585: 25577:Artaxerxes III 25540: 25538:Kings of Sidon 25527: 25514: 25510: 25509: 25486: 25481:Labashi-Marduk 25460: 25425: 25421: 25420: 25415: 25409: 25408: 25383:Nergal-ushezib 25338: 25319:Black Pharaohs 25301: 25297: 25296: 25264: 25237:Ninurta-apla-X 25198: 25196:Ashur-nirari V 25190:Shalmaneser IV 25180:Shamshi-Adad V 25168:Adad-nirari II 25159: 25149: 25058: 25054: 25053: 25023: 25019: 25018: 25012: 24969: 24952:Shalmaneser II 24940:Ashur-bel-kala 24928:Mutakkil-Nusku 24884:Middle Assyria 24880: 24873: 24848:Kings of Sidon 24831: 24755: 24754:1155–1025 BCE 24751: 24750: 24737:Elamite Empire 24733: 24700: 24699: 24691:Hittite Empire 24687: 24655: 24654: 24639: 24638: 24612: 24601:Meli-Shipak II 24571:Nazi-Maruttash 24535:Burnaburiash I 24514: 24486: 24485:1531–1155 BCE 24482: 24481: 24462: 24417: 24377: 24376: 24323: 24259: 24244:Enlil-Nasir II 24223:Ashur-nirari I 24217:Ishme-Dagan II 24208:Sharma-Adad II 24160:Ashur-apla-idi 24151:1735–1701 BCE) 24130:Ashur-apla-idi 24112:Shamshi-Adad I 24107:1808–1736 BCE) 24092: 24087:Yamhad dynasty 24077: 24075:Kings of Sidon 24054: 24041: 24040:1800–1595 BCE 24037: 24036: 24003: 24002: 23990: 23854: 23844:Puzur-Ashur II 23811: 23754: 23721: 23720: 23715:Mentuhotep III 23684: 23683: 23666: 23661: 23653: 23652:2025-1763 BCE 23649: 23648: 23620:Ur III dynasty 23616: 23597: 23594: 23590: 23589: 23577: 23566:Neferkare VIII 23554: 23550: 23549: 23542: 23541: 23513: 23499: 23497: 23484: 23470:Gutian dynasty 23466: 23442: 23441: 23433: 23428:Nebkaure Khety 23422:Meryibre Khety 23413: 23409: 23408: 23391: 23358: 23356: 23340: 23313: 23312: 23306: 23277: 23267: 23253:Neferkamin Anu 23226:Neferkare Neby 23199: 23195: 23194: 23190:Lugal-ushumgal 23187: 23172: 23168: 23167: 23146: 23127: 23126: 23118: 23116: 23112: 23111: 23097: 23084: 23082: 23078: 23077: 23072: 23063: 23058: 23050: 23037: 23032: 23028: 23027: 23023:Lugalannemundu 23013: 22978: 22974: 22973: 22968: 22954: 22937: 22918: 22909: 22900: 22895: 22879: 22866: 22862: 22861: 22844: 22839: 22835: 22834: 22823: 22814: 22813: 22804: 22795: 22790:Djedkare Isesi 22787:Menkauhor Kaiu 22759: 22755: 22754: 22731: 22714: 22690: 22688:Pabilgagaltuku 22677: 22672: 22658: 22647:Akshak dynasty 22643: 22634: 22586: 22580: 22576: 22575: 22562: 22513: 22509: 22508: 22506: 22487: 22472:Enun-dara-anna 22467: 22466: 22427: 22410: 22395: 22377: 22375: 22353: 22352: 22346: 22299: 22295: 22294: 22280: 22265: 22249: 22248: 22241: 22240: 22229: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22204: 22198: 22194: 22193: 22180: 22179: 22165: 22128: 22121: 22120: 22096:Kullassina-bel 22081: 22073: 22062: 22061: 22055: 21977: 21973: 21972: 21951: 21942: 21937: 21888:Narmer Palette 21870: 21869:3100–2900 BCE 21866: 21865: 21798: 21728: 21727: 21712: 21711:3200–3100 BCE 21708: 21707: 21694: 21662: 21661: 21656: 21650: 21645: 21626: 21625:4000–3200 BCE 21622: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21580: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21537: 21536: 21533: 21532: 21527:Rulers of the 21524: 21523: 21516: 21509: 21501: 21492: 21491: 21489: 21488: 21478: 21467: 21464: 21463: 21460: 21459: 21456: 21455: 21453: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21436: 21434: 21430: 21429: 21426: 21425: 21423: 21422: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21395: 21390: 21384: 21382: 21376: 21375: 21373: 21372: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21306: 21292: 21287: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21198: 21192: 21182: 21176: 21170: 21169: 21166: 21165: 21163: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21117: 21112: 21106: 21104: 21100: 21099: 21097: 21096: 21091: 21081: 21076: 21066: 21060: 21058: 21052: 21051: 21049: 21048: 21047: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21001: 20990: 20988: 20984: 20983: 20981: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20939: 20937: 20928: 20918: 20917: 20905: 20904: 20901: 20900: 20897: 20896: 20894: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20878: 20872: 20870: 20866: 20865: 20863: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20831: 20829: 20821: 20820: 20818: 20817: 20812: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20787: 20777: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20747: 20742: 20737: 20736: 20735: 20730: 20720: 20709: 20707: 20701: 20700: 20698: 20697: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20552: 20547: 20541: 20539: 20531: 20530: 20518: 20517: 20514: 20513: 20510: 20509: 20507: 20506: 20504:Supreme Leader 20501: 20496: 20491: 20485: 20483: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20473: 20468: 20466:Local councils 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20442: 20440: 20436: 20435: 20433: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20397: 20392: 20382: 20377: 20372: 20366: 20361: 20352: 20347: 20346: 20345: 20343:Women's rights 20340: 20335: 20325: 20320: 20315: 20305: 20300: 20290: 20284: 20282: 20274: 20273: 20261: 20260: 20257: 20256: 20254: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20197: 20196: 20194:Climate change 20186: 20181: 20180: 20179: 20174: 20164: 20158: 20155: 20154: 20142: 20141: 20138: 20137: 20134: 20133: 20131: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20100: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20078:Jiroft culture 20075: 20074: 20073: 20066:Iranic peoples 20063: 20062: 20061: 20060: 20059: 20054: 20042:Persianization 20039: 20034: 20028: 20026: 20022: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19978: 19977: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19916: 19911: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19870: 19868: 19858: 19857: 19855: 19854: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19812: 19810: 19803: 19799: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19792: 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19758: 19750: 19742: 19734: 19726: 19718: 19710: 19701: 19699: 19695: 19694: 19692: 19691: 19683: 19675: 19667: 19660: 19652: 19649:(1135/36-1225) 19644: 19636: 19628: 19620: 19611: 19609: 19605: 19604: 19602: 19601: 19593: 19585: 19577: 19569: 19561: 19553: 19545: 19537: 19528: 19526: 19519: 19513: 19512: 19509: 19508: 19506: 19505: 19496: 19494: 19490: 19489: 19487: 19486: 19478: 19470: 19462: 19459:(c.295–220 BC) 19454: 19446: 19438: 19430: 19422: 19413: 19411: 19407: 19406: 19404: 19403: 19395: 19387: 19379: 19371: 19363: 19355: 19347: 19339: 19331: 19323: 19318:Proto-Elamite 19315: 19306: 19304: 19297: 19293: 19292: 19280: 19279: 19267: 19266: 19258: 19257: 19250: 19243: 19235: 19226: 19225: 19223: 19222: 19221: 19220: 19215: 19206: 19204: 19200: 19199: 19197: 19196: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19170: 19169: 19158: 19156: 19152: 19151: 19148: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19123: 19122: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19060: 19050: 19045: 19039: 19037: 19028: 19027: 19026: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 18995: 18990: 18989: 18988: 18978: 18973: 18972: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18951: 18946: 18945: 18944: 18939: 18929: 18928: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18897: 18896: 18895: 18890: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18826: 18816: 18811: 18810: 18809: 18804: 18794: 18793: 18792: 18787: 18777: 18776: 18775: 18770: 18760: 18755: 18754: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18723: 18718: 18717: 18716: 18711: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18677: 18675: 18669: 18668: 18666: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18649: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18608: 18603: 18602: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18576: 18566: 18565: 18564: 18559: 18554: 18549: 18539: 18534: 18529: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18498: 18497: 18492: 18482: 18481: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18426: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18405: 18404: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18378: 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18352: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18299: 18298: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18256: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18235: 18230: 18229: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18193: 18192: 18191: 18186: 18176: 18175: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18159: 18149: 18144: 18143: 18142: 18132: 18131: 18130: 18125: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18081: 18079: 18077:Post-classical 18073: 18072: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18057: 18052: 18051: 18050: 18045: 18035: 18034: 18033: 18023: 18022: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17986: 17981: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17949: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17932: 17927: 17926: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17884: 17883: 17878: 17876:Middle Kingdom 17873: 17863: 17858: 17857: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17836: 17835: 17834: 17832:Neo-Babylonian 17829: 17824: 17822:Old Babylonian 17814: 17813: 17812: 17807: 17797: 17792: 17786: 17784: 17772: 17771: 17764: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17741: 17732: 17731: 17727: 17726: 17721: 17717: 17716: 17700: 17699:63 BCE–224 CE 17696: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17681: 17680: 17675: 17671: 17670: 17662:Ancient Greeks 17654: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17640: 17639: 17627: 17623: 17622: 17620: 17618: 17614: 17613: 17608: 17604: 17603: 17584: 17579: 17572: 17563: 17554: 17549: 17545: 17544: 17537: 17521: 17517: 17516: 17514:Middle Assyria 17511: 17509: 17504: 17500: 17499: 17487: 17475: 17471: 17470: 17460: 17455: 17451: 17450: 17434: 17429: 17417: 17413: 17412: 17407: 17403: 17402: 17395: 17391: 17390: 17385: 17381: 17380: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17336: 17335: 17327: 17326: 17319: 17312: 17304: 17295: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17283: 17281: 17279: 17278: 17271: 17270: 17269: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17240: 17233: 17226: 17218: 17208: 17207: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17184: 17175: 17172: 17171: 17161: 17160: 17157: 17156: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17143: 17141: 17140: 17139: 17138: 17133: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17089: 17087: 17081: 17080: 17078: 17077: 17072: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17031: 17029: 17023: 17022: 17020: 17019: 17018: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16995: 16987: 16986: 16985: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16966: 16959: 16951:Mediterranean 16949: 16948: 16947: 16940: 16933: 16926: 16919: 16914: 16907: 16904:Alingano Maisu 16900: 16893: 16886: 16879: 16872: 16860: 16859: 16858: 16847: 16834: 16832: 16826: 16825: 16823: 16822: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16806: 16805: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16786: 16785: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16753:De Meern ships 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16715: 16714: 16713: 16708: 16700: 16699: 16698: 16691: 16684: 16679: 16671: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16647: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16623:Cape Gelidonya 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16568: 16566: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16498: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16447: 16442: 16436: 16434: 16428: 16427: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16389: 16387: 16386:Archaeologists 16383: 16382: 16380: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16352:David Blackman 16348: 16346: 16339: 16331: 16330: 16320: 16319: 16316: 16315: 16308: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16291:Jewish pirates 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16253: 16252: 16249: 16248: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16224: 16223: 16222: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16139: 16136: 16135: 16122: 16121: 16118: 16117: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16099: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16078: 16077: 16066: 16064: 16060: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15977:Lake Trasimene 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15878:Mediterranean: 15874: 15872: 15866: 15865: 15863: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15841: 15839: 15830: 15826: 15825: 15823: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15774: 15772: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15739: 15738: 15733: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15584: 15583: 15582: 15571: 15569: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15561: 15556: 15555: 15554: 15549: 15539: 15534: 15528: 15526: 15518: 15517: 15505: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15220: 15218: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15205: 15204: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15185: 15184: 15183: 15181:Maritime pilot 15178: 15168: 15163: 15162: 15161: 15151: 15146: 15144:Portolan chart 15141: 15136: 15130: 15128: 15118: 15117: 15107: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14993: 14987: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14973: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14924: 14922: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14807: 14805: 14801: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14745: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14717:Oared warships 14714: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14653: 14652: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14611: 14609: 14599: 14598: 14586: 14585: 14578: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14555: 14546: 14545: 14538:(according to 14532: 14529: 14528: 14521: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14493: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14402: 14396: 14391: 14381: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14294: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14267:Naqsh-e Rustam 14255: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14237: 14230: 14222: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14164: 14163: 14162: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14122: 14117: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14092: 14085: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14015: 14013: 14012:Administration 14009: 14008: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13989: 13987: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13977: 13970: 13963: 13956: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13928: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13895:Corinthian War 13892: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13859: 13854: 13853: 13852: 13845: 13838: 13831: 13824: 13817: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13793:Battle of Lade 13789: 13782: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13753:Battle of Opis 13750: 13749: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13715: 13706:Persian Revolt 13702: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13690:Cyrus Cylinder 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13656: 13654: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13644: 13641:Tomb of Payava 13637: 13630: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13606:Naqsh-e Rostam 13603: 13601:Persian column 13598: 13593: 13588: 13587: 13586: 13579: 13572: 13559: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13519: 13514: 13508: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13452: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13405: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13370: 13365: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13331: 13319: 13314: 13302: 13295: 13294:External links 13292: 13291: 13290: 13284: 13269: 13263: 13250: 13244: 13228: 13222: 13206: 13200: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13179: 13173: 13165:Ancient Persia 13157: 13136: 13130: 13117: 13108: 13102: 13086: 13054: 13048: 13035: 13026: 13020: 13007: 13001: 12988: 12982: 12970:Briant, Pierre 12965: 12963: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12935:Durant, Will. 12927: 12920: 12900: 12893: 12873: 12866: 12846: 12839: 12816: 12807: 12800: 12780: 12754: 12733: 12724: 12715: 12706: 12694: 12685: 12666: 12657: 12612: 12600: 12591: 12579: 12572: 12552: 12537: 12517: 12506:on 10 May 2011 12491: 12484: 12461: 12454: 12434: 12427: 12407: 12400: 12380: 12373: 12353: 12346: 12326: 12319: 12299: 12291: 12271: 12246: 12232:10.1086/371754 12210: 12196:10.2307/283007 12174: 12151: 12115: 12100: 12070: 12039: 12023: 12016: 11996: 11975: 11968: 11948: 11928: 11908: 11901: 11881: 11874: 11839: 11834:www.livius.org 11821: 11816:British Museum 11803: 11796: 11770: 11765:British Museum 11752: 11741:(2): 239–250. 11725: 11718: 11700: 11653: 11620: 11613: 11593: 11584: 11555: 11548: 11528: 11509: 11490: 11471: 11452: 11433: 11414: 11395: 11376: 11357: 11338: 11319: 11300: 11281: 11262: 11243: 11224: 11205: 11186: 11166: 11147: 11128: 11109: 11090: 11071: 11062: 11055: 11035: 11010: 10979: 10957: 10939: 10922: 10915: 10889: 10850: 10838: 10813: 10795: 10788: 10768: 10749: 10712: 10686: 10663: 10644: 10635: 10633:, p. 261. 10620: 10585: 10562: 10550: 10538: 10526: 10505: 10482: 10464: 10439: 10432: 10412: 10391: 10374: 10349: 10328: 10307: 10287: 10285:, p. 769. 10275: 10249: 10223: 10197: 10190: 10172: 10146: 10131:, ed. (1911). 10129:Chisholm, Hugh 10120: 10086: 10054: 10033: 10026: 9999: 9992: 9966: 9949:"Artaxerxes 3" 9939: 9908: 9899: 9890: 9862: 9845: 9843:, p. 880. 9833: 9807: 9800: 9783: 9765:Homs, George. 9757: 9744: 9733: 9726: 9703: 9678: 9654: 9630: 9616: 9598:Thapar, Romila 9582: 9576:. p. 13. 9551: 9545:. p. 60. 9527: 9490: 9484:. p. 43. 9466: 9454: 9440: 9420: 9406: 9386: 9365: 9354: 9336: 9327: 9325:, p. 239. 9315: 9289: 9272: 9237: 9222: 9205: 9193: 9181: 9157: 9145: 9123: 9101: 9077: 9065: 9041: 9017: 8993: 8981: 8957: 8933: 8909: 8885: 8861: 8823: 8798: 8786: 8771: 8759: 8744: 8718: 8707: 8692: 8677: 8665: 8652:Cyrus Cylinder 8644: 8629: 8617: 8604:Cyrus Cylinder 8596: 8584: 8563: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8506: 8494: 8477: 8465: 8450: 8438: 8426: 8398: 8383: 8371: 8359: 8338: 8317: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8266: 8237: 8219: 8207: 8196: 8159: 8152: 8129: 8125:Tavernier 2007 8117: 8110: 8104:. I.B.Tauris. 8096:Stewart, Sarah 8083: 8042: 8035: 8009: 7973: 7966: 7939: 7932: 7906: 7895: 7868: 7856: 7841: 7839:, p. 119. 7829: 7822: 7796: 7750: 7709: 7702: 7684: 7659: 7652: 7625: 7597: 7590: 7576:House, Juliane 7566: 7496: 7471: 7464: 7443: 7424: 7417: 7397: 7373: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7320: 7307: 7291: 7282: 7257: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7189: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7170: 7168: 7162: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7134:King of Persia 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7112:King of Persia 7109: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7085:King of Persia 7082: 7075: 7073:Artaxerxes III 7069: 7068: 7065: 7062:King of Persia 7059: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7035:King of Persia 7032: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7009:King of Persia 7006: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6982:King of Persia 6979: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6956:King of Persia 6953: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6930:King of Persia 6927: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6903:King of Persia 6900: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6880:King of Persia 6877: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6854:King of Persia 6851: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6653:Heads of state 6650: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6446:Timurid Empire 6442: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6236:Nasrid dynasty 6232: 6231: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6130:pre-879 – 1215 6128: 6126:Ghurid dynasty 6122: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6106:Samanid Empire 6102: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6086:Alid dynasties 6082: 6081: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6008: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5682:Avestan period 5678: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5593:Jiroft culture 5589: 5588: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5567: 5564:Ancient period 5562: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5551: 5550:5th millennium 5545: 5539: 5538: 5537:6th millennium 5532: 5526: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5361:Arnold Toynbee 5345:Zoroastrianism 5341:Edict of Cyrus 5272: 5269: 5257:Artaxerxes III 5245:Artaxerxes III 5217:Naqsh-e Rustam 5206:Artaxerxes III 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5158: 5148: 5141: 5139: 5128: 5121: 5054:palace at Susa 5012:Main article: 5009: 5006: 4953: 4950: 4889:Bas-relief of 4871:Zoroastrianism 4836: 4833: 4802: 4799: 4759:Aramaic script 4734:of the empire. 4652: 4645: 4644: 4628:Apadana Palace 4625: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4438:Main article: 4435: 4432: 4325: 4316:British Museum 4280: 4277: 4085: 4082: 3936:, Greeks from 3777: 3774: 3713: 3710: 3686:Greco-Buddhism 3618: 3615: 3567:silver talents 3537: 3534: 3512:was the first 3491:Main article: 3488: 3485: 3400: 3397: 3335:Mithridates VI 3331:Roman Republic 3299: 3298: 3285:(Ardashir I), 3259:Main article: 3257: 3256: 3188:Main article: 3186: 3185: 3145:Main article: 3137:dynasty ruler 3128: 3127: 3122: 3119: 2973: 2970: 2790: 2787: 2726:by commanding 2690: 2683: 2682: 2670: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2578:Artaxerxes III 2531:Corinthian War 2383:Naqsh-e Rustam 2275:Zoroastrianism 2258: 2255: 2148:re-subjugated 2080:Main article: 2077: 2074: 2028:as far as the 1990:North Caucasus 1949: 1948:5th century BC 1946: 1928:, daughter of 1911:Yaunã Takabara 1812: 1809: 1632: 1629: 1546: 1543: 1520:garrison towns 1482: 1479: 1462: 1459: 1431: 1428: 1380:Cyrus Cylinder 1345: 1000 BC 1335:Iranian people 1314: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1130:𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 1108: 1105: 913:Persian Empire 899: 898: 895: 894: 884: 874: 864: 863: 860: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 844: 838: 837: 830: 821: 818: 817: 812: 804: 803: 798: 790: 789: 784: 776: 775: 770: 762: 761: 756: 748: 747: 742: 734: 733: 728: 720: 719: 714: 706: 705: 700: 692: 691: 686: 678: 677: 672: 660: 659: 654: 644: 643: 634: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 620:• 500 BC 619: 616: 615: 612: 611: 607: 606: 603: 599: 598: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 580: 577: 576: 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 554: 551: 550: 547: 544:Corinthian War 541: 538: 537: 534: 528: 525: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 502: 499: 498: 495: 489: 486: 485: 482: 476: 473: 472: 469: 463: 460: 459: 456: 450: 447: 446: 443: 440:Persian Revolt 437: 434: 433: 430: 429: 424: 423:Historical era 420: 419: 416: 415: 410: 407: 404: 403: 398: 395: 392: 391: 389:Artaxerxes III 386: 383: 380: 379: 374: 371: 368: 367: 362: 359: 356: 355: 350: 347: 344: 343: 338: 335: 332: 331: 326: 323: 320: 319: 314: 311: 308: 307: 302: 299: 296: 295: 290: 287: 284: 283: 278: 275: 272: 271: 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 233: 232: 224: 222:Greek religion 219: 214: 209: 203: 199:Zoroastrianism 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 180: 175: 170: 165: 159: 156: 155: 150: 144: 142: 138: 137: 135: 134: 128: 122: 116: 110: 104: 102: 98: 97: 90: 82: 81: 76: 68: 67: 64: 63: 59: 58: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26771: 26760: 26757: 26755: 26752: 26750: 26747: 26745: 26742: 26740: 26737: 26735: 26732: 26730: 26727: 26725: 26722: 26720: 26717: 26715: 26712: 26710: 26707: 26705: 26702: 26700: 26697: 26695: 26692: 26690: 26687: 26685: 26682: 26680: 26677: 26675: 26672: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26641: 26639: 26610: 26604: 26600: 26599: 26594: 26588: 26582: 26576: 26574: 26572: 26563: 26557: 26553: 26552: 26547: 26546:Roux, Georges 26541: 26533: 26527: 26523: 26522: 26517: 26510: 26502: 26496: 26488: 26484: 26480: 26474: 26465: 26461: 26457: 26454: 26450: 26444: 26440: 26435: 26432: 26431: 26425: 26424: 26418: 26417: 26410: 26409: 26406: 26401: 26396: 26392: 26387: 26383: 26380: 26377: 26374: 26373:Yazdegerd III 26371: 26368: 26365: 26362: 26359: 26356: 26353: 26350: 26347: 26344: 26339: 26338: 26330: 26327: 26324: 26320: 26316: 26315: 26309: 26306: 26305:Sahralanyozan 26303: 26299: 26294: 26287: 26286: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26269: 26264: 26260: 26257: 26256: 26248: 26245: 26240: 26235: 26230: 26226: 26223: 26222: 26214: 26211: 26208: 26205: 26201: 26200: 26193: 26192: 26189: 26186: 26183: 26180: 26177: 26174: 26171: 26168: 26165: 26162: 26159: 26156: 26153: 26150: 26147: 26144: 26141: 26138: 26135: 26132: 26129: 26126: 26123: 26120: 26117: 26114: 26111: 26108: 26105: 26098: 26093: 26089: 26088: 26081: 26080: 26077: 26074: 26071: 26068: 26065: 26062: 26061:Mithridates V 26059: 26058:Sinatruces II 26054: 26049: 26043: 26042: 26039: 26034: 26030: 26023: 26020: 26015: 26010: 26005: 26000: 25997: 25996: 25988: 25985: 25982: 25981:Artabanus III 25979: 25976: 25973: 25970: 25967: 25964: 25961: 25958: 25955: 25952: 25951:Tiridates III 25949: 25946: 25943: 25940: 25937: 25934: 25931: 25928: 25925: 25922: 25919: 25916: 25913: 25910: 25907: 25904: 25901: 25898: 25895: 25894:Mithridates I 25891: 25890: 25884: 25881: 25878: 25875: 25872: 25869: 25866: 25863: 25860: 25857: 25854: 25851: 25846: 25843: 25840: 25837: 25834: 25831: 25830:Aristobulus I 25828: 25827:John Hyrcanus 25825: 25821: 25820: 25813: 25812: 25809: 25806: 25803: 25800: 25797: 25796:Alexander III 25794: 25791: 25788: 25785: 25782: 25781:Antiochus III 25779: 25776: 25773: 25770: 25767: 25763: 25762: 25757: 25753: 25752: 25747: 25744: 25741: 25740:Alexander III 25737: 25736: 25728: 25723: 25718: 25715: 25712: 25709: 25706: 25703: 25700: 25697: 25694: 25691: 25688: 25685: 25682: 25679: 25676: 25675:Cleopatra III 25673: 25670: 25667: 25664: 25661: 25658: 25655: 25652: 25649: 25646: 25643: 25640: 25637: 25634: 25630: 25629: 25625: 25618: 25617: 25614: 25613: 25608: 25605: 25604: 25599: 25598: 25593: 25592: 25587: 25584: 25581: 25580:Artaxerxes IV 25578: 25575: 25574:Artaxerxes II 25572: 25569: 25566: 25563: 25560: 25557: 25553: 25552: 25545: 25539: 25535: 25534:Kings of Tyre 25531: 25525: 25520: 25519: 25511: 25508: 25505: 25502: 25499: 25496: 25492: 25491: 25490:Median Empire 25485: 25482: 25479: 25476: 25473: 25470: 25466: 25465: 25459: 25456: 25453: 25450: 25447: 25444: 25441: 25437: 25436: 25431: 25430: 25423: 25422: 25419: 25414: 25410: 25407: 25405: 25402: 25399: 25398:Sinsharishkun 25396: 25393: 25390: 25387: 25384: 25381: 25378: 25375: 25372: 25369: 25366: 25363: 25360: 25357: 25353: 25351: 25344: 25343: 25337: 25334: 25331: 25328: 25325: 25320: 25312: 25307: 25306: 25298: 25295: 25291: 25287: 25283: 25279: 25275: 25270: 25269: 25262: 25259: 25256: 25253: 25250: 25247: 25244: 25241: 25238: 25235:(five kings) 25234: 25231: 25228: 25225: 25222: 25219: 25216: 25213: 25209: 25203: 25197: 25194: 25193:Ashur-Dan III 25191: 25188: 25184: 25181: 25178: 25175: 25172: 25169: 25165: 25164: 25158: 25153: 25148: 25147: 25144: 25140: 25139: 25133: 25130: 25127: 25124: 25121: 25118: 25115: 25112: 25108: 25107: 25100: 25097: 25096: 25092: 25089: 25086: 25083: 25080: 25077: 25074: 25071: 25068: 25064: 25063: 25056: 25055: 25052: 25049: 25046: 25043: 25040: 25037: 25034: 25033:Ea-mukin-zeri 25031: 25030:Simbar-shipak 25027: 25022:1025–934 BCE 25021: 25020: 25016: 25011: 25008: 25005: 25002: 24999: 24996: 24993: 24990: 24987: 24984: 24981: 24977: 24975: 24968: 24965: 24962: 24959: 24958:Ashur-rabi II 24956: 24953: 24950: 24947: 24944: 24943:Eriba-Adad II 24941: 24938: 24935: 24932: 24929: 24926: 24923: 24920: 24917: 24914: 24911: 24908: 24905: 24904:Shalmaneser I 24902: 24901:Adad-nirari I 24899: 24896: 24893: 24890: 24886: 24885: 24879: 24878: 24872: 24868: 24864: 24860: 24856: 24855: 24849: 24845: 24844:Kings of Tyre 24841: 24837: 24836: 24830: 24829: 24826: 24823: 24820: 24817: 24814: 24811: 24807: 24806: 24800: 24799: 24793: 24790: 24787: 24784: 24783:Ramesses VIII 24781: 24778: 24775: 24772: 24769: 24766: 24761: 24760: 24753: 24752: 24749: 24745: 24744: 24739: 24738: 24732: 24729: 24726: 24723: 24720: 24717: 24714: 24711: 24707: 24706: 24701: 24698: 24693: 24692: 24686: 24683: 24680: 24677: 24674: 24673: 24669: 24666: 24665:Amenhotep III 24663: 24660: 24656: 24653: 24650: 24647: 24644: 24640: 24637: 24634: 24630: 24629: 24624: 24623: 24616: 24611: 24608: 24605: 24602: 24599: 24596: 24593: 24590: 24587: 24584: 24581: 24578: 24575: 24572: 24569: 24566: 24563: 24560: 24557: 24554: 24551: 24548: 24545: 24542: 24539: 24536: 24533: 24529: 24527: 24519: 24513: 24510: 24506: 24505: 24500: 24499: 24491: 24483: 24480: 24477: 24474: 24468: 24467: 24461: 24458: 24455: 24452: 24449: 24448: 24444: 24443: 24434: 24428: 24423: 24422: 24416: 24415: 24411: 24410: 24405: 24401: 24400: 24395: 24391: 24390: 24385: 24384: 24378: 24375: 24372: 24371:Melamkurkurra 24369: 24365: 24364:Ayadaragalama 24362: 24359: 24355: 24352: 24349: 24345: 24342: 24341:Itti-ili-nibi 24339: 24335: 24333: 24322: 24317: 24314: 24311: 24308: 24305: 24302: 24299: 24296: 24293: 24290: 24287: 24284: 24280: 24278: 24271: 24264: 24258: 24257: 24254: 24251: 24248: 24245: 24242: 24239: 24236: 24235:Ashur-shaduni 24233: 24230: 24229:Enlil-nasir I 24227: 24224: 24221: 24218: 24215: 24212: 24209: 24206: 24203: 24200: 24197: 24194: 24193:Sharma-Adad I 24191: 24188: 24184:1700–722 BCE) 24182: 24176: 24173: 24170: 24167: 24164: 24161: 24158: 24155: 24146: 24143: 24140: 24137: 24134: 24131: 24128: 24125: 24122: 24119: 24116: 24115:Ishme-Dagan I 24113: 24104: 24098: 24097: 24088: 24083: 24082: 24076: 24072: 24071:Kings of Tyre 24068: 24063: 24058: 24053: 24052: 24047: 24046: 24038: 24035: 24032: 24029: 24028:Amenemhat III 24026: 24023: 24020: 24017: 24014: 24010: 24009: 24004: 24001: 23996: 23995: 23988: 23984: 23980: 23976: 23972: 23969: 23966: 23963: 23960: 23957: 23954: 23951: 23948: 23945: 23942: 23939: 23936: 23933: 23929: 23925: 23922: 23919: 23916: 23913: 23910: 23907: 23904: 23901: 23898: 23895: 23892: 23889: 23886: 23883: 23879: 23878: 23871: 23865: 23860: 23859: 23853: 23849: 23845: 23841: 23837: 23833: 23829: 23825: 23821: 23820:Puzur-Ashur I 23817: 23816: 23809: 23805: 23802: 23799: 23796: 23791: 23786: 23785: 23779: 23771: 23767: 23762: 23759: 23753: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23730: 23727: 23726:Third Eblaite 23722: 23719: 23718:Mentuhotep IV 23716: 23713: 23712:Mentuhotep II 23710: 23707: 23704: 23701: 23697: 23696: 23691: 23690: 23685: 23681: 23677: 23673: 23671: 23665: 23660: 23658: 23650: 23647: 23644: 23641: 23638: 23633: 23628: 23622: 23621: 23613: 23609: 23605: 23601: 23592: 23591: 23588: 23584: 23582: 23576: 23573: 23570: 23569:Wahkare Khety 23567: 23564: 23560: 23559: 23552: 23551: 23548: 23543: 23540: 23536: 23532: 23525: 23521: 23517: 23510: 23506: 23504: 23496: 23492: 23488: 23483: 23479: 23472: 23471: 23465: 23461: 23456: 23451: 23447: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23437:Ur III period 23432: 23429: 23426: 23425:Neferkare VII 23423: 23419: 23418: 23410: 23407: 23403: 23399: 23395: 23389: 23385: 23381: 23377: 23373: 23372:Ur-Ningirsu I 23369: 23365: 23363: 23355: 23351: 23347: 23345: 23339: 23335: 23330: 23326: 23322: 23318: 23314: 23311: 23303: 23299: 23295: 23288: 23283: 23282: 23276: 23273: 23266: 23263: 23260: 23257: 23254: 23251: 23248: 23245: 23242: 23239: 23236: 23233: 23230: 23227: 23224: 23221: 23217: 23216: 23211: 23210: 23205: 23204: 23196: 23191: 23185: 23180: 23176: 23170: 23169: 23166: 23162: 23158: 23154: 23150: 23145: 23142: 23139: 23134: 23133: 23128: 23125: 23123: 23117: 23113: 23108: 23104: 23102: 23096: 23092: 23088: 23085: 23083: 23080: 23079: 23076: 23071: 23067: 23062: 23055: 23049: 23045: 23041: 23036: 23030: 23029: 23024: 23020: 23018: 23011: 23006: 23003: 23000: 22997: 22994: 22991: 22988: 22984: 22983: 22976: 22975: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22961: 22959: 22955: 22953: 22949: 22945: 22941: 22938: 22935: 22930: 22926: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22913: 22910: 22908: 22907:Lugal-kisalsi 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22890: 22886: 22884: 22880: 22878: 22874: 22870: 22867: 22864: 22863: 22857: 22852: 22848: 22843: 22840: 22837: 22836: 22833: 22829: 22819: 22816: 22815: 22812: 22808: 22803: 22799: 22794: 22791: 22788: 22785: 22782: 22779: 22776: 22773: 22770: 22765: 22764: 22756: 22753: 22749: 22745: 22741: 22737: 22736: 22730: 22726: 22722: 22718: 22713: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22695: 22689: 22684: 22682: 22676: 22671: 22665: 22663: 22657: 22653: 22649: 22648: 22642: 22638: 22633: 22629: 22625: 22621: 22617: 22613: 22606: 22601: 22597: 22592: 22591: 22584: 22578: 22577: 22572: 22568: 22567: 22561: 22560: 22556: 22553: 22550: 22549: 22545: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22529: 22525: 22524: 22519: 22518: 22511: 22510: 22505: 22501: 22497: 22493: 22492: 22486: 22485: 22481: 22477: 22473: 22468: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22441: 22437: 22433: 22432: 22426: 22420: 22416: 22415: 22409: 22408: 22404: 22400: 22394: 22390: 22384: 22382: 22374: 22370: 22366: 22362: 22358: 22354: 22350: 22345: 22342: 22341: 22337: 22334: 22333: 22329: 22326: 22321: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22304: 22296: 22293: 22286: 22285: 22278: 22273: 22269: 22263: 22258: 22254: 22250: 22246: 22242: 22239: 22238: 22234: 22228: 22227: 22223: 22219: 22215: 22206: 22202: 22195: 22192: 22190: 22186: 22181: 22178: 22177: 22172: 22170: 22164: 22163: 22160: 22156: 22153: 22149: 22146: 22143: 22139: 22136: 22133: 22127: 22122: 22119: 22118: 22114: 22110: 22106: 22101: 22100:Nangishlishma 22097: 22093: 22088: 22086: 22079: 22078: 22071: 22068: 22067:First Eblaite 22063: 22059: 22053: 22048: 22045: 22044: 22040: 22039: 22035: 22034: 22030: 22027: 22026:Seth-Peribsen 22024: 22023: 22019: 22018: 22014: 22013: 22009: 22008: 22004: 22003: 21999: 21998: 21994: 21991: 21988: 21987:Hotepsekhemwy 21983: 21982: 21974: 21968: 21963: 21962: 21957: 21956: 21955:Proto-Elamite 21948: 21947: 21941: 21936: 21935: 21931: 21930: 21926: 21923: 21920: 21917: 21913: 21910: 21907: 21904: 21900: 21897: 21894: 21886: 21882: 21881: 21876: 21875: 21867: 21863: 21862: 21858: 21857:Double Falcon 21855: 21854: 21850: 21849: 21845: 21844: 21840: 21839: 21835: 21834: 21830: 21829: 21825: 21824: 21820: 21819: 21815: 21814: 21810: 21809: 21804: 21803: 21797: 21793: 21790: 21789: 21785: 21782: 21779: 21778: 21774: 21773: 21769: 21768: 21764: 21763: 21759: 21758: 21754: 21751: 21750: 21746: 21745: 21741: 21740: 21735: 21734: 21729: 21723: 21718: 21717: 21709: 21703: 21698: 21690: 21684: 21678: 21670: 21669: 21663: 21660: 21654: 21649: 21643: 21638: 21637: 21632: 21631: 21623: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21545: 21544: 21541: 21540: 21534: 21530: 21522: 21517: 21515: 21510: 21508: 21503: 21502: 21499: 21487: 21483: 21479: 21477: 21469: 21468: 21465: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21437: 21435: 21431: 21421: 21420: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21385: 21383: 21381: 21377: 21370: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21330: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21310: 21307: 21304: 21300: 21299:news agencies 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21285: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21255: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21206: 21202: 21199: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21171: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21107: 21105: 21101: 21095: 21092: 21089: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21074: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21061: 21059: 21057: 21053: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21006: 21005: 21002: 20999: 20995: 20992: 20991: 20989: 20985: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20940: 20938: 20936: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20923: 20919: 20915: 20910: 20906: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20873: 20871: 20867: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20832: 20830: 20828: 20822: 20816: 20813: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20791: 20788: 20785: 20781: 20778: 20775: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20755: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20725: 20724: 20721: 20718: 20714: 20711: 20710: 20708: 20706: 20702: 20695: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20660:Privatization 20658: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20560: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20542: 20540: 20536: 20532: 20528: 20523: 20519: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20486: 20484: 20482: 20478: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20443: 20441: 20437: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20420: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20396: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20313: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20298: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20285: 20283: 20279: 20275: 20271: 20266: 20262: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20195: 20192: 20191: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20169: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20159: 20156: 20152: 20147: 20143: 20129: 20128:Years in Iran 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20072: 20069: 20068: 20067: 20064: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20052:Turco-Persian 20050: 20049: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20029: 20027: 20023: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19976: 19973: 19972: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19921:War (1980–88) 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19872: 19871: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19853: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19814: 19813: 19811: 19807: 19804: 19800: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19759: 19757: 19751: 19749: 19743: 19741: 19735: 19733: 19727: 19725: 19719: 19717: 19713:Qara Qoyunlu 19711: 19709: 19703: 19702: 19700: 19696: 19690: 19684: 19682: 19676: 19674: 19668: 19666: 19661: 19659: 19653: 19651: 19645: 19643: 19637: 19635: 19629: 19627: 19621: 19619: 19613: 19612: 19610: 19606: 19600: 19594: 19592: 19586: 19584: 19578: 19576: 19570: 19568: 19562: 19560: 19554: 19552: 19546: 19544: 19538: 19536: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19523: 19520: 19514: 19504: 19498: 19497: 19495: 19491: 19485: 19479: 19477: 19471: 19469: 19463: 19461: 19455: 19453: 19447: 19445: 19439: 19437: 19431: 19429: 19423: 19421: 19415: 19414: 19412: 19410:550 BC–AD 224 19408: 19402: 19396: 19394: 19388: 19386: 19380: 19378: 19372: 19370: 19366:Neo-Assyrian 19364: 19362: 19356: 19354: 19348: 19346: 19340: 19338: 19332: 19330: 19324: 19322: 19316: 19314: 19308: 19307: 19305: 19301: 19298: 19294: 19290: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19272: 19268: 19263: 19256: 19251: 19249: 19244: 19242: 19237: 19236: 19233: 19219: 19218:Soviet empire 19216: 19214: 19211: 19210: 19208: 19207: 19205: 19203:Miscellaneous 19201: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19168: 19165: 19164: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19153: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19121: 19118: 19117: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19040: 19038: 19036: 19032: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18987: 18984: 18983: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18956: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18933: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18898: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18885: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18838: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18802:German Empire 18800: 18799: 18798: 18795: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18782: 18781: 18778: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18765: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18728: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18706: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18674: 18670: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18571: 18570: 18567: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18544: 18543: 18542:Turco-Persian 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18487: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18450: 18449: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18410: 18409: 18406: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18383: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18331: 18330: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18282: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18240: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18198: 18197: 18194: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18181: 18180: 18177: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18133: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18120: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18082: 18080: 18078: 18074: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18040: 18039: 18036: 18032: 18029: 18028: 18027: 18024: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17953: 17950: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17937: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17900: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17868: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17841: 17840: 17837: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17818: 17815: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17802: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17762: 17757: 17755: 17750: 17748: 17743: 17742: 17739: 17725: 17718: 17714: 17713: 17708: 17704: 17697: 17694: 17689: 17682: 17679: 17672: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17658: 17652: 17651: 17648: 17642: 17641: 17637: 17636: 17631: 17625: 17624: 17616: 17615: 17612: 17606: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17596: 17595: 17590: 17589: 17583: 17578: 17577: 17571: 17567: 17562: 17558: 17553: 17547: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17527: 17526: 17519: 17518: 17515: 17510: 17508: 17502: 17501: 17497: 17496: 17491: 17485: 17484: 17479: 17473: 17472: 17468: 17464: 17459: 17453: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17442: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17426: 17421: 17415: 17414: 17411: 17405: 17404: 17401: 17400: 17393: 17392: 17389: 17383: 17382: 17379: 17375: 17371: 17362: 17361: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17342: 17337: 17333: 17325: 17320: 17318: 17313: 17311: 17306: 17305: 17302: 17277: 17276: 17272: 17268: 17267: 17263: 17261: 17260: 17256: 17254: 17253: 17252:Metamorphoses 17249: 17247: 17245: 17244:The Histories 17241: 17239: 17238: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17227: 17225: 17223: 17222:The Histories 17219: 17217: 17216: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17183: 17180: 17179: 17177: 17176: 17173: 17166: 17162: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17128: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17114: 17111: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17088: 17082: 17076: 17073: 17071: 17068: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17030: 17024: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 17000: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16988: 16984: 16983: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16974: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16960: 16958: 16957: 16953: 16952: 16950: 16946: 16945: 16941: 16939: 16938: 16937:Marumaru Atua 16934: 16932: 16931: 16927: 16925: 16924: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16912: 16908: 16906: 16905: 16901: 16899: 16898: 16897:Samudra Raksa 16894: 16892: 16891: 16887: 16885: 16884: 16883:Te Au o Tonga 16880: 16878: 16877: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16861: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16827: 16821: 16818: 16817: 16815: 16811: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16767: 16763: 16761: 16760: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16743:Blackfriars I 16741: 16739: 16738:Arles Rhône 3 16736: 16734: 16733: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16718: 16716: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16696: 16692: 16690: 16689: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16655: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16565: 16559: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16542:Thalassocracy 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16527:Shell middens 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16478: 16477:Naval warfare 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16437: 16435: 16429: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16357:Lionel Casson 16355: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16343: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16325: 16321: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16268: 16265: 16258: 16254: 16233: 16230: 16229: 16228: 16225: 16221: 16218: 16217: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16200: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16188:Incense trade 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16137: 16133: 16127: 16123: 16098: 16095: 16094: 16093: 16092:South America 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16061: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16040:Sailing ships 16038: 16036: 16035:Oared vessels 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16017: 16014: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15957:Cape Hermaeum 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15879: 15876: 15875: 15873: 15871: 15867: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15842: 15840: 15838: 15834: 15831: 15827: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15795: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15768:Migration and 15765: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15589: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15575:Ancient Egypt 15573: 15572: 15570: 15568:Civilizations 15566: 15560: 15557: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15523: 15519: 15515: 15510: 15506: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15214: 15210: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15129: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15112: 15108: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14988: 14986: 14984: 14980: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14943:Clinker built 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14928:Boat building 14926: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14889: 14886: 14885: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14802: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14677:Navis lusoria 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14576: 14571: 14569: 14564: 14562: 14557: 14556: 14553: 14541: 14536: 14530: 14525: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14406: 14403: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14288: 14287: 14284: 14277:inscriptions) 14276: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14254: 14250: 14249: 14243: 14238: 14236: 14231: 14229: 14224: 14223: 14220: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14179: 14174: 14170: 14169: 14168: 14165: 14160: 14156: 14155: 14154: 14151: 14146: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14137: 14132: 14128: 14127: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14106: 14097: 14093: 14090: 14086: 14083: 14082:Chapar Khaneh 14079: 14078: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14050: 14045: 14041: 14038: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13984: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13964: 13961: 13960:Siege of Gaza 13957: 13954: 13950: 13947: 13943: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13929: 13926: 13922: 13921: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13883: 13879: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13869: 13865: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13850: 13846: 13843: 13839: 13836: 13832: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13818: 13815: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13779:Ionian Revolt 13776: 13775: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13697: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13651: 13642: 13638: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13596:Tomb of Cyrus 13594: 13592: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13528:Apadana hoard 13525: 13524: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13517:Oxus Treasure 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13503: 13498: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13459: 13450: 13445: 13443: 13438: 13436: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13287: 13281: 13277: 13276: 13270: 13266: 13264:9781009361293 13260: 13256: 13251: 13247: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13197: 13193: 13188: 13187: 13176: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13137: 13133: 13127: 13123: 13118: 13114: 13109: 13105: 13099: 13096:. Routledge. 13095: 13091: 13090:Kuhrt, Amélie 13087: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13068:(25): 83–97. 13067: 13063: 13059: 13058:Kuhrt, Amélie 13055: 13051: 13045: 13041: 13036: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13004: 12998: 12995:. Routledge. 12994: 12989: 12985: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12967: 12966: 12949: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12923: 12917: 12913: 12912: 12904: 12896: 12890: 12886: 12885: 12877: 12869: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12850: 12842: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12823: 12821: 12811: 12803: 12797: 12793: 12792: 12784: 12769: 12765: 12758: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12737: 12728: 12719: 12710: 12701: 12699: 12689: 12681: 12677: 12670: 12661: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12607: 12605: 12595: 12586: 12584: 12575: 12569: 12565: 12564: 12556: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12530: 12529: 12521: 12505: 12501: 12495: 12487: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12468: 12466: 12457: 12451: 12447: 12446: 12438: 12430: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12411: 12403: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12384: 12376: 12370: 12366: 12365: 12357: 12349: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12330: 12322: 12316: 12312: 12311: 12303: 12294: 12288: 12284: 12283: 12275: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12214: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12178: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12119: 12111: 12104: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12043: 12035: 12034: 12027: 12019: 12013: 12009: 12008: 12000: 11992: 11988: 11987: 11979: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11952: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11932: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11912: 11904: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11885: 11877: 11871: 11867: 11866: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11835: 11831: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11799: 11793: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11729: 11721: 11715: 11711: 11704: 11696: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11624: 11616: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11597: 11588: 11573: 11569: 11562: 11560: 11551: 11545: 11541: 11540: 11532: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11484: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11446: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11418: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11304: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11190: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11160: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11141: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11113: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11075: 11066: 11058: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11039: 11024: 11023:en.unesco.org 11020: 11014: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10967: 10961: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10935: 10934: 10926: 10918: 10912: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10846:M. Dandamayev 10842: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10791: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10772: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10690: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10673: 10667: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10648: 10639: 10632: 10627: 10625: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10589: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10559: 10554: 10547: 10542: 10535: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10501: 10497: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10453: 10449: 10443: 10435: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10416: 10408: 10404: 10403: 10395: 10387: 10386: 10378: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10332: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10311: 10303: 10302: 10294: 10292: 10284: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10193: 10187: 10183: 10176: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10142: 10141: 10135: 10130: 10124: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10090: 10075: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10037: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10003: 9995: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9979: 9970: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9918: 9912: 9903: 9894: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9858: 9857: 9849: 9842: 9837: 9821: 9817: 9811: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9772: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9737: 9729: 9723: 9719: 9718: 9710: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9634: 9619: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9539: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9511: 9510: 9493: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9470: 9463: 9458: 9443: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9424: 9409: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9390: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9358: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9303: 9299: 9293: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9233: 9226: 9218: 9217: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9161: 9155:, p. 61. 9154: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9045: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9021: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9004: 8997: 8990: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8961: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8865: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8830: 8828: 8820: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8795: 8794:Wallinga 1984 8790: 8784:, p. 13. 8783: 8778: 8776: 8768: 8763: 8757:, p. 98. 8756: 8751: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8716: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8700:Isaiah 41:2–4 8696: 8690:, p. 46. 8689: 8684: 8682: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8648: 8641: 8636: 8634: 8626: 8621: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8567: 8560: 8555: 8553: 8546:, p. 40. 8545: 8540: 8534:, p. 39. 8533: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8481: 8475:, p. 37. 8474: 8469: 8463:, p. 11. 8462: 8457: 8455: 8448:, p. 36. 8447: 8442: 8436:, p. 35. 8435: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8402: 8396:, p. 34. 8395: 8390: 8388: 8381:, p. 33. 8380: 8375: 8369:, p. 31. 8368: 8363: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8321: 8315:, p. 15. 8314: 8309: 8303:, p. 16. 8302: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8279:, p. 17. 8278: 8273: 8271: 8262: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8134: 8127:, p. 17. 8126: 8121: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7978: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7854:, p. 17. 7853: 7848: 7846: 7838: 7833: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7809: 7800: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7428: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7401: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7317: 7311: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7286: 7278: 7273: 7272:King of Kings 7268: 7264:Either King ( 7261: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7209: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7101: 7100:Artaxerxes IV 7098: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7051: 7050:Artaxerxes II 7048: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6553:Modern period 6549: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6526: 6525:Afsharid Iran 6523: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514:Hotak dynasty 6511: 6510: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6256:Seljuk Empire 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176:Buyid dynasty 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6136:Sajid dynasty 6134: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5928:132 BC–224 AD 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5918:141 BC–222 AD 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5908:147 BC–224 AD 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5898:247 BC–224 AD 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5858:320s BC–17 AD 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5846: 323 BC 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5832:331 BC–428 AD 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5822:550 BC–330 BC 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5796:626 BC–539 BC 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5786:635 BC–550 BC 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5762:Median Empire 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5583:Proto-Elamite 5581: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5546: 5544: 5543:Dalma culture 5541: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511:20,000–10,000 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5498:36,000–18,000 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5385:Bernard Lewis 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5299:(Scale model) 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283:, one of the 5282: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:Artaxerxes II 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241:Artaxerxes II 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5043:Oxus Treasure 5040: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942:Artaxerxes II 4939: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893:at Persepolis 4892: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856:Jewish people 4854:released the 4853: 4849: 4848:Old Testament 4845: 4841: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4754:lingua franca 4750: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4731:lingua franca 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4649: 4639: 510 BC 4633: 4629: 4622: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4520:Artaxerxes II 4512: 4507: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454:(mostly from 4453: 4448: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4349:war elephants 4346: 4345:camel cavalry 4342: 4341:horse cavalry 4338: 4330: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4245:composite bow 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4121:Cylinder seal 4117: 4110: 4106: 4101: 500 BC 4095: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962:Paphlagonians 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732:, Lydia, and 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655:caravanserais 3652: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3601:(340–320 BC). 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3536:Tax districts 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3455:Chapar Khaneh 3452: 3451:postal system 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3327:Mithridates I 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237:Mithridates I 3234: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3062:tomb of Cyrus 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2694: 2687: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:invaded Egypt 2627: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2505:, who, under 2504: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2466:Artaxerxes II 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448:Artaxerxes II 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:Artaxerxes II 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290:Delian League 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2137:Ionian Revolt 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2112:Ionian Revolt 2105: 2101: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839:the European 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1777:(Old Persian 1776: 1772: 1764: 500 BC 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749:Pierre Briant 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1626: 1623:, located at 1622: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1611:Second Temple 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402:, written by 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1245: 1208: 1205: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:Median Empire 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009:in the west, 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:, it was the 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 971: 965: 960: 954: 918: 914: 910: 906: 892: 888: 885: 882: 881:lingua franca 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 865: 861: 845: 843: 840: 839: 831: 829: 826: 825: 822: 816: 813: 806: 805: 802: 799: 792: 791: 788: 785: 778: 777: 774: 771: 764: 763: 760: 757: 750: 749: 746: 743: 736: 735: 732: 729: 722: 721: 718: 715: 708: 707: 704: 701: 694: 693: 690: 687: 680: 679: 676: 675:Median Empire 673: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 645: 642: 638: 635: 631: 627: 623: 617: 613: 608: 604: 600: 595: 591: 587: 584: 578: 574: 571: 565: 561: 558: 552: 548: 545: 539: 535: 532: 526: 522: 519: 513: 509: 506: 500: 496: 493: 487: 483: 480: 474: 470: 467: 461: 457: 454: 448: 444: 441: 435: 431: 428: 425: 421: 417: 414: 411: 405: 402: 399: 393: 390: 387: 381: 378: 377:Artaxerxes II 375: 369: 366: 363: 357: 354: 351: 345: 342: 339: 333: 330: 327: 321: 318: 315: 309: 306: 303: 297: 294: 291: 285: 282: 279: 273: 270: 267: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 243: 241: 237: 231: 230: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 200: 197: 193: 187: 186: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 160: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 143: 139: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 103: 99: 94: 88: 83: 79: 72: 65: 62:550 BC–330 BC 60: 55: 40: 37: 33: 19: 26597: 26587: 26551:Ancient Iraq 26550: 26540: 26520: 26509: 26495: 26486: 26473: 26464: 26428: 26421: 26414: 26343:Ardashir III 26335: 26312: 26253: 26221:Roman Empire 26219: 26197: 26155:Yazdegerd II 26085: 26076:Artabanus IV 26073:Vologases VI 26064:Vologases IV 25995:Roman Empire 25993: 25978:Vologases II 25954:Artabanus II 25948:Artabanus II 25933:Tiridates II 25921:Phraates III 25887: 25824:Simon Thassi 25817: 25799:Demetrius II 25787:Antiochus IV 25778:Seleucus III 25772:Antiochus II 25759: 25749: 25746:Alexander IV 25733: 25721: 25705:Ptolemy XIII 25687:Berenice III 25681:Cleopatra IV 25622: 25619:331–141 BCE 25610: 25601: 25595: 25589: 25568:Artaxerxes I 25550: 25549: 25516: 25513:539–331 BCE 25488: 25469:Nabopolassar 25462: 25433: 25427: 25424:626–539 BCE 25392:Ashurbanipal 25347: 25346: 25340: 25303: 25300:745–609 BCE 25266: 25246:Eriba-Marduk 25207: 25161: 25136: 25104: 25103: 25093: 25082:Shoshenq III 25060: 25057:911–745 BCE 25025: 25007:Marduk-zer-X 24971: 24967:Ashur-dan II 24898:Arik-den-ili 24895:Enlil-nirari 24889:Eriba-Adad I 24882: 24875: 24852: 24833: 24828:Psusennes II 24803: 24802: 24796: 24780:Ramesses VII 24768:Ramesses III 24757: 24741: 24735: 24703: 24689: 24670: 24659:Amenhotep II 24652:Thutmose III 24626: 24620: 24617: 24568:Kurigalzu II 24562:Kara-hardash 24532:Agum-Kakrime 24523: 24502: 24496: 24464: 24447:'Aper-'Anati 24445: 24440: 24419: 24413: 24407: 24403: 24397: 24393: 24387: 24381: 24380: 24344:Damqi-ilishu 24327: 24316:Samsu-Ditana 24298:Sin-muballit 24289:Sin-muballit 24268: 24238:Ashur-rabi I 24103:Shamshi-Adad 24100: 24094: 24079: 24049: 24043: 24031:Amenemhat IV 24025:Senusret III 24019:Amenemhat II 24006: 23992: 23978: 23927: 23924:Damiq-ilishu 23894:Lipit-Eshtar 23875: 23856: 23813: 23781: 23777: 23761:Shakkanakkus 23724: 23700:Mentuhotep I 23693: 23687: 23668: 23655: 23618: 23612:Puzur-Ishtar 23579: 23574: 23556: 23509:Lugalannatum 23501: 23468: 23435: 23415: 23394:Hishep-Ratep 23360: 23342: 23279: 23269: 23223:Neferkare II 23213: 23207: 23201: 23148: 23130: 23120: 23099: 23052:Invasion by 23015: 22980: 22956: 22948:Enannatum II 22912:E-iginimpa'e 22881: 22873:Igrish-Halam 22784:Nyuserre Ini 22761: 22735:Awan dynasty 22733: 22692: 22679: 22660: 22645: 22636: 22620:Ishtup-Ishar 22600:Iku-Shamagan 22596:Ikun-Shamash 22588: 22566:Ur I dynasty 22564: 22557: 22546: 22521: 22515: 22489: 22470: 22429: 22412: 22397: 22379: 22338: 22330: 22301: 22282: 22245:Enmebaragesi 22231: 22212: 22183: 22174: 22167: 22130: 22125: 22105:En-tarah-ana 22090: 22083: 22075: 22065: 22041: 22038:Neferkasokar 22036: 22031: 22020: 22015: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21979: 21959: 21953: 21944: 21932: 21927: 21878: 21872: 21859: 21851: 21846: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21811: 21806: 21800: 21786: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21739:Finger Snail 21737: 21731: 21714: 21683:Anu Ziggurat 21666: 21634: 21628: 21546:Territories/ 21433:Other topics 21417: 21345:Persian name 21284:Islamization 21226: 21186:Architecture 21139:universities 21084:Zoroastrians 21079:Christianity 21069:Baháʼí Faith 21019:Azerbaijanis 20926:Demographics 20740:Construction 20728:Central Bank 20670:Space Agency 20565:Child labour 20400:Principlists 20380:Cyberwarfare 20328:Human rights 20293:Constitution 20088:Azerbaijanis 20057:Indo-Persian 20037:Greater Iran 19908:siege (1980) 19867:1979–present 19518:early modern 19516:Medieval and 19416: 19310:Kura-Araxes 18969:Contemporary 18819:Indo-Persian 18807:Nazi Germany 18751:Contemporary 18653:Vijayanagara 18552:Great Seljuk 18463:Thessalonica 18391:Golden Horde 18031:Carthaginian 17961: 17810:Neo-Assyrian 17795:Neo-Sumerian 17710: 17703:Ancient Rome 17674:311–129 BCE 17660: 17653:336–301 BCE 17646: 17643:539–331 BCE 17633: 17626:626–539 BCE 17617:729–609 BCE 17607:911–729 BCE 17598: 17592: 17586: 17574: 17539: 17529: 17523: 17493: 17481: 17466: 17443: 17422: 17397: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17330:Timeline of 17273: 17264: 17257: 17250: 17243: 17235: 17230:On the Ocean 17228: 17221: 17213: 17210:Literature: 16998: 16980: 16961: 16954: 16944:Aotearoa One 16942: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16909: 16902: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16854: 16850: 16842: 16829:Experimental 16797:Museum ships 16764: 16757: 16730: 16702:Phoenician: 16693: 16688:Leontophoros 16686: 16650:Butuan boats 16645:Pontian boat 16583:Dufuna canoe 16522:Shipbuilding 16433:and theories 16403:Boris Rankov 16197: 16130:Economy and 16030:Incendiaries 15877: 15742: 15664:Indus Valley 15632:Tarumanagara 15559:Ubaid period 15477:Wadi al-Jarf 15392:Ostia Antica 14996:Fore-and-aft 14963:Shipbuilding 14938:Carvel built 14920:Construction 14878:Steering oar 14759:Sailing ship 14682:Obelisk ship 14640:Dugout canoe 14273: / 14269: / 14265: / 14261: / 14252: 13555:Architecture 13462: 13418: 13274: 13254: 13235: 13213: 13191: 13164: 13144: 13140: 13121: 13112: 13093: 13065: 13061: 13039: 13030: 13011: 12993:The Persians 12992: 12973: 12948:the original 12943: 12930: 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Retrieved 7359: 7350: 7323: 7310: 7285: 7260: 7243: 6944:Artaxerxes I 6736: 6663:LGBT history 6623:1979–present 6572:Pahlavi Iran 6535:Zand dynasty 6503:Safavid Iran 6466:Qara Qoyunlu 6356:Kurt dynasty 6196:Hasanwayhids 5996: 5974:Qarinvandids 5878:281 BC–62 BC 5868:312 BC–63 BC 5817: 5481: 5430: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5400: 5399:in his work 5395: 5390: 5302: 5233:Artaxerxes I 5214: 5059: 5047: 5036: 5030:such as the 5025: 5001: 4998: 4979: 4975: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4935: 4899:Artaxerxes I 4896: 4868: 4838: 4825: 4816: 4782:bureaucratic 4775: 4771: 4752: 4737: 4729: 4659: 4589: 4568: 4567: 4551: 4540: 4532: 4516: 4480: 4443: 4404: 4373:scale armour 4369: 4334: 4322: 4303: 4254: 4222: 4200: 4181: 4164:scale armour 4145: 4126: 3978:Cappadocians 3791: 3762:Persian Gulf 3715: 3663: 3640: 3620: 3606: 3604: 3560: 3508:The Persian 3507: 3481: 3459: 3444: 3410: 3382: 3300: 3286: 3264: 3248: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3152: 3150: 3095: 3080: 3072: 3065: 3032: 3013: 3008: 2963: 2954:Cersobleptes 2934: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2872: 2843: 2835:Nectanebo II 2819: 2756: 2744:Nectanebo II 2706:, prince of 2701: 2634:Nectanebo II 2598: 2575: 2507:Agesilaus II 2500: 2464: 2411:Tissaphernes 2405:From 412 BC 2404: 2376: 2357:Palaescepsis 2329:Themistocles 2322: 2283: 2278: 2267:Artaxerxes I 2260: 2223:Saronic Gulf 2208: 2183: 2178: 2133: 2109: 2026:Central Asia 1951: 1910: 1900: 1814: 1803: 1786:Darayarahush 1768: 1728: 1688: 1681: 1634: 1591:Hebrew Bible 1587:Ashurbanipal 1577:rather than 1557:, then took 1548: 1508: 1484: 1464: 1369: 1328: 1275: 1243: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1116: 1110: 1070: 1058:road systems 1054: 1023: 1019:Indus Valley 1015:Central Asia 916: 912: 908: 904: 902: 887: 877: 868: 657:Succeeded by 656: 651: 329:Artaxerxes I 226: 182: 133:(ceremonial) 121:(ceremonial) 95:(522–486 BC) 36: 26744:Patronymics 26483:Simpson, W. 26411:639–651 CE 26358:Azarmidokht 26349:Khosrow III 26332:628–641 CE 26288:618–628 CE 26250:395–618 CE 26216:273–395 CE 26204:Vaballathus 26194:270–273 CE 26158:Hormizd III 26143:Yazdegerd I 26134:Ardashir II 26128:Adur Narseh 26082:224–270 CE 26070:Vologases V 26044:117–224 CE 26025:116–117 CE 25972:Vardanes II 25969:Vologases I 25960:Gotarzes II 25930:Phraates IV 25900:Hyspaosines 25839:Hyrcanus II 25814:141–30 BCE 25793:Demetrius I 25790:Antiochus V 25784:Seleucus IV 25775:Seleucus II 25769:Antiochus I 25756:Antigonus I 25708:Ptolemy XIV 25696:Cleopatra V 25478:Neriglissar 25475:Amel-Marduk 25458:Psamtik III 25429:Late Period 25368:Sennacherib 25359:Shalmaneser 25286:Tammaritu I 25183:Shammuramat 25126:Takelot III 25123:Osorkon III 25120:Shoshenq VI 25095:Pedubast II 25085:Shoshenq IV 25073:Shoshenq II 24922:Ashur-dan I 24863:Ish-bosheth 24816:Psusennes I 24792:Ramesses XI 24786:Ramesses IX 24777:Ramesses VI 24771:Ramesses IV 24716:Ramesses II 24679:Tutankhamun 24662:Thutmose IV 24646:Thutmose II 24580:Kudur-Enlil 24565:Nazi-Bugash 24553:Kurigalzu I 24541:Ulamburiash 24512:Amenhotep I 24493:Tutankhamun 24479:Parshatatar 24476:Shuttarna I 24409:Seventeenth 24338:Ilum-ma-ili 24313:Ammi-saduqa 24310:Ammi-ditana 24304:Samsu-iluna 24211:Erishum III 24172:Adad-salulu 24169:Ipqi-Ishtar 24157:Ashur-dugul 24142:Adad-salulu 24139:Ipqi-Ishtar 24127:Ashur-dugul 24096:Old Assyria 24091:(Amorites) 24034:Sobekneferu 24022:Senusret II 24013:Amenemhat I 23985:Sîn-iribam 23962:Sin-Iqisham 23956:Sin-Iddinam 23906:Erra-imitti 23903:Lipit-Enlil 23891:Ishme-Dagan 23888:Iddin-Dagan 23824:Shalim-ahum 23815:Old Assyria 23801:Yasmah-Adad 23778:Lim Dynasty 23770:Hanun-Dagan 23766:Hitial-Erra 23531:Ur-Ningirsu 23487:Kuda (Uruk) 23460:Ishgum-Addu 23450:Ishtup-Ilum 23302:Ishma-Dagan 23287:Shakkanakku 23265:Neferirkare 23262:Neferkauhor 23165:Ili-ishmani 23144:Manishtushu 23107:Lugalzagesi 23103:III dynasty 23087:Puzur-Nirah 22802:Ishar-Malik 22781:Shepseskare 22571:Mesannepada 22496:Nin-kisalsi 22484:Lugal-kitun 22454:Meskalamdug 22440:Ur-Pabilsag 22253:Aga of Kish 22162:Barsal-nuna 22047:Khasekhemwy 22033:Neferkara I 22012:Weneg-Nebty 21990:Nebra/Raneb 21802:Lower Egypt 21788:Scorpion II 21733:Upper Egypt 21685:, 4000 BCE) 21668:Uruk period 21450:Tehrangeles 21413:Traditional 21150:Nationality 21088:persecution 21073:persecution 21024:Circassians 20973:Neo-Aramaic 20953:Azerbaijani 20825:State-owned 20750:Health care 20713:Agriculture 20550:Brain drain 20489:Ambassadors 20184:Earthquakes 19721:Aq Qoyunlu 19670:Muzaffarid 19647:Eldiguzids 19639:Anushtegin 19465:Kingdom of 19441:Kingdom of 19433:Kingdom of 19425:Atropatene 19417:Achaemenid 19358:Kingdom of 19303:3400–539 BC 18557:Khwarezmian 18490:Carolingian 18295:Rashtrakuta 17999:Shaishunaga 17898:Hellenistic 17881:New Kingdom 17871:Old Kingdom 17720:224–mid 7C 17684:129–63 BCE 17666:Macedonians 17561:city-states 17557:Neo-Hittite 17532:Sea Peoples 17448:city-states 17427:city-states 17370:Uruk period 17332:Mesopotamia 17237:Argonautica 17224:(Herodotus) 17187:Flood myths 17084:Museums and 17028:conferences 16993:Vital Alsar 16831:archaeology 16640:Austronesia 16633:Hjortspring 16628:Rochelongue 16578:Pesse canoe 16532:Ship burial 16517:Sea Peoples 16450:Lighthouses 16445:Grave goods 16393:George Bass 16173:Spice trade 15770:exploration 15592:Philippines 15587:Austronesia 15580:Old Kingdom 15457:Trincomalee 15407:Prosphorion 15352:Myos Hormos 15196:Micronesian 15187:By region: 15159:Lighthouses 14967:By region: 14732:Quinquereme 14657:Kunlun ship 14650:Penteconter 14635:Dragon boat 14125:Mithridatic 13670:Old Persian 13477:Family tree 12773:15 February 12264:21 November 12083:Baztab News 11568:"Immortals" 11402:Herodotus, 10631:Briant 2002 10283:Briant 2002 9413:29 December 9379:29 December 9308:17 December 9230:Herodotus. 9201:Briant 2002 9189:Briant 2002 9164:Herodotus, 9153:Briant 2002 9084:Herodotus, 9048:Herodotus, 9024:Herodotus, 9000:Herodotus, 8989:Briant 2002 8964:Herodotus, 8940:Herodotus, 8916:Herodotus, 8892:Herodotus, 8868:Herodotus, 8833:Herodotus, 8819:Briant 2002 8767:Briant 2002 8755:Briant 2002 8688:Briant 2002 8640:Briant 2002 8559:Briant 2002 8544:Briant 2002 8532:Briant 2002 8502:Briant 2002 8484:Herodotus, 8473:Briant 2002 8446:Briant 2002 8434:Briant 2002 8405:Herodotus, 8394:Briant 2002 8379:Briant 2002 8367:Briant 2002 8313:Briant 2002 8301:Briant 2002 8277:Briant 2002 7677:19 November 7192:Cambyses II 7143:336–330 BC 7121:338–336 BC 7094:358–338 BC 7067:405–358 BC 7044:423–405 BC 7017:424–423 BC 6964:465–424 BC 6938:486–465 BC 6912:522–486 BC 6862:530–522 BC 6842:Cambyses II 6836:560–530 BC 6346:Mihrabanids 6306:Hazaraspids 6066:Baduspanids 5944:Paratarajas 5938:19 AD–224/5 5456:History of 5415:Will Durant 5387:wrote that 5327:during the 5153:'s palace, 4740:Mesopotamia 4694:Old Persian 4682:Old Persian 4596:Hephaestion 4452:Phoenicians 4380:cataphracts 4201:Pax Persica 4188:shield wall 4160:Hydarnes II 4123:impression. 4062:Chalcidians 4044:islanders, 3942:Paricanians 3910:Pamphylians 3890:Phoenicians 3854:Chorasmians 3800:, European 3798:Macedonians 3746:Psamtik III 3738:Cambyses II 3599:Darius Vase 3477:Old Persian 3275:Artabanos V 3171:Vādfradād I 3139:Vadfradad I 2945:Demosthenes 2890:then until 2864:Caspian Sea 2783:Caspian Sea 2740:Phoenicians 2673:Darius Vase 2658:Darius vase 2523:Corinthians 2482:throughout 2277:became the 2204:Thermopylae 2158:subordinate 2121:Aristagoras 2046:Indus basin 1962:Mesopotamia 1934:Cambyses II 1719:Elephantine 1661:Psamtik III 1641:Cambyses II 1175:Old Persian 1125:Old Persian 1115:. The term 1040:as well as 959:Old Persian 652:Preceded by 281:Cambyses II 148:Old Persian 26638:Categories 26367:Khosrow IV 26364:Hormizd VI 26346:Shahrbaraz 26323:Khosrow II 26308:Shahrbaraz 26302:Shahrbaraz 26182:Khosrow II 26179:Hormizd IV 26137:Shapur III 26125:Hormizd II 26119:Bahram III 26104:Ardashir I 25975:Pacorus II 25966:Vonones II 25963:Meherdates 25957:Vardanes I 25942:Orodes III 25939:Phraates V 25918:Sinatruces 25766:Seleucus I 25743:Philip III 25717:Arsinoe IV 25642:Arsinoe II 25583:Darius III 25449:Psamtik II 25389:Esarhaddon 25282:Ummanigash 25252:Nabonassar 25146:Bakenranef 25117:Pedubast I 25114:Takelot II 25111:Harsiese A 25099:Osorkon IV 25091:Shoshenq V 25079:Osorkon II 25067:Shoshenq I 24813:Amenemnisu 24789:Ramesses X 24774:Ramesses V 24722:Amenmesses 24710:Ramesses I 24672:Smenkhkare 24649:Hatshepsut 24643:Thutmose I 24547:Karaindash 24286:Sumu-la-El 24118:Mut-Ashkur 24109:(Amorites) 24016:Senusret I 23975:Rim-Sin II 23965:Silli-Adad 23959:Sin-Eribam 23921:Suen-magir 23918:Ur-du-kuga 23915:Iter-pisha 23909:Enlil-bani 23897:Ur-Ninurta 23885:Shu-Ilishu 23882:Ishbi-Erra 23852:Erishum II 23798:Yahdun-Lim 23795:Yaggid-Lim 23608:Tura-Dagan 23587:Utu-hengal 23563:Meryhathor 23539:Nam-mahani 23505:II dynasty 23474:(21 kings) 23368:Puzer-Mama 23364:II dynasty 23346:IV dynasty 23259:Neferkaure 23256:Qakare Ibi 23247:Neferkahor 23238:Neferkamin 23157:Ilshu-rabi 23048:Ishqi-Mari 23044:Ikun-Ishar 23040:Enna-Dagan 22960:II dynasty 22934:Bara-irnun 22889:Puzur-Suen 22885:IV dynasty 22877:Irkab-Damu 22822:(3 kings) 22748:Ukkutahesh 22721:Meskiagnun 22717:A'annepada 22664:II dynasty 22559:Thamphthis 22555:Shepseskaf 22504:Lugal-dalu 22403:Udulkalama 22383:II dynasty 22325:Sekhemkhet 22233:Lugalbanda 22159:Melem-Kish 22155:En-me-nuna 21940:Canaanites 21934:Horus Bird 21899:Neithhotep 21772:Scorpion I 21722:Naqada III 21350:Philosophy 21309:newspapers 21290:Literature 21195:architects 21190:Achaemenid 21110:Corruption 20570:Corruption 20410:Reformists 20405:Propaganda 20303:Corruption 20288:Censorship 20231:Lake Urmia 19919:Iran–Iraq 19615:Ghaznavid 19493:AD 224–651 19457:Frataraka 19289:Prehistory 19127:Portuguese 19008:Revival Le 18998:Vietnamese 18641:Later Tran 18611:Vietnamese 18507:Singhasari 18495:Holy Roman 18119:Bulgarian 18055:Satavahana 18026:Phoenician 17962:Achaemenid 17923:Indo-Greek 17903:Macedonian 17817:Babylonian 17444:and other 17423:and other 17246:(Polybius) 16890:Hawaiʻiloa 16772:Nemi ships 16657:Black Sea‎ 16603:Khufu ship 16564:and relics 16462:Marine art 16455:Alexandria 16362:Fik Meijer 16345:Historians 16232:Indo-Roman 16045:Greek navy 15947:Salamis II 15937:Hellespont 15897:Artemisium 15887:Nile Delta 15850:Achaemenid 15743:Achaemenid 15612:Langkasuka 15607:Micronesia 15525:Prehistory 15452:Sounagoura 15280:Chittagong 15255:Barbarikon 15234:Alexandria 15176:Pilot boat 15126:Navigation 14958:Sewn-plank 14953:Lashed-lug 14831:Figurehead 14804:Components 14773:Propulsion 14727:Quadrireme 14708:Polyremes 14687:Outriggers 14499:Sattagydia 14456:Massagetae 14407:(Gandhara) 14335:Cappadocia 14289:Akaufaka ( 14263:Persepolis 14145:Cappadocia 14139:Ariarathid 14115:Achaemenid 14076:Royal Road 14023:Pasargadae 13627:Harpy Tomb 13563:Persepolis 13419:Fornvännen 13417:Artikel i 12914:. Cosimo. 12172:pp. 249ff. 12164:Ernst Kuhn 12063:1 November 11993:(Chp. 86). 11673:: 105147. 11572:Livius.org 11516:Herodotus 11497:Herodotus 11478:Herodotus 11459:Herodotus 11440:Herodotus 11421:Herodotus 11383:Herodotus 11364:Herodotus 11345:Herodotus 11326:Herodotus 11307:Herodotus 11288:Herodotus 11269:Herodotus 11250:Herodotus 11231:Herodotus 11212:Herodotus 11193:Herodotus 11154:Herodotus 11135:Herodotus 11116:Herodotus 11097:Herodotus 11078:Herodotus 10870:: 80–101. 10756:Herodotus 10735:B000J5N46S 10601:(4): 557. 9841:Kuhrt 2013 9517:. p. 9462:Kuhrt 2013 9374:"DĀḠESTĀN" 9349:livius.org 8715:Ezra 6:2–5 8673:Kuhrt 1983 8625:Kuhrt 1983 7732:(2): 223. 7618:8 February 7516:Persepolis 7512:Pasargadae 7342:References 7196:Pasargadae 7165:Persepolis 7127:Darius III 6812:Cambyses I 6762:Achaemenes 6562:Qajar Iran 6476:Aq Qoyunlu 6460:1370s–1592 6296:Salghurids 6276:Eldiguzids 6246:Shabankara 6220:990/1–1117 5964:Zarmihrids 5884:Fratarakas 5838:Atropatene 5776:652–625 BC 5766:678–550 BC 5265:Pasargadae 5249:Persepolis 5221:Persepolis 5210:Persepolis 5185:Mazandaran 5135:Persepolis 5050:Persepolis 5028:mausoleums 4948:present". 4790:Asia Minor 4702:Babylonian 4583:Hellespont 4418:after his 4347:, and the 4312:Babylonian 4250:arrowheads 4239:, and the 4135:, and the 4078:Magnesians 4046:Sagartians 4038:Saspirians 4034:Alarodians 4022:Mossynoeci 3974:Mariandyni 3822:Hyrcanians 3812:, Achaean 3766:Ionian Sea 3758:Aegean Sea 3734:Asia Minor 3694:Indo-Greek 3643:Royal Road 3611:Persepolis 3540:See also: 3530:Persepolis 3465:Persepolis 3420:Pasargadae 3399:Government 3343:Cappadocia 3311:Asia Minor 3283:Ardaxšir I 3251:("King"). 3067:Cyropaedia 3058:Pasargadae 3054:Persepolis 3020:Darius III 2990:Darius III 2984:, between 2691:Detail of 2646:Asia Minor 2594:Darius III 2586:Asia Minor 2511:Asia Minor 2509:, invaded 2484:Asia Minor 2471:Persepolis 2458:including 2337:ostracized 2042:Hindu Kush 2002:Tajikistan 1998:Uzbekistan 1994:Azerbaijan 1873:Asia Minor 1817:Macedonian 1798:Vahyazdāta 1669:Nile Delta 1637:Massagetae 1625:Pasargadae 1408:Achaemenes 1392:Cambyses I 1278:Pasargadae 1255:Achaemenes 1119:Achaemenid 1113:Achaemenes 801:Massagetae 610:Population 562:372–362 BC 549:395–387 BC 523:499–449 BC 484:535–518 BC 413:Darius III 240:Government 201:(official) 131:Persepolis 113:Pasargadae 26479:Hallo, W. 26376:Peroz III 26210:Antiochus 26176:Khosrow I 26146:Shapur IV 26140:Bahram IV 26131:Shapur II 26116:Bahram II 26110:Hormizd I 26067:Osroes II 25945:Vonones I 25927:Orodes II 25903:Artabanus 25571:Darius II 25498:Phraortes 25484:Nabonidus 25455:Ahmose II 25443:Psamtik I 25336:Tanutamun 25185:(regent) 25076:Takelot I 25070:Osorkon I 24835:Phoenicia 24819:Amenemope 24765:Setnakhte 24719:Merneptah 24668:Akhenaten 24451:Sakir-Har 24389:Sixteenth 24368:Akurduana 24354:Gulkishar 24351:Shushushi 24307:Abi-eshuh 24301:Hammurabi 24283:Sumu-abum 24205:Shu-Ninua 24196:Iptar-Sin 24166:Sin-namir 24163:Nasir-Sin 24154:Puzur-Sin 24136:Sin-namir 24133:Nasir-Sin 23987:Sîn-gāmil 23983:Sîn-kāšid 23971:Rim-Sin I 23968:Warad-Sin 23848:Naram-Sin 23832:Erishum I 23828:Ilu-shuma 23804:Zimri-Lim 23752:Indilimma 23739:Ibbit-Lim 23709:Intef III 23672:invasions 23659:invasions 23604:Ili-Ishar 23600:Iddi-ilum 23593:2100 BCE 23583:V dynasty 23553:2125 BCE 23491:Puzur-ili 23478:La-erabum 23412:2150 BCE 23338:Shu-turul 23331:(3 years) 23298:Shu-Dagan 23198:2200 BCE 23175:Naram-Sin 23171:2250 BCE 23115:2340 BCE 23081:2350 BCE 23075:Luh-ishan 23070:Urukagina 23066:Lugalanda 23035:Isar-Damu 23031:2370 BCE 22977:2380 BCE 22952:Enentarzi 22940:Enannatum 22929:Gishakidu 22893:Ur-Zababa 22869:Adub-Damu 22865:2400 BCE 22838:2425 BCE 22832:Napilhush 22820:invasions 22798:Enar-Damu 22778:Neferefre 22758:2450 BCE 22701:Ur-Nanshe 22696:I dynasty 22683:I dynasty 22624:Ikun-Mari 22583:Phoenicia 22579:2500 BCE 22512:2575 BCE 22480:Melamanna 22464:Akalamdug 22436:A-Imdugud 22399:Ur-Nungal 22386:(5 kings) 22373:Baba-Damu 22369:Ibbi-Damu 22298:2600 BCE 22268:Gilgamesh 22226:Iltasadum 22197:2700 BCE 22171:I dynasty 22124:2800 BCE 22087:I dynasty 22043:Hudjefa I 21976:2900 BCE 21922:Semerkhet 21914:(regent) 21901:(regent) 21808:Hedju Hor 21636:Naqada II 21315:Mythology 21221:Calendars 21211:Astronomy 21120:Education 21029:Georgians 21014:Assyrians 21009:Armenians 20935:Languages 20827:companies 20790:Transport 20770:Petroleum 20555:Companies 20494:President 20481:Officials 20415:Terrorism 20364:Air Force 20308:Elections 20246:Provinces 20241:Mountains 20151:Geography 20071:languages 19809:1925–1979 19737:Afsharid 19698:1370–1925 19686:Chobanid 19580:Saffarid 19532:Rashidun 19500:Sasanian 19481:Kings of 19473:Parthian 19449:Seleucid 19390:Scythian 19350:Kassites 19334:Akkadian 19120:Couronian 18758:Ethiopian 18746:Manchukuo 18701:Brazilian 18547:Ghaznavid 18517:Srivijaya 18468:Trebizond 18453:Byzantine 18435:North Sea 18430:Norwegian 18418:Almoravid 18401:Ilkhanate 18371:Majapahit 18344:Muromachi 18253:Solomonic 18238:Ethiopian 18152:Caliphate 18085:Aragonese 17913:Ptolemaic 17635:Chaldeans 17552:Phoenicia 17490:Karduniaš 17259:Geography 17197:Gilgamesh 17086:memorials 17010:Viracocha 16923:Faʻafaite 16876:Sarimanok 16782:Yassi Ada 16695:Syracusia 16618:Canaanite 16593:Moor Sand 16063:By region 16025:Grappling 15997:Naulochus 15987:Myonessus 15942:Echinades 15927:Arginusae 15922:Cynossema 15907:Naupactus 15902:Eurymedon 15736:Classical 15711:Phoenicia 15706:Mycenaean 15669:Tamilakam 15652:Polynesia 15642:Srivijaya 15437:Satingpra 15397:Palembang 15381:Cattigara 15323:(Kadaram) 15306:Jambukola 15300:Guangzhou 15241:(Podouke) 15239:Arikamedu 15201:Polynesia 15134:Celestial 15047:Armaments 15033:Spritsail 14991:Crab claw 14933:Careening 14900:Sternpost 14754:Reed boat 14697:Catamaran 14672:Multihull 14540:Herodotus 14533:See also 14471:Phoenicia 14384:Eber-Nari 14379:2nd Egypt 14375:1st Egypt 14370:Drangiana 14350:Chorasmia 14325:Babylonia 14305:Arachosia 14120:Pharnacid 14108:Dynasties 14052:Satrapies 14018:Capitals 13986:Diplomacy 13685:Ganjnameh 13385:Achemenet 13216:. Brill. 13141:Mnemosyne 13082:170508879 12240:161954467 12190:: 52–61. 11695:218967765 10972:7 January 10884:162232807 10831:7 January 9623:7 October 9589:7 October 9558:7 October 9497:7 October 9447:7 October 9167:Histories 9130:Ctesias, 9108:Ctesias, 9087:Histories 9051:Histories 9027:Histories 9003:Histories 8967:Histories 8943:Histories 8919:Histories 8895:Histories 8871:Histories 8836:Histories 8574:III.12–16 8487:Histories 8408:Histories 8328:I.8–II.25 8255:cite book 8247:904507201 7783:0145-5532 7738:1076-156X 7556:Sassanian 7544:Ctesiphon 7532:Parthians 7528:Seleucids 7504:Herodotus 7267:Xšāyaθiya 7023:Darius II 6997:Sogdianus 6970:Xerxes II 6753:Comments 6576:1925–1979 6566:1789–1925 6539:1751–1794 6529:1736–1796 6519:1722–1729 6507:1501–1736 6480:1468–1508 6470:1406–1468 6450:1370–1507 6440:1359–1596 6436:Mar'ashis 6430:1349–1504 6420:1335–1357 6410:1337–1376 6406:Sarbadars 6400:1337–1376 6390:1335–1393 6380:1335–1357 6370:1256–1335 6360:1244–1396 6350:1236–1537 6340:1223-1306 6330:1184-1597 6320:1155–1231 6310:1155–1424 6300:1148–1282 6290:1141–1319 6280:1135–1225 6270:1077–1231 6260:1037–1194 6250:1030–1355 6240:1029–1236 6230:1008–1141 6076:Justanids 6046:Bavandids 5914:Characene 5676:1500–1155 5663:2400–2150 5653:2400–1700 5640:2550-2020 5600:3100–2200 5587:3200–2700 5577:3400–2000 5524:6000–5000 5337:Athenians 5237:Darius II 5114:Egyptians 5102:Arachosia 5100:and from 5096:and from 5082:Chorasmia 5072:and from 5064:and from 4994:Parysatis 4970:Herodotus 4923:Assyrians 4907:Herodotus 4903:Darius II 4880:free will 4858:from the 4827:Histories 4818:Herodotus 4763:ideograms 4611:Languages 4600:Perdiccas 4579:Propontis 4577:, to the 4558:Bosphorus 4547:Herodotus 4536:mangonels 4460:Egyptians 4410:, at the 4377:Sassanian 4329:Herodotus 4229:Scythians 4184:Sparabara 4158:, led by 4152:Herodotus 4148:Immortals 4133:Sparabara 4129:Immortals 4074:Perrhaebi 4030:Colchians 3998:Thracians 3986:Armenians 3982:Phrygians 3920:of Asia, 3906:Cilicians 3898:Egyptians 3862:Gandarans 3846:Parthians 3834:Bactrians 3830:Chaldeans 3826:Assyrians 3806:Paeonians 3802:Thracians 3760:, to the 3754:Black Sea 3730:Babylonia 3706:Silk Road 3682:Cyropolis 3670:Samarkand 3580:sales tax 3555:Herodotus 3514:gold coin 3447:Immortals 3389:Sasanians 3385:Parthians 3372:from the 3279:Ctesiphon 3228:When the 3159:Seleucids 3154:Frataraka 3147:Frataraka 3135:Frataraka 3111:Parthians 3046:Gaugamela 2958:Perinthus 2930:Isocrates 2868:Phoenicia 2752:Phoenicia 2675:" at the 2642:Phoenicia 2590:Cadusians 2555:Phoenicia 2551:Egyptians 2515:Athenians 2428:Parysatis 2420:Amyrtaeus 2407:Darius II 2391:Sogdianus 2387:Xerxes II 2353:Lampsacus 2247:Artabanus 2235:Mardonius 2196:Macedonia 2154:Macedonia 2152:and made 2146:Mardonius 2117:Histiaeus 2062:Cyrenaica 2022:Black Sea 2018:Macedonia 1885:Paeonians 1877:Megabazus 1853:Black Sea 1841:Scythians 1825:Macedonia 1821:Amyntas I 1805:Herodotus 1703:Cyrenaica 1657:Amasis II 1649:Phoenicia 1607:Jerusalem 1571:Nabonidus 1567:Nabonidus 1539:Jerusalem 1524:Cyropolis 1416:Histories 1412:Herodotus 1376:Marvdasht 1322:Histories 1318:Herodotus 1144:bahuvrihi 1139:Haxāmaniš 1107:Etymology 1011:West Asia 891:Babylonia 759:Cyrenaica 365:Darius II 353:Sogdianus 341:Xerxes II 195:Religion 26595:(2014). 26548:(1992). 26518:(2020). 26485:(1971). 26326:Kavad II 26152:Bahram V 26113:Bahram I 26107:Shapur I 25984:Osroes I 25915:Orodes I 25909:Gotarzes 25897:Phraates 25562:Darius I 25559:Cambyses 25507:Astyages 25504:Cyaxares 25446:Necho II 25377:Bel-ibni 25327:Shebitku 25290:Indabibi 25143:Tefnakht 24685:Horemheb 24544:Agum III 24526:Kassites 24509:Ahmose I 24374:Ea-gamil 24358:DIŠ+U-EN 24348:Ishkibal 24295:Apil-Sin 24277:Amorites 24187:Bel-bani 24062:Biblical 23953:Nur-Adad 23944:Gungunum 23932:Naplanum 23900:Bur-Suen 23864:Amorites 23840:Sargon I 23790:Amorites 23734:Amorites 23706:Intef II 23676:Kindattu 23664:Ibbi-Sin 23643:Amar-Sin 23637:Ur-Nammu 23572:Merykare 23464:Apil-kin 23376:Pirig-me 23354:Ur-gigir 23350:Ur-nigin 23290:dynasty) 23235:Merenhor 23161:Epirmupi 22990:Userkare 22944:Entemena 22921:Ur-Lumma 22916:Meskigal 22847:Eannatum 22842:Kun-Damu 22826:Shushun- 22811:Enakalle 22670:kushanna 22656:Undalulu 22628:Iblul-Il 22552:Menkaure 22548:Bikheris 22541:Djedefre 22500:Me-durba 22425:shaengur 22419:En-hegal 22407:Labashum 22365:Agur-lim 22361:Abur-lim 22340:Qahedjet 22185:Enmerkar 22017:Wadjenes 22007:Horus Sa 22002:Nubnefer 21993:Nynetjer 21967:Susa III 21929:Sneferka 21912:Merneith 21630:Naqada I 21476:Category 21369:football 21360:Scouting 21270:Iranians 21260:Folklore 21056:Religion 20968:Georgian 20948:Armenian 20809:shipping 20804:railways 20794:airlines 20760:Industry 20625:Taxation 20439:Councils 20355:Military 20270:Politics 20251:Wildlife 20216:Caucasus 20098:Persians 20025:See also 19849:Iranian 19816:Pahlavi 19729:Safavid 19705:Timurid 19608:977–1432 19588:Ziyarid 19564:Tahirid 19556:Samanid 19548:Abbasid 19540:Umayyad 19525:632–1090 19342:Lullubi 19326:Elamite 19100:Japanese 19063:Scottish 19043:American 19035:Colonial 18964:Imperial 18932:Moroccan 18868:Japanese 18846:Afsharid 18705:Burmese 18691:Austrian 18646:Later Le 18621:Early Le 18606:Venetian 18532:Tiwanaku 18445:Hellenic 18408:Moroccan 18339:Kamakura 18329:Japanese 18312:Saffarid 18265:Georgian 18179:Chalukya 18157:Rashidun 18147:Calakmul 18115:Bruneian 17994:Haryanka 17972:Sasanian 17967:Parthian 17918:Bactrian 17908:Seleucid 17888:Goguryeo 17866:Egyptian 17800:Assyrian 17790:Akkadian 17781:Colonies 17576:Arameans 17570:Damascus 17541:Arameans 17495:Kassites 17483:Hurrians 17275:Tākitimu 17178:Legend: 17136:Roskilde 17015:Tangaroa 16956:Olympias 16930:Gaualofa 16869:Hōkūleʻa 16844:Kon-Tiki 16677:Ashkelon 16613:Uluburun 16572:Earliest 16338:Scholars 16220:shipping 16020:Boarding 15932:Mytilene 15917:Syracuse 15882:Alashiya 15845:Egyptian 15829:Military 15820:Timeline 15798:Sardinia 15721:Carthage 15637:Kalingga 15597:Sa Huỳnh 15532:Timeline 15482:Zanzibar 15432:Sarapion 15427:Rhacotis 15357:Martaban 15302:(Canton) 15295:Godavaya 15290:Giao Chỉ 15260:Barygaza 15250:Avalites 15171:Piloting 15059:Catapult 15054:Ballista 15028:Mast-aft 14841:Planking 14780:Paddling 14737:Hexareme 14702:Trimaran 14667:Longship 14615:Balangay 14446:Margiana 14416:Hyrcania 14411:Gedrosia 14345:Carmania 14291:Quhistan 14259:Behistun 14153:Lygdamid 14089:Angarium 14030:Ecbatana 13482:Timeline 13411:Archived 13376:Archived 13359:Archived 13337:Archived 13325:Archived 13308:Archived 13234:(2014). 13212:(1989). 13163:(2001). 13092:(2013). 12972:(2002). 12650:Archived 12547:8060499M 12510:21 March 12166:(2002). 11919:(1982). 11648:27100276 11521:Archived 11502:Archived 11483:Archived 11464:Archived 11445:Archived 11426:Archived 11407:Archived 11388:Archived 11369:Archived 11350:Archived 11331:Archived 11312:Archived 11293:Archived 11274:Archived 11255:Archived 11236:Archived 11217:Archived 11198:Archived 11178:Archived 11159:Archived 11140:Archived 11121:Archived 11102:Archived 11083:Archived 11028:11 April 11003:Archived 10761:Archived 10742:Archived 10698:Archived 10684:2007.001 10675:Archived 10655:Archived 10615:20832372 10262:Archived 10165:10 March 10113:10 March 10097:(1889). 9953:Archived 9932:Archived 9871:Xenophon 9826:22 March 9794:. 2010. 9600:(2004). 9174:Archived 9138:Archived 9116:Archived 9094:Archived 9058:Archived 9034:Archived 9010:Archived 8974:Archived 8950:Archived 8926:Archived 8902:Archived 8878:Archived 8854:Archived 8843:Archived 8737:Archived 8658:Archived 8610:Archived 8577:Archived 8419:Archived 8352:Archived 8331:Archived 8203:Empire". 8098:(2010). 7920:(1954). 7902:Empire". 7540:Seleucia 7530:and the 7508:Ecbatana 7482:(1993). 7436:Archived 7385:Archived 7356:"DERAFŠ" 7219:See also 6918:Xerxes I 6891:Darius I 6827:Cyrus II 6690:Timeline 6648:Monarchs 6226:Kakuyids 6216:Annazids 6210:977–1186 6200:959–1095 6190:955–1070 6180:934–1062 6166:Ilyasids 6160:930–1090 6150:919–1062 6120:861–1003 6070:665–1598 6050:651–1349 6036:Dabuyids 6030:750–1258 5689:1500–500 5669:Kassites 5627:2700–539 5617:3100-675 5483:BCE / BC 5447:a series 5445:Part of 5349:politics 5297:Mausolus 5229:Xerxes I 5225:Darius I 5204:Tomb of 5106:Sardians 5094:Ethiopia 5078:Sogdiana 5066:Carmania 4919:Arabians 4891:Farvahar 4876:pantheon 4835:Religion 4822:birthday 4678:Akkadian 4592:Xerxes I 4571:furlongs 4554:Scythian 4542:Xenophon 4447:Darius I 4424:Xerxes I 4416:Darius I 4326:— 4287:Seal of 4261:peltasts 4257:Takabara 4241:Elamites 4237:Persians 4156:infantry 4141:Cardaces 4137:Takabara 4105:Xerxes I 4084:Infantry 4070:Pierians 4066:Brygians 4058:Bottiaei 4018:Macrones 4014:Tibareni 3996:, Asian 3946:Arabians 3934:Aeolians 3902:Cyprians 3874:Sarangae 3870:Caspians 3858:Sogdians 3818:Cissians 3794:Persians 3786:Xerxes I 3768:and the 3756:and the 3750:Darius I 3744:against 3712:Military 3698:Parthian 3678:Ferghana 3659:angarium 3526:Darius I 3432:Ecbatana 3347:Bithynia 3321:and the 3319:Darius I 3230:Parthian 3099:Diadochi 3087:Bactrian 3076:Ecbatana 3038:Granicus 2920:and the 2856:Ethiopia 2779:Hyrcania 2720:Evagoras 2712:triremes 2571:Pericles 2563:Stateira 2527:Spartans 2503:Spartans 2486:and the 2475:Ecbatana 2460:Xenophon 2436:Plutarch 2345:Magnesia 2300:. After 2279:de facto 2263:Xerxes I 2221:and the 2200:Thessaly 2188:Darius I 2184:Xšayārša 2180:Xerxes I 2156:a fully 2050:Pakistan 2038:Jaxartes 2030:Aral Sea 2006:Bulgaria 1978:Anatolia 1893:Xerxes I 1857:Bulgaria 1780:Dāryavuš 1711:Ethiopia 1707:Carthage 1665:Pelusium 1599:anointed 1504:Harpagus 1473:and the 1467:Ecbatana 1424:Astyages 1396:Cyrus II 1357:Elamites 1331:Persians 1315:— 1308:, being 1290:Germanii 1282:Maraphii 1259:Teispids 1216:Timeline 1180:𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 1091:and the 1044:and the 1034:Persians 773:Gandhāra 633:Currency 317:Xerxes I 251:Monarchs 245:Monarchy 163:Akkadian 119:Ecbatana 26654:550s BC 26649:330s BC 26379:Narsieh 26207:Zenobia 26188:Vistahm 26173:Kavad I 26167:Kavad I 26161:Peroz I 26149:Khosrow 25495:Deioces 25452:Wahibre 25440:Necho I 25333:Taharqa 25330:Shabaka 25314:Taharqa 25278:Teumman 25129:Rudamun 24871:Solomon 24810:Smendes 24731:Twosret 24725:Seti II 24466:Mitanni 24460:Khamudi 24414:Dynasty 24404:Dynasty 24394:Dynasty 24232:Nur-ili 24202:Lullaya 24105:dynasty 24057:Abraham 23947:Abisare 23912:Zambiya 23806:(Queen 23758:Amorite 23729:Kingdom 23703:Intef I 23670:Elamite 23657:Amorite 23646:Shu-Sin 23547:Tirigan 23516:Ur-Baba 23446:Nûr-Mêr 23384:Lu-gula 23380:Lu-Baba 23294:Ididish 23275:Kingdom 23272:Eblaite 23270:Second 23220:Menkare 23095:Shu-Sin 23091:Ishu-Il 23019:dynasty 22999:Pepi II 22932:(Queen 22818:Elamite 22769:Userkaf 22712:Akurgal 22641:Ku-Baba 22457:(Queen 22393:Mesilim 22328:Sanakht 22318:(First 22135:Zuqaqip 22132:Kalumum 22117:Kalibum 22113:Puannum 22070:Kingdom 21919:Anedjib 21903:Hor-Aha 21848:Nat-Hor 21781:Iry-Hor 21777:Shendjw 21749:Pen-Abu 21697:Susa II 21419:Ey Iran 21367: ( 21327: ( 21303:student 21301: ( 21297: ( 21282: ( 21250:Cuisine 21235:Fashion 21223: ( 21203: ( 21188: ( 21174:Culture 21122: ( 21086: ( 21071: ( 21044:Turkmen 20996: ( 20987:Peoples 20958:Kurdish 20914:Society 20815:Tourism 20792: ( 20782: ( 20772: ( 20752: ( 20745:Defense 20715: ( 20705:Sectors 20692: ( 20652: ( 20557: ( 20538:General 20527:Economy 20417: ( 20387: ( 20357: ( 20310: ( 20295: ( 20281:General 20236:Islands 20172:largest 20162:Borders 19631:Seljuk 19623:Ghurid 19572:Alavid 19382:Median 19374:Urartu 19296:Ancient 19276:History 19167:largest 19162:Empires 19142:Swedish 19137:Spanish 19132:Russian 19095:Italian 19070:Chinese 19058:English 19053:British 19048:Belgian 19023:Vietnam 19013:Tay son 18959:Tsarist 18954:Russian 18949:Ottoman 18915:Dzungar 18910:Khoshut 18883:Mexican 18878:Maratha 18861:Pahlavi 18841:Safavid 18836:Iranian 18763:Haitian 18726:Chinese 18686:Ashanti 18658:Wagadou 18584:Eastern 18579:Western 18562:Timurid 18522:Tibetan 18512:Songhai 18502:Serbian 18423:Almohad 18413:Idrisid 18317:Samanid 18307:Tahirid 18302:Iranian 18280:Kannauj 18260:Genoese 18196:Chinese 18189:Eastern 18184:Western 18172:Fatimid 18167:Abbasid 18162:Umayyad 18135:Burmese 18095:Ayyubid 18090:Angevin 18060:Xianbei 18048:Eastern 18043:Western 17989:Magadha 17952:Iranian 17945:Xiongnu 17930:Hittite 17839:Chinese 17827:Kassite 17776:Ancient 17768:Empires 17478:Mitanni 17446:Amorite 17425:Amorite 17399:Gutians 17215:Odyssey 17192:Genesis 16989:Others 16788:Lists: 16777:Marausa 16727:Roman: 16717:Punic: 16682:Kyrenia 16673:Greek: 16669:Marsala 16662:Sinop D 16537:Tacking 16271:History 16158:Meluhha 16148:Fishing 16143:Whaling 16050:Ramming 15972:Aegates 15967:Drepana 15962:Ecnomus 15892:Salamis 15880: 15870:Battles 15748:Nabatea 15731:Archaic 15701:Nuragic 15691:Somalia 15542:Oceania 15537:Britain 15514:History 15447:Socotra 15417:Qandala 15402:Piraeus 15372:Muziris 15342:Madurai 15337:Manthai 15275:Canopus 15245:Arsinoe 15217:harbors 15166:History 15154:Coastal 15084:Sambuca 15069:Dolphin 14983:Rigging 14795:Poling 14785:Sailing 14722:Trireme 14662:Liburna 14625:Coracle 14595:Vessels 14476:Phrygia 14461:Parthia 14426:Hindush 14405:Gandāra 14401:(Nubia) 14360:Colchis 14355:Cilicia 14330:Bactria 14320:Assyria 14315:Armenia 14296:Amyrgoi 14190:Related 14173:Armenia 14167:Orontid 14096:Angarum 14058:Armenia 14037:Babylon 13699:Warfare 13653:Culture 13583:Tachara 13569:Apadana 13470:History 12962:Sources 12149:p. 457. 12145:2718444 11675:Bibcode 11518:VII, 65 11499:VII, 85 11480:VII, 80 11461:VII, 79 11442:VII, 78 11423:VII, 77 11404:VII, 75 11385:VII, 74 11366:VII, 73 11347:VII, 72 11328:VII, 71 11309:VII, 70 11290:VII, 69 11271:VII, 68 11233:VII, 89 11214:VII, 67 11195:VII, 66 11175:Albania 11156:VII, 64 11137:VII, 63 11118:VII, 62 11099:VII, 84 11080:VII, 59 11000:p. 147. 10990:of the 10695:"DARIC" 10268:7 March 10242:1 March 10216:6 March 10079:2 March 9959:5 March 9923:21 June 9132:Persica 9110:Persica 8518:Epitome 8075:1170959 8002:4 March 7883:(ed.). 7791:1170959 7552:Baghdad 7548:Babylon 7524:Babylon 7366:7 April 7150:Gallery 6885:522 BC 6868:Gaumata 6821:550 BC 6806:580 BC 6792:Cyrus I 6786:640 BC 6777:Teispes 6771:705 BC 6416:Injuids 6170:932–968 6140:889–929 6110:819–999 6100:821–873 6060:651–760 6040:642–760 6020:661–750 6010:632-661 5998:CE / AD 5958:224–651 5948:125–300 5904:Elymais 5848:–226 AD 5739:720-670 5735:Saparda 5729:750-521 5725:Zikirti 5719:850–616 5715:Mannaea 5709:860–590 5699:911–609 5633:Marhaši 5377:Safavid 5373:Ottoman 5353:history 5321:Samarra 5317:Baghdad 5305:empires 5074:Bactria 5062:Gandara 4982:monarch 4938:Berosus 4931:Anahita 4927:Mylitta 4801:Customs 4761:and—as 4744:Aramaic 4726:papyrus 4722:Aramaic 4706:Elamite 4670:Elamite 4606:Culture 4308:Elamite 4279:Cavalry 4273:leather 4225:archery 4218:phalanx 4214:hoplite 4192:archers 4094:hoplite 4050:Hindush 4042:Red Sea 4002:Lasonii 3994:Mysians 3990:Lydians 3970:Matieni 3958:Libyans 3926:Ionians 3922:Carians 3918:Dorians 3914:Lycians 3894:Judeans 3886:Mycians 3878:Pactyes 3866:Dadicae 3726:satrapy 3722:satraps 3563:Babylon 3487:Coinage 3473:Aramaic 3469:Elamite 3436:satrapy 3424:Babylon 3368:Winged 3339:Colchis 3315:Persian 3233:Arsacid 3215:Dārēv I 3199:Dārēv I 3167:Vahbarz 2941:Macedon 2860:Babylon 2847:Memphis 2775:Ionians 2763:cavalry 2732:Mazaeus 2728:Belesys 2716:Phocion 2704:Idrieus 2638:Pharaoh 2567:Phocaea 2519:Thebans 2480:Armenia 2440:Ctesias 2361:Percote 2271:Elamite 2125:Miletus 2100:hoplite 2010:Paeonia 1982:Armenia 1907:Ionians 1889:Bubares 1865:Ukraine 1861:Romania 1833:Balkans 1811:510s BC 1792:Gaumata 1736:Ctesias 1691:Libyans 1677:Memphis 1667:in the 1645:Bardiya 1631:520s BC 1563:Babylon 1545:530s BC 1512:Bactria 1500:Mazares 1496:Pactyes 1487:Croesus 1481:540s BC 1461:550s BC 1388:Cyrus I 1384:Teispes 1310:nomadic 1306:Sagarti 1302:Dropici 1211:History 1194:Persian 1192:). 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