196:, the protection of the Aboriginal people was mostly left to missionaries from 1856 to 1881 (after the office of Protector was abolished, the work being done by Sub-protectors reporting direct to the Commissioner of Crown Lands), when another Protector was appointed. In 1912, the Aborigines' Office (which had operated under a succession of different ministers) became the Aborigines' Department, initially a change in name only. In 1918, an Advisory Council of Aborigines was appointed under powers given by the
129:, devastation by disease, and to provide a "humane" environment for Aboriginal people, perceived as a dying race, the colonial governments passed legislation designed to "protect" them. The idea was that by legislating to create certain territory for Aboriginal people, the clashes over land would stop. Officials that the Aboriginal people could farm in their reserves and become less reliant on government rations.
245:
and created the office of Chief
Protector. The department was responsible for the control and welfare of Aboriginal people in the Territory, and under the Act, the Chief Protector was appointed the "legal guardian of every Aboriginal and every half-caste child up to the age of 18 years", and had the
456:
became an unsupervised reserve where many
Aboriginal people lived. In 1958 and 1960, two new Aboriginal settlements were built by the government in northern Victoria to provide transitional housing for people living in camps. Within a few years, the residents had chosen to transition to mainstream
309:
Aboriginal missions were created by churches or religious individuals to house
Aboriginal people and train them in Christian ideals and to also prepare them for work. Most of the missions were developed on land granted by the government for this purpose. Around ten missions were established in NSW
316:
Aboriginal stations or ‘managed reserves’ were established by the APB from 1883 onwards, and were managed by officials appointed by that Board. Education (in the form of preparation for the workforce), rations and housing tended to be provided on these reserves, and station managers tightly
320:
Many other
Aboriginal people did not live on Aboriginal missions, reserves or stations, but in towns, or in fringe camps on private property or on the outskirts of towns, on beaches and riverbanks. There are many such places across the state that remain important to Aboriginal people.
57:
and other institutions, they were used from the 19th century to the 1960s to keep
Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population. The governments passed laws related to such reserves that gave them much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives.
363:
in its final report in 1916. Included in the recommendations was that the government become the legal guardian of all
Aboriginal children upon reaching their 10th birthday, and place them "where they deem best". Seven years after the Final Report of the Commission, the
156:, for the "better protection and care of the aboriginal and half-caste inhabitants of the colony"; it established the positions of regional Protectors and later Chief Protector. Further amendments and other Acts followed, but the effects were similar, until 1991.
298:
Aboriginal reserves were parcels of land set aside for
Aboriginal people to live on; these were not managed by the government or its officials. From 1883 onwards, the Aboriginal people who were living on unmanaged reserves received rations and blankets from the
397:
government had gazetted small areas as reserves for
Aboriginal people to use. Once the Act was passed, all Aboriginal reserves became subject to the Act. For several of these reserves, Superintendents were appointed to carry out the provisions of the Act, and
402:
who had been running
Aboriginal settlements also became Superintendents. However, the majority of reserves in Queensland were never "managed" reserves; they had no Superintendent and were usually controlled by the Local Protector of Aborigines.
246:
power to confine such children to an
Aboriginal reserve or institution. The 1939 version of the Ordinance, intended to give effect to the change in policy (from protection to assimilation), did not allow for self-determination either.
1815:
310:
between 1824 and 1923, although missionaries also visited some managed stations. Many Aboriginal people have adopted the term ‘mission’ or ‘mish’ to refer to reserve settlements and fringe camps generally.
366:
242:
828:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009). "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres". In Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (eds.).
426:(run by religious organisations). In 1860, the missions were taken over by the state, becoming stations, though were still often administered by the same religious groups. The stations were run by
94:
proclaimed that Aboriginal people were "to be considered as much under the safeguard of the law as the Colonists themselves, and equally entitled to the Privileges of British Subjects". Under the
317:
controlled who could, and could not, live there. Many people were forcibly moved onto and off stations. Managed stations included Purfleet, Karuah and Murrin Bridge near Lake Cargellico.
152:
204:
96:
1574:
104:
and other unprotected Aboriginal child whose parents are dead or unknown". Schools and reserves were set up. Despite these attempts at protection, Moorhouse presided over the
76:
Aboriginal reserves were used from the nineteenth century to keep Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population, often ostensibly for their protection.
229:, after having made no legislative provision for Aboriginal people in the NT for 47 years, soon before the NT was transferred to federal control. It was repealed by the
185:
and the lives of the people who lived there. Amendments to the Act in 1915 gave the APB broad powers to remove Aboriginal children from their families, resulting in the
263:
over all Aboriginal children, ahead of the parents. These policies were at their worst in the 1930s. "In the name of protection", suggest the authors of the 1997
879:
Neumann, Klaus; Tavan, Gwenda (2009), "Chapter 4. 'A modern-day concentration camp': using history to make sense of Australian immigration detention centres",
198:
164:
111:
The office of Protector was abolished in 1856; within four years, governments had leased 35 of the 42 Aboriginal reserves in South Australia to settlers.
775:
1632:
269:
report, "Indigenous people were subject to near-total control". The forcible removal of children from their families led to what became known as the
1340:
457:
Housing Commission housing, and the settlements closed. In 1971, Lake Tyers and Framlingham were given to Aboriginal trusts to own and manage.
336:
332:
182:
1852:
1847:
1020:
259:
like freedom of movement, custody of children and control over property. In some states and the Northern Territory, the Chief Protector had
1693:
1803:
1634:
Second Report of the Central Board of the Central Board Appointed to Watch over the Interests of the Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria
255:
The Aboriginal laws gave governments much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives. They lost what would later be considered
910:"Protector of Aborigines Out Letter-Book 7: December 8th, 1892 to September 4th, 1906: Including List of Addressees, and Subject Index"
445:) which provided food, clothing and blankets, but not somewhere to live. A number of closed stations were subsequently used as depots.
292:
Broadly speaking, there were three types of spaces formally set aside by the government specifically for Aboriginal people to live on:
360:
147:
1648:
909:
1862:
1314:
937:
452:, the stations were progressively shrunk and closed. Only Lake Tyers and Framlingham were left by the early 1920s. At this time,
282:
221:
159:
1478:
1216:
The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia : Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history, society and culture; Vol. 2 M-Z
1433:"A Bend in the Yarra: A history of the Merri Creek Protectorate Station and Merri Creek Aboriginal School 1841–1851 | AIATSIS"
1416:
981:
888:
378:
1593:
1548:
1827:
1670:
1504:
1286:
35:
968:
17:
1244:
849:
1396:
1107:
761:
881:
Does history matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
831:
Does History Matter?: making and debating citizenship, immigration and refugee policy in Australia and New Zealand
1223:
973:
650:
177:
141:
641:
Steiglitz (Moorabool and Werribee, Little River, Beremboke, Bacchus Marsh, in the Brisbane Ranges), 1860–1902
606:
1158:
723:
829:
1857:
1656:
Djillong (Wadawurrung Traditional Owner Aboriginal Corporation and Geelong One Fire Reconciliation Group)
325:
300:
226:
209:
132:
91:
65:
303:(APB), but remained responsible for their own housing. Such reserves included Forster and Burnt Bridge.
193:
172:
83:
461:
31:
1791:
1189:
581:
471:
417:
126:
115:
61:
30:
This article is about historical reserves. For protected areas run by Indigenous Australians, see
750:
632:
79:
963:
208:
abolished the office of Chief Protector of Aborigines and the Advisory Council, and created the
535:
50:
1260:
1072:
644:
453:
371:
544:(Westernport Protectorate, Native Police camp, Aboriginal School, near Fairfield), 1841–1851
702:
600:
575:
394:
105:
8:
781:
708:
677:
665:
594:
517:
119:
1672:
Tenth Report of the Board for the Protection of the Aborigines in the Colony of Victoria
1523:
393:, various religious organisations had established a number of mission stations, and the
168:, abolishing the Aborigines Protection Board and establishing the Aborigines Department.
1718:
794:
689:
270:
265:
260:
256:
186:
1365:
374:
children to be "trained" in a special institution so that they could go out and work.
1740:
1412:
1240:
1219:
995:
987:
977:
884:
845:
526:
Buckkermitterwarrer (Westernport Protectorate, near Dromana on Bald Hill Creek), 1840
488:
87:
1046:
1402:
1218:, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies: Canberra.
1135:
835:
621:
529:
612:
541:
348:
54:
800:
538:(Loddon Protectorate, Mount Franklin, Mount Franklyn, Jim Crow Hill), 1841–1864
213:
1841:
1692:
Victoria, History of First Nations People in North East (10 September 2020).
991:
671:
523:
Kangerong (Westernport Protectorate, near Safety Beach on Brokil Creek), 1840
511:
1047:"Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld)"
999:
1432:
1097:
Note: Neumann mentions 1905 - need to establish what happened in that year.
356:
352:
1576:
Moyne Shire Heritage Study 2006, Stage 2, Volume 2: Environmental History
1407:
840:
564:
554:
1828:"The Select Committee of the Legislative Council upon "The Aborigines""
683:
482:
449:
399:
101:
1457:
1808:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1025:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
732:
501:
467:
Yarra (Tromgin, on the current Royal Botanic Gardens site), 1837–1839
68:
were appointed to look after the interests of the Aboriginal people.
391:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
153:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897
90:
as the first permanent appointment as Chief Protector in 1839). The
714:
656:
686:(Gracedale, Badger Creek, near Healesville), 1863–1950, 1998–today
53:, created under various state and federal legislation. Along with
547:
Keilambete (Western Protectorate, Lake Keilambete, near Terang),
491:(Westernport Protectorate, Arthurs Seat, near Tuerong), 1839–1840
680:(Lake Wellington, near Bairnsdale and the Avon River), 1863–1907
125:
In the second half of the 19th century, in an attempt to reduce
181:
gave the Board for the Protection of Aborigines control of the
359:(1915) became Aboriginal reserves, as recommended by the 1913
776:
Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning
328:
have managed land and housing in similar and other settings.
381:(APY lands) was formerly the North-West Aboriginal Reserve.
1163:. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. April 1997
1108:"The Northern Territory Aboriginals Act (No 1024 of 1910)"
34:. For land granted to Indigenous people in Australia, see
638:
Mohican (Jones' Station, on the Acheron River), 1860–1863
571:
Established between Protectorate and Board of Protection
1524:"Aboriginal Camp at Mordialloc | Kingston Local History"
1762:
1506:
Corangamite Planning Scheme Heritage Overlay - Schedule
1479:"Man's fight for his country is rewarded, 130 years on"
1073:"Aborigines Act 1897 - Legislation - Western Australia"
972:. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
756:
Manatunga (Robinvale Settlement), 1960–1971, 1991–today
118:
was appointed the first Chief Protector in what is now
1065:
711:(between Portland and Hamilton), 1867–1951, 1987–today
520:(Goulburn Protectorate, near Murchinson), 1840–1853
1261:"Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913 - 1916)"
705:(near Hawkesdale, north of Warrnambool), 1866–1879
494:Yerrip Hills (Loddon Protectorate, near Sunbury),
100:, the Protector was made legal guardian of "every
745:Rumbalara (near Mooroopna), 1946–1971, 1982–today
729:Tallageira (in the Grampians/Gariwerd), 1887–1907
514:(Goulburn Protectorate, near Nagambie), 1839–1840
233:on 13 June 1918, which combined and replaced the
1839:
202:, to take control of the existing missions. The
1366:"1837 Native Police Corps 1837-1838, 1843-1853"
915:. Transcribed and indexed by Jo Lane. p. 2
720:Dergholm (Roseneath, near Casterton), 1873–1902
27:Place relating to Australian Indigenous peoples
624:(Lake Hindmarsh, Wimmera, Dimboola), 1859–1906
470:Nerre Nerre Warren (Westernport Protectorate,
337:List of Aboriginal missions in New South Wales
333:List of Aboriginal Reserves in New South Wales
1816:"Changing Policies Towards Aboriginal People"
1741:"The northern Watharrung and Andrew Porteous"
1512:. Corangamite Shire Council. 2015. p. 9.
532:(Loddon Protectorate, near Maldon), 1840–1841
49:, was a government-sanctioned settlement for
1792:"Living on Aboriginal reserves and stations"
1678:. Melbourne: Colony of Victoria. p. 21.
1190:"Living on Aboriginal reserves and stations"
1130:
1128:
878:
827:
695:Chepstowe (near Ballarat on Baillie Creek),
578:(on the Yarra River's Pound Bend), 1849–1854
567:(Western Protectorate, Penshurst), 1842–1858
82:had been appointed from as early as 1836 in
1292:. South Australia. Government Printer. 1913
1136:"Aboriginals Ordinance No. 9 of 1918 (Cth)"
874:
872:
870:
868:
1013:
903:
901:
899:
474:camp, Dandenong Police Paddock), 1837–1853
448:From 1886, after a contested situation at
367:Aborigines (Training of Children) Act 1923
1694:"The Aboriginal Reserve at Tangambalanga"
1668:
1406:
1125:
839:
823:
821:
819:
817:
243:Northern Territory Aboriginals Department
1691:
1309:
1307:
1255:
1253:
1196:. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage
1112:Australasian Legal Information Institute
907:
865:
735:(Lake Moodemere, near Corowa), 1891–1937
647:(Hopkins River, Warrnambool), 1861–today
1333:
964:"Robinson, George Augustus (1791–1866)"
932:
930:
896:
770:New Norfolk (in East Gippsland), 1979–?
653:(Mount Duneed, near Geelong), 1861–1907
504:(Loddon Protectorate, near Baringhup),
283:Category:Australian Aboriginal missions
239:Commonwealth Aboriginals Ordinance 1911
235:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
222:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910
14:
1840:
1833:. Government of South Australia. 1860.
1630:
1157:"Chapter 13: Grounds for Reparation".
1039:
814:
422:(run by the colonial government), and
135:were created in most colonies/states:
1738:
1687:
1685:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1572:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1304:
1250:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
557:(Western Protectorate, near Terang),
379:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
1394:
1287:"Royal Commission on the Aborigines"
927:
1796:NSW Environment, Energy and Science
738:Mildura (at Kings Billabong), 1902–
587:Maffra Native Police reserve, 1850–
485:(Birregurra, near Colac), 1839–1850
36:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
24:
1784:
1682:
1611:
1383:
1175:
969:Australian Dictionary of Biography
662:Woori Yaloak (near Lilydale), 1862
361:Royal Commission on the Aborigines
342:
287:
25:
1874:
767:Baroona (near Echuca), 1977–today
692:(near Lakes Entrance), 1863–today
205:Aborigines Act Amendment Act 1939
97:Aboriginal Orphans Ordinance 1844
1853:History of Australia (1901–1945)
1848:History of Australia (1851–1900)
1820:Australian Law Reform Commission
1637:. Melbourne: Colony of Victoria.
1528:localhistory.kingston.vic.gov.au
1138:. Museum of Australian Democracy
1053:. Museum of Australian Democracy
478:Established during Protectorate
1755:
1732:
1711:
1662:
1641:
1586:
1566:
1541:
1516:
1497:
1471:
1450:
1425:
1358:
1279:
1229:
1208:
1194:Environment, Energy and Science
1150:
1100:
762:Aboriginal Land Fund Commission
668:(Green Hills, Mafra), 1862–1863
1863:Indigenous Australian reserves
1739:Clark, Ian D. (January 2011).
1091:
974:Australian National University
956:
908:Lane, Jo, ed. (January 2013).
326:Local Aboriginal Land Councils
178:Aborigines Protection Act 1909
142:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869
13:
1:
1804:"Mission and reserve records"
807:
437:The government also operated
384:
241:. These Acts established the
127:the violence on the frontiers
1594:"- On Taungurung Land - ANU"
1549:"- On Taungurung Land - ANU"
1237:Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri
938:"Chapter 8: South Australia"
659:(near Winchelsea), 1861–1875
133:Aboriginal Protection Boards
66:Aboriginal Protection Boards
7:
1395:Fels, Marie Hansen (2011).
1345:State Library Of Queensland
1315:"Chapter 8 South Australia"
788:
597:(near Swan Hill), 1851–1856
406:
301:Aborigines Protection Board
276:
227:South Australian parliament
210:Aborigines Protection Board
183:reserves in New South Wales
10:
1879:
280:
231:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918
71:
29:
1698:Djimbi Ngai - "Here I am"
615:(near Mildura), 1855–1868
411:Victoria had a number of
250:
32:Indigenous Protected Area
1669:Mackenzie, John (1874).
1458:"HISTORY – Visit Maffra"
751:Aborigines Welfare Board
377:Most of what is now the
116:George Augustus Robinson
80:Protectors of Aborigines
62:Protectors of Aborigines
1051:Documenting a Democracy
717:(near Colac), 1872–1948
674:(near Kiewa), 1862–1873
627:Polo Hill (in Mortlake)
584:(near Colac), 1849–1855
1598:press-files.anu.edu.au
1582:. Moyne Shire Council.
1553:press-files.anu.edu.au
216:was a founding member.
51:Aboriginal Australians
1573:Doyle, Helen (2006).
45:, also called simply
1408:10.22459/ISO.05.2011
841:10.22459/DHM.09.2009
432:Assistant Protectors
395:Colony of Queensland
370:, in order to allow
314:Aboriginal stations:
307:Aboriginal missions:
296:Aboriginal reserves:
139:Victoria passed the
106:Rufus River massacre
1810:. 27 November 2015.
1649:"Djillong Timeline"
1341:"Community history"
1239:, Rigby: Adelaide.
633:Board of Protection
460:Established before
413:Aboriginal stations
347:Several Aboriginal
199:Aborigines Act 1911
165:Aborigines Act 1897
1858:Stolen Generations
1798:. 9 November 2012.
1745:Aboriginal History
1631:Heales, R (1862).
1398:'I Succeeded Once'
1370:bpadula.tripod.com
1319:Bringing Them Home
1267:. 21 February 2011
1265:Find & Connect
1235:Jenkin, G. (1979)
1214:Horton, D. (1994)
1160:Bringing them home
1077:Find & Connect
1027:. 10 December 2015
942:Bringing Them Home
795:Indian reservation
631:Established under
618:Acheron, 1859–1860
271:Stolen Generations
266:Bringing Them Home
261:legal guardianship
257:basic human rights
225:was an Act of the
187:Stolen Generations
43:Aboriginal reserve
18:Aboriginal Reserve
1822:. 18 August 2010.
1418:978-1-921862-13-7
983:978-0-522-84459-7
890:978-1-921536-95-3
160:Western Australia
88:Matthew Moorhouse
16:(Redirected from
1870:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1485:. 15 August 2008
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1248:
1233:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
934:
925:
924:
922:
920:
914:
905:
894:
893:
876:
863:
862:
860:
858:
843:
825:
530:Tarrengower Hill
21:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1787:
1785:Further reading
1782:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1393:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1234:
1230:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
984:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
936:
935:
928:
918:
916:
912:
906:
897:
891:
883:, ANU E Press,
877:
866:
856:
854:
852:
826:
815:
810:
797:(United States)
791:
774:Established by
760:Established by
749:Established by
428:Superintendents
409:
387:
345:
343:South Australia
290:
288:New South Wales
285:
279:
253:
194:South Australia
173:New South Wales
84:South Australia
74:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1754:
1731:
1710:
1681:
1661:
1640:
1610:
1585:
1565:
1540:
1515:
1496:
1470:
1449:
1437:aiatsis.gov.au
1424:
1417:
1382:
1357:
1332:
1303:
1278:
1249:
1228:
1207:
1174:
1149:
1124:
1099:
1090:
1079:. 28 June 2011
1064:
1038:
1012:
982:
955:
926:
895:
889:
864:
850:
812:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:Indian reserve
798:
790:
787:
786:
785:
772:
771:
768:
758:
757:
747:
746:
743:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
706:
700:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
660:
654:
648:
642:
639:
629:
628:
625:
619:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
585:
582:Pirron Yallock
579:
569:
568:
562:
552:
545:
539:
533:
527:
524:
521:
518:Goulburn River
515:
509:
499:
492:
486:
476:
475:
468:
408:
405:
386:
383:
344:
341:
289:
286:
278:
275:
252:
249:
248:
247:
217:
214:Charles Duguid
190:
169:
157:
145:
73:
70:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1401:. ANU Press.
1400:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1245:0-7270-1112-X
1242:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
979:
975:
971:
970:
965:
959:
943:
939:
933:
931:
911:
904:
902:
900:
892:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
869:
853:
851:9781921536946
847:
842:
837:
834:. ANU Press.
833:
832:
824:
822:
820:
818:
813:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
783:
780:
779:
778:
777:
769:
766:
765:
764:
763:
755:
754:
753:
752:
744:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:Tangambalanga
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
636:
635:
634:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
572:
566:
563:
560:
556:
553:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:Mitchellstown
510:
507:
503:
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:Tubberubbabel
487:
484:
481:
480:
479:
473:
472:Native Police
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
418:Native Police
414:
404:
401:
396:
392:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:
362:
358:
354:
350:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
318:
315:
311:
308:
304:
302:
297:
293:
284:
274:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
215:
211:
207:
206:
201:
200:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
167:
166:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
146:
144:
143:
138:
137:
136:
134:
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
112:
109:
107:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1633:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1575:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:The Standard
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1397:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1318:
1294:. Retrieved
1281:
1269:. Retrieved
1264:
1236:
1231:
1215:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1165:. Retrieved
1159:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1115:. Retrieved
1111:
1102:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1024:
1021:"Queensland"
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
967:
958:
946:. Retrieved
941:
917:. Retrieved
880:
855:. Retrieved
830:
784:, 2022–today
773:
759:
748:
739:
696:
630:
588:
570:
558:
548:
536:Franklinford
505:
495:
477:
462:Protectorate
459:
447:
442:
438:
436:
431:
427:
423:
416:
412:
410:
400:missionaries
390:
388:
376:
365:
357:Point Pearce
353:Point McLeay
351:, including
346:
330:
324:Since 1983,
323:
319:
313:
312:
306:
305:
295:
294:
291:
264:
254:
238:
234:
230:
220:
203:
197:
176:
163:
151:
140:
131:
124:
113:
110:
95:
78:
75:
64:and (later)
60:
46:
42:
40:
1719:"Ramahyuck"
1350:28 February
1325:18 February
1296:18 February
1271:18 February
1247:. Page 930.
1200:12 February
782:Neds Corner
726:, 1874–1910
709:Lake Condah
645:Framlingham
609:, 1852–1863
603:, 1851–1883
565:Mount Rouse
555:Lake Terang
542:Merri Creek
483:Buntingdale
454:Framlingham
389:Before the
355:(1916) and
212:, of which
162:passed the
150:passed the
1842:Categories
1224:0855752505
1167:5 February
1142:5 February
1117:5 February
1083:5 February
1057:8 February
1031:5 February
1005:5 February
948:5 February
919:5 February
857:4 February
808:References
690:Lake Tyers
684:Coranderrk
607:Mordialloc
601:Camperdown
576:Warrandyte
450:Coranderrk
441:, (run by
385:Queensland
372:Indigenous
281:See also:
148:Queensland
108:in 1841.
102:half-caste
992:1833-7538
733:Wahgunyah
715:Elliminyt
703:Kangerton
699:1865–1901
678:Ramahyuck
595:Lake Boga
508:1839–1840
498:1839–1840
443:Guardians
430:(earlier
331:See also
1000:70677943
976:. 1967.
803:(Canada)
789:See also
724:Gayfield
622:Ebenezer
502:Neeriman
424:missions
420:reserves
407:Victoria
349:missions
277:Examples
237:and the
120:Victoria
114:In 1839
92:Governor
55:missions
1772:21 June
1767:Baroona
1724:20 June
1703:20 June
1658:. 2018.
1603:20 June
1558:20 June
1533:20 June
1489:20 June
1463:24 June
1442:22 June
1375:20 June
657:Karngun
72:History
47:reserve
1763:"Home"
1415:
1321:. 1995
1243:
1222:
998:
990:
980:
944:. 1997
887:
848:
666:Maffra
651:Duneed
439:depots
251:Impact
175:, the
86:(with
1831:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1510:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
613:Yelta
1774:2022
1726:2022
1705:2022
1605:2022
1560:2022
1535:2022
1491:2022
1465:2022
1444:2022
1413:ISBN
1377:2022
1352:2020
1327:2020
1298:2020
1273:2020
1241:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1202:2022
1169:2020
1144:2020
1119:2020
1085:2020
1059:2020
1033:2020
1007:2020
996:OCLC
988:ISSN
978:ISBN
950:2020
921:2020
885:ISBN
859:2020
846:ISBN
742:1909
591:1860
561:1841
551:1841
415:and
335:and
219:The
1403:doi
836:doi
434:).
192:In
171:In
41:An
1844::
1818:.
1806:.
1794:.
1765:.
1749:32
1747:.
1743:.
1696:.
1684:^
1654:.
1613:^
1596:.
1551:.
1526:.
1481:.
1435:.
1411:.
1385:^
1368:.
1343:.
1317:.
1306:^
1263:.
1252:^
1192:.
1177:^
1127:^
1110:.
1075:.
1049:.
1023:.
994:.
986:.
966:.
940:.
929:^
898:^
867:^
844:.
816:^
740:c.
697:c.
589:c.
559:c.
549:c.
506:c.
496:c.
339:.
273:.
122:.
1776:.
1751:.
1728:.
1707:.
1607:.
1562:.
1537:.
1493:.
1467:.
1446:.
1421:.
1405::
1379:.
1354:.
1329:.
1300:.
1275:.
1226:.
1204:.
1171:.
1146:.
1121:.
1087:.
1061:.
1035:.
1009:.
952:.
923:.
861:.
838::
189:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.