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Schrecker continues, because research positions require extreme specialization, they must consolidate the frequency and intensity of performance evaluations across a given career, and they cannot have the same flexibility or turnover rates as other jobs, making the tenure process a practical necessity: "A mathematician cannot teach a class on medieval Islam, nor can an art historian run an organic chemistry lab. Moreover, there is no way that the employing institution can provide the kind of retraining that would facilitate such a transformation... even the largest and most well-endowed institution lacks the resources to reevaluate and replace its medieval
Islamicists and algebraic topologists every year. Tenure thus lets the academic community avoid excessive turnover while still ensuring the quality of the institution's faculty. It is structured around two assessments – one at hiring, the other some six years later – that are far more rigorous than those elsewhere in society and give the institution enough confidence in the ability of the successful candidates to retain them on a permanent basis." Tenure also locks in the non-pecuniary aspects of academic compensation, lowering the required salary.
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and university teachers: tenure and faculty governance. It exists as well because of the procedural guarantees that surround those practices... My own experiences prove tenure's value. As a historian who wants to conform to the highest professional standards while also trying to contribute in some way to the cause of freedom and social justice, I am viewed as a controversial figure in some circles. I would be seriously hampered in my work, however, if I was constantly worrying about losing my job because of something I wrote or said... Tenure is also the mechanism through which institutions create a protected space within which college and university teachers can exercise their craft without worrying that an unpopular or unorthodox undertaking might put their careers at risk. More concretely, it creates an economically secure cohort of senior faculty members who can (and sometimes do) defend the quality of
American education as well as the ability of their colleagues to teach, do research, and speak out as citizens without fear of institutional reprisals. Such, at least, is the idealized version of the relationship between tenure and academic freedom.
214:, teaching excellence, and administrative or community service. They limit the number of years that any employee can remain employed as a non-tenured instructor or professor, compelling the institution to grant tenure to or terminate an individual, with significant advance notice, at the end of a specified time period. Some institutions require promotion to associate professor as a condition of tenure. A university may also offer research positions or professional track and clinical track academic positions which are said to be "non-tenure track". Positions with titles such as instructor, lecturer, adjunct professor, research professor etc. do not carry the possibility of tenure, have higher teaching loads (other than maybe the research positions), have less influence within the institution, lower compensation with few or no benefits (see
281:
in the academy, a well-documented leftward slant in political affiliation. To Bruce, this is an argument against tenure, but my point is that the more I am persuaded that there is groupthink orthodoxy afoot, the more I want assurances that I would not get fired if I write an essay on free trade or the Second
Amendment or a book on anarchism. I take it the counterargument is that the more entrenched the orthodoxy becomes, the less likely a heterodox scholar will be tenured, or even hired, in the first place... I can see that this poses a problem but fail to see how abolishing tenure would help. As things stand, some heterodox scholars do get hired and tenured.. If only the heterodox need formal protection, and we have a problem with growing orthodoxy, then eliminating the formal protection will exacerbate the problem."
176:" (a kind of broader second PhD thesis; the very highest degree available within the university, entitling the holder to be a "full professor"), after which they are eligible for tenureship. This means that, compared to other countries, academics in Germany obtain tenure at a relatively late age, as on average one becomes an Academic Assistant at the age of 42. In 2002 the "Juniorprofessur" position (comparable to an assistant professor in the US, but not always endowed with a tenure track) was introduced as an alternative to "Habilitation". However, the degree of formal equivalence between a "Habilitation" and a successfully completed "Juniorprofessur" varies across the different states (
172:
fixed-term contracts, research grants, fellowships and part-time jobs. In 2010, 9% of academic staff were professors, 66% were "junior staff" (including doctoral candidates on contracts), and 25% were other academic staff in secondary employment. Permanent research, teaching and management positions below professorship as an "Akademischer Rat" (a civil service position salaried like high school teachers) have become relatively rare compared to the 1970s and 1980s and are often no longer refilled after a retirement. In order to attain the position of professor, in some fields, an academic must usually complete a "
131:, due to what they regarded as unacceptable and untenable behavior (putting pressure on postdoc in regards of an employment survey and using private emails for work related matters despite repeated warnings about it). The handling of the firing was criticized by other researchers. A later court decision ruled that the dismissal had not followed the collective agreements and Thybo received an economic compensation. Thybo had insisted that he should be reinstated in his previous position, but this was not supported by the court and the university did not rehire him.
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233:(AAC&U), the 1940 Statement is endorsed by over 250 scholarly and higher education organizations and is widely adopted into faculty handbooks and collective bargaining agreements at institutions of higher education throughout the United States. This statement holds that, "The common good depends upon the free search for truth and its free exposition" and stresses that academic freedom is essential in teaching and research in this regard.
76:, argued that Andrew's free expression threatened donations to Brown, and that money was the life blood of universities. In 1897 Andrews was forced to offer his resignation, but there was a backlash by faculty and students who advocated that he should be protected under the principles of free speech. The board reversed its decision and refused Andrews' resignation. A year later, Andrews resigned anyway.
252:
outweighed by the benefits"—and he points out that the very debate about tenure in which he is engaging is made possible by the academic freedom which tenure makes possible. "Tenure remains scholars' best defense of free inquiry and heterodoxy," writes Skoble, "especially in these times of heightened polarization and internet outrage. Let us focus on fixing it, not scrapping it."
320:, writing in respect of a fellow professor he deemed unacceptable, stated that "the dean ... would not tolerate ineffective teaching by a non-tenured teacher who was making no effort to improve," thereby tacitly admitting, or at least leaving open the fair inference, that ineffective teaching is tolerated if the professor is tenured.
280:
If the "social justice" element of
Schrecker's defense makes it seem like present-day assurances of academic freedom create a politically left echo chamber in academic departments, Skoble observes that tenure thus becomes all the more necessary to preserve a diversity of ideas: "There is an orthodoxy
269:
And yet, despite its whittling away by such unfortunate decisions as
Urofsky, Garcetti, and Hong, the traditional form of academic freedom still exists, misunderstood and imperiled as it may be. It exists by virtue of two practices that protect the job security and institutional authority of college
171:
Academics are divided into two classes: On the one hand, professors (W2/W3&C3/C4 positions in the new and old systems of pay grades) are employed as state civil servants and hold tenure as highly safeguarded lifetime employment; On the other hand, there is a much larger group of "junior staff" on
276:
In elementary and secondary schools, tenure also protects teachers from being fired for personal, political, or other non-work related reasons: tenure prohibits school districts from firing experienced teachers to hire less experienced, less expensive teachers as well as protects teachers from being
264:
Above all, however, tenure is essential because it protects academic freedom: not only in cases in which a scholar's politics may run counter to those of their department, institution, or funding bodies, but also and most often in cases when a scholar's work innovates in ways that challenge received
251:
Defenders of tenure, like Ellen
Schrecker and Aeon J. Skoble, generally acknowledge flaws in how tenure approvals are currently run and problems in how tenured professors might use their time, security, and power; however, as Skoble puts it, the "downsides are either not as bad as claimed, or costs
183:
Due to a university system that guarantees universities relative academic freedom, the position of professor in
Germany is relatively strong and independent. As civil servants, professors have a series of attendant rights and benefits, yet this status is subject to discussion. In the W pay scale the
284:
Skoble argues categorically and plainly against critics that say "tenure protects incompetent professors": "My argument is that when this happens, it is a malfunction of the system, not an intrinsic feature of its proper use. The way it is supposed to work is that incompetent professors do not get
260:
that most other workers can only dream of" counterbalances universities' inability to compete with the private sector: "Universities, after all, are not corporations and cannot provide the kinds of financial remuneration that similarly educated individuals in other fields expect." Furthermore,
315:
A further criticism of tenure is that it rewards complacency. Once professors are awarded tenure, they may begin putting reduced effort into their job, knowing that their removal is difficult or expensive to the institution. Another criticism is that it may cause the institution to tolerate
255:
Supporters of tenure argue that the security granted by tenure is necessary to recruit talented individuals into university professorships, because in many fields private industry jobs pay significantly more; as
Schrecker puts it, providing professors "the kind of
293:
Some have argued that modern tenure systems diminish academic freedom, forcing those seeking tenured positions to profess conformance to the level of mediocrity as those awarding the tenured professorships. For example, according to physicist
153:. In its place, there is the distinction between permanent and temporary contracts for academics. A permanent lecturer in UK universities usually holds an open-ended position that covers teaching, research and administrative responsibilities.
309:, who recommends the elimination of tenure (for economics professors) in order to incentivize higher performance among professors, also points out that a pay increase may be required to compensate faculty members for the lost job security.
115:
Danish universities in advertisements for faculty positions usually state that professor positions are tenured. However, the interpretation of tenure at Danish universities has been a matter of controversy.
119:
Denmark adopted a more hierarchical management approach for universities in the early 2000s. This new system was introduced by parliament on proposal by the
Minister of Science, Technology and Development,
285:
tenure in the first place. The rebuttal is 'but they do, therefore tenure is a bad idea.' But that is like arguing that because you ran a red light and caused a train wreck, driving is a bad idea."
206:
in the United States and Canada, some faculty positions have tenure and some do not. Typical systems (such as the widely adopted "1940 Statement of
Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure" of the
180:), and the informal recognition of having served as a "Juniorprofessur" as a replacement for the "Habilitation" in the appointment procedures for professorships varies greatly between disciplines.
91:, to ensure Nazi racial theories were integrated in university curriculums. This caused a purge of 1500 professors, and by 1939, nearly half of all faculty posts were occupied by Nazis.
68:. The board of Brown University, many of whom were creditors and landowners (positions that benefited from deflation), told Andrews to cease his public advocacy. The Dean of
127:
The controversial understanding of tenure in Denmark was demonstrated by University of Copenhagen in 2016, when the university fired the internationally renowned professor,
49:
Tenure was introduced into American universities in the early 1900s in part to prevent the arbitrary dismissal of faculty members who expressed unpopular views.
2069:
581:
124:, based on his vision that Danish universities in the future should compete about funding in order to increase their attention to marketing and industry.
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957:
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fired for teaching unpopular, controversial, or otherwise challenged curricula such as evolutionary biology, theology, and controversial literature.
230:
985:
932:
390:
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In response to Nazi manipulations of university faculty in Germany, the modern conception of tenure in US higher education originated with the
1009:
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or under extraordinary circumstances, such as financial exigency or program discontinuation. Tenure is a means of defending the principle of
678:
408:
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wisdom in the field. As much as Ellen Schrecker identifies its flaws, she asserts tenure's crucial role in preserving academic freedom:
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41:, which holds that it is beneficial for society in the long run if scholars are free to hold and examine a variety of views.
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1600:
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The Lost Soul of Higher Education: Corporatization, the Assault on Academic Freedom, and the End of the American University
796:
The Lost Soul of Higher Education: Corporatization, the Assault on Academic Freedom, and the End of the American University
140:
229:' (AAUP) 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure. Jointly formulated and endorsed by the AAUP and the
83:, Germany had been a leader in academic tenure, but free speech and tenure were severely curtailed under the Third Reich.
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210:) allow only a limited period to establish a record of published research, ability to attract grant funding,
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called universal education "the most corroding and disintegrating poison". He appointed Education Minister
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298:, "...it is practically career suicide for a young theoretical physicist not to join the field of
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Lycan, Mountaineers Are Free at 297 (Stone Mountain, Georgia: Linton Day Publishing Co. 1994).
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Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce," in
846:
Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce," in
781:
Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce," in
768:
Aeon J. Skoble, "Tenure: The Good Outweighs the Bad – A Surresponse to James E. Bruce", in
391:"Elisha Benjamin Andrews: 1889-1898 | Office of the President | Brown University"
149:
The original form of academic tenure was removed in the United Kingdom in 1988 through the
8:
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Some U.S. states have considered legislation to remove tenure at public universities.
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professorial pay is related to performance rather than merely to age, as it was in C.
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to reduce the impact on Americans and farmers who owed larger and larger loans due to
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incompetent professors if they are tenured. Gilbert Lycan, a history professor at
219:
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53:
38:
635:; this statement has been adopted by more than 200 scholarly and academic groups (
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2009:
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933:"Students and Faculty Fear Tenure and DEI Bills Could 'Destroy' Texas Colleges"
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post is an indefinite academic appointment that can be terminated only for
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641:"Recommended Institutional Regulations on Academic Freedom and Tenure"
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693:"1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure – AAUP"
639:). The American Association of University Professors also publishes
29:
is a category of academic appointment existing in some countries. A
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423:"Helge Sander forandrede universiteterne totalt og fortryder intet"
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2014:
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1010:"Study links tenure criteria to long-term professor performance"
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633:"1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure"
850:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 208–9.
236:
In the United States, tenure rights for teachers serving in
2400:
1843:
449:"Nature: Sacking of prominent geoscientist rocks community"
243:
also have been in existence for more than a hundred years.
863:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 209.
785:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 210.
772:
Volume 22, Number 1 (Spring 2019): 207–210, quoted at 208.
1378:
986:"Bills To End College Tenure Have Fizzled At The Finish"
582:"Prekäre Arbeitsverhältnisse an Universitäten nehmen zu"
52:
One notable instance was the case of the resignation of
2070:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
483:"Sacking of top geologist Hans Thybo was unjustified"
231:Association of American Colleges and Universities
2982:
98:fired several prominent economists for teaching
905:"Let's Just Get Rid of Tenure (Including Mine)"
654:"The Status of Non-Tenure-Track Faculty | AAUP"
1076:
227:American Association of University Professors
208:American Association of University Professors
19:"Tenure" redirects here. For other uses, see
1050:"Explainer: how Europe does academic tenure"
608:"Explainer: how Europe does academic tenure"
531:"Explainer: how Europe does academic tenure"
446:
187:
1083:
1069:
872:
350:Academic ranks (Australia and New Zealand)
2812:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
198:Under the tenure systems adopted by many
2656:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
1333:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
955:
930:
820:
373:"The Role of Tenure in Higher Education"
2837:Credentialism and educational inflation
447:Schiermeier, Quirin (5 December 2016).
2983:
2708:List of countries by unemployment rate
1047:
899:
556:"buwin2013keyresults.pdf — BuWiN 2017"
367:
365:
1064:
956:Flaherty, Colleen (13 January 2017).
679:"A brief history of academic freedom"
409:"A brief history of academic freedom"
246:
1601:Practice-based professional learning
288:
141:Academic ranks in the United Kingdom
2154:Workers' right to access the toilet
983:
362:
13:
1041:
528:
14:
3007:
937:The Chronicle of Higher Education
861:Journal of Markets & Morality
848:Journal of Markets & Morality
783:Journal of Markets & Morality
770:Journal of Markets & Morality
637:"Endorsers of the 1940 Statement"
610:. 6 February 2018. Archived from
134:
2925:
2924:
2218:Corporate collapses and scandals
821:Makowsky, Michael (1 May 2023).
485:. uniavisen.dk. 27 November 2017
330:Academic tenure in North America
194:Academic tenure in North America
96:University of Illinois at Urbana
1028:
1002:
977:
949:
924:
893:
866:
853:
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814:
811:(The New Press, 2010), p. 27-28
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749:American Federation of Teachers
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16:Indefinite academic appointment
2718:Employment-to-population ratio
2090:Occupational health psychology
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1:
2806:Works Progress Administration
2698:Unemployment Convention, 1919
2110:Personal protective equipment
1658:Occupational Outlook Handbook
1048:Enders, JĂĽrgen (2015-06-29).
355:
105:
2887:Psychopathy in the workplace
2060:Human factors and ergonomics
931:Surovell, Eva (2023-05-29).
798:(The New Press, 2010), p. 26
588:(in German). 9 December 2011
218:), and little protection of
7:
2872:Narcissism in the workplace
2085:Occupational exposure limit
827:Economist Writing Every Day
505:"Education Reform Act 1988"
323:
163:Habilitation § Germany
10:
3012:
2801:Civil Works Administration
2683:Technological unemployment
2159:Workplace health promotion
1611:Professional certification
1308:Personality–job fit theory
719:"What is academic tenure?"
191:
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110:
44:
18:
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1965:
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1698:
1485:
1407:
1351:
1201:
1098:
461:10.1038/nature.2016.21095
167:Academic ranks in Germany
2950:Aspects of organizations
2631:Involuntary unemployment
2192:Equal pay for equal work
2115:Repetitive strain injury
1616:Professional development
1606:Professional association
1288:Letter of recommendation
876:The Trouble with Physics
335:Faculty (academic staff)
188:United States and Canada
2935:Aspects of corporations
2897:Slow movement (culture)
2776:Employer of last resort
2678:Structural unemployment
2616:Frictional unemployment
2055:Epilepsy and employment
1942:Performance-related pay
1876:National average salary
1789:996 working hour system
586:Der Tagesspiegel Online
429:(in Danish). 2021-06-03
94:In the late 1940s, the
21:Tenure (disambiguation)
2945:Aspects of occupations
2751:Unemployment insurance
2703:Unemployment extension
2673:Reserve army of labour
2478:Constructive dismissal
2285:Sleeping while on duty
2250:Exploitation of labour
2132:Sick building syndrome
1303:Person–environment fit
1173:Independent contractor
509:www.legislation.gov.uk
345:List of academic ranks
272:
2955:Aspects of workplaces
2693:Unemployment benefits
2688:Types of unemployment
2626:Graduate unemployment
2520:Letter of resignation
2149:Workers' compensation
2142:Occupational fatality
1646:Vocational university
1246:Employment counsellor
267:
2991:Academic terminology
2761:Job creation program
2537:Mandatory retirement
2490:Employee offboarding
2310:Workplace incivility
2305:Workplace harassment
2080:Occupational disease
2075:Occupational burnout
1990:Disability insurance
1834:Workweek and weekend
1814:Retroactive overtime
1636:Vocational education
1551:Continuing education
1389:Permanent employment
984:Nietzel, Michael T.
151:Education Reform Act
2666:Recession-proof job
2661:Lists of recessions
2599:Economic depression
2547:Retirement planning
2428:Work–life interface
2265:Employee monitoring
2233:Corporate behaviour
2223:Accounting scandals
2105:Occupational stress
2095:Occupational injury
1626:Reflective practice
1621:Professional school
1343:Work-at-home scheme
1263:Induction programme
1241:Employment contract
1221:Business networking
873:Lee Smolin (2008).
212:academic visibility
100:Keynesian economics
2929:See also templates
2766:Job creation index
2730:Youth unemployment
2594:Discouraged worker
2483:Wrongful dismissal
2463:At-will employment
2336:Civil conscription
2300:Workplace bullying
2187:Affirmative action
2169:Workplace wellness
2100:Occupational noise
1736:Long service leave
1596:Overspecialization
1576:Induction training
1531:Career development
1014:Insidehighered.com
660:. 17 December 2008
614:on 6 February 2018
318:Stetson University
247:Arguments in favor
2978:
2977:
2877:Post-work society
2857:Kiss up kick down
2589:Barriers to entry
2554:Severance package
2386:Human trafficking
2280:Sexual harassment
2260:Employee handbook
2179:Equal opportunity
2042:Safety and health
2032:Take-home vehicle
1641:Vocational school
1591:Lifelong learning
1566:Further education
1526:Career counseling
1521:Career assessment
1298:Overqualification
886:978-0-14-101835-5
879:. Penguin Books.
807:Ellen Schrecker,
794:Ellen Schrecker,
289:Arguments against
216:adjunct professor
3003:
2965:Critique of work
2960:Corporate titles
2928:
2927:
2847:Evil corporation
2713:Employment rates
2636:Jobless recovery
2604:Great Depression
2564:Golden parachute
2559:Golden handshake
2356:Job satisfaction
2346:Critique of work
2164:Workplace phobia
1995:Health insurance
1952:Wage compression
1920:Progressive wage
1774:35-hour workweek
1741:No call, no show
1731:Leave of absence
1581:Knowledge worker
1509:Master craftsman
1313:Personality hire
1251:Executive search
1231:Curriculum vitae
1216:Background check
1085:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:The Conversation
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:. 7 January 2014
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
963:Inside Higher Ed
958:"Killing Tenure"
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
903:(4 March 2007).
897:
891:
890:
870:
864:
857:
851:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
818:
812:
805:
799:
792:
786:
779:
773:
766:
760:
759:
757:
756:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
689:
683:
682:
675:
669:
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598:
597:
595:
593:
578:
572:
571:
569:
567:
552:
546:
545:
543:
541:
535:The Conversation
529:Enders, JĂĽrgen.
526:
520:
519:
517:
515:
501:
495:
494:
492:
490:
479:
473:
472:
444:
438:
437:
435:
434:
419:
413:
412:
405:
399:
398:
387:
381:
380:
369:
220:academic freedom
60:, who advocated
54:Brown University
39:academic freedom
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2996:Labor relations
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2970:Organized labor
2940:Aspects of jobs
2916:
2907:Toxic workplace
2842:Emotional labor
2815:
2739:Public programs
2734:
2651:Great Recession
2621:Full employment
2609:Long Depression
2575:
2473:Banishment room
2449:
2371:Refusal of work
2314:
2238:Corporate crime
2206:
2173:
2036:
1961:
1838:
1760:
1694:
1571:Graduate school
1481:
1403:
1347:
1338:Underemployment
1197:
1141:Self-employment
1116:Contingent work
1106:Academic tenure
1099:Classifications
1094:
1089:
1044:
1042:Further reading
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1007:
1003:
994:
992:
982:
978:
968:
966:
954:
950:
941:
939:
929:
925:
915:
913:
898:
894:
887:
871:
867:
858:
854:
845:
841:
831:
829:
819:
815:
806:
802:
793:
789:
780:
776:
767:
763:
754:
752:
743:
742:
738:
728:
726:
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647:
631:
627:
617:
615:
606:
605:
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591:
589:
580:
579:
575:
565:
563:
554:
553:
549:
539:
537:
527:
523:
513:
511:
503:
502:
498:
488:
486:
481:
480:
476:
445:
441:
432:
430:
427:University Post
421:
420:
416:
407:
406:
402:
389:
388:
384:
371:
370:
363:
358:
326:
291:
249:
196:
190:
169:
159:
147:
137:
113:
108:
74:Francis Wayland
70:Yale Law School
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Sunday scaries
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2641:Phillips curve
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2542:Retirement age
2539:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Exit interview
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
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2398:
2393:
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2383:
2373:
2368:
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2353:
2348:
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2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
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2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Discrimination
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:Gender pay gap
2194:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2010:Parental leave
2007:
2005:Marriage leave
2002:
2000:Life insurance
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Income bracket
1852:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Eight-hour day
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
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1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1543:
1541:Creative class
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1499:Apprenticeship
1495:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Scarlet-collar
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:Temporary work
1180:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1151:Skilled worker
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1001:
976:
948:
923:
901:Levitt, Steven
892:
885:
865:
852:
839:
813:
800:
787:
774:
761:
736:
725:. 30 June 2006
710:
699:. 10 July 2006
684:
670:
645:
625:
599:
573:
547:
521:
496:
474:
439:
414:
400:
382:
360:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
325:
322:
290:
287:
248:
245:
241:public schools
189:
186:
158:
155:
136:
135:United Kingdom
133:
112:
109:
107:
104:
62:silver coinage
58:Elisha Andrews
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3008:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Make-work job
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Right to work
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Job guarantee
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Make-work job
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Restructuring
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Notice period
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Unfree labour
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Bonded labour
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Whistleblower
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Control fraud
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2202:Glass ceiling
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2137:Work accident
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:United States
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:United States
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Casual Friday
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Paid time off
1935:
1933:
1932:Overtime rate
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:United States
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Four-day week
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Practice firm
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Employability
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Orange-collar
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1409:Working class
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Job interview
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Part-time job
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Full-time job
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
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2902:Toxic leader
2882:Presenteeism
2862:Labor rights
2852:Going postal
2827:Bullshit job
2810:
2795:
2790:
2581:Unemployment
2433:Downshifting
2416:Wage slavery
2396:Penal labour
2351:Dead-end job
2341:Conscription
2120:Right to sit
1975:Annual leave
1957:Working poor
1893:Minimum wage
1871:Maximum wage
1829:Working time
1819:Six-hour day
1716:Career break
1678:Professional
1472:Black-collar
1442:White-collar
1422:Green-collar
1399:Volunteering
1236:Drug testing
1226:Cover letter
1166:Tradesperson
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910:Freakonomics
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830:. Retrieved
826:
823:"Why Tenure"
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751:. 2015-06-01
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340:Habilitation
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178:Bundesländer
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174:Habilitation
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122:Helge Sander
118:
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89:Bernard Rust
85:Adolf Hitler
78:
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2791:Historical:
2515:Resignation
2455:Termination
2438:Slow living
2406:Truck wages
2391:Labour camp
2319:Willingness
2211:Infractions
1866:Living wage
1809:Remote work
1477:Gold-collar
1432:Pink-collar
1427:Grey-collar
1417:Blue-collar
1384:Labour hire
1359:Cooperative
1323:Recruitment
1278:Job hunting
1211:Application
1193:Wage labour
1178:Labour hire
1131:Job sharing
562:(in German)
2985:Categories
2725:Wage curve
2532:Retirement
2445:Workaholic
2423:Work ethic
2290:Wage theft
2275:Labour law
2270:Evaluation
2255:Dress code
2020:Sick leave
1985:Child care
1947:Salary cap
1861:Income tax
1824:Shift work
1756:Time clock
1751:Sick leave
1746:Sabbatical
1711:Break room
1699:Attendance
1668:Profession
1653:Mentorship
1631:Retraining
1556:E-learning
1452:New-collar
1447:Red-collar
1394:Supervisor
1374:Internship
1293:Onboarding
1161:Technician
1156:Journeyman
1126:Gig worker
1092:Employment
1020:16 October
995:2023-06-30
942:2023-06-30
755:2021-01-07
729:16 October
703:16 October
664:2019-03-20
618:6 February
566:6 February
433:2021-09-15
356:References
305:Economist
296:Lee Smolin
192:See also:
161:See also:
139:See also:
129:Hans Thybo
106:By country
56:president
2912:Workhouse
2832:Busy work
2646:Recession
2510:Pink slip
2468:Dismissal
2331:Careerism
1925:Singapore
1903:Hong Kong
1766:Schedules
1685:Tradesman
1586:Licensure
1546:Education
1516:Avocation
1457:No-collar
1437:Precariat
1318:Probation
1273:Job fraud
489:22 August
469:186102842
66:deflation
2820:See also
2746:Workfare
2571:Turnover
1967:Benefits
1848:salaries
1804:Overtime
1794:Flextime
1726:Gap year
1721:Furlough
1690:Vocation
1673:Operator
1536:Coaching
1491:training
1369:Employer
1364:Employee
1268:Job fair
1146:Side job
745:"Tenure"
723:Aaup.org
697:Aaup.org
324:See also
204:colleges
145:Lecturer
2796:U.S.A.:
2401:Peonage
2376:Slavery
2326:Boreout
2065:Karoshi
2015:Pension
1799:On-call
1504:Artisan
1188:Laborer
969:9 March
916:9 March
592:8 March
157:Germany
111:Denmark
79:Before
45:History
31:tenured
2500:Layoff
2050:Crunch
1908:Europe
1898:Canada
1886:Europe
1487:Career
1328:Résumé
1203:Hiring
1111:Casual
990:Forbes
883:
832:12 May
467:
453:Nature
238:(K-12)
165:, and
81:Nazism
27:Tenure
2361:McJob
1881:World
1844:Wages
1706:Break
1352:Roles
540:4 May
514:4 May
465:S2CID
35:cause
1846:and
1489:and
1256:list
1022:2017
971:2017
918:2017
881:ISBN
834:2023
731:2017
705:2017
620:2018
594:2018
568:2018
542:2018
516:2018
491:2023
202:and
143:and
1379:Job
457:doi
302:."
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