29:
453:
the film. He also distinguished between the vaudeville show of the same name, premiering three years earlier, and the film. Susan Potter, a films studies scholar, stated the film has an affinity for a "novel stylistic transformation" in which a character engages in action to "guarantee legibility", along with creation of new personification and sexual legibility. Others were more critical. Maggie
Hennneield, a scholar of
225:
452:
also argued that the film introduced viewers to "gender and sexual transgression" which were possible in the cities and resort towns of
Florida, including dances reminiscent of those in Chicago and New York City, and stated that "cultural understandings of race" influenced the message communicated by
440:
said the film is an "extensive treatment" of cross-dressing and gender-switching, arguing it is interesting because it does not only make cross-dressing a performance, but it creates a narrative around gender transformation and creates "narrative tension". Film historian David Kalat added that the
244:
In the film, Lillian
Travers, a wealthy Northern woman about to be married, visits her aunt in Florida. While there, she stops in a curiosity shop and buys a small casket which contains a note and a vial of seeds. At her aunt's house she reads the note which explains that the seeds change men into
461:, which she said "often exploited nonnormative bodies" to resolve tensions between commercial appeals of film and its "aspirational artistic ambitions". She also stated the film missed the mark of "codified deviance or sexual subversion" present in previous adaptations of the original novel.
230:
229:
226:
231:
245:
women and vice versa. Angry with her fiancé, Fred, Lillian decides to test the effects of the seeds. The next morning, Lillian discovers that she has transformed into a man. Lillian's transformation into
Lawrence Talbot has also sometimes been read as a transformation into a butch
228:
253:. However, as Lillian and her fiancé are shown attracted both to each other and to the same sex (albeit at different times), the film has also been considered to have the first documented appearance of bisexual characters in an American motion picture.
435:
at the time, argued it has become an "ur-text within the emergent history of lesbian and gay visibility", and said the transformations of the film's characters come within a "seemingly fixed system of gender and racial assignment." Scholar
838:
707:
868:
414:
criticized the film and said the female and male impersonations at the story's center were "a most disagreeable theme". When the stage version of the original novel was on
Broadway, in 1896, the
899:
227:
830:
969:
697:
310:
110:
738:
991:
355:
1485:
1235:
316:
860:
449:
91:
368:
389:
761:
304:
280:
891:
298:
274:
81:
37:
1498:
The novel's premise has B traveling to St. Augustine, Florida, to research an obscure silent film about a gender-bending couple. The movie,
392:, a screenwriter and filmmaker, argued that the film was approached the approach to cross-dressing, "transbodiment, and role reversal" in
1614:
1624:
562:
1579:
1564:
1203:
957:
1584:
1554:
1604:
1559:
1599:
1378:
730:
671:
584:
503:
431:, Joel Christian Adams analyzed the film, arguing it is transformed from the original novel, noting the connection to
1609:
1458:
1421:
1386:
1351:
1316:
1276:
1175:
1140:
1105:
1059:
1021:
940:
814:
1051:
1574:
1475:
1225:
1594:
538:
1619:
1589:
1308:
1097:
763:
Falling into the Queer
Archive: A Florida Enchantment and the Uses of the History of U.S. Consumer Capitalism
249:. This reading is bolstered by the later transformation of Lillian's fiancé into what could be an effeminate
331:
The film is based on the 1891 novel and 1896 play (now lost) of the same name written by Fergus
Redmond and
1413:
663:
106:
1374:
373:
995:
205:, where its story is set. It is notable for its cross-dressing lead characters, much later discussed as
1569:
774:
332:
1335:
Too Funny for Words: A Contrarian
History of American Screen Comedy from Silent Slapstick to Screwball
1339:
268:
194:
77:
335:. The film, produced by Vitagraph Films, was shot in 1914 on location in three Florida locations:
1450:
1268:
1199:
1132:
344:
520:
1343:
1001:
526:
340:
202:
1403:
1368:
1157:
1085:
655:
1438:
1258:
1167:
1122:
1005:
800:
770:
530:
428:
336:
698:"Controversial Silent Film Shot In Jacksonville, St. Augustine Returns To The Silver Screen"
286:
8:
1549:
1522:
1409:
965:
432:
554:
1093:
629:
493:
442:
405:
59:
157:
1534:
1454:
1417:
1382:
1347:
1312:
1272:
1191:
1171:
1136:
1101:
1055:
1017:
936:
810:
667:
534:
499:
360:
Queering the Color Line: Race and the
Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture
1128:
1009:
997:
Queering the Color Line Race and the
Invention of Homosexuality in American Culture
410:
121:
861:"Norman Studios Launches Silent Sundays with Screening of "A Florida Enchantment""
1480:
1333:
1302:
1041:
922:
806:
495:
Girls Will Be Boys: Cross-Dressed Women, Lesbians, and American Cinema, 1908-1934
1086:"Popular Culture: Using Television, Film, and the Media to Explore LGBT History"
1090:
Understanding and Teaching U.S. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender History
932:
416:
385:
1013:
1543:
1047:
928:
458:
437:
393:
381:
63:
594:
454:
262:
73:
33:
292:
218:
190:
49:
1528:
28:
1037:
633:
617:
363:
1304:
Bad Women: The Regulation of Female Sexuality in Early American Cinema
831:"Sunday silent film fundraiser benefits Jacksonville's Norman Studios"
589:
351:
295:(screen name for Lucille McVey, aka Mrs. Sidney Drew) - Bessie Horton
198:
1230:
731:"Cinema Arts Centre to pay homage to silent film star Edith Storey"
206:
1476:"Charlie Kaufman's Debut Novel Reveals His Genius Has Its Limits"
471:
250:
246:
210:
201:
studio. The feature-length comedy/fantasy was shot in and around
1405:
Queer Timing: The Emergence of Lesbian Sexuality in Early Cinema
802:
Women, Writing, and Fetishism, 1890-1950: Female Cross-gendering
618:"A Seed for Change: The Engenderment of "A Florida Enchantment""
441:
film might be the first "feature comedy", criticized the film's
1446:
1264:
1163:
408:
stated that the film should have "never been put out", and the
380:
has been seen as one of the earliest screen representations of
1196:
AFI Catalog of Feature Films: The First 100 Years: 1893-1993
424:
was also critical of the stage version for similar reasons.
702:
214:
445:, but noted it is about the "slipperiness of identity".
1525:. The Vitagraph motion picture is in the public domain.
924:
Finding Florida: The True History of the Sunshine State
457:, argued that the film was "bread-and-butter" for the
1523:
https://archive.org/details/a-florida-enchantment-1914
958:"Now Playing at the Packard Campus (July 13-14, 2018)"
660:
Vitagraph: America's First Great Motion Picture Studio
1291:
Adams, "Falling into the Queer Archive", 3-12, 19-34.
1043:The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies
369:The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies
1541:
469:The film is a central element of the 2020 novel
1439:"Queer Laughter in the Archives of Silent Film"
1301:Staiger, Janet (1995). "Troublesome Pictures".
1088:. In Rupp, Leila J.; Freeman, Susan K. (eds.).
1074:Adams, "Falling into the Queer Archive", 19-20.
696:Ross, Melissa; Donges, Patrick (July 9, 2014).
420:described it as "vile stuff" and "nauseating".
36:as Lillian Travers/Lawrence Talbot (right) and
1159:Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema
519:Bean, Jennifer M.; Negra, Diane, eds. (2002).
1370:Welcome to Fairyland: Queer Miami before 1940
892:"Silent films used St. Augustine as backdrop"
1120:
40:as Jane, "Miss Travers' mulatto maid" (left)
1441:. In Gregg, Ronald; Villarejo, Amy (eds.).
990:
955:
695:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
27:
1521:is downloadable at the Internet Archive,
1436:
518:
498:. Rutgers University Press. p. 107.
399:
1366:
728:
326:
223:
1300:
1155:
889:
680:
615:
1542:
1473:
1401:
1083:
920:
798:
710:from the original on November 28, 2021
577:
1488:from the original on January 28, 2023
1331:
1256:
1036:
890:Gardner, Sheldon (November 2, 2015).
759:
653:
491:
464:
1260:Mae West: An Icon in Black and White
485:
1443:The Oxford Handbook of Queer Cinema
1238:from the original on March 28, 2023
1121:Grimes, David; Becnel, Tom (2014).
972:from the original on March 21, 2021
902:from the original on March 28, 2023
871:from the original on March 28, 2023
841:from the original on March 28, 2023
729:Espinoza, Victoria (May 13, 2018).
354:, an aspect carefully dissected in
13:
1615:Blackface minstrel shows and films
1379:University of North Carolina Press
773:. pp. v–vi, 3. Archived from
741:from the original on June 15, 2021
350:The film includes white actors in
14:
1636:
1511:
1206:from the original on May 30, 2022
616:Brasell, R. Bruce (Summer 1997).
522:A Feminist Reader in Early Cinema
265:- Lillian Travers/Lawrence Talbot
1625:Cross-dressing in American films
565:from the original on May 6, 2022
374:1995 documentary film adaptation
1474:Miller, Laura (July 15, 2020).
1467:
1430:
1395:
1360:
1325:
1294:
1285:
1250:
1218:
1184:
1149:
1114:
1077:
1068:
1030:
984:
949:
914:
883:
853:
823:
792:
1580:Films based on American novels
1565:American black-and-white films
1192:"A Florida Enchantment (1914)"
760:Adams, Joel Christian (2005).
753:
722:
647:
609:
547:
512:
322:Frank O'Neil - Gustavus Duncan
1:
1585:American films based on plays
1555:American silent feature films
1309:University of Minnesota Press
1098:University of Wisconsin Press
956:O'Dell, Cary (July 9, 2018).
478:
1605:Silent American comedy films
1414:University of Illinois Press
664:University Press of Kentucky
404:At the time of its release,
107:Vitagraph Company of America
7:
1560:American LGBT-related films
1375:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
10:
1641:
1600:Films based on adaptations
1437:Hensfield, Maggie (2021).
333:Archibald Clavering Gunter
1340:Jefferson, North Carolina
1014:10.1515/9780822383840-011
962:Library of Congress Blogs
799:Taylor, Clare L. (2003).
654:Erish, Andrew A. (2021).
362:. Since its inclusion in
271:- Dr. Frederick Cassadene
172:
164:
150:
127:
117:
97:
87:
69:
55:
45:
26:
21:
1610:1910s LGBT-related films
1367:CapĂł Jr., Julio (2017).
1156:McMahan, Alison (2014).
1133:Rowman & Littlefield
1054:. pp. 12, 13, 250.
896:The St. Augustine Record
427:In a masters thesis for
1575:Vitagraph Studios films
1451:Oxford University Press
1344:McFarland & Company
1269:Oxford University Press
1226:"A Florida Enchantment"
1200:American Film Institute
1084:Ullman, Sharon (2014).
835:The Florida Times-Union
662:. Lexington, Kentucky:
555:"A Florida Enchantment"
283:- Constancia Oglethorpe
256:
239:
1402:Potter, Susan (2019).
1008:. pp. 11, 39–64.
1002:Durham, North Carolina
992:Soverville, Siobhan B.
559:Film at Lincoln Center
527:Durham, North Carolina
400:Reception and analysis
236:
203:St. Augustine, Florida
111:Broadway Star Features
1595:Films shot in Florida
1530:A Florida Enchantment
1519:A Florida Enchantment
1500:A Florida Enchantment
1332:Kalat, David (2019).
1168:Bloomsbury Publishing
1006:Duke University Press
921:Allman, T.D. (2013).
771:University of Florida
585:"Bisexuality in Film"
531:Duke University Press
492:Horak, Laura (2016).
429:University of Florida
388:in American culture.
378:A Florida Enchantment
356:Siobhan B. Somerville
327:Production background
234:
186:A Florida Enchantment
22:A Florida Enchantment
1620:1910s American films
1590:Films set in Florida
1381:. pp. 152–154.
1257:Watts, Jill (2003).
933:Grove/Atlantic, Inc.
666:. pp. 117–118.
533:. pp. 251–252.
475:by Charlie Kaufman.
313:- Stockton Remington
197:and released by the
160:, approx. 63 minutes
1453:. pp. 99–100.
1410:Champaign, Illinois
1124:Florida Curiosities
966:Library of Congress
935:pp. 413, 475.
780:on January 22, 2021
597:on October 15, 2012
433:consumer capitalism
317:Cortland van Deusen
178:English intertitles
1346:. pp. 25–28.
1311:. pp. 73–74.
1135:. pp. 53–54.
1094:Madison, Wisconsin
465:In popular culture
443:racial stereotypes
237:
60:Marguerite Bertsch
16:1914 American film
1570:1914 comedy films
232:
182:
181:
1632:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1129:Lanham, Maryland
1118:
1112:
1111:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1052:Harper & Row
1034:
1028:
1027:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
953:
947:
946:
918:
912:
911:
909:
907:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
867:. July 3, 2014.
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
837:. July 8, 2014.
827:
821:
820:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
779:
768:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
693:
678:
677:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
593:. Archived from
581:
575:
574:
572:
570:
551:
545:
544:
516:
510:
509:
489:
411:New York Clipper
319:- Charley Wilkes
301:- Stella Lovejoy
233:
143:
141:
122:General Film Co.
92:Robert A. Stuart
31:
19:
18:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1540:
1539:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:. p. 119.
1400:
1396:
1389:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1307:. Minneapolis:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:. p. 180.
1154:
1150:
1143:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1100:. p. 345.
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1035:
1031:
1024:
989:
985:
975:
973:
954:
950:
943:
919:
915:
905:
903:
888:
884:
874:
872:
859:
858:
854:
844:
842:
829:
828:
824:
817:
807:Clarendon Press
797:
793:
783:
781:
777:
766:
758:
754:
744:
742:
727:
723:
713:
711:
694:
681:
674:
652:
648:
638:
636:
614:
610:
600:
598:
583:
582:
578:
568:
566:
553:
552:
548:
541:
517:
513:
506:
490:
486:
481:
467:
402:
329:
259:
242:
224:
177:
153:
146:
139:
137:
130:
113:
109:
102:
100:
80:
76:
62:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1517:Video file of
1513:
1512:External links
1510:
1507:
1506:
1466:
1459:
1429:
1422:
1394:
1387:
1359:
1352:
1324:
1317:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1271:. p. 29.
1249:
1217:
1183:
1176:
1148:
1141:
1113:
1106:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1029:
1022:
983:
948:
941:
913:
882:
865:Norman Studios
852:
822:
815:
809:. p. 42.
791:
752:
735:TBR News Media
721:
679:
673:978-0822330257
672:
646:
622:Cinema Journal
608:
576:
546:
539:
511:
505:978-0813574837
504:
483:
482:
480:
477:
466:
463:
450:Julio CapĂł Jr.
417:New York Times
401:
398:
390:Alison McMahan
386:cross-dressing
345:St. Petersburg
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
314:
311:Allan Campbell
308:
302:
296:
290:
289:- Major Horton
284:
278:
272:
266:
258:
255:
241:
238:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
154:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
133:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
118:Distributed by
115:
114:
105:
103:
98:
95:
94:
89:
88:Cinematography
85:
84:
71:
67:
66:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1501:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1460:9780190878016
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1423:9780252051302
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1388:9781469635217
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1353:9781476678566
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1318:9781452902678
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1288:
1280:
1278:9781501302688
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1177:9781501302688
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1142:9780762774951
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1107:9780299302443
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1063:
1061:9780060137045
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:New York City
1045:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1025:
1023:9780822324430
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
987:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
942:9780802120762
938:
934:
930:
929:New York City
926:
925:
917:
901:
897:
893:
886:
870:
866:
862:
856:
840:
836:
832:
826:
818:
816:9780199244102
812:
808:
804:
803:
795:
776:
772:
765:
764:
756:
740:
736:
732:
725:
709:
705:
704:
699:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
675:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
596:
592:
591:
586:
580:
564:
560:
556:
550:
542:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
515:
507:
501:
497:
496:
488:
484:
476:
474:
473:
462:
460:
459:film industry
456:
451:
446:
444:
439:
438:Janet Staiger
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
397:
395:
394:Solax Studios
391:
387:
383:
382:homosexuality
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:'s 1981 book
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
341:St. Augustine
338:
334:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:Lillian Burns
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:Grace Stevens
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
254:
252:
248:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
175:
171:
168:United States
167:
163:
159:
155:
149:
135:
134:
132:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:Eugene Mullin
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
20:
1529:
1518:
1499:
1497:
1490:. Retrieved
1479:
1469:
1442:
1432:
1404:
1397:
1369:
1362:
1334:
1327:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1259:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1158:
1151:
1123:
1116:
1089:
1079:
1070:
1042:
1032:
996:
986:
974:. Retrieved
961:
951:
923:
916:
904:. Retrieved
895:
885:
873:. Retrieved
864:
855:
843:. Retrieved
834:
825:
801:
794:
782:. Retrieved
775:the original
762:
755:
743:. Retrieved
734:
724:
712:. Retrieved
701:
659:
649:
637:. Retrieved
625:
621:
611:
599:. Retrieved
595:the original
588:
579:
567:. Retrieved
558:
549:
521:
514:
494:
487:
470:
468:
455:early cinema
447:
426:
421:
415:
409:
403:
377:
367:
359:
349:
337:Jacksonville
330:
287:Charles Kent
263:Edith Storey
243:
193:directed by
189:(1914) is a
185:
184:
183:
152:Running time
129:Release date
74:Edith Storey
34:Edith Storey
1449:, England:
1267:, England:
1166:, England:
1038:Russo, Vito
769:(Masters).
656:"1914-1918"
628:(4): 3–16.
299:Ada Gifford
293:Jane Morrow
275:Ethel Lloyd
269:Sidney Drew
219:transgender
195:Sidney Drew
191:silent film
176:Silent film
82:Ethel Lloyd
78:Sidney Drew
50:Sidney Drew
46:Directed by
38:Ethel Lloyd
1550:1914 films
1544:Categories
805:. London:
540:0822330253
479:References
448:Historian
364:Vito Russo
99:Production
56:Written by
1502:, is real
1492:March 27,
1242:March 27,
1210:March 27,
976:March 27,
906:March 27,
875:March 27,
845:March 27,
784:March 27,
745:March 27,
714:March 27,
639:March 27,
601:March 27,
590:glbtq.com
569:March 27,
352:blackface
307:- Malvina
235:Full film
199:Vitagraph
173:Languages
101:companies
1486:Archived
1236:Archived
1231:Playbill
1204:Archived
1040:(1981).
994:(2000).
970:Archived
900:Archived
869:Archived
839:Archived
739:Archived
708:Archived
563:Archived
372:and its
358:'s book
207:bisexual
70:Starring
634:1225610
472:Antkind
422:Variety
406:Variety
396:films.
251:gay man
247:lesbian
211:lesbian
165:Country
138: (
1457:
1447:Oxford
1420:
1385:
1350:
1315:
1275:
1265:Oxford
1174:
1164:Oxford
1139:
1104:
1058:
1020:
939:
813:
670:
632:
537:
502:
343:, and
277:- Jane
217:, and
1481:Slate
778:(PDF)
767:(PDF)
630:JSTOR
158:reels
1535:IMDb
1494:2023
1455:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1244:2023
1212:2023
1172:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1102:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1018:ISBN
978:2023
937:ISBN
908:2023
877:2023
847:2023
811:ISBN
786:2023
747:2023
716:2023
703:WJCT
668:ISBN
641:2023
603:2023
571:2023
535:ISBN
500:ISBN
384:and
257:Cast
240:Plot
140:1914
136:1914
1533:at
1010:doi
339:,.
221:.
215:gay
1546::
1496:.
1484:.
1478:.
1445:.
1412::
1408:.
1377::
1373:.
1342::
1338:.
1263:.
1234:.
1228:.
1202:.
1198:.
1194:.
1162:.
1131::
1127:.
1096::
1092:.
1050::
1046:.
1016:.
1004::
1000:.
968:.
964:.
960:.
931::
927:.
898:.
894:.
863:.
833:.
737:.
733:.
706:.
700:.
682:^
658:.
626:36
624:.
620:.
587:.
561:.
557:.
529::
525:.
376:,
347:.
213:,
209:,
156:5
1463:.
1426:.
1391:.
1356:.
1321:.
1281:.
1246:.
1214:.
1180:.
1145:.
1110:.
1064:.
1026:.
1012::
980:.
945:.
910:.
879:.
849:.
819:.
788:.
749:.
718:.
676:.
643:.
605:.
573:.
543:.
508:.
142:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
