831:
683:
594:
29:
1049:
2775:
442:
252:
887:
2763:
943:
989:
2751:
909:... The energy with which the author has laboured to ensure punctuality in the issue is beyond all praise; and now that about half the work is completed, and we find that the last twelve parts, with figures of nearly 120 species of birds, have appeared within the year, subscribers have every assurance that they will, in due course, possess a finished work."
621:, was drawing a plate every six days. The publication was financed by subscription, and a year's set of 12 issues cost £6 6s; it was promoted by a prospectus containing sample articles that was sent to potential buyers using the authors' contacts in the scientific societies, including the Zoological Society of London and the
809:
in May 1872. His contract meant he was not allowed to have a personal collection, so he sold his skins of
African birds to the Museum. Relations between the two authors soon became strained, Sharpe considering that his colleague was too interested in the commercial aspects of the project, rather than
616:
parts between 1871 and 1896. Each part on average contained 56 pages of text and eight plates of illustrations, and took about seven weeks to produce. This meant that for the 11-year duration of the project, Dresser was writing around a page of text a day on top of his commercial employment, and the
1039:
was limited, his involvement facilitated his move to the
British Museum and his main work was in classifying and cataloguing the bird collections. He also used his contacts to acquire the egg and skin collections of wealthy collectors and travellers for his museum. When he was appointed in 1872 the
821:
covered 114 further species, including 14 discovered since the earlier publication, 22 rare vagrants to Europe and 26 that had been elevated to full species status in the interim. Dresser had also extended the area covered beyond Europe and the Middle East to include neighbouring Persia and western
873:
to draw 28 and 15 plates respectively. Each of the 339 copies produced contained 633 plates, so nearly 215,000 plates were individually coloured. In addition to the colour plates, there were also monochrome engravings to illustrate interesting features, one example being a drawing of a skull of a
674:, 229 by other private individuals, 67 by dealers and the rest by museums and other institutions. Overseas subscribers accounted for 61 of the purchased sets. Dresser gave 20 further sets, printed on thinner paper and without the plates of illustrations, to those who had contributed information.
752:
When choosing binomial names for his species, Dresser kept strictly to chronological priority. Since the first mention might be in an obscure or foreign language journal, this led to changes in the established Latin names of some species, "causing great consternation among his colleagues". The
804:
Dresser and Sharpe initially co-authored the articles, both struggling to keep up to schedule since they were also working full-time. Sharpe resigned as librarian of the
Zoological Society late in 1871 to give himself more opportunity to write, but then accepted a post as bird curator at the
432:
that they work together on this great encyclopaedia. Dresser had an extensive collection of
European birds and their eggs, and a network of contacts who would allow him to acquire or borrow new specimens. He also had the linguistic skills to translate texts from several European languages.
861:
To reduce costs, Keulemans drew directly on to the limestone instead of first making a painting. Although this was more technically difficult, drawing directly could give a livelier feel to the final illustration, and was also favoured by other contemporary bird artists such as
393:, had worked closely with Gould and completed some of his books that were still unfinished when he died. He wished to build on Gould's work to include all species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe, expand the geographical range to include North Africa, parts of the
1032:. Eventually Dresser's "old guard" views fell out of favour, particularly after World War I, although his book still attracts the interest of collectors, with first-edition full sets being offered in late 2019 for $ 27,500 in the US and £19,642 in the UK.
354:, which helped readers to identify birds by guiding them to the page describing that group. The authors also placed an asterisk against species of which they had no first-hand knowledge, and were therefore unable to verify. The commercial success of the
980:... the whole forms a monument of the industry and accuracy of the author." His obituarist, though, added a caveat that "his views on the limits of specific variation and nomenclature would not perhaps commend themselves to present-day workers."
954:... as acts of ignorance and folly on the part of two juvenile ornithologists who had nothing new to say on the birds of which they wrote, and consequently made a desperate effort to achieve notoriety by introducing novelties into nomenclature
935:... Articles of this kind are very amusing, but they must sorely puzzle the young student – though in most cases his bird-stuffer, even if he be only a country barber, will be quite capable of correcting such childish blunders.
203:. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to Dresser that they work together on this encyclopaedia, using Dresser's extensive collection of birds and their eggs and network of contacts.
467:
for display. Ornithologists acquired birds and eggs through their own shooting and collecting activities, by purchases from bird markets, auctions and commercial dealers, and through exchanges with other collectors.
222:
was well received by its contemporary reviewers, although a commentator in 2018 considered that
Dresser's outdated views and the cost of his books meant that in the long run his works had limited influence. The
218:, and bound into volumes when all the parts were published. 339 copies were made, at a cost to each subscriber of £52 10s. Sharpe did not contribute after part 13, and was not listed as an author after part 17.
853:
slab using a special waxy crayon. The slab was then wetted before adding an oil-based ink, which would be held only by the greasy crayon lines, and copies were printed from the slab. This process was known as
666:
tooling. Parts 83 and 84, containing an introduction, index, references and list of subscribers, were bound as a slim Volume 1, and the 1895–1896 supplement to the main text eventually became a ninth volume.
905:
recommended the work both to general readers and to amateurs, using the latter word in its original sense as a lover of the subject. In another review in 1875, he said "this beautiful and important work
976:, an avian science journal, after summarising his life and his major role in scientific societies, went on to say his "most important work is undoubtedly the well-known 'History of the Birds of Europe'
2227:
483:) to study Swedish. Henry junior also acquired fluency in Danish, Finnish, French and Norwegian. Between 1856 and 1862, the younger Dresser's work sent him to Finland on three occasions and to
958:... I think we all owe a debt of gratitude to these two gentlemen who thus heroically sacrificed their reputation for common sense and sound judgment for the good of the science they loved.
1022:
The ornithologist Alan Knox commented in 2018 that
Dresser's outdated classification scheme and the cost of his books meant that, in the long run, his works were less influential than
931:... the writer of the extraordinary article in question was absolutely ignorant of everything connected with the Greenshank except the information which a series of skins might afford
487:
twice, giving him the opportunity to add birds and eggs from these regions to his collection. On his second trip to
Finland he became the first person to find a nest and eggs of the
706:, the different families coming together only when the articles and plates were reorganised in the final binding. The first part released therefore included birds as diverse as the
927:
theory than
Dresser, and believed every local variation of a species should have its own scientific name to demonstrate relationships. His comments on Dresser and Sharpe include:
658:, London. The twelve parts issued each year were bound into temporary volumes, and when all the parts were finally published they were permanently bound into seven volumes using
1996:
227:
continued a tradition dating from the seventeenth century whereby the study and classification of specimens operated largely independently of those field observers who studied
1714:
1646:
187:, had worked closely with Gould and wanted to expand on his work by including all species reliably recorded in Europe, North Africa, parts of the Middle East and the Atlantic
2452:
McGhie, Henry A. (2011). "Dresser, H.E. (1871–"1881" = 1871–1882). A History of the Birds of Europe, including all the species inhabiting the
Western Palæarctic Region". In
459:, nineteenth century ornithology was dominated by the collection of eggs taken from the nest and birds obtained through shooting. The corpses were skinned, preserved with
2184:
1275:
Most owls, unlike other birds, have ear openings that are asymmetric in shape or position to help them locate the source of a sound at night. In the
Tengmalm's owl genus
849:. Keulemans mostly worked from skins rather than life, but attempted to depict the birds realistically. Artists normally painted a picture and then copied it onto a fine
726:, a detailed description of both sexes and the juveniles, the bird's range, habitat and habits, and the specimens that had been examined during preparation of the text.
1003:
continued a tradition dating from Ray's time whereby the study and classification of specimens operated largely independently of those observers who studied
2038:
1488:
810:
the science, and their partnership was dissolved in December 1872. Sharpe did not contribute after part 13, and was not listed as an author after part 17.
140:
co-authored the earlier volumes. It describes all the bird species reliably recorded in the wild in Europe and adjacent geographical areas with similar
753:
situation was made worse in that many early descriptions were so vague it was impossible to be sure of the species. Dresser introduced five new names.
1075:
670:
The complete set's final cost was £52 10s, equivalent to about £5,000 at 2018 values. Of the 339 copies, 69 were bought by naturalists, 31 by
537:
in India, whose 80,000 skins and 20,000 eggs were the world's largest private collection at the time, and William Blandford, a naturalist and
428:
of each of the species. He lacked the resources to undertake this task on his own, so he proposed to businessman and amateur ornithologist
326:
The first modern ornithology, intended to describe all the then-known birds worldwide, was produced by Ray and Willughby and published in
2228:"Dresser, Henry Eeles (1838–1915) A History of the Birds of Europe, including all the species inhabiting the Western Palaearctic Region"
2011:
1528:
Marte, Fernando; Péquignot, Amandine; Von Endt, David W (2006). "Arsenic in Taxidermy Collections: History, Detection, and Management".
1106:
monograph in 1882, using his own collection of 200 skins of these birds as one of his sources, and by 1883 he was also working on the
1729:
1661:
577:. By 1868, Dresser owned 1,200 skins and several thousand eggs. His final collection, including about 10,000 skins, is now kept at
2353:
Birkhead, Tim; Smith, Paul J.; Doherty, Meghan; Charmantier, Isabelle (2016). "Willughby's Ornithology". In Birkhead, Tim (ed.).
2196:
359:
2557:
2538:
2505:
2486:
2467:
2442:
2419:
2381:
2372:
Charmantier, Isabelle; Johnston, Dorothy; Smith, Paul J (2016). "The legacies of Francis Willughby". In Birkhead, Tim (ed.).
2362:
2343:
2324:
630:
2817:
214:
parts, each typically containing 56 pages of text and eight plates of illustrations, the latter mainly by the Dutch artist
2249:
561:. African specimens came from a variety of sources, including colonial administrators and the collections of the Germans
841:
The principal illustrator was the Dutch artist John Gerrard Keulemans, who had previously illustrated Sharpe's study of
830:
510:. He made the most of the opportunity to add to his bird collection while there, as he did later when he relocated to
2812:
1028:
295:
745:
and families rather than the arbitrary division into bird groups used by earlier writers. His book started with the
28:
1011:. The rift between the "museum men" and field ornithologists continued until the 1920s, when the German naturalist
682:
622:
2797:
1175:
Dresser is wearing a wig, as he did for most of his life, having lost all the hair from his head and body due to
817:
was published in nine parts in 1895 and 1896, giving a final count of more than 5,100 pages and 723 plates. The
2807:
1253:, 1905–1906, from which he brought back 2000 bird skins, 500 eggs and thousands of insect and plant specimens.
299:, and by arbitrary criteria in most other early works. In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries,
766:
566:
507:
919:, who criticised the errors in the text and the conservatism of the authors, including their failure to use
471:
Henry Dresser's father, also named Henry, was a successful timber merchant, and sent his son to a school in
2577:
A History of the Birds of Europe : including all the Species inhabiting the Western Palaearctic region
2414:. Geological Society of London, Special Publications. Vol. 430. London: Geological Society of London.
2394:
A History of the Birds of Europe : including all the Species inhabiting the Western Palaearctic region
1152:
390:
184:
626:
2459:
Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers
2741:
2083:"History of Ecological Sciences, Part 61B: Terrestrial Biogeography and Paleobiogeography, 1840s–1940s"
1843:
1228:
could not interfere with foreign vessels trading with neutral Mexico, and since Matamoros was on the
1122:, and may have been a response to criticism from Sclater that the earlier publication was too large.
343:
164:
2631:
1915:
A History of the Birds of Europe, including all the Species inhabiting the Western Palœarctic Region
125:
A History of the Birds of Europe, Including all the Species Inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region
2802:
2069:
1971:
363:
175:
to help readers identify birds. This was followed by other English-language ornithologies, notably
2697:
2686:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2392:
1453:
1040:
museum had 35,000 bird specimens, but had grown to half a million items by the time of his death.
377:
During the early nineteenth century, a number of ornithologies were written in English, including
2516:
593:
519:
2670:
Eggs of the Birds of Europe, Including All the Species Inhabiting the Western Palaearctic Region
1048:
2730:
2662:
2658:
992:
920:
850:
650:
The text and illustrations for the main text and supplement were self-published and printed by
618:
601:
386:
303:
had advocated the advancement of knowledge through observation and experiment, and the English
215:
137:
56:
46:
1143:
902:
890:
723:
582:
499:
869:
Keulemans was also working on other projects, so Dresser had to commission Edward Neale and
1928:
1177:
421:
145:
2678:
2674:
1129:
was largely traditional in its taxonomy, as with its predecessor, but in his treatment of
8:
2453:
1195:
1067:
Throughout his adult life Dresser regularly wrote articles for journals, most frequently
734:
651:
550:
534:
445:
429:
417:
414:
133:
74:
42:
1932:
698:
to prevent subscribers attempting to collect only a particularly popular group, such as
2633:
A list of European birds, including all species found in the western palaearctic region
2159:
1944:
1537:
1233:
1116:
A List of European Birds, including all species found in the western palaearctic region
786:
730:
495:
320:
2553:
2534:
2501:
2482:
2463:
2457:
2438:
2415:
2398:
2377:
2358:
2339:
2320:
1156:
711:
634:
578:
554:
351:
316:
270:
255:
172:
160:
108:
2719:
1541:
498:, Dresser travelled to North America, setting up shop in the Mexican border town of
2154:
2094:
2043:
1948:
1936:
1715:"The egg of the Slender-billed Curlew at The Manchester Museum: a unique specimen?"
1493:
1191:
1056:
1012:
695:
562:
530:
488:
282:
236:
2055:
1505:
441:
2708:
2185:"Book review: Henry Dresser and Victorian Ornithology: birds, books and business"
1203:
1134:
1023:
742:
719:
715:
659:
558:
323:
into practice, including travelling widely to collect specimens and information.
2642:
2620:
2412:
Arthur Smith Woodward: His Life and Influence on Modern Vertebrate Palaeontology
2142:
2115:
1912:
625:(BOU). By the end of the first year, there were 237 subscribers, including King
2263:
2047:
1497:
1138:
972:
806:
738:
526:
503:
425:
406:
367:
358:
is unknown, but it was historically significant, influencing writers including
266:
196:
149:
2435:
Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672)
2374:
Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672)
2355:
Virtuoso by Nature: The Scientific Worlds of Francis Willughby FRS (1635–1672)
886:
2791:
2779:
2402:
1290:
At the date of completion, Dresser was aged 44 and Sharpe 33; Seebohm was 50.
1069:
946:
916:
782:
707:
687:
597:
570:
484:
371:
304:
300:
251:
2767:
2755:
1796:
1263:
774:
758:
699:
655:
644:
546:
312:
274:
259:
2721:
The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick
2526:
2500:. Translated by Lauffer, Elisabeth. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
970:
when it was published. When Dresser died in 1915 aged 77 his obituary in
913:
870:
863:
855:
834:
798:
638:
511:
398:
394:
285:, and included much extraneous material relating to the species, such as
188:
129:
77:
2410:
Johanson, Zerina; Barrett, Paul M; Richter, Martha; Smith, Mike (2016).
1083:
was his first book. He wrote several other ornithological works, namely
293:. The arrangement of the species was by alphabetical order in Gessner's
132:
book published in parts between 1871 and 1896. It was mainly written by
115:
2762:
1229:
1225:
1107:
875:
842:
671:
491:, which helped to establish his reputation as a serious ornithologist.
472:
456:
378:
176:
16:
Nine-volume, late 19th century book about the history of European birds
2099:
2082:
2518:
A History of British Birds, with Coloured Illustrations of their Eggs
1940:
1281:, the openings are identical but the skull itself is not symmetrical.
1103:
1052:
924:
746:
663:
538:
464:
460:
278:
235:, a rift that continued until the 1920s, when the German naturalist
1277:
1245:
The scale of collecting is illustrated by Buturlin's expedition to
1004:
641:
525:
Dresser's contacts for acquiring and exchanging specimens included
308:
228:
156:
2479:
Henry Dresser and Victorian Ornithology: Birds, Books and Business
574:
480:
350:
features, including the bird's beak, feet and overall size, and a
1250:
1199:
1016:
1008:
966:
was very well received by its contemporary reviewers, as was the
912:
An outspoken critic of the book was Dresser's former friend, the
476:
402:
347:
286:
240:
232:
192:
168:
866:. The printed plates were hand-coloured, mainly by young women.
2352:
1246:
1130:
942:
613:
410:
290:
211:
200:
183:
published between 1832 and 1837. Sharpe, then librarian of the
1647:"Discovering the breeding grounds of Ross's Gull:100 years on"
1133:
he showed a partial acceptance that subspecies could share a
573:
gave his friend Dresser access to a collection of birds from
515:
327:
141:
109:
1454:"Dresser, Seebohm, and the Scope of Palaearctic Ornithology"
2409:
988:
703:
542:
2317:
The Wisdom of Birds: An Illustrated History of Ornithology
2622:
A Monograph of the Meropidae, or Family of the Bee-eaters
1155:, to illustrate the subtleties of bird egg markings with
1085:
A Monograph of the Meropidae, or Family of the Bee-eaters
549:. He also collaborated with prominent Russians including
289:, references in history and literature, or its use as an
2371:
2336:
The Wonderful Mr Willughby: The First True Ornithologist
2262:
A second listing at £22,160 is the US book converted to
1099:(1910), which was issued in 24 parts beginning in 1905.
2644:
A Monograph of the Coraciidae, or Family of the Rollers
2456:; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (eds.).
1089:
A Monograph of the Coraciidae, or Family of the Rollers
822:
Central Asia, which added many birds from that region.
277:, relied for much of their content on the authority of
163:
in the seventeenth century had introduced an effective
1527:
1236:, it was a convenient "backdoor" into the Confederacy.
1151:, Dresser used a then-new photographic technique, the
2739:
694:
Each part of the book contained birds from different
581:, and includes the only known egg of the now-extinct
342:, in 1678. Its innovative features were an effective
518:, where he met the prominent American ornithologist
2433:(1686) and its sources". In Birkhead, Tim (ed.).
923:. Seebohm was a much more committed supporter of
733:used by Dresser was based on a scheme created by
722:. Articles for each species included alternative
340:The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton
2789:
1215:Not Russian, although that is sometimes claimed.
1114:to his workload in the following year. The 1881
1015:integrated the two traditions as part of modern
2691:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Zurich: C. Froschauer.
2462:. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. pp. 88–89.
1308:
1306:
1076:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
741:which used a hierarchical classification using
529:in China, who had 4,000 skins of 600 species,
436:
420:) and to describe the worldwide distribution,
2167:
2087:Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
1782:
1780:
1644:
749:, rather than the traditional birds of prey.
385:, which was published between 1832 and 1837.
239:integrated the two strands as part of modern
2717:
2706:
2651:
2618:
2573:
2390:
2042:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1990:
1988:
1795:McGhie (2017) pp. 146–147, calculated using
1645:McGhie, Henry A; Logunov, V. Dmitri (2005).
1492:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1320:
1318:
1303:
2481:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2062:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1829:
1827:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1628:
1626:
1403:
1390:
1262:About £590 at 2019 prices calculated using
479:to learn German, and another in Gefle (now
1964:
1777:
1607:
1605:
1472:
1470:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1327:
27:
2552:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2547:
2158:
2140:
2113:
2098:
1985:
1789:
1345:
1336:
1315:
1190:Arsenical soap is typically a mixture of
2672:. Vol. 1–2. London: self-published.
2656:. Vol. 1–2. London: self-published.
2567:
2428:
2333:
2314:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2250:"Birds Europe by Dresser, First Edition"
2211:
1955:
1895:
1870:
1858:
1824:
1815:
1801:
1763:
1747:
1688:
1679:
1623:
1425:
1412:
1047:
987:
941:
885:
829:
681:
592:
440:
250:
2728:
2684:
2667:
2640:
2629:
2514:
2397:. Vol. 1. London: self-published.
2080:
2074:
2039:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1910:
1886:
1697:
1640:
1638:
1614:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1512:
1489:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1467:
1451:
1438:
144:, giving their worldwide distribution,
2790:
2718:Willughby, Francis; Ray, John (1678).
2707:Willughby, Francis; Ray, John (1676).
2702:. Vol. 1. London: self-published.
2681:(issued in 24 parts beginning in 1905)
2521:. Vol. 3. London: self-published.
2476:
2451:
2107:
1976:
1712:
1479:
1035:Although Sharpe's contribution to the
265:Early ornithologies, such as those of
155:The pioneering ornithological work of
2695:
2525:
2220:
2029:
1836:
837:by Keulemans from volume 6, plate 409
631:Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
2182:
2176:
2134:
1706:
1635:
502:, to sell goods that had evaded the
455:In an age before modern cameras and
413:(this extended area constitutes the
2531:Mr Lear: A Life of Art and Nonsense
2495:
2437:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 305–334.
2376:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 360–385.
2357:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 268–304.
2242:
1904:
1849:
13:
2652:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1902–1903).
2619:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1884–1886).
2574:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1871–1896).
2391:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1871–1896).
2160:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1916.tb07939.x
1997:"Obituary: Richard Bowdler Sharpe"
1521:
785:) are now considered to be junior
14:
2829:
2118:Supplement to the Birds of Europe
1994:
995:, co-author of the earlier issues
22:A History of the Birds of Europe
2773:
2761:
2749:
2713:(in Latin). London: John Martyn.
2679:volume 2 (plates and their keys)
2647:. Kent, England: self-published.
1911:Wallace, Alfred Russell (1875).
1043:
825:
2173:Birkhead (2011) pp. 44, 49, 51.
2143:"Obituary. Henry Eeles Dresser"
1461:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
1284:
1269:
1256:
1239:
1218:
1209:
1184:
1169:
1149:The Eggs of the Birds of Europe
1095:(1902–1903) and the two-volume
1061:The Eggs of the Birds of Europe
2308:
1120:History of the Birds of Europe
1081:History of the Birds of Europe
901:in 1872, Dresser's old friend
374:in compiling their own works.
338:) in 1676, and in English, as
1:
2668:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1910).
2654:A Manual of Palaearctic Birds
2641:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1893).
2630:Dresser, Henry Eeles (1891).
2533:. London: Faber & Faber.
1660:(11): 589–599. Archived from
1463:. Supplement No. 29: 259–268.
1297:
1093:A Manual of Palaearctic Birds
949:, a critic of Dresser's works
847:A Monograph of the Alcdinidae
767:Mediterranean short-toed lark
623:British Ornithologists' Union
588:
567:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
494:In 1863 and 1864, during the
448:
246:
2230:. Donald A. Heald Rare Books
2056:UK public library membership
2010:(9): 273–288. Archived from
1728:(7): 359–361. Archived from
1506:UK public library membership
1387:Birkhead (2018) pp. 219–221.
881:
795:Eremophila alpestris brandti
391:Zoological Society of London
185:Zoological Society of London
7:
2818:Series of non-fiction books
2548:van Grouw, Katrina (2017).
2429:Kusukawa, Sachiko (2016). "
1901:van Grouw (2013) pp. 48–49.
1486:"Sharpe, Richard Bowdler".
1127:Manual of Palaearctic Birds
1097:Eggs of the Birds of Europe
627:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
437:Dresser and bird collecting
10:
2834:
2735:. London: John Van Voorst.
2732:A History of British Birds
2293:McGhie (2017) pp. 207–208.
2275:McGhie (2017) pp. 293–296.
2217:McGhie (2017) pp. 259–260.
2195:(1): 55–56. Archived from
1961:McGhie (2017) pp. 176–178.
1883:McGhie (2017) pp. 139–140.
1821:McGhie (2017) pp. 138–139.
1812:McGhie (2017) pp. 140–142.
1760:McGhie (2017) pp. 146–147.
1685:McGhie (2017) pp. 133–135.
1632:McGhie (2017) pp. 119–128.
1351:Birkhead (2018) pp. 47–50.
1342:Birkhead (2018) pp. 34–38.
1324:Birkhead (2018) pp. 11–12.
1312:Birkhead (2011) pp. 18–22.
1029:A History of British Birds
893:, an old friend of Dresser
604:, from volume 3, plate 144
563:Wilhelm Friedrich Hemprich
336:Three Books of Ornithology
2729:Yarrell, William (1843).
2636:. London: self-published.
2625:. London: self-published.
2580:. London: self-published.
2477:McGhie, Henry A. (2017).
2081:Egerton, Frank N (2018).
1476:McGhie (2017) pp. 97–100.
983:
281:and the teachings of the
107:
99:
91:
83:
70:
62:
52:
38:
26:
2813:Ornithological handbooks
2710:Ornithologiae Libri Tres
2688:Historia Animalium Libri
2685:Gessner, Conrad (1551).
1842:Dresser (1871–1896) pp.
1786:McGhie (2011) pp. 88–89.
1713:McGhie, Henry A (2002).
1620:McGhie (2017) pp. 39–45.
1611:McGhie (2017) pp. 35–38.
1590:McGhie (2017) pp. 18–21.
1572:McGhie (2017) pp. 86–87.
1563:McGhie (2017) pp. 78–83.
1554:McGhie (2017) pp. 10–11.
1162:
389:, then librarian of the
364:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
332:Ornithologiae Libri Tres
307:and its members such as
146:variations in appearance
2515:Seebohm, Henry (1885).
1452:Davison, G W H (2013).
1409:Birkhead (2018) p. 239.
1378:Birkhead (2018) p. 236.
1369:Birkhead (2018) p. 225.
1360:Birkhead (2018) p. 218.
1333:Kusukawa (2016) p. 306.
1159:rather than paintings.
1091:(1893), the two-volume
897:When he came to review
878:to show its asymmetry.
677:
520:Adolphus Lewis Heermann
2798:1896 non-fiction books
2724:. London: John Martyn.
2338:. London: Bloomsbury.
2334:Birkhead, Tim (2018).
2319:. London: Bloomsbury.
2315:Birkhead, Tim (2011).
2048:10.1093/ref:odnb/25023
1498:10.1093/ref:odnb/36042
1102:He had started on the
1064:
996:
993:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
960:
950:
937:
921:trinomial nomenclature
894:
838:
797:, a subspecies of the
691:
619:John Gerrard Keulemans
605:
602:John Gerrard Keulemans
452:
387:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
262:
216:John Gerrard Keulemans
138:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
57:John Gerrard Keulemans
47:Richard Bowdler Sharpe
33:Title page of volume 1
2808:Natural history books
2568:Selected bibliography
2496:Ohl, Michael (2018).
2302:McGhie (2017) p. 210.
2284:McGhie (2017) p. 173.
1867:McGhie (2017) p. 186.
1833:McGhie (2017) p. 143.
1774:McGhie (2017) p. 137.
1694:McGhie (2017) p. 105.
1144:The Origin of Species
1051:
991:
952:
945:
929:
903:Alfred Russel Wallace
891:Alfred Russel Wallace
889:
833:
789:for the species, and
685:
596:
583:slender-billed curlew
500:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
444:
254:
2696:Gould, John (1832).
2550:The Unfeathered Bird
1703:McGhie (2017) p. 92.
1599:McGhie (2017) p. 73.
1581:McGhie (2017) p. 17.
1518:McGhie (2017) p. 58.
1181:when he was aged 32.
1178:alopecia universalis
1153:three-colour process
813:A supplement to the
652:Taylor & Francis
612:was published as 84
463:soap, and sometimes
210:was published as 84
2183:Knox, Alan (2018).
1982:McGhie (2017) p. 1.
1933:1875Natur..11..485A
1892:Uglow (2017) p. 17.
1667:on 27 November 2020
1422:(2016) pp. 377–380.
1196:potassium carbonate
763:Calandrella baetica
735:Thomas Henry Huxley
690:in volume 2, page 1
551:Nikolay Przhevalsky
535:Allan Octavian Hume
446:Henry Eeles Dresser
430:Henry Eeles Dresser
415:Western Palaearctic
150:migratory movements
134:Henry Eeles Dresser
75:Western Palaearctic
43:Henry Eeles Dresser
23:
2199:on 8 November 2019
2141:Anonymous (1916).
2114:Anonymous (1897).
2036:"Seebohm, Henry".
2017:on 18 January 2021
1234:Brownsville, Texas
1157:colour photographs
1065:
997:
951:
895:
839:
692:
617:main illustrator,
606:
496:American Civil War
453:
319:sought to put the
296:Historia animalium
263:
21:
2559:978-0-691-15134-2
2540:978-0-571-26954-9
2507:978-0-262-53703-2
2498:The Art of Naming
2488:978-1-78499-413-6
2469:978-0-9568611-1-5
2444:978-90-04-28531-6
2421:978-1-86239-741-5
2383:978-90-04-28531-6
2364:978-90-04-28531-6
2345:978-1-4088-7848-4
2326:978-0-7475-9822-0
2100:10.1002/bes2.1465
2054:(Subscription or
1855:Ohl (2018) p. 60.
1504:(Subscription or
1137:, as proposed by
1118:was based on the
771:Serinus canonicus
737:and developed by
712:red-footed falcon
635:Duke of Edinburgh
579:Manchester Museum
555:Nikolai Severtzov
397:and the Atlantic
317:Francis Willughby
271:Ulisse Aldrovandi
256:Francis Willughby
161:Francis Willughby
128:is a nine-volume
121:
120:
92:Publication place
2825:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2725:
2714:
2703:
2692:
2673:
2657:
2648:
2637:
2626:
2581:
2563:
2544:
2522:
2511:
2492:
2473:
2448:
2431:Historia Piscium
2425:
2406:
2387:
2368:
2349:
2330:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:10.1038/011485a0
1927:(286): 485–486.
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1868:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1775:
1772:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1735:on 11 April 2019
1734:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1536:(1–2): 143–150.
1530:Collection Forum
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1192:arsenic trioxide
1188:
1182:
1173:
1013:Erwin Stresemann
979:
957:
934:
908:
791:Otocorys brandti
755:Parus grisescens
531:Thomas Blakiston
450:
346:system based on
321:empirical method
237:Erwin Stresemann
171:features, and a
167:system based on
111:
31:
24:
20:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2803:Birds of Europe
2788:
2787:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2699:Birds of Europe
2675:volume 1 (text)
2570:
2560:
2541:
2508:
2489:
2470:
2454:Dickinson, E.C.
2445:
2422:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2327:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2139:
2135:
2112:
2108:
2079:
2075:
2068:Seebohm (1885)
2067:
2063:
2053:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1970:Seebohm (1885)
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1456:
1450:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1135:common ancestor
1112:Birds of Europe
1079:, although the
1046:
1037:Birds of Europe
1024:William Yarrell
1001:Birds of Europe
986:
977:
964:Birds of Europe
955:
932:
906:
899:Birds of Europe
884:
828:
815:Birds of Europe
779:Anthus seebohmi
720:woodchat shrike
716:marsh sandpiper
680:
660:Morocco leather
610:Birds of Europe
591:
559:Sergei Buturlin
439:
383:Birds of Europe
381:'s five-volume
352:dichotomous key
249:
225:Birds of Europe
220:Birds of Europe
208:Birds of Europe
181:Birds of Europe
179:'s five-volume
173:dichotomous key
100:Media type
45:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2758:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2715:
2704:
2693:
2682:
2665:
2649:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2545:
2539:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2474:
2468:
2449:
2443:
2426:
2420:
2407:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2241:
2219:
2210:
2175:
2166:
2153:(2): 340–342.
2133:
2106:
2073:
2061:
2028:
1984:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1869:
1857:
1848:
1835:
1823:
1814:
1800:
1797:MeasuringWorth
1788:
1776:
1762:
1746:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1634:
1622:
1613:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1520:
1511:
1478:
1466:
1437:
1435:(2016) p. 139.
1424:
1411:
1402:
1400:(2016) p. 292.
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1314:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1268:
1264:MeasuringWorth
1255:
1238:
1217:
1208:
1183:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1139:Charles Darwin
1063:Plate CLXXVlll
1045:
1042:
985:
982:
883:
880:
876:Tengmalm's owl
827:
824:
807:British Museum
739:Philip Sclater
724:binomial names
679:
676:
633:(by then also
590:
587:
527:Robert Swinhoe
504:Union blockade
438:
435:
407:Canary Islands
368:Georges Cuvier
344:classification
267:Conrad Gessner
248:
245:
197:Canary Islands
165:classification
130:ornithological
119:
118:
113:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
95:United Kingdom
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2830:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:British Birds
2186:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2093:(1): e01465.
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:British Birds
1998:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:British Birds
1716:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:British Birds
1648:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1205:
1202:and powdered
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:(1884–1886),
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:The Zoologist
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:Related works
1041:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
981:
975:
974:
969:
965:
959:
948:
947:Henry Seebohm
944:
940:
936:
928:
926:
922:
918:
917:Henry Seebohm
915:
914:ornithologist
910:
904:
900:
892:
888:
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2309:Cited texts
2256:10 November
2234:10 November
2116:"Dresser's
1671:21 November
871:Joseph Wolf
864:Edward Lear
856:lithography
843:kingfishers
835:Glossy ibis
799:horned lark
672:aristocrats
637:), and the
541:working in
512:San Antonio
508:Confederacy
395:Middle East
360:René Réamur
356:Ornithology
136:, although
78:ornithology
53:Illustrator
2792:Categories
2252:. AbeBooks
2203:8 November
2058:required.)
1508:required.)
1298:References
1230:Rio Grande
1226:Union Navy
1059:eggs from
968:Supplement
819:Supplement
747:passerines
589:Production
533:in Japan,
473:Ahrensburg
457:binoculars
379:John Gould
348:anatomical
247:Background
177:John Gould
169:anatomical
2403:861242766
2130:(2): 273.
2120:– review"
1431:Johanson
1396:Birkhead
1232:opposite
1110:, adding
1104:bee-eater
1057:guillemot
1053:Razorbill
1005:behaviour
962:Overall,
882:Reception
851:limestone
539:geologist
461:arsenical
426:movements
422:variation
279:Aristotle
229:behaviour
87:1871–1896
84:Published
2663:Volume 2
2659:Volume 1
2614:volume 9
2610:volume 8
2606:volume 7
2602:volume 6
2598:volume 5
2594:volume 4
2591:volume 3
2587:volume 2
2583:volume 1
2529:(2017).
2264:sterling
2021:19 April
1739:11 April
1542:32092718
1278:Aegolius
1194:, soap,
1026:'s 1843
787:synonyms
731:taxonomy
696:families
642:Maharaja
409:and the
309:John Ray
287:proverbs
199:and the
157:John Ray
63:Language
2742:Portals
2070:p. 284.
1972:p. 154.
1949:4032940
1929:Bibcode
1844:xix–xxi
1251:Siberia
1200:camphor
1131:dippers
1108:rollers
1017:zoology
1009:ecology
793:is now
575:Lapland
506:to the
489:waxwing
477:Hamburg
465:stuffed
403:Madeira
241:zoology
233:ecology
193:Madeira
116:7387434
71:Subject
66:English
39:Authors
2780:Europe
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1398:et al.
1247:Kolyma
984:Legacy
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614:quarto
543:Persia
411:Azores
405:, the
291:emblem
283:church
212:quarto
201:Azores
195:, the
2768:Books
2756:Birds
2015:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1945:S2CID
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1457:(PDF)
1163:Notes
1147:. In
704:ducks
662:with
516:Texas
481:Gävle
475:near
418:realm
328:Latin
142:fauna
103:Print
2554:ISBN
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2464:ISBN
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2399:OCLC
2378:ISBN
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2205:2019
2147:Ibis
2124:Ibis
2023:2019
1741:2019
1673:2019
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678:Text
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