737:
131:
35:
76:
768:. The cassette culture became an inexpensive and democratic way for artists to make available music that was never likely to have mainstream appeal, and many found in the scene music that was more imaginative, challenging, beautiful, and groundbreaking than much of what was being released by the established music industry.
303:
companies or labels also flourished during the period, producing cassette-only releases in small runs, both single-artist albums and compilations by various artists (in a few cases these labels also released vinyl). Numerous artists who first emerged at this time remain active today, some of them now releasing through
727:
Two of the more important cassette labels in Europe were
Germany's Datenverarbeitung, run by Andreas Müller, and Belgium's Insane Music, run by Alain Neffe. Along with material recorded by himself in various configurations, Neffe curated and released numerous compilations featuring tracks sent to him
615:
series. It was not uncommon for artists who had a vinyl contract to release on cassette compilations, or to continue to do cassette-only album releases (of live recordings, work-in-progress material, etc.) after they had started releasing records. The cassette scene was, in other words, an integrated
606:
principles. There was great diversity amongst such labels, some were entirely "bedroom based", utilizing domestic tape-copying technology, whilst others were more organized, functioning in a similar way to conventional record labels. Some also did vinyl releases, or later developed into vinyl labels.
495:
ethos in relation to the mainstream music of the time and towards contemporary society more broadly. The scene could not have existed before and the period of its flourishing gradually came to an end in the 1990s with the arrival of inexpensive digital technology for the production of both music and
367:
labels/publishers active in the early 1970s included
Edition S-Press, Edition Amadulo and Black Box/Watershed. Balsam Flex was a London-based independent poetry-on-cassette label founded in 1972 by artist E.E. Vonna-Michell. It published work by experimental UK poets associated with the London-based
302:
or alternative character, that was then duplicated on cassette in very limited quantities and distributed free or sold at low cost to others involved in the scene and those who followed it. Often, these cassette-only albums of original music were completely self-produced by the artists, but small
898:
The packaging of cassette releases, whilst sometimes amateurish, was also an aspect of the format in which a high degree of creativity and originality were displayed. For the most part packaging relied on standard plastic cases with a photocopied "J-card" insert, but some made more of an effort.
747:
In the US, cassette culture activity extended through the late 1980s and into the 1990s. Although larger operators made use of commercial copying services, anybody who had access to copying equipment (such as the portable tape-to-tape cassette players that became common in the early 1980s) could
925:
presented the cassette case in a tin, the tin filled with earth and the earth covered with leaves. Walls Of Genius went to great lengths, spray-painting abstract art on the cassette labels, affixing hand-made "authentic" stickers, painting cassette boxes (the "white" cassette, 1984), creating
340:
allowed artists to record and get a reasonable sound at home. Electronic instruments, such as drum machines and synthesizers, became more compact and inexpensive. Therefore, it became increasingly feasible to construct home-recording studios, giving rise to the phenomenon of the
1594:
Walls of Genius 1998. In Richie
Unterberger's "Unknown Legends of Rock'n'Roll: Psychedelic Unknowns, Mad Geniuses, Punk Pioneers, Lo-Fi Mavericks & More". Backbeat Books, San Francisco, also in Robin James (Ed.) Cassette Mythos. Brooklyn, NY:
1021:
A number of compilations devoted to or including significant representation of cassette-culture music of the 1970s and 1980s have been released since the revival of interest in the scene. The most ambitious collection of material is a trilogy from
311:
ethic of self-releasing on CD and the
Internet. Since 2000 there has been a revival of the use of the cassette tape for the release of independent music (very often in conjunction with digital release) and a new “cassette scene” has sprung up.
402:, founded in 1973, was an arts magazine published on cassette and including sound art in addition to interviews with artists. The musical cassette scene was in part an offshoot of this earlier activity. Participants engaged in extensive
942:
In the United
Kingdom the cassette culture seemed to wane in the second half of the 1980s, and by the mid-1990s the scene in the United States was also in decline, with the appearance of new technologies and methods of distribution:
265:
that emerged in the mid-1970s. The cassette was used by fine artists and poets for the independent distribution of new work. An independent music scene based on the cassette burgeoned internationally in the second half of the 1970s.
866:(2016), directed by Zack Taylor, George Petzold and Seth Smoot, is a 90-minute documentary which, as the title indicates, takes a broader view of the cassette format and its history and features the inventor of the cassette tape
982:, a vast online database of cassette-culture and related material. Material, audio and visual, relating to the cassette culture of the 1970s and 1980s has become widely available on the Internet on platforms such as
845:
The
American cassette-culture scene has been quite well-served by documentary-makers, in contrast with the scenes in the UK and Europe. In 2009 Andrew Szava-Kovats, who was involved in the US scene under the name
907:, released on the Chocolate Monk label, came packaged with a "suppository" unique to each copy – one of which was a used condom wrapped in tissue. The BWCD label released a cassette by Japanese noise artist
515:
has been reinforced since 2000 by a major revival of interest in the cassette artists of the 1970s and 1980s and the reissue of much music on LP and CD for a small but enthusiastic market (see below).
649:, the three main weekly music papers of the time in the UK, launched "cassette culture" columns, in which new releases would be briefly reviewed and ordering information given. In September 1982 the
959:
is the best known, dedicated to reissuing on LP and CD material originally released on cassette. In
October 2005 "cassette_culture ", an international electronic mailing list, was established on
429:
The "cassette culture" is a historical phenomenon, primarily in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Following the anti-establishment shock of punk a very creative period followed in popular music, the
320:
Technological factors enabled the rise of cassette culture. Improvement in the recording quality of cassettes and the availability of sophisticated cassette decks, as well as stereo "
870:. It examines nostalgia for the format and its return as a medium for contemporary independent musicians. In 2020 American author Jerry Kranitz published the highly illustrated book
418:, diversity and experimentation. Whilst distribution was mostly by mail, there were a few retail outlets that stocked independently produced cassette releases, such as (in the UK)
491:. The cassette-culture scene emerged in, was embedded in, this broader cultural landscape, enabled by new developments in electronic technology, and many of the artists shared a
406:
in addition to selling their products. Advertising was done through fanzines and the circulation of photocopied catalogues, etc. The scene was also strongly stimulated by the
886:
There were many cassette artists outside the United
Kingdom, the US and Europe. There was a very active scene in Japan, as can be seen from the list of contributors to the
1028:
475:
in the UK were marked by a new type of journalism, which discussed music (perhaps sometimes over-earnestly) as a serious art-form. In terms of broader developments, the
963:
for discussion "of all aspects of the DIY music scene, or cassette culture, of the late 1970s, 1980s, and into the 90s". Cassette releases have now been added to the
993:
Since the
Millennium there has also been a revival in the use of the cassette by independent artists, with the rise of partly or wholly tape-based labels such as
951:. However, the early 2000s saw a major revival of interest in the cassette culture of the late 1970s and 1980s, with many obscure tapes being made available on
324:", in the late 1970s allowed "recordists" to record and duplicate high-quality copies of their music inexpensively. Bands did not need to go into expensive
1052:(one of the more notable cassette labels), which contained 45 pieces of music. For many years this landmark collection was kept available (on cassette) by
721:
607:
Many compilation albums were released, presenting samples of work from various artists. Two particularly ambitious compilation projects were the 5-volume
582:. Artists self-releasing would often copy their music in exchange for "a blank tape plus self-addressed envelope". But there also existed many small tape
479:
and the nuclear arms-race were still a reality. In both the UK and the USA the political Right assumed power in the form of the governments of
Margaret
717:
356:
played an important role, with stations broadcasting regular cassette-only radio shows that showcased and promoted the work of home-recording artists.
500:
scenes have naturally arisen to take its place, but they are no more to be identified with the cassette culture that arose in the late 1970s than the
930:, 1985) and issuing "Certificates of Genius" to anybody discriminating enough to purchase one of their titles. The interested reader is referred to
1686:
1572:
539:
1067:, a 21-track selection of work by British cassette-culture artists. The record was compiled by Dave Henderson, the cassette-culture reviewer for
1337:
332:
recording equipment was becoming affordable, portable and of fairly high quality in the early 1980s. Four-track cassette recorders developed by
839:
599:
847:
455:
music was the vanguard of musical experimentation. Many (though by no means all) cassette artists, in Europe and elsewhere, drew on this new
1459:
1363:
1585:
709:
2364:
1082:
The interested reader is referred to the extensive output of vinyl editions for collectors released since 2004 on the German company
511:
of independent cassette music. The sense of cassette culture in all its diversity as, nevertheless, a coherent international musical
967:
database, and other databases, in great numbers. Cassette-culture releases can now fetch high prices (See Tim Naylor's articles for
842:, Saboteur, and hundreds of others, recorded albums available only on cassette throughout the late 1980s and well into the 1990s.
1659:
1086:
Records and the many CD releases of US and UK DIY music of the late '70s to early '80s released by the US label Hyped To Death.
195:
1123:
507:
As with any other music scene, artists involved in the scene and others who followed it amassed, sometimes very substantial,
167:
1305:
1679:
94:
86:
911:
that came attached to a blue plastic ashtray in the shape of a fish. EEtapes of Belgium's 1995 release of This Window's
672:
magazine has published articles in the 2000s on the cassette culture of the '70s/'80s, including "C30, C60, C90, C21!" (
286:" period), and in some territories into the 1990s, in which a large number of amateur musicians outside the established
174:
1989:
798:'s Swinging Axe Productions, Pass the Buck, E.F. Tapes, Mindkill, Happiest Tapes on Earth, Apraxia Music Research, and
1654:
1044:. Perhaps the most significant British compilation of cassette-culture music released at the time was the 5-cassette
887:
612:
232:
214:
148:
112:
62:
48:
854:
on the American cassette network, with contributions from many of those involved. In 2015 the independent filmmaker
1620:
480:
1614:
Launched at the beginning of 2018, an extremely extensive online archive of cassette-culture and related material.
181:
2016:
1899:
1672:
1429:, 18 April 2018. The founder of VOD Records talks about the label and about his cassette-culture online archive,
452:
345:". The recording and production qualities of much cassette-culture music means that it can often be described as
791:
152:
1060:
Records. Although not reissued since 1989, mention should also be made of 1983's pioneering double-LP release
830:, Dave Prescott, Dan Fioretti (who now identifies as female and goes by the name Dreamgirl Stephanie Ashlyn),
2343:
2150:
1422:
855:
555:
163:
518:"Cassette culture" is a coinage that post-dates the scene itself. "Cassette scene" was a contemporary term.
2379:
2374:
2026:
1599:
627:
Cassette culture received something of a mainstream boost when acknowledged by the major music press. The
2399:
1264:
484:
17:
1627:
Details of the company's extensive reissue programme of cassette-culture music from the 1970s and '80s.
1473:
1398:
1013:
devoted to current American cassette culture entitled "Leaderless: Underground Cassette Culture Now."
487:. In the UK this was accompanied by a widespread culture of opposition and dissent, often informed by
2389:
1979:
1787:
1341:
435:
2031:
1824:
1814:
1075:
1062:
653:
acknowledged the band Tronics for releasing in 1980 the first independent cassette album, entitled
530:
period, 1978–1984. UK cassette culture was championed by marginal musicians and performers such as
304:
1397:, no. 393, 4 September 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2020. The sequel to the article is: Tim Naylor,
602:, driven by enthusiasm rather than business principles, and in some cases consciously informed by
2409:
2404:
2272:
1969:
575:
547:
141:
697:
2245:
2214:
2180:
2157:
2145:
1639:
US cassettist Hal McGee's site, including catalogues of a number of significant US tape labels.
831:
373:
188:
2265:
2021:
1964:
1729:
713:
282:
in the second half of the 1970s and continued through into the first half of the 1980s (the "
54:
1283:
701:
2394:
2369:
2107:
2006:
1760:
1580:
329:
1390:
680:, 462, January 2017). Memoirs written by people involved in the UK cassette scene include
8:
2285:
2277:
1938:
1836:
806:(which released over 30 titles, including their own, Architects Office and The Miracle),
629:
559:
551:
415:
2384:
2175:
1886:
1709:
1630:
1301:
1049:
1023:
1002:
918:
815:
595:
385:
1414:
657:, to be nationally distributed. In the UK fanzines covering cassette culture included
496:
graphics and, of course, the arrival of the World Wide Web. Successor underground and
2301:
2112:
2001:
1876:
1831:
1809:
1765:
1714:
1357:
1097:
835:
645:
621:
587:
571:
543:
508:
501:
488:
465:
299:
1545:
743:(pictured 2011) is one of the better-known artists associated with cassette culture.
2117:
1974:
1746:
1648:
1642:
1079:, another double LP, which threw the net wider to include European and US artists.
968:
705:
669:
617:
567:
448:
419:
325:
262:
872:
Cassette Culture: Homemade Music & The Creative Spirit In The Pre-Internet Age
2328:
2051:
1894:
1777:
1624:
1589:
1315:
1083:
1069:
1057:
975:
956:
875:
803:
740:
603:
591:
275:
2311:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
1559:
Unofficial Release: Self-Released And Handmade Audio In Post-Industrial Society
1142:
994:
862:, a 90-minute documentary interviewing many key US artists of the 1980s scene.
811:
760:
736:
526:
In the United Kingdom cassette culture was at its peak in what is known as the
497:
492:
440:
407:
389:
342:
308:
291:
287:
315:
2358:
2102:
2092:
1617:
1147:
1118:
1042:
Messthetics Greatest Hiss: Classics of the UK Cassette Culture DIY, 1979-1982
1010:
960:
775:
460:
369:
353:
295:
1246:
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2224:
1933:
1853:
1841:
1133:
948:
799:
658:
639:
583:
403:
377:
2255:
937:
2338:
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2185:
2167:
2132:
2122:
1928:
1866:
1861:
1782:
1770:
1664:
1128:
1103:
987:
908:
795:
754:
563:
456:
381:
346:
912:
818:, Alien Planetscapes, Don Campau, Ken Clinger, Dino DiMuro, Tom Furgas,
2140:
1994:
1006:
867:
819:
783:
779:
662:
535:
512:
398:
393:
2315:
2240:
2097:
1984:
1948:
1754:
1741:
1137:
1113:
1053:
1038:
Third Noise Principle: Formative North American Electronica 1975-1984
823:
807:
802:(which released over 300 titles), From the Wheelchair to the Pulpit,
787:
579:
527:
444:
430:
423:
411:
364:
283:
279:
258:
130:
2250:
2162:
2080:
1943:
1819:
1724:
1633:
US cassettist Don Campau's site on the history of cassette culture.
1460:"First Base Tapes Forges a Young Boulder Scene in Old-School Style"
1310:
983:
952:
476:
360:
1537:. In Robin James (Ed.) Cassette mythos. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
1523:. In Robin James (Ed.) Cassette mythos. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
1516:. In Robin James (Ed.) Cassette mythos. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
1509:. In Robin James (Ed.) Cassette mythos. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
1502:. In Robin James (Ed.) Cassette mythos. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
1073:
at the start of the 1980s. Henderson followed this with a sequel,
1009:. In 2007 (12–26 May) an exhibition was held at Printed Matter in
827:
2041:
2011:
1871:
1736:
1719:
1701:
964:
749:
531:
359:
The cassette culture can be traced back to the early 1970s, when
321:
1247:"Dusted Reviews: The Instant Automatons - Not So Deep As a Well"
1034:
Noise Reduction System: Formative European Electronica 1974-1984
396:
and Ulli McCarthy/Freer. The British sculptor William Furlong's
2322:
1444:
904:
337:
333:
688:(2017), by Mark Automaton of the band The Instant Automatons.
363:
and other artists and poets began making use of the cassette.
1913:
1797:
852:
Grindstone Redux: A Documentary About 1980's Cassette Culture
786:
and blossomed across the country on cassette labels such as:
676:, 393, September 2011) and "Home Taping is Thrilling Music" (
558:, anarcho-punk groups such as the APF Brigade, The Crouches,
1611:
1029:
Close to the Noise Floor: Formative UK Electronica 1975-1984
998:
1636:
944:
771:
In the United States, cassette culture was associated with
684:(2015), by Bendle of the band The Door and the Window, and
316:
Initiating factors, historical background and periodization
257:) is the amateur production and distribution of music and
1542:
Redubbing the Underground: Cassette Culture in Transition
1265:"The Living Archive of Underground Music: Sean T. Wright"
1108:
1040:(2019). In 2008 the Hyped To Death label released the CD
772:
696:
European artists involved in the cassette scene include:
471:
938:
Decline, revival of interest and the new cassette scene
504:
is to be identified with the original postpunk period.
1405:, no. 462, 4 January 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
947:
and the widespread arrival of the Internet, MP3s and
414:, and, free of commercial considerations, encouraged
748:release a tape, and publicize it in the network of
155:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1016:
1643:Xerox music: UK DIY and cassette culture, 1977-84
1546:http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/etd_hon_theses/418
955:and the emergence of specialist labels, of which
917:was packaged with an X-ray of a broken limb. The
2356:
1026:, each release comprising four CDs of material:
1660:2016 article on contemporary cassette label art
1655:2015 article on contemporary US cassette labels
1582:Poetry Foundation Podcast: The Tellus cassettes
752:and newsletters that served the scene, such as
1680:
436:Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984
1300:
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1694:
1687:
1673:
1442:
1056:, and in 2013 it was released on vinyl by
1005:, Truant Recordings, First Base Tapes and
376:of the 1960s and 1970s, writers such as:
298:devices, produced music, very often of a
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
1544:(2010). Honors Theses - All. Paper 418.
1281:
810:, brown interior music. Artists such as
735:
624:music scene during the postpunk period.
1631:The Living Archive of Underground Music
1421:. Retrieved 25 October 2020. See also:
1269:The Living Archive of Underground Music
1232:
1230:
274:“Cassette culture” is an international
14:
2357:
1445:"Cassette Tape Release of ØxØ in 2019"
1362:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1184:
1182:
686:The Luxury of Dreams: An Autobiography
1668:
1649:1980s-1990s Cassette Culture Archives
1551:
1457:
1443:Recordings, Truant (4 October 2019).
1124:Mix Tape: The Art of Cassette Culture
893:
691:
1568:, New York Times, 25 September 1985.
1528:Record-it-yourself Music On Cassette
1227:
881:
153:adding citations to reliable sources
124:
69:
28:
1179:
860:The Great American Cassette Masters
850:, released a 60-minute documentary
24:
1990:List of American independent films
1574:Various Artists - Tellus 1 & 2
1065:: a compilation of difficult music
716:(Belgium), Clair Obscur (France),
85:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
2421:
1605:
1282:Reynolds, Simon (24 April 2005).
928:The Mysterious Case of Pussy Lust
888:International Sound Communication
728:from artists all over the world.
613:International Sound Communication
521:
44:This article has multiple issues.
1399:"Home Taping is Thrilling Music"
974:On 1 January 2018 Frank Bull of
731:
129:
95:guide to writing better articles
74:
33:
1900:Experimental musical instrument
1535:A short History of the Cassette
1466:
1451:
1436:
1408:
1383:
1370:
1330:
1294:
1275:
1257:
1017:Notable compilations since 2000
864:Cassette: A Documentary Mixtape
566:, and many of the purveyors of
352:Particularly in North America,
140:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
1530:, New York Times, 11 May 1987.
1492:
1239:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1170:
1161:
792:Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine
611:(see below) and the 15-volume
278:that developed in the wake of
13:
1:
2344:Social peer-to-peer processes
1433:. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
307:, others continuing with the
290:, usually recording in their
269:
2365:Cassette culture 1970s–1990s
1376:Pareles, Jon (11 May 1987).
1001:, Memorials of Distinction,
926:one-of-a-kind pinup covers (
7:
1557:Thomas Bey William Bailey,
1458:Perry, Adam (18 May 2016).
1089:
10:
2426:
1566:Pop Life: Electric Guitars
1561:, Belsona Books Ltd., 2012
534:, the Instant Automatons,
433:period (as documented in
2294:
2233:
2198:
2131:
2088:
2079:
1980:American eccentric cinema
1957:
1921:
1912:
1885:
1805:
1796:
1788:Amateur press association
1700:
1423:Interview with Frank Bull
447:was in the ascendant and
443:). In the United Kingdom
328:any longer. In addition,
294:and usually recording to
1507:The Cassette Underground
1154:
1063:The Elephant Table Album
1046:Rising from the Red Sand
890:series of compilations.
609:Rising from the Red Sand
1970:Cinema of Transgression
1521:Mail Art and Mail Music
990:, and on social media.
548:the Cleaners from Venus
459:for their inspiration.
2286:Independent TV station
2215:Independent soft drink
2181:Open-source video game
1695:Independent production
1251:www.dustedmagazine.com
1224:McGee 1992, p.vii-viii
744:
463:-music papers such as
374:British Poetry Revival
2266:Visionary environment
1965:Independent animation
1623:1 August 2021 at the
1391:"C30, C60, C90, C21!"
1236:NME 11 September 1982
1076:Three Minute Symphony
739:
714:Absolute Body Control
489:radical Left ideology
2278:Independent circuit
2108:Open-source software
2007:Guerrilla filmmaking
1600:Classic Tellus Noise
1588:31 July 2008 at the
1579:Goldsmith, Kenneth,
1571:Marvin @ Freealbums
1540:Staub, Ian Matthew,
1505:Jones, Steve, 1992.
1498:James, Robin, 1992.
1380:, The New York Times
1378:Cassette Underground
1176:Produce 1992, p.4-5.
971:, mentioned above).
834:, Suburban Campers,
698:Esplendor Geométrico
682:Permanent Transience
305:commercial companies
255:cassette underground
149:improve this article
2380:Musical subcultures
2375:Underground culture
2246:Amateur photography
1939:Amateur pornography
1887:Musical instruments
1867:Tracker (MOD) music
1302:Unterberger, Richie
1215:James 1992, p.ix-x.
1206:Minoy 1992, p.61-62
630:New Musical Express
552:Nocturnal Emissions
416:musical eclecticism
251:tape/cassette scene
249:(also known as the
2400:Experimental music
1710:Alternative comics
1598:Weidenbaum, Marc,
1552:General references
1306:"Cassette Culture"
1050:Third Mind Records
1024:Cherry Red Records
1003:Tuff Enuff Records
919:Barry Douglas Lamb
894:Creative packaging
816:Big City Orchestra
745:
722:Giancarlo Toniutti
702:Die Tödliche Doris
692:Continental Europe
596:Third Mind Records
372:and the so-called
164:"Cassette culture"
2352:
2351:
2302:Independent media
2194:
2193:
2113:Software cracking
2075:
2074:
2002:Exploitation film
1908:
1907:
1877:Underground music
1825:Open-source label
1810:Independent music
1715:Alternative manga
1188:Jones, 1992, p.9.
1098:Bullshit Detector
978:Records launched
882:Other territories
856:William Davenport
836:The Silly Pillows
588:Falling A Records
572:Throbbing Gristle
544:the insane picnic
326:recording studios
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
199:
123:
122:
115:
89:used on Knowledge
87:encyclopedic tone
67:
16:(Redirected from
2417:
2390:Industrial music
2334:
2281:
2118:Unofficial patch
2086:
2085:
2035:
1975:Independent film
1919:
1918:
1849:Cassette culture
1803:
1802:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1564:Palmer, Robert,
1514:Cause and Effect
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:. 19 August 2009
1470:
1464:
1463:
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1434:
1412:
1406:
1403:Record Collector
1395:Record Collector
1387:
1381:
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1368:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:. Archived from
1334:
1328:
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1318:on 12 March 2018
1314:. Archived from
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1168:
1165:
969:Record Collector
718:Non Toxique Lost
706:Maurizio Bianchi
678:Record Collector
674:Record Collector
670:Record Collector
576:Cabaret Voltaire
568:Industrial music
502:postpunk revival
263:compact cassette
247:cassette culture
238:
231:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
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133:
125:
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111:
107:
104:
98:
97:for suggestions.
93:See Knowledge's
78:
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59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
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2353:
2348:
2332:
2290:
2279:
2229:
2208:
2190:
2127:
2071:
2052:Low-budget film
2033:
2027:'60s–'70s
1953:
1904:
1895:Circuit bending
1881:
1792:
1778:Self-publishing
1696:
1693:
1625:Wayback Machine
1608:
1590:Wayback Machine
1554:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1452:
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1413:
1409:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
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1347:
1345:
1344:on 28 July 2014
1338:"Archived copy"
1336:
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1196:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:Jones 1992, p.6
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1092:
1084:Vinyl On Demand
1058:Vinyl On Demand
1019:
976:Vinyl On Demand
957:Vinyl On Demand
940:
896:
884:
876:Vinyl On Demand
822:, Zan Hoffman,
804:Walls of Genius
741:R. Stevie Moore
734:
708:/M.B. (Italy),
694:
604:anti-capitalist
592:Sterile Records
524:
493:countercultural
318:
272:
239:
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226:
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210:
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158:
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83:This article's
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2410:1980s in music
2407:
2405:1970s in music
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2319:
2312:Do it yourself
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2067:Double feature
2064:
2062:No wave cinema
2059:
2057:No-budget film
2054:
2049:
2047:Midnight movie
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2029:
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2019:
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1669:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:Facebook group
1646:
1645:Facebook group
1640:
1634:
1628:
1615:
1607:
1606:External links
1604:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1531:
1526:Pareles, Jon,
1524:
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1143:Richard Youngs
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995:Burger Records
939:
936:
895:
892:
883:
880:
761:Factsheet Five
733:
730:
693:
690:
668:Tim Naylor of
540:Sean T. Wright
523:
522:United Kingdom
520:
453:postindustrial
441:Simon Reynolds
390:Lawrence Upton
317:
314:
300:non-mainstream
288:music industry
271:
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2103:Free software
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Cowboy coding
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1533:Produce, A.,
1532:
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1212:
1203:
1197:Pareles, 1987
1194:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1148:Scratch Video
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:Punk ideology
1117:
1115:
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1014:
1012:
1011:New York City
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:Yahoo! Groups
958:
954:
950:
946:
935:
934:(see below).
933:
929:
924:
923:Ludi Funebres
920:
916:
915:
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902:
891:
889:
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877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
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849:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:, Hal McGee,
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:sound collage
774:
769:
767:
763:
762:
757:
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751:
742:
738:
732:United States
729:
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577:
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569:
565:
561:
557:
556:Final Program
553:
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541:
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519:
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494:
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421:
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409:
405:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Writers Forum
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:college radio
350:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
310:
306:
301:
297:
296:cassette-tape
293:
289:
285:
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260:
256:
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219:
216:
208:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
144:
143:
138:This article
136:
132:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
96:
90:
88:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2329:
2321:
2307:Indie design
2261:Outsider art
2225:Microbrewery
2168:
1958:Professional
1934:Amateur film
1854:
1848:
1842:Pirate radio
1815:Record label
1753:
1612:Tape-Mag.com
1581:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1519:Minoy 1992.
1513:
1512:McGee 1992.
1506:
1500:Introduction
1499:
1478:. Retrieved
1468:
1453:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1389:Tim Naylor,
1385:
1377:
1372:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1309:
1296:
1288:the Guardian
1287:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1172:
1163:
1134:Anarcho-punk
1096:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:(2017), and
1033:
1027:
1020:
992:
980:Tape-Mag.com
979:
973:
949:file sharing
941:
932:Tape-Mag.com
931:
927:
922:
914:Extraction 2
913:
900:
897:
885:
871:
863:
859:
851:
844:
800:Sound of Pig
770:
765:
759:
753:
746:
726:
695:
685:
681:
677:
673:
667:
659:John Balance
654:
650:
644:
640:Melody Maker
638:
634:
628:
626:
616:part of the
608:
600:Snatch Tapes
560:The Apostles
525:
517:
506:
470:
464:
434:
428:
404:tape trading
397:
378:Allen Fisher
361:mail-artists
358:
351:
319:
273:
254:
250:
246:
244:
229:
211:
205:October 2021
202:
192:
185:
178:
171:
159:
147:Please help
142:verification
139:
109:
103:October 2021
100:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
2395:Indie music
2370:DIY culture
2339:Maker Faire
2280:(wrestling)
2220:Homebrewing
2146:development
2141:Indie games
2133:Video games
2123:Warez scene
2032:'80s–
1929:Home movies
1862:Lo-fi music
1783:Small press
1761:conventions
1618:VOD Records
1595:Autonomedia
1493:Works cited
1480:22 November
1415:VOD Records
1284:"Vision on"
1129:Noise music
1048:(1983), on
988:Archive.org
953:music blogs
848:Data-Bank-A
840:Linda Smith
832:Jim Shelley
796:Randy Greif
755:OP Magazine
720:(Germany),
704:(Germany),
622:underground
618:alternative
564:Chumbawamba
509:collections
483:and Ronald
457:avant-garde
420:Rough Trade
386:Peter Finch
382:Bob Cobbing
343:home tapers
330:multi-track
276:music scene
18:APF Brigade
2359:Categories
2333:(magazine)
2151:developers
2017:Golden Age
1995:Mumblecore
1322:4 February
1007:Gnar Tapes
868:Lou Ottens
820:The Haters
784:punk music
780:riot grrrl
712:(France),
663:Stabmental
586:, such as
536:Storm Bugs
513:subculture
449:industrial
399:Audio Arts
394:cris cheek
270:Background
175:newspapers
49:improve it
2385:Post-punk
2316:DIY ethic
2273:Indie RPG
2256:Naïve art
2241:Indie art
2098:Demoscene
1985:Indiewood
1949:Machinima
1755:Doujinshi
1742:Minicomic
1474:"Rhizome"
1138:post punk
1114:Demo tape
1054:RRRecords
858:released
824:If, Bwana
808:K Records
788:Psyclones
724:(Italy).
700:(Spain),
580:Clock DVA
528:post-punk
445:synth-pop
424:Falling A
408:DIY ethic
365:Audio-art
322:boomboxes
259:sound art
55:talk page
2251:Mail art
2186:ROM hack
2163:Fan game
2158:Homebrew
2081:Software
1944:Fan film
1820:Netlabel
1766:printers
1730:business
1725:Webcomic
1637:HalTapes
1621:Archived
1586:Archived
1431:Tape-Mag
1427:The Wire
1358:cite web
1311:AllMusic
1304:(1999).
1090:See also
1032:(2016),
999:POST/POP
984:Bandcamp
750:fanzines
481:Thatcher
477:Cold War
431:postpunk
284:postpunk
2295:General
2042:Z movie
2034:present
2012:B movie
1922:Amateur
1872:Podsafe
1837:Station
1737:Webtoon
1720:Fanzine
1702:Reading
1419:Discogs
1348:19 July
965:Discogs
903:by the
766:Unsound
655:Tronics
570:, e.g.
532:Tronics
461:Popular
189:scholar
2323:Doujin
2205:Drinks
2169:Doujin
1855:Doujin
1747:Co-ops
1070:Sounds
921:album
905:A Band
901:Anusol
782:, and
646:Sounds
584:labels
578:, and
485:Reagan
466:Sounds
338:Fostex
334:Tascam
191:
184:
177:
170:
162:
2234:Other
1914:Video
1857:music
1832:Radio
1798:Audio
1771:shops
1155:Notes
945:CD-Rs
828:Minóy
710:Ptôse
439:, by
347:lo-fi
292:homes
196:JSTOR
182:books
2330:Make
2202:Food
2171:soft
2022:'50s
1482:2015
1364:link
1350:2014
1324:2018
986:and
909:Aube
764:and
643:and
598:and
562:and
554:and
469:and
451:and
422:and
412:punk
336:and
280:punk
245:The
168:news
2176:Mod
1109:C86
1104:C81
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