1045:
At the same time, these treatises were being translated, the
Persian botanist Abu Hanifa al-Dinawari (ca. 815-95) was compiling his botanical lexicon Kitab al-Nabat (The book of plants), which represented the culmination of a tradition in which autonomous botanical writings were part of the sciences
591:, 1912; 'Abd al-Munim 'Amir & Jamal al-din Shayyal, 1960; Isam Muhammad al-Hajj 'Ali, 2001), but has not been translated in its entirety into a European language. Jackson Bonner has recently prepared an English translation of the pre-Islamic passages of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal.
609:), which consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters
293:
Besides having access to early Arabic sources, Dinawari also made use of
Persian sources, including pre-Islamic epic romances. Fully acquainted with the Persian language, Dinawari occasionally inserted phrases from the language into his work.
662:, and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, and floods. The book also describes different types of ground, indicating which types are more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.
216:. The birth date of Dinawari is uncertain; it is likely that he was born during the first or second decade of the 9th-century. He was instructed in the two main traditions of the
1403:
1811:
282:
compared to that of Iran. Regardless, Dinawari was a devoted Muslim, as indicated by his commentary on the Qur'an. He concluded the history with the suppression of
1451:
1927:
1411:
1283:
3383:
3373:
1459:
1874:
755:
3393:
266:, written from a Persian point of view, is possibly the earliest apparent effort to combine Iranian and Islamic history. While historians such as
3378:
2261:
3199:
2079:
2829:
1121:
3353:
1988:
1363:
274:
devoted the introduction of their work to long discourses on the duration of the world, Dinawari attempted to establish the importance of
3343:
1827:
1442:
2054:
1005:
Iran in the Early
Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055
3368:
3323:
3205:
1920:
3413:
3328:
1819:
3338:
2978:
1936:
682:
658:
2733:
3408:
2754:
2504:
1135:
3418:
1913:
278:("land of Iran") as the centre of the world. In his work, Dinawari notably devoted much less space to the Islamic prophet
3279:
2458:
587:(Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal) has been edited and published numerous times (Vladimir Guirgass, 1888; Muhammad Sa'id Rafi'i, 1911;
3248:
2641:
2403:
1351:
1323:
986:
958:
876:
2575:
3348:
1038:
1013:
3333:
2605:
2595:
1525:
1435:
3423:
3363:
3358:
2463:
2398:
1617:
1540:
687:
165:
1730:
1408:
1287:
965:
Abu
Hanlfah al-DInawarl was a Persian of liberal outlook, who took an interest in botany among other sciences.
2514:
1725:
3403:
3398:
2631:
2539:
2418:
287:
2003:
1420:
3313:
3194:
3073:
2947:
1993:
1776:
1586:
212:
as well as a crossroad between the culture of Iran and that of the inhabitants on the other side of the
2448:
2438:
2059:
1949:
1428:
950:
2069:
747:
706:
3388:
2715:
2296:
2180:
20:
208:. It had some importance due to its geographical location, serving as the entrance to the region of
2529:
2423:
2301:
2064:
2024:
1684:
1627:
1284:"Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Dawud ibn Wanand al-Dinawari (A.D. 828–895) – Michael Richard Jackson Bonner"
2519:
1154:
920:
845:
2534:
2483:
2145:
2135:
2074:
314:
2952:
2912:
2726:
2667:
2626:
2453:
2433:
2352:
2230:
1843:
767:
710:
665:
Al-Dinawari quoted from other early Muslim botanical works that are now lost, such as those of
1003:
3219:
3013:
2927:
2600:
2413:
2382:
2327:
2115:
1259:
1216:
3238:
3212:
3053:
3023:
2428:
2408:
2099:
1998:
1983:
1658:
1565:
666:
628:
describes astronomical and meteorological concepts as they relate to plants, including the
220:
1905:
8:
3318:
3179:
3018:
2998:
2932:
2917:
2788:
2747:
2468:
2443:
2130:
1891:
1862:
1850:
670:
298:
228:
224:
181:
2094:
3243:
3184:
2862:
2814:
2672:
2225:
2019:
1699:
1622:
1596:
1520:
1255:
588:
157:
92:
1735:
3274:
3269:
3143:
3003:
2544:
2478:
2473:
2190:
1766:
1489:
1380:
1347:
1319:
1131:
1034:
1009:
982:
954:
872:
770:
MS “Lughdah” is probably correct. Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan al-Iṣbahānī was called "Lughdah".
302:
251:
and was known to be a reliable traditionalist. His most renowned contribution is the
217:
177:
161:
56:
1781:
3284:
3253:
3128:
3118:
3048:
2907:
2867:
2852:
2775:
2740:
2720:
2662:
2585:
2570:
2565:
2291:
2140:
2029:
1836:
1515:
1510:
1368:
1269:
283:
213:
137:
1797:
3189:
3123:
2887:
2842:
2372:
2246:
2215:
2165:
2150:
1978:
1653:
1415:
1313:
751:
149:
2205:
3033:
3008:
2794:
2657:
2311:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2220:
2089:
1668:
1505:
1398:
1372:
1150:
916:
841:
1409:
Translation of the Pre-Islamic
Portion of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal by Jackson Bonner
738:"sunset", perhaps also the sun’s absence. See “Kibla,” Enc. Islam, II, 985–89.
3307:
3153:
3063:
2937:
2807:
2800:
2499:
2367:
2281:
1868:
1689:
1648:
1560:
1384:
633:
123:
2342:
2983:
2877:
2590:
2524:
2377:
2120:
2084:
1694:
1663:
1555:
1550:
1474:
1450:
1089:
1085:
942:
797:
763:
618:
324:
173:
3158:
3148:
3113:
2922:
2902:
2781:
2621:
2357:
2306:
2266:
2034:
1704:
645:
286:'s rebellion in 837, and the subsequent execution of the Iranian general
3103:
3093:
3083:
2988:
2968:
2892:
2560:
2509:
2347:
2337:
2175:
2170:
2155:
1643:
1545:
1484:
734:
the direction faced in prayer; here perhaps with astronomical meaning.
319:
271:
244:
119:
115:
111:
3138:
3078:
2857:
2636:
2580:
2251:
2185:
2160:
2044:
1771:
1581:
1530:
1127:
513:
267:
248:
236:
185:
107:
3163:
3133:
3098:
3088:
3028:
2847:
2362:
2332:
2276:
2210:
2200:
2125:
2039:
1740:
1591:
1535:
279:
240:
197:
169:
103:
977:
Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In
Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
867:
Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In
Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
3068:
3058:
2993:
2942:
2882:
2872:
2837:
2195:
1750:
1745:
1601:
1315:
Continuity in
Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage
444:
340:
232:
201:
48:
1096:. New York & London: Columbia University Press. p. 172.
3043:
3038:
1709:
1265:
649:
629:
601:
Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his
529:
356:
256:
134:
1198:
1196:
1181:
3108:
2973:
2897:
1856:
1223:
473:
209:
82:
52:
945:(2006). Young, M.J.L.; Latham, J.D.; Serjeant, R.B. (eds.).
1935:
1235:
1193:
1169:
1063:
885:
653:
641:
205:
2766:
637:
1452:
Geography and cartography in the medieval
Islamic world
1051:
947:
Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period
431:); "Book of Arithmetic/Summation and Differentiation"
200:
stock, Dinawari was born in the (now ruined) town of
897:
330:
255:, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic
1362:
1033:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 211.
1361:Pezeshk, Manouchehr; Khaleeli, Alexander (2017).
463:
3305:
1001:
1360:
1069:
347:Kitāb an-nabāt yufadiluh al-‘ulamā' fī ta’līfih
19:"Dinawari" redirects here. For other uses, see
1253:
578:
1921:
1436:
1341:
1202:
1187:
1175:
1123:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
1119:
1404:The Book of plants of Abu Hanifa ad-Dinawari
569:
551:
539:
523:
507:
495:
483:
454:
438:
426:
414:
402:
390:
378:
366:
350:
1241:
1229:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1084:
891:
709:translates the al-Fihrist as “son" but the
1928:
1914:
1443:
1429:
264:Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl (General History)
3384:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world
3374:Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
1332:
621:and the production of flowers and fruit.
359:, valued by scholars for its composition'
327:, lists sixteen book titles by Dinawari:
1100:
1028:
981:. Oxford University Press. p. 484.
871:. Oxford University Press. p. 484.
3394:Botanists of the medieval Islamic world
1937:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1342:Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011).
1335:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1311:
1120:Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996),
1080:
1078:
1057:
979:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
869:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
683:List of Persian scientists and scholars
3379:Astronomers from the Abbasid Caliphate
3306:
2734:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2080:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
976:
866:
2755:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
2693:
1947:
1909:
1424:
1086:Nadim (al-), Abū al-Faraj M. i. Isḥāq
941:
903:
556:), How the Populace Errs in Speaking;
395:), "Arithmetic/Calculation of Cycles"
2704:
1214:
1075:
804:Meter". Title omitted in Beatty MS.
3354:9th-century Arabic-language writers
1399:Dinawari at Encyclopædia Britannica
570:
552:
540:
524:
508:
496:
484:
455:
439:
427:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
352:كتاب النبات يفضله العلماء في تأليفه
351:
153:
146:Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī
16:Persian Islamic polymath (died 895)
13:
3344:9th-century Iranian mathematicians
1149:
915:
840:
419:), "Analysis of Indian Arithmetic"
407:) Refutation of Lughdah al-Iṣbhānī
14:
3435:
1392:
594:
399:Kitāb ar-rud ‘alā raṣd al-Iṣbhānī
72:Dinawar, Jibal, Abbasid Caliphate
3369:Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate
3324:9th-century Iranian philosophers
1961:
1526:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
1111:
949:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge:
331:Mathematics and natural sciences
231:and his own father. He studied
3414:People from Kermanshah province
3329:9th-century Iranian astronomers
2459:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1948:
1305:
1276:
1247:
1208:
1143:
1008:. Bertold Spuler. p. 225.
817:
791:
782:
773:
741:
725:
716:
700:
669:, Ibn al-Arabi, al-Bahili, and
383:) "Book of Astral Orientations"
3339:9th-century Iranian historians
2948:Schema for horizontal sundials
2464:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1989:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1541:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
1022:
995:
970:
935:
909:
860:
834:
688:Muslim Agricultural Revolution
512:), "Book of Cities (Regions) (
464:Social sciences and humanities
411:Kitāb al-baḥth fī ḥusā al-Hind
227:. His principal teachers were
1:
1377:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
1286:. www.mrjb.ca. Archived from
827:
617:. He describes the phases of
404:كتاب الردّ على رصدٌ الاصفهانى
3409:Medieval Iranian geographers
3206:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
1155:"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"
921:"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"
846:"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"
548:Kitāb ma yulahan fīh al’āmma
288:Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin
7:
3419:Iranian historians of Islam
3195:University of al-Qarawiyyin
2399:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
1777:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
1312:Davaran, Fereshteh (2010).
1217:"AḴBĀR AL-ṬEWĀL, KETĀB AL-"
1070:Pezeshk & Khaleeli 2017
1031:The Oxford History of Islam
676:
579:Editions & translations
520:Kitāb ash-sh’ir wa-shu’arā’
435:Kitāb al-jabr wa-l-muqabila
10:
3440:
2694:
2439:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1829:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
1821:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
1337:. Oxford University Press.
1333:Nicholson, Oliver (2018).
1029:Esposito, John L. (1999).
951:Cambridge University Press
459:), "Rare Forms of Algebra"
375:Kitāb Al-qiblah wa'z-zawāl
315:biographical encyclopaedia
18:
3280:Medieval European science
3262:
3231:
3172:
2961:
2828:
2764:
2711:
2700:
2689:
2650:
2614:
2553:
2540:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
2492:
2391:
2320:
2297:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
2239:
2108:
2012:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1884:
1810:
1790:
1759:
1718:
1677:
1636:
1610:
1574:
1498:
1467:
1458:
1364:"al-Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa"
1203:Herzig & Stewart 2011
1188:Herzig & Stewart 2011
1176:Herzig & Stewart 2011
1002:Brill Publishers (2014).
562:("Improvement of Speech")
423:Kitāb al-jam’ wa'l-tafrīq
130:
98:
88:
78:
64:
40:
35:
28:
21:Dinawari (disambiguation)
3349:9th-century philologists
2530:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
2424:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
2065:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1726:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
1264:(in Arabic and French).
693:
566:Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl
553:كتاب ما يلحن فيه العامّة
544:), Commandments (wills);
308:
221:grammarians of al-Baṣrah
3334:9th-century geographers
2632:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
2606:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
2484:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
2404:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1261:Kitāb al-Aḥbār aṭ-Ṭiwāl
1254:Dinawari (al-) (1912).
1219:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA.
1046:of the Arabic language.
758:, VI (1), 127 n.2, has
416:كتاب البحث في حسا الهند
191:
2913:Navigational astrolabe
2668:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
2434:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2353:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2302:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
2231:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
1844:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
1731:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
1157:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA
1114:Botany and agriculture
923:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA
848:. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA
624:The first part of the
204:in modern-day western
3424:Grammarians from Iran
3364:9th-century linguists
3359:9th-century botanists
3249:Hellenistic astronomy
3220:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
3014:Deferent and epicycle
2414:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
2383:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2025:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1628:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
788:Omitted in al-Fihrist
779:Omitted in al-Fihrist
722:Omitted in al-Fihrist
574:), "General History"
500:), "Book of Rhetoric"
371:) 'Tempest' (weather)
3239:Babylonian astronomy
3054:Gravitational energy
2429:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2419:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
2100:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1999:Mashallah ibn Athari
1984:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
1659:Ibn Said al-Maghribi
1130:, pp. 813–852,
800:has "Legends in the
451:Kitāb nuwādr al-jabr
440:كتاب الجبر والمقابلة
3404:Linguists from Iran
3399:Grammarians of Kufa
3180:Al-Azhar University
2999:Celestial mechanics
2789:Book of Fixed Stars
2748:The Book of Healing
2727:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
2469:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
2444:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2055:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
2050:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1863:The Meadows of Gold
1480:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1232:, p. 1015, II.
571:كتاب الاخبار الطوال
525:كتاب الشعر والشعراء
428:كتاب الجمع والتفريق
380:كتاب القبلة والزوال
299:spiritual successor
156:; died 895) was an
30:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
3314:9th-century births
3244:Egyptian astronomy
3185:House of Knowledge
2863:Astronomical clock
2673:Muhammad al-Rudani
2070:Banū Mūsā brothers
2020:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1700:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1623:Muhammad al-Idrisi
1597:Mahmud al-Kashgari
1521:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
1414:2018-11-11 at the
1344:Early Islamic Iran
894:, p. 981, II.
589:Ignace Krachkovsky
472:("Ancestry of the
387:Kitāb ḥisāb ad-dūr
313:The tenth century
305:(died after 961).
158:Islamic Golden Age
93:Islamic Golden Age
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3275:Chinese astronomy
3270:Byzantine science
3144:Temporal finitism
3074:Islamic cosmology
3004:Celestial spheres
2824:
2823:
2716:Arabic star names
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2545:Fathullah Shirazi
2479:Al-Ashraf Umar II
2191:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1994:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1903:
1902:
1806:
1805:
1767:Sulaiman Al Mahri
1587:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
1566:Qudama ibn Ja'far
1490:Sulaiman al-Tajir
1369:Madelung, Wilferd
1244:, p. 172, I.
1190:, pp. 61–62.
1137:978-0-415-12410-2
762:, “observation" (
303:Hamza al-Isfahani
143:
142:
126:
57:Abbasid Caliphate
44:Early 9th-century
3431:
3389:Iranian Arabists
3285:Indian astronomy
3254:Indian astronomy
3222:
3215:
3208:
3129:Sublunary sphere
3119:Specific gravity
3019:Earth's rotation
2908:Mural instrument
2853:Armillary sphere
2776:Alfonsine tables
2741:Tabula Rogeriana
2721:Islamic calendar
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2586:Sibt al-Maridini
2571:Jamshid al-Kashi
2292:Said al-Andalusi
2095:Thābit ibn Qurra
2030:Abu Said Gorgani
2004:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1958:
1957:
1945:
1944:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1851:Mu'jam Al-Buldan
1837:Tabula Rogeriana
1831:(ibn Khordadbeh)
1516:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
1511:Ahmad ibn Rustah
1465:
1464:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1388:
1379:. Brill Online.
1366:
1357:
1346:. I. B. Tauris.
1338:
1329:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1258:, Ignace (ed.).
1251:
1245:
1242:Nadim (al-) 1970
1239:
1233:
1230:Nadim (al-) 1970
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:Bosworth, C. E.
1212:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1117:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1092:, Bayard (ed.).
1082:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
993:
992:
974:
968:
967:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
913:
907:
901:
895:
892:Nadim (al-) 1970
889:
883:
882:
864:
858:
857:
855:
853:
838:
821:
809:
795:
789:
786:
780:
777:
771:
745:
739:
729:
723:
720:
714:
713:MS has “father”.
704:
573:
572:
555:
554:
543:
542:
527:
526:
511:
510:
499:
498:
487:
486:
458:
457:
442:
441:
430:
429:
418:
417:
406:
405:
394:
393:
382:
381:
370:
369:
354:
353:
339:("Book of Solar
284:Babak Khorramdin
214:Zagros Mountains
155:
102:
99:Main interest(s)
73:
59:
26:
25:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3289:
3258:
3227:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3190:House of Wisdom
3168:
3124:Spherical Earth
2957:
2888:Equatorial ring
2868:Celestial globe
2843:Analog computer
2820:
2815:Sullam al-sama'
2760:
2696:
2677:
2646:
2610:
2549:
2488:
2387:
2373:Jabir ibn Aflah
2316:
2247:Abu Nasr Mansur
2235:
2216:Abolfadl Harawi
2151:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
2104:
2008:
1979:Ahmad Nahavandi
1967:
1952:
1939:
1934:
1904:
1899:
1880:
1875:Kitab al-Kharaj
1802:
1786:
1755:
1736:Ahmad ibn Mājid
1714:
1673:
1654:Yaqut al-Hamawi
1632:
1606:
1570:
1494:
1454:
1449:
1416:Wayback Machine
1395:
1373:Daftary, Farhad
1354:
1326:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1151:Pellat, Charles
1148:
1144:
1138:
1126:, vol. 3,
1110:
1101:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1000:
996:
989:
975:
971:
961:
953:. p. 198.
940:
936:
926:
924:
917:Pellat, Charles
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
879:
865:
861:
851:
849:
842:Pellat, Charles
839:
835:
830:
825:
824:
818:
813:
812:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
746:
742:
730:
726:
721:
717:
705:
701:
696:
679:
599:
585:General History
581:
560:Islâh al-mantiq
536:Kitāb al-Waṣāyā
504:Kitāb al-buldān
492:Kitāb al-faṣāha
488:) "Great Book"
466:
456:كتاب نوادرالجبر
392:كتاب حساب الدور
333:
311:
194:
154:ابوحنيفه دينوری
74:
71:
69:
60:
47:
45:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Elliptic orbit
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Circular orbit
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2795:Toledan Tables
2792:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Yang Guangxian
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2312:Ali ibn Khalaf
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Kushyar Gilani
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Ali ibn Ridwan
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Haseb-i Tabari
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Sahl ibn Bishr
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1669:Ibn al-Mujawir
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Ibn Khordadbeh
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:External links
1391:
1390:
1389:
1358:
1353:978-1780760612
1352:
1339:
1330:
1325:978-1138780149
1324:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1275:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1207:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1142:
1136:
1112:Fahd, Toufic,
1099:
1074:
1062:
1060:, p. 160.
1050:
1039:
1021:
1014:
994:
988:978-0192562463
987:
969:
960:978-0521028875
959:
934:
908:
906:, p. 198.
896:
884:
878:978-0192562463
877:
859:
832:
831:
829:
826:
823:
822:
815:
814:
811:
810:
790:
781:
772:
766:), but in the
740:
724:
715:
698:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
685:
678:
675:
634:constellations
626:Book of Plants
607:Book of Plants
603:Kitab al-Nabat
598:
596:Book of Plants
593:
580:
577:
576:
575:
563:
557:
545:
533:
532:and the Poets"
517:
501:
489:
477:
470:Ansâb al-Akrâd
465:
462:
461:
460:
448:
432:
420:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
344:
337:Kitâb al-kusuf
332:
329:
310:
307:
253:Book of Plants
193:
190:
141:
140:
132:
128:
127:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
62:
61:
46:
42:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3436:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:Observatories
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Triangulation
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Heliocentrism
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Shadow square
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:Zij-i Sultani
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:Zij-i Ilkhani
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Kadızade Rumi
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Ibn al-Shatir
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:Ibn al-Kammad
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Ibn al-Saffar
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:Piri Reis map
1867:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1798:Evliya Çelebi
1796:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Saadi Shirazi
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Al-Ramhormuzi
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:. Routledge.
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1290:on 2018-11-11
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1205:, p. 62.
1204:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1178:, p. 61.
1177:
1172:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1116:, p. 815
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:9780195107999
1036:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1015:9789004282094
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
990:
984:
980:
973:
966:
962:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Cahen, Claude
938:
922:
918:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
880:
874:
870:
863:
847:
843:
837:
833:
820:
816:
807:
803:
799:
794:
785:
776:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
737:
733:
728:
719:
712:
708:
703:
699:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
674:
672:
671:Ibn as-Sikkit
668:
663:
661:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
592:
590:
586:
567:
564:
561:
558:
549:
546:
537:
534:
531:
521:
518:
515:
505:
502:
493:
490:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
467:
452:
449:
447:and Equation"
446:
436:
433:
424:
421:
412:
409:
400:
397:
388:
385:
376:
373:
364:
363:Kitāb Al-Anwā
361:
358:
348:
345:
342:
338:
335:
334:
328:
326:
322:
321:
316:
306:
304:
300:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Ibn al-Sikkīt
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
189:
187:
183:
182:mathematician
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:agriculturist
163:
159:
151:
147:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
124:mathematician
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
3173:Institutions
3024:Eccentricity
2984:Astrophysics
2878:Compass rose
2813:
2806:
2799:
2787:
2780:
2765:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2591:Ibn al-Majdi
2566:Abd al‐Wajid
2525:Al-Wabkanawi
2520:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
2409:Jamal ad-Din
2378:Omar Khayyam
2206:Al-ʻIjliyyah
2181:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
2166:Ibn al-A'lam
2085:Al-Khwarizmi
2049:
1892:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1791:17th century
1760:16th century
1719:15th century
1695:Ibn al-Wardi
1678:14th century
1664:Ibn al-Nafis
1637:13th century
1611:12th century
1575:11th century
1556:Al-Muqaddasi
1551:Ibn al-Faqih
1499:10th century
1479:
1475:Al-Khwarizmi
1376:
1343:
1334:
1314:
1306:Bibliography
1292:. Retrieved
1288:the original
1278:
1260:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1210:
1183:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1145:
1122:
1113:
1093:
1065:
1058:Davaran 2010
1053:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1004:
997:
978:
972:
964:
946:
937:
925:. Retrieved
911:
899:
887:
868:
862:
850:. Retrieved
836:
819:
808:i.e. “long”.
805:
801:
793:
784:
775:
764:Astronomical
759:
743:
735:
731:
727:
718:
702:
664:
657:
646:lunar phases
625:
623:
619:plant growth
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:
595:
584:
582:
565:
559:
547:
541:كتاب الوصايا
535:
519:
509:كتاب البلدان
503:
497:كتاب الفصاحة
491:
479:
469:
450:
434:
422:
410:
398:
386:
374:
368:كتاب الانواء
362:
346:
336:
318:
312:
296:
292:
275:
263:
261:
252:
195:
174:metallurgist
145:
144:
3159:Tusi couple
3149:Trepidation
3114:Salah times
3049:Geocentrism
2923:Planisphere
2903:Graph paper
2830:Instruments
2782:Huihui Lifa
2663:Ehmedê Xanî
2622:Al-Birjandi
2601:al-Kubunani
2358:Abu al-Salt
2307:Al-Isfizari
2267:Ibn al-Samh
2146:Abu al-Wafa
2131:al-Khojandi
2035:Al-Farghani
1950:Astronomers
1705:Ibn Battuta
1685:Al-Dimashqi
1468:9th century
1460:Geographers
1270:E. J. Brill
1256:Krachkovsky
667:al-Shaybani
648:indicating
583:Dinawari's
480:Kitāb Kabīr
323:written by
297:Dinawari's
262:Dinawari's
225:of al-Kūfah
218:Abbasid-era
3319:895 deaths
3308:Categories
3263:Influenced
3232:Influences
3104:Precession
3084:Multiverse
2989:Axial tilt
2969:Almucantar
2953:Triquetrum
2893:Equatorium
2642:Takiyüddin
2515:al-Battiwi
2510:Ibn Shuayb
2505:Al-Khalili
2348:Al-Khazini
2343:Al-Kharaqī
2338:Ibn Tufail
2328:Al-Bitruji
2262:Al-Zarqālī
2226:al-Majriti
2176:Al-Saghani
2171:Al-Nayrizi
2156:al-Battani
2075:Iranshahri
2060:Al-Marwazi
1964:by century
1885:Influences
1823:(al-Bakrī)
1690:Abu'l-Fida
1644:Ibn Jubayr
1546:Ibn Hawqal
1294:2013-11-07
1094:Al-Fihrist
904:Cahen 2006
828:References
320:al-Fihrist
245:arithmetic
178:geographer
162:astronomer
160:polymath:
131:Occupation
120:astronomer
116:metallurgy
112:geographer
3139:Supernova
3094:Obliquity
3079:Moonlight
2979:Astrology
2858:Astrolabe
2637:Piri Reis
2627:al-Khafri
2596:al-Wafa'i
2581:Ulugh Beg
2561:Ali Kuşçu
2535:al-Jadiri
2454:al-Abhari
2252:al-Biruni
2186:Ibn Yunus
2161:Al-Qabisi
2136:al-Khazin
2045:Al-Mahani
1895:(Ptolemy)
1893:Geography
1782:Amīn Rāzī
1772:Piri Reis
1582:Al-Biruni
1531:Al-Masudi
1385:1875-9831
1128:Routledge
732:Al-qiblah
514:Geography
485:كتاب كبير
276:Iranshahr
268:al-Tabari
249:astronomy
237:philology
186:historian
108:historian
3213:Maragheh
3164:Universe
3134:Sunlight
3099:Parallax
3089:Muwaqqit
3029:Ecliptic
2962:Concepts
2928:Quadrant
2848:Aperture
2363:Averroes
2333:Avempace
2277:Avicenna
2211:Nastulus
2201:al-Sijzi
2126:Al-Adami
2040:Al-Kindi
1741:Zheng He
1618:al-Zuhri
1592:Al-Bakri
1536:Istakhri
1412:Archived
1375:(eds.).
1161:27 April
1088:(1970).
927:27 April
852:27 April
736:Al-zawāl
677:See also
341:Eclipses
325:Al-Nadim
280:Muhammad
241:geometry
170:botanist
104:botanist
79:Religion
36:Personal
3069:Inertia
3059:Gravity
2994:Azimuth
2943:Sundial
2933:Sextant
2883:Dioptra
2873:Compass
2838:Alidade
2449:al-Urdi
2272:Alhazen
2196:Ma Yize
2141:al-Qūhī
2116:al-Sufi
1751:Fei Xin
1746:Ma Huan
1602:Domiyat
1485:Ya'qubi
650:seasons
630:planets
445:Algebra
272:Bal'ami
233:grammar
202:Dinawar
198:Persian
138:scholar
49:Dinawar
3044:Galaxy
3039:Equant
2974:Apogee
2918:Octant
2695:Topics
1710:Lin Nu
1383:
1350:
1322:
1266:Leiden
1134:
1037:
1012:
985:
957:
875:
768:Beatty
756:Irshād
750:after
748:Flügel
711:Beatty
707:Flügel
644:, the
636:, the
530:Poetry
357:Plants
257:botany
247:, and
184:, and
150:Arabic
135:Muslim
3109:Qibla
2898:Globe
2705:Works
1857:Rihla
1812:Works
1367:. In
1118:, in
1090:Dodge
806:Ṭiwāl
802:Ṭiwāl
798:Dodge
752:Yāqūt
694:Notes
474:Kurds
309:Works
210:Jibal
83:Islam
53:Jibal
2651:17th
2615:16th
2554:15th
2493:14th
2392:13th
2321:12th
2240:11th
2109:10th
1381:ISSN
1348:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1163:2016
1132:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1010:ISBN
983:ISBN
955:ISBN
929:2016
873:ISBN
854:2016
760:raṣd
659:anwa
654:rain
652:and
642:moon
640:and
632:and
528:), "
443:), "
355:), ‘
301:was
270:and
223:and
206:Iran
192:Life
122:and
65:Died
41:Born
2767:Zij
2121:Ibn
2013:9th
1972:8th
638:sun
613:to
611:sin
476:").
196:Of
89:Era
68:895
3310::
1371:;
1268::
1195:^
1153:.
1102:^
1077:^
1043:.
963:.
919:.
844:.
754:,
673:.
656:,
615:ya
516:)"
343:")
317:,
290:.
259:.
243:,
239:,
235:,
188:.
180:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
152::
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
55:,
51:,
1929:e
1922:t
1915:v
1444:e
1437:t
1430:v
1387:.
1356:.
1328:.
1297:.
1272:.
1165:.
1072:.
1018:.
991:.
931:.
881:.
856:.
605:(
568:(
550:(
538:(
522:(
506:(
494:(
482:(
453:(
437:(
425:(
413:(
401:(
389:(
377:(
365:(
349:(
148:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.