29:
2706:
1907:
2718:
220:. The lensed galaxies are all stretched along the cluster's center and some of them are multiply imaged. Those multiple images usually appear as a pair of images with a third ā generally fainter ā counter image, as is the case for the very distant object. The lensed galaxies are particularly numerous, as we are looking in between two mass clumps, in a saddle region where the magnification is quite large.
228:
Abell 2218 was used as a gravitational lens to discover the most distant known object in the universe as of 2004. The object, a galaxy some 13 billion years old, is seen from Earth as it would have been just 750 million years after the
528:
Squires, G.; Kaiser, N.; Babul, A.; Fahlman, G.; Woods, D.; Neumann, D.; Bƶhringer, H. (1996). "The dark matter, gas, and galaxy distributions in Abell 2218: A weak gravitational lensing and X-ray analysis".
252:
arcs are star-forming galaxies at intermediate redshift (z=1ā2.5). There is a pair of images in the lower part of the picture of the newly discovered star-forming galaxy at about redshift 7.
438:
Kneib, Jean-Paul; Ellis, Richard S.; Santos, Michael R.; Richard, Johan (2004). "A Probable z~7 Galaxy
Strongly Lensed by the Rich Cluster A2218: Exploring the Dark Ages".
582:
Abdelsalam, Hanadi M.; Saha, Prasenjit; Williams, Liliya L. R. (1998). "Non-parametric reconstruction of Abell 2218 from combined weak and strong lensing".
2528:
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829:
824:
819:
809:
804:
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794:
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2225:
491:
Kneib, Jean-Paul (1995). "Dynamics of Abell 2218 from optical and near-IR imagery of arc(let)s and the Rosat/HRI X-ray map".
1958:
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637:"Offset between dark matter and ordinary matter: evidence from a sample of 38 lensing clusters of galaxies"
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260:
Clusters of galaxies such as Abell 2218 have also been used to infer both the amount and distribution of
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2013:
2008:
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2003:
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635:
Shan, Huanyuan; Qin, Bo; Fort, Bernard; Tao, Charling; Wu, Xiang-Ping; Zhao, Hongsheng (2010).
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8:
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694:
Lorenz, Suzanne; Peterson, J. R. (2013). "New
Techniques in Dark Matter Mapping".
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216:, it magnifies and distorts all galaxies lying behind the cluster core into long
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of the lensed galaxies is a function of their distances and types. The
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2255:
1803:
301:
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907:
249:
165:
34:
527:
427:
NBC News: "Galaxy ranks as most distant object in cosmos"
175:
38:
437:
581:
1871:
641:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
366:
2736:
1835:
693:
634:
2576:List of the most distant astronomical objects
1935:
866:
758:
1496:
1942:
1928:
880:
873:
859:
765:
751:
27:
1400:
772:
670:
652:
595:
542:
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403:
16:Galaxy cluster in the constellation Draco
380:"A catalog of rich clusters of galaxies"
223:
384:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
88:+66° 13′ 00″
2737:
1522:
725:Release about Abell 2218 at ESA/Hubble
1923:
854:
746:
490:
362:
360:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
13:
357:
341:"NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database"
324:
248:at moderate redshift (z=0.7). The
14:
2771:
734:Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
718:
2716:
2705:
2704:
1906:
1905:
672:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16739.x
2647:Galaxy formation and evolution
2642:Galaxy colorāmagnitude diagram
687:
628:
575:
521:
484:
431:
420:
255:
1:
696:American Astronomical Society
317:
1949:
730:Astronomy Picture of the Day
7:
2529:Galaxies named after people
270:
112:BautzāMorgan classification
10:
2776:
2662:Gravitational microlensing
2617:Galactic coordinate system
898:Draco in Chinese astronomy
493:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2700:
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531:The Astrophysical Journal
440:The Astrophysical Journal
163:
130:
120:
110:
100:
92:
82:
70:
57:
45:
26:
21:
2627:Galactic magnetic fields
2440:Brightest cluster galaxy
2336:Luminous infrared galaxy
584:The Astronomical Journal
2622:Galactic habitable zone
2607:Extragalactic astronomy
2196:Supermassive black hole
2110:Active galactic nucleus
1304:2MASS J17554042+6551277
515:1995A&A...303...27K
2755:Abell richness class 4
2374:Low surface brightness
2125:Central massive object
893:List of stars in Draco
882:Constellation of Draco
345:Results for Abell 2218
2745:Draco (constellation)
2652:Galaxy rotation curve
774:Astronomical catalogs
702:(id.103.02): 103.02.
372:Corwin, Harold G. Jr.
224:Gravitational lensing
212:Acting as a powerful
2687:Population III stars
2682:Intergalactic travel
2632:Galactic orientation
2499:Voids and supervoids
33:Abell 2218. Credit:
2677:Intergalactic stars
2566:Large quasar groups
2561:Groups and clusters
2425:Groups and clusters
2284:Lyman-alpha emitter
2176:Interstellar medium
1873:Astronomical events
708:2013AAS...22210302L
663:2010MNRAS.406.1134S
606:1998AJ....116.1541A
553:1996ApJ...461..572S
462:2004ApJ...607..697K
396:1989ApJS...70....1A
390:(May 1989): 1ā138.
193:cluster of galaxies
2672:Intergalactic dust
2657:Gravitational lens
2612:Galactic astronomy
2581:Starburst galaxies
2321:blue compact dwarf
2277:Energetic galaxies
2241:BL Lacertae object
1855:Draco Supercluster
93:Number of galaxies
46:Observation data (
2732:
2731:
2692:Galaxy X (galaxy)
2667:Illustris project
2637:Galactic quadrant
2358:Wolf-Rayet galaxy
2348:Green bean galaxy
2343:Hot dust-obscured
2294:Luminous infrared
2058:Elliptical galaxy
1917:
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1863:
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848:
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376:Olowin, Ronald P.
287:Abell 1835 IR1916
246:elliptical galaxy
186:
185:
158:
2767:
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2353:Hanny's Voorwerp
2263:Relativistic jet
2137:Dark matter halo
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1537:Cat's Eye Nebula
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712:
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684:
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656:
647:(2): 1134ā1139.
632:
626:
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599:
597:astro-ph/9806244
590:(4): 1541ā1552.
579:
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544:astro-ph/9507008
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506:astro-ph/9504038
488:
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453:astro-ph/0402319
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368:Abell, George O.
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31:
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18:
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2760:Galaxy clusters
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2186:Galaxy filament
2130:Galactic Center
2098:
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1948:
1918:
1913:
1895:
1859:
1837:Galaxy clusters
1823:
1752:
1541:
1510:
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1388:
1299:2MASS 1237+6526
1287:
1249:
1191:
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312:X-ray astronomy
292:Abell catalogue
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72:Right ascension
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2484:Stellar stream
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2171:Galactic ridge
2168:
2166:Galactic plane
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1881:Swift J1644+57
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736:- 2010 June 20
727:
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719:External links
717:
714:
713:
686:
627:
614:10.1086/300546
574:
561:10.1086/177085
520:
483:
470:10.1086/386281
446:(2): 697ā703.
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405:10.1086/191333
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178:s cm (0.1ā2.4
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102:Richness class
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2750:Abell objects
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2586:Superclusters
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2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Superclusters
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Galactic tide
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Ultra diffuse
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2213:Active nuclei
2210:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
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1736:
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1726:
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1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1679:
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1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1498:Star clusters
1495:
1491:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
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1408:
1407:
1405:
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1399:
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1377:
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1367:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
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1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
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1302:
1300:
1297:
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1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:6618 (Alruba)
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
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1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
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1090:
1087:
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1080:
1077:
1075:
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1070:
1067:
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1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
991:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
911:
909:
905:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
883:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
853:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
768:
763:
761:
756:
754:
749:
748:
745:
741:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
593:
589:
585:
578:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
540:
536:
532:
524:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
487:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
449:
445:
441:
434:
428:
423:
415:
411:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
361:
346:
342:
336:
334:
332:
330:
328:
323:
313:
310:
308:
307:UDFy-38135539
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
268:
265:
263:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
221:
219:
215:
210:
208:
205:
204:constellation
201:
198:
194:
190:
181:
177:
170:(7.50 Ā± 9.1%)
169:
167:
162:
148:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
75:
73:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:Constellation
56:
52:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2722:
2710:
2445:fossil group
2367:Low activity
2201:Ultramassive
2031:Dwarf galaxy
2014:intermediate
2009:grand design
1844:
1334:GRW +70 8247
989:
958:Ī· (Athebyne)
953:Ī¶ (Aldhibah)
946:
930:Ī² (Rastaban)
814:
739:
699:
695:
689:
644:
640:
630:
587:
583:
577:
534:
530:
523:
496:
492:
486:
443:
439:
433:
422:
387:
383:
378:(May 1989).
348:. Retrieved
344:
266:
259:
235:
227:
211:
202:away in the
188:
187:
146:
140:(2,345
2504:void galaxy
2467:cannibalism
2452:Interacting
2408:Interaction
2394:Blue Nugget
2384:Dark galaxy
2289:Lyman-break
2181:Protogalaxy
2147:Disc galaxy
1420:HD 167042 b
1415:HD 139357 b
1374:Struve 2398
1119:42 (Fafnir)
996:Ī¾ (Grumium)
983:Ī¼ (Alrakis)
978:Ī» (Giausar)
968:Ī¹ (Edasich)
935:Ī³ (Eltanin)
537:: 572ā586.
262:Dark matter
256:Dark matter
200:light-years
191:is a large
84:Declination
2739:Categories
2544:Polar-ring
2389:Red nugget
2331:faint blue
2191:Spiral arm
2046:spheroidal
2036:elliptical
2019:Magellanic
2004:flocculent
1972:Lenticular
1959:Morphology
1891:SN 2016aps
1845:Abell 2218
1475:TOI-1452 b
1450:Kepler-90e
1445:Kepler-12b
1435:Kepler-10b
1402:Exoplanets
1359:Kepler-296
1329:Gliese 687
1324:Gliese 625
1319:Gliese 420
1074:7 (Tianyi)
1041:Ļ (Dziban)
1016:Ļ (Alsafi)
940:Ī“ (Altais)
925:Ī± (Thuban)
840:Abell 2223
835:Abell 2222
830:Abell 2221
825:Abell 2220
820:Abell 2219
815:Abell 2218
810:Abell 2217
805:Abell 2216
800:Abell 2215
795:Abell 2214
790:Abell 2213
350:2006-09-18
318:References
297:GRB 090423
282:Abell 1689
244:arc is an
189:Abell 2218
22:Abell 2218
2479:Satellite
2474:Jellyfish
2462:collision
2399:Dead disk
2316:Starburst
2231:Markarian
2103:Structure
2070:Irregular
2041:irregular
1850:CL1358+62
1814:PGC 39058
1799:H1821+643
1794:4C +72.26
1430:Kepler-4b
1354:Kepler-90
1349:Kepler-12
1344:Kepler-10
1079:8 (Taiyi)
1061:Flamsteed
681:119255830
654:1004.1475
499:: 27ā40.
414:0067-0049
277:Abell 370
197:2 billion
136:719
2711:Category
2600:See also
2524:Galaxies
2251:X-shaped
2082:Peculiar
2024:unbarred
1982:unbarred
1951:Galaxies
1911:Category
1886:SN 2005B
1819:UGC 9391
1784:3C 390.3
1764:3C 249.1
1551:Galaxies
1532:Abell 50
1506:LAMOST 1
1379:TOI-1136
1364:LP 71-82
1339:Kepler-4
1309:G 240-72
1144:Variable
622:15908226
569:18973537
478:14981473
271:See also
231:Big Bang
132:Distance
122:Redshift
77:16 35 54
2571:Quasars
2539:Nearest
2534:Largest
2435:cluster
2268:Seyfert
1524:Nebulae
1480:TrES-2b
1425:Hypatia
1410:Orbitar
1369:Qatar-1
704:Bibcode
659:Bibcode
602:Bibcode
549:Bibcode
511:Bibcode
458:Bibcode
392:Bibcode
126:0.17560
96:~10,000
2723:Portal
2554:Spiral
2457:merger
2236:Quasar
2221:Blazar
2159:corona
2075:barred
2051:spiral
1999:barred
1994:anemic
1989:Spiral
1977:barred
1809:KKR 25
1789:3C 401
1779:3C 371
1774:3C 319
1769:3C 305
1314:GD 356
1283:191939
1278:176693
1273:158259
1268:156279
1263:101364
1129:64 (e)
1124:45 (d)
1114:39 (b)
1099:19 (h)
1094:18 (g)
1089:15 (A)
1084:10 (i)
990:(Kuma)
679:
620:
567:
476:
412:
242:orange
164:X-ray
2591:Voids
2516:Lists
2494:Walls
2430:group
2415:Field
2309:ELIRG
2304:HLIRG
2299:ULIRG
2256:DRAGN
2246:Radio
2226:LINER
2120:Bulge
2092:Polar
1804:HFLS3
1757:Other
1623:5866B
1292:Other
947:(Tyl)
917:Bayer
908:Stars
782:Abell
677:S2CID
649:arXiv
618:S2CID
592:arXiv
565:S2CID
539:arXiv
501:arXiv
474:S2CID
448:arXiv
302:IOK-1
238:color
207:Draco
195:over
154:0.705
65:Draco
51:J2000
48:Epoch
2549:Ring
2154:Halo
2142:Disc
2087:Ring
1967:Disc
1748:6789
1743:6786
1738:6676
1733:6670
1728:6622
1723:6621
1718:6566
1713:6503
1708:6412
1703:6394
1698:6373
1693:6365
1688:6340
1683:6286
1678:6285
1673:6248
1668:6090
1663:5985
1658:5982
1653:5965
1648:5963
1643:5949
1638:5907
1633:5906
1628:5879
1618:5866
1613:5777
1608:5678
1603:4589
1598:4513
1593:4345
1588:4319
1583:4236
1578:4125
1573:4121
1568:3147
1245:7783
1240:7137
1235:6817
1225:6237
1220:5811
1215:4934
1210:4126
1205:3751
1187:V581
410:ISSN
250:blue
236:The
218:arcs
214:lens
166:flux
35:NASA
2326:pea
2115:Bar
1560:NGC
700:222
667:doi
645:406
610:doi
588:116
557:doi
535:461
497:303
466:doi
444:607
400:doi
180:keV
176:erg
174:10
142:Mly
138:Mpc
116:II
61:(s)
39:ESA
2741::
2063:cD
1255:HD
1197:HR
1182:DO
1177:CX
1172:CM
1167:CL
1162:BY
1157:AG
1152:TW
1134:68
1109:36
1104:26
988:Ī½
945:Īµ
732:-
698:.
675:.
665:.
657:.
643:.
639:.
616:.
608:.
600:.
586:.
563:.
555:.
547:.
533:.
509:.
495:.
472:.
464:.
456:.
442:.
408:.
398:.
388:70
386:.
382:.
374:;
370:;
359:^
343:.
326:^
264:.
233:.
209:.
182:)
144:)
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1470:i
1465:h
1460:g
1455:f
1440:c
1069:6
1051:Ļ
1046:Ļ
1036:Ļ
1031:Ļ
1026:Ļ
1021:Ļ
1011:Ļ
1006:Ļ
1001:Īæ
973:Īŗ
963:Īø
874:e
867:t
860:v
766:e
759:t
752:v
710:.
706::
683:.
669::
661::
651::
624:.
612::
604::
594::
571:.
559::
551::
541::
517:.
513::
503::
480:.
468::
460::
450::
416:.
402::
394::
353:.
172:Ć
147:h
106:4
53:)
37:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
