537:
548:"unknowable" Orient, rather than characterizing it with exoticism, ancient wisdom and mystery. Postcolonial theorists like Maryam Wasif Khan have termed this novel a Modern Orientalist text, meaning that it portrays the Orient in an optimistic, positive light while simultaneously challenging and critiquing European culture and society. However, Benita Parry suggests that it also mystifies India by creating an "obfuscated realm where the secular is scanted, and in which India's long traditions of mathematics, science and technology, history, linguistics and jurisprudence have no place."
261:
585:
Hinduism is chaotic and orderless, and subsequently uses Hindu characters as the background to the main narrative. Said also identifies the failed attempt at friendship between Aziz and
Fielding as a reinforcement of the perceived cultural distance between the Orient and the West. The inability of the two men to begin a meaningful friendship is indicative of what Said suggests is the irreconcilable otherness of the Orient, something that has originated from the West and also limits Western readers in how they understand the Orient.
526:
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580:. . . found a way to use the mechanism of the novel to elaborate on the already existing structure of attitude and reference without changing it. This structure permitted one to feel affection for and even intimacy with some Indians and India generally, but made one see Indian politics as the charge of the British, and culturally refused a privilege to India nationalism.
596:
is also a commentary on gender, and a
British woman's place within the empire. Khan argued that the female characters coming to "the Orient" to break free of their social roles in Britain represent the discord between Englishwomen and their social roles at home, and tells the narrative of "pioneering
484:
is largely based upon the era of writing and the nature of the critical work. While many earlier critiques found that
Forster's book showed an inappropriate friendship between colonizers and the colonized, new critiques on the work draw attention to the depictions of sexism, racism and imperialism in
303:
Because the newcomers had expressed a desire to meet
Indians, Mr. Turton, the city tax collector, invites several to his house, but the party turns out awkwardly, due to the Indians' timidity and the Britons' bigotry. Also there is Cyril Fielding, principal of Chandrapore's government-run college for
323:
While awaiting the trial, Mrs Moore becomes concerned at her failing health; taking a ship to
England, she dies on the way. Then during the trial, Adela admits that she had been similarly disoriented by the cave's echo. She was no longer sure who or what had attacked her and, despite great demand to
315:
Asked by Adela whether he has more than one wife, Aziz is disconcerted by her bluntness and ducks into a cave to compose himself. When he comes out, he is told by the guide that Adela has gone into a cave by herself. After quarreling with the guide, Aziz discovers Adela's field glasses broken on the
584:
Stereotyping and
Orientalist thought is also explored in postcolonial critiques. Said suggests that Forster deals with the question of British-Indian relationships by separating Muslims and Hindus in the narrative. He says Forster connects Islam to Western values and attitudes while suggesting that
319:
Aziz is arrested on arrival and charged with sexually assaulting Adela. The run-up to his trial increases racial tensions. Adela alleges that Aziz followed her into the cave and that she fended him off by swinging her field glasses at him. The only evidence is the field glasses in the possession of
575:
in early 20th-century novels, Said suggests that though the work subverted typical views on colonialism and colonial rule in India, it also fell short of outright condemning either nationalist movements in India or colonialism itself. Of
Forster's attitude toward colonizer-colonized relationships,
299:
Meanwhile, Dr. Aziz, a young Indian Muslim physician, is called from dining with friends by Major
Callendar, Aziz's superior at the hospital, but is delayed. Disconsolate at finding him gone, Aziz walks back and enters his favourite mosque on impulse. Seeing Mrs Moore there, he yells at her not to
311:
Aziz mistakenly believes that the women are offended that he has not followed through on his promise and arranges an outing to the caves at great expense to himself. Fielding and
Godbole are supposed to accompany the expedition, but they miss the train. In the first cave they visit, Mrs. Moore is
327:
Although he is vindicated, Aziz is angry that
Fielding befriended Adela after she nearly ruined his life. Believing it to be the gentlemanly thing to do, Fielding convinces Aziz not to seek monetary redress, but the men's friendship suffers and Fielding departs for England. Believing that he is
251:
of Bihar), Adela thinks she finds herself alone with Dr. Aziz in one of the caves (when in fact he is in an entirely different cave; whether the attacker is real or a reaction to the cave is ambiguous), and subsequently panics and flees; it is assumed that Dr. Aziz has attempted to assault her.
331:
Two years later, Aziz has moved to the Hindu-ruled state of Mau and is now the Raja's chief physician by the time Fielding returns, married to Stella, Mrs. Moore's daughter from a second marriage. Though the two meet and Aziz still feels drawn to Fielding, he realises that they cannot be truly
547:
emerged at a time where portrayals of India as a savage, disorganized land in need of domination were more popular in mainstream European literature than romanticized depictions. Forster's novel departed from typical narratives about colonizer-colonized relationships and emphasized a more
316:
ground and puts them in his pocket. He then looks down the hill and sees Adela speaking to Miss Derek, who has arrived with Fielding in a car. Aziz runs down and greets Fielding, but Miss Derek and Adela drive off, leaving Fielding, Mrs. Moore and Aziz to return to Chandrapore by train.
492:
when it was first published challenged specific details and attitudes included in the book that Forster drew from his own time in India. Early critics also expressed concern at the interracial camaraderie between Aziz and Fielding in the book. Others saw the book as a vilification of
1646:
307:
At the party, Fielding and Aziz become friends and Aziz promises to take Mrs. Moore and Adela to see the distant Marabar Caves. Ronny arrives and, finding Adela "unaccompanied" with Dr. Aziz and Professor Godbole, rudely breaks up the party.
497:
perspectives on the importance of interpersonal relationships, and effects of colonialism on Indian society. More recent critiques by postcolonial theorists and literary critics have reinvestigated the text as a work of
295:
British schoolmistress Adela Quested and her elderly friend Mrs. Moore visit the fictional Indian city of Chandrapore. Adela is to decide if she wants to marry Mrs. Moore's son, Ronny Heaslop, the city magistrate.
842:
1511:
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persist in her accusation, withdraws the charge. When the case is dismissed, Heaslop breaks off his engagement to Adela and she stays at Fielding's house until a return to England is arranged.
502:
fiction contributing to a discourse on colonial relationships by a European. Today it is one of the seminal texts in the postcolonial Orientalist discourse, among other books like
304:
Indians, who invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to a tea party with him and a Hindu-Brahmin professor named Narayan Godbole. At Adela's request, he extends his invitation to Dr. Aziz.
603:
has also critiqued the book's orientalist depiction of India and its use of racialized bodies, especially in the case of Aziz, as sexual objects rather than individuals.
300:
profane this sacred place, but the two then chat and part as friends. When Mrs. Moore relates her experience later, Ronny becomes indignant at the native's presumption.
312:
overcome with claustrophobia and disturbed by the echo. When she declines to continue, Adela and Aziz climb the hill to the upper caves, accompanied by a guide.
243:
The story revolves around four characters: Dr. Aziz, his British friend Mr. Cyril Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Miss Adela Quested. During a trip to the fictitious
252:
Aziz's trial, and its run-up and aftermath, bring to a boil the common racial tensions and prejudices between Indians and the British during the colonial era.
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based on the novel that ran on the West End in 1960, and on Broadway in 1962. A 1965 BBC television version of the play was broadcast in their
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leaving to marry Adela for her money, and bitter at his friend's perceived betrayal, Aziz vows never again to befriend a white person.
1951:
1302:
Khan, Maryam Wasif (22 June 2016). "Enlightenment Orientalism to Modernist Orientalism: The Archive of Forster's A Passage to India".
1190:
Khan, Maryam Wasif (22 June 2016). "Enlightenment Orientalism to Modernist Orientalism: The Archive of Forster's A Passage to India".
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included the novel in its "All Time 100 Novels" list. The novel is based on Forster's experiences in India, deriving the title from
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Aziz. When Fielding proclaims his belief in Aziz's innocence, he is ostracised and condemned as a blood-traitor.
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A young British schoolmistress who is visiting India with the vague intention of marrying Ronny Heaslop.
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in the 1920s. It was selected as one of the 100 great works of 20th-century English literature by the
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is a reflection of Forster's visit to India in 1912–13 and his duration as private secretary to
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The 45-year-old, unmarried British headmaster of the small government-run college for Indians.
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intended to direct a theatrical adaptation of the novel, but the project was never realised.
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Delusions and discoveries : India in the British imagination, 1880-1930
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Englishwomen whose emergent feminism found form and voice in the colony".
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Other scholars have examined the book with a critical postcolonial and
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806:"The 100 best novels: No 47 – A Passage to India by EM Forster (1924)"
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Indian physician who works at the British hospital in Chandrapore.
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wrote an additional version for the stage, that premiered at the
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Detailed analyses, chapter summaries, a quiz and essay questions
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One of the most notable critiques comes from literary professor
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The British head doctor and Aziz's superior at the hospital.
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friends until India becomes independent from British rule.
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A Passage to India: a close look in studies in literature
1456:"IndiaStar book review: Satyajit Ray by Surabhi Banerjee"
1240:(1st Vintage books ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
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lens. Maryam Wasif Khan's reading of the book suggests
1688:, from which the title of Forster's novel was derived
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767:
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The British superintendent of police in Chandrapore.
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A prominent Indian lawyer called in to defend Aziz.
1512:"Shared Experience Take Forster Passage to India"
1351:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
835:"'Ulysses' at Top As Panel Picks 100 Best Novels"
268:, an inspiration for the fictional Marabar Hills.
1933:
732:in 2002. It has toured the UK and played at the
283:in 1921–22. He dedicated the book to his friend
1344:
998:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 708.
930:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 702.
1097:"The mystery and muddle of A Passage to India"
1707:
1430:
23:. For the 1960 play based on this novel, see
1161:Postcolonial Studies: A Materialist Critique
756:by Forster and sold to raise money for the
571:. In his discussion about allusions to the
372:The British city magistrate of Chandrapore.
19:For the 1984 film based on this novel, see
1714:
1700:
1575:p55, Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 1998.
390:The British city collector of Chandrapore.
38:
1540:
1273:(1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
957:
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524:
459:doctor and Aziz's rival at the hospital.
427:The chief Indian citizen in Chandrapore.
259:
1672:
958:Kummings, Donald D. (19 October 2009).
449:barrister who openly hates the British.
1934:
1543:"A Minimal Meeting of Forster's Twain"
1541:Isherwood, Charles (4 November 2004).
1065:
992:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1 January 2007).
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924:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1 January 2007).
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1594:(Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi 2003)
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1069:Fiction & the Colonial Experience
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964:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 21.
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1492:from the original on 14 January 2013
1412:from the original on 20 October 2012
1301:
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1066:Meyers, Jeffrey (14 February 2022).
875:from the original on 31 October 2013
845:from the original on 8 January 2015
13:
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1147:
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905:from the original on 13 March 2010
197:is a 1924 novel by English author
14:
1993:
1952:British novels adapted into films
1721:
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1553:from the original on 22 June 2013
1383:Palmer, Zuma (27 November 1948).
421:who frequently borrows their car.
335:
1641:
1518:. 30 August 2002. Archived from
1389:Los Angeles Evening Citizen News
1165:. New York: Routledge. pp.
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396:Mr. Turton's openly racist wife.
201:set against the backdrop of the
132:Print (hardback & paperback)
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865:"Fiction winners Award winners"
614:James Tait Black Memorial Prize
290:
217:James Tait Black Memorial Prize
1893:(1945 documentary film script)
1431:Angelini, Sergio (2003–2014).
1345:Suleri Goodyear, Sara (1992).
1125:. London: Verso. p. 280.
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414:An Englishwoman employed by a
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1348:The rhetoric of English India
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540:Entrance to the Barabar Caves
468:Stella Moore (later Fielding)
465:The second son of Mrs. Moore.
255:
85:
1433:"Passage to India, A (1965)"
1042:"The Sunday Tribune - Books"
833:Lewis, Paul (20 July 1998).
366:The mother of Ronny Heaslop.
207:Indian independence movement
7:
1982:Novels set in British India
1809:The Other Side of the Hedge
1651:public domain audiobook at
995:A Companion to E.M. Forster
961:A Companion to Walt Whitman
927:A Companion to E.M. Forster
869:The University of Edinburgh
786:Stereotypes of South Asians
763:
748:In 1960, the manuscript of
480:The nature of critiques of
16:1924 novel by E. M. Forster
10:
1998:
1738:Where Angels Fear to Tread
1406:Internet Broadway Database
1304:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
1192:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
718:and numerous other awards.
635:In 1948, an adaptation by
627:
18:
1908:
1881:
1847:
1788:
1729:
1269:Said, Edward W. (1979) .
1082:– via Google Books.
734:Brooklyn Academy of Music
630:A Passage to India (film)
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375:Professor Narayan Godbole
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25:A Passage to India (play)
21:A Passage to India (film)
1871:Two Cheers for Democracy
1236:Said, Edward W. (1994).
619:1925 Femina Vie Heureuse
1962:Novels by E. M. Forster
1238:Culture and Imperialism
562:Culture and Imperialism
1157:Parry, Benita (2004).
1121:Parry, Benita (1998).
1026:Bloom, Harold (2004).
642:NBC University Theatre
582:
541:
533:
471:Mrs. Moore's daughter.
269:
1947:BBC television dramas
1804:The Celestial Omnibus
1316:10.1353/mfs.2016.0027
1204:10.1353/mfs.2016.0027
895:"All Time 100 Novels"
679:The Indian filmmaker
578:
539:
528:
263:
1856:Aspects of the Novel
1664:Original 1924 review
1571:Hart-Davis, Rupert:
1486:"A Passage to India"
1402:"A Passage to India"
1046:www.tribuneindia.com
1028:Novelists and Novels
666:, A play written by
1972:Postcolonial novels
1967:Novels set in India
1942:1924 British novels
1890:A Diary for Timothy
1831:The Classical Annex
1746:The Longest Journey
1466:on 19 February 1997
1101:The British Library
901:. 16 October 2005.
279:, the Maharajah of
34:
33:A Passage to India
1816:The Eternal Moment
1770:A Passage to India
1754:A Room with a View
1678:"Passage to India"
1648:A Passage To India
1631:A Passage To India
1617:A Passage to India
1606:A Passage to India
1547:The New York Times
1435:. BFI Screenonline
871:. 22 August 2014.
839:The New York Times
750:A Passage to India
662:A Passage to India
655:Joseph Schildkraut
594:A Passage to India
576:Said says Forster:
557:A Passage to India
545:A Passage to India
542:
534:
490:A Passage to India
482:A Passage to India
476:Literary criticism
273:A Passage to India
270:
194:A Passage to India
180:A Passage to India
44:First edition (UK)
32:
1929:
1928:
1921:Marianne Thornton
1797:The Machine Stops
1636:Project Gutenberg
1573:Halfway to Heaven
1522:on 8 January 2015
1385:"Sunday Programs"
1005:978-81-269-0750-2
971:978-1-4051-9551-5
937:978-81-269-0750-2
754:Rupert Hart-Davis
739:in November 2004.
726:Shared Experience
688:1984 film version
673:Play of the Month
555:, who referenced
505:Heart of Darkness
215:and won the 1924
190:
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121:Publication place
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1957:Modernist novels
1916:Bloomsbury Group
1824:The Life to Come
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814:. 18 August 2014
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1454:Wallia, C. J.
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1310:(2): 230–233.
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690:directed by
681:Satyajit Ray
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264:View of the
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221:
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89: 1910s
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1762:Howards End
1271:Orientalism
1106:22 November
1051:9 September
647:Alma Lawton
624:Adaptations
601:Sara Suleri
568:Orientalism
553:Edward Said
500:Orientalist
488:Reviews of
485:the novel.
462:Ralph Moore
455:A low-born
442:Mahmoud Ali
405:Mr. McBryde
393:Mrs. Turton
381:god-boh-lay
285:Ross Masood
203:British Raj
116:4 June 1924
78:Set in
1977:1960 plays
1936:Categories
1898:Billy Budd
1848:Nonfiction
1280:039474067X
1247:0679750541
1132:1859841287
818:16 January
792:References
744:Manuscript
714:, won two
696:Judy Davis
692:David Lean
651:Ben Wright
628:See also:
430:Hamidullah
411:Miss Derek
387:Mr. Turton
363:Mrs. Moore
256:Background
185:Wikisource
1811:") (1911)
1557:8 January
1526:8 January
1496:8 January
1470:8 January
1460:IndiaStar
1416:8 January
1332:163305870
1324:1080-658X
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1011:8 January
977:8 January
943:8 January
879:8 January
849:8 January
704:James Fox
639:aired on
95:Publisher
1866:" (1938)
1799:" (1909)
1676:(1871).
1653:LibriVox
1551:Archived
1490:Archived
1488:. IMDb.
1410:Archived
1371:23584165
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909:23 April
903:Archived
873:Archived
843:Archived
764:See also
730:Richmond
590:feminist
559:in both
495:humanist
436:Amritrao
344:A young
341:Dr. Aziz
224:magazine
205:and the
145:59352597
60:Language
1909:Related
1778:Maurice
1686:(poem).
1620:at the
1439:18 July
1353:132–135
1289:4831769
676:series.
158:823.912
63:English
1874:(1951)
1859:(1927)
1819:(1928)
1781:(1971)
1773:(1924)
1765:(1910)
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346:Muslim
101:, (UK)
50:Author
1882:Other
1328:S2CID
1216:S2CID
612:1924
518:, by
508:, by
457:Hindu
416:Hindu
234:" in
72:novel
68:Genre
1577:ISBN
1559:2015
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1418:2015
1367:OCLC
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1074:ISBN
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899:Time
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686:The
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175:Text
139:OCLC
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