459:, a requirement for the program, was not taught at the black elementary schools. Higginbotham's mother convinced the principal at the junior high school to enroll him in a second-year Latin course, even though he had never studied first year Latin. To ensure that he was able to pass the required classes, the junior high Latin teacher offered to tutor him at her home during the summer. Higginbotham's family was of modest economic means, so he worked while attending school, mowing lawns, shoveling snow, and working as a bus boy at the Stacy Trent hotel. While in high school, Higginbotham manipulated his birth certificate in order to get working papers at 15, a year before the law allowed, so that he could work in a pottery factory shoveling clay.
891:). As a new judge, Higginbotham still encountered racism. On his first day on the district court, he parked his car in the area reserved for judges, and was yelled at by a guard "Hey, boy!" Higginbotham asked whether the guard was speaking to him, and when the guard responded that only judges were permitted to park in the area, Higginbotham replied: "I understand, and that's why I parked there." The guard said, "Oh, you're Judge Higginbotham. Welcome to the Court." Higginbotham would later remember the incident as "typical of a lot of things which have happened to both minorities and to women."
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drafted
Article II. Is perjury about a traffic offense different than perjury about a sexual matter involving consenting adults? I submit that as to impeachment purposes, there is not a significant substantive difference between the hypothetical traffic offense and the actual sexual incident in this matter. The alleged perjurious statements denying a sexual relationship between the President of the United States and another consenting adult do not rise to the level of constitutional egregiousness that triggers the impeachment clause of Article II."
495:, to ask permission for the students to sleep in a section of one of the heated dormitories. Elliott's response was purportedly "he law doesn't require us to put you in those dormitories. The law doesn't even require us to let you in. You take it or leave it." Higginbotham would later identify this encounter, and an incident where he was traveling with the Purdue debate team but unable to stay in a hotel with the rest of the members, as the events that caused him to pursue a career in the law, saying:
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920:, explaining why he as an African American judge with a history of active involvement in the civil rights struggle was not obligated to recuse himself from presiding over litigation concerning claims of racial discrimination. He held, in an opinion that was followed by later judges, including a series of Black judges who faced recusal requests, that a judge should not be forced to recuse solely because of their membership in a minority group. Jewish federal Judge
846:, to tour a community revitalization effort. Higginbotham would later describe Johnson's reaction to seeing the efforts of a small community to restore a dilapidated police station, saying "I think he was elated, absolutely exhilarated, because he saw results. It wasn't phony, and it wasn't something on which an extraordinary amount money had been spent." A year later, following the
1165:. Higginbotham argued that Clinton's conduct did not rise to the level of an impeachable offense. Higginbotham offered a hypothetical scenario of a person driving his car at a speed of 55 miles (89 km)-per-hour in a 50-mile (80 km)-per-hour speed zone, and then falsely testifying under oath that he was only driving 49 miles (79 km)-per-hour. Higginbotham then said,
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I submit to you that it would be grossly improper to impeach a
President under such a factual scenario, because perjury regarding a 55 mile per-hour traffic offense does not rise to the level of 'Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors' about which the framers were concerned when they
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and founded the South Africa Free
Election (SAFE) Fund. He raised several million dollars to support fair elections in South Africa, and served as one of the international mediators of the first inter-racial elections in South Africa in 1994. After the election, he helped South Africa's newly elected
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And then, even though I had been doing very well there, I decided that engineering would not make any difference in
America. The most which a black person could do as an engineer is to make a better gadget, but a gadget which would not significantly do anything with the oppression. So I guess on that
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Higginbotham attended the opening of
Johnson's presidential library, where Johnson referred to Higginbotham as "one of my closest advisers, sound, reliable, responsible." Higginbotham would later say that he was thankful for the comment, but "had the impression that there were probably a few hundred
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Higginbotham entered Purdue as a freshman in 1944. At the time, the student body was composed of approximately 6,000 white students, and 12 black students. Although eligible for admission, black students were not permitted to live in the dormitories. Higginbotham and the other 11 black students were
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concept, in favor of "an evolutionary concept in terms of what is fair and just in a society." He attacked strict constructionists as being inconsistent, "want an original intent for what are their conservative positions, and an evolutionary , in order to protect their conservative positions..." He
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would later say "Judge
Higginbotham work and the example he set made a critical contribution to the course of the rule of law in the United States and a difference in the lives of African Americans, and indeed the lives of all Americans. But his influence also crossed borders and inspired many who
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In 1954 Higginbotham went into private practice as a member of the first
African American law firm in Philadelphia, Norris, Schmidt, Green, Harris, and Higginbotham. In addition to Higginbotham, three of the other named partners went on to become judges; Harvey Schmidt and Doris Harris would later
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Higginbotham did not experience any such behavior from his fellow judges on the district court, although, as the youngest person ever appointed to the
Eastern District (Higginbotham was younger than some of his colleagues' children), he would later recall that "the most difficult problem was the
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argued the case on behalf of Herman Sweatt, who had been denied admission to the university's law school. Higginbotham would later describe the experience of seeing
Marshall arguing: "With controlled outrage, Marshall eloquently asserted the constitutional promise of equality for Sweatt, for all
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Higginbotham was involved in the transition to open democratic elections in South Africa. He had visited South Africa in 1982 with other black jurists and had been appalled by the racial oppression he found and analogized to before the
American Civil War. After apartheid's demise, Higginbotham
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Higginbotham ultimately became a strong supporter of President Kennedy, and began attending functions on behalf of the administration. He was also a guest at White House functions, including a state dinner for the King and Queen of Afghanistan that took place several weeks before Kennedy's
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While still in private practice, Higginbotham simultaneously served in several government positions; he was a special Deputy State Attorney General from 1956 to 1962, a special hearing officer for conscientious objections for the United States Department of Justice from 1960 to 1962, and a
1179:: 'Thought comes before speech.' I pray that this Committee will, in a non-partisan way, rise to its highest potential of statesmanship by giving this issue its calm and insightful thought before speaking and casting a vote that will affect America's rendezvous with destiny."
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fought for freedom and equality in other countries.... Judge Higginbotham played an important role in first democratic elections, support the development of public interest law work in South Africa and helped to create broader opportunities for black South African lawyers."
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as an assistant district attorney. Prior to Dilworth's arrival, no black lawyer had ever argued on behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the Courts of Common Pleas. Higginbotham was given the opportunity to argue both in front of the Court of Common Pleas, and the
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Higginbotham married twice and was survived by his second wife, two sons and two daughters. In August 1948, shortly after graduating from college, he married Jeanne L. Foster, with whom he had three children. That marriage ended in divorce in 1988. He later married
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was appointed to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Higginbotham stayed in private practice until 1962. While at the firm, Higginbotham practiced criminal defense and personal injury law. From 1960 to 1962 he was President of the Philadelphia chapter of the
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placed in a building called International House, which was the only building in which blacks could live in West Lafayette. The students slept in the attic, which was unheated. Higginbotham sought a meeting with the University President,
734:, who had come to know Higginbotham through his work on the FTC, recommended that President Kennedy nominate him to be a judge on the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, which Kennedy did in 1963. Higginbotham's nomination was held up by
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Higginbotham concluded his testimony, writing, "I submit that your individual vote will have a profound impact on the entire history and future of the United States of America. I would remind you once again of the incisive words of
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in 1995. Although retired, he delivered over 100 speeches to spur younger generations to continue to fight for racial justice, and during his lifetime received more than 60 honorary degrees from institutions of higher learning.
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on March 14, 1964, and received his commission on March 17, 1964. At the time of his appointment, he was 36 years old. His service on the district court terminated on November 7, 1977, due to his elevation to the Third Circuit.
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African Americans and, it seemed, for me personally." When the Court ruled in Sweatt's favor, Higginbotham later wrote, he felt that he had "witnessed the birth of racial justice in the Supreme Court." Higginbotham received his
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Higginbotham attended Lincoln School, a segregated high school in Trenton. Before Higginbotham attended, no black student had been put on the academic track (which was a significant step towards attending college), because
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said "he world has lost one of its finest, most pre-eminent jurists of our times. His work is a reflection of both his deep passion for civil rights and his legendary pursuit of justice and equality for all Americans."
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Higginbotham spent 13 years as a District Court judge. His chambers were originally in the Federal Courthouse and Post Office at 9th and Market Streets, in Philadelphia (the building was later named in honor of
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team and the Barrister's Union (a mock trial organization). Higginbotham advanced to the finals of the first year moot court competition. The moot court panel before which he argued included Associate Justice
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Following his appointment to the District Court, Higginbotham developed a relationship with President Johnson, attending various White House functions and conferences in the mid-1960s. The day after the
447:. His mother, Emma Lee Higginbotham, was a maid, and his father, Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham Sr., was a factory worker. Higginbotham was raised in a largely African-American neighborhood, and attended a
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on October 7, 1977, and received his commission on October 11, 1977. Higginbotham's elevation came only a year after the opening of a new federal courthouse in Philadelphia, now called the
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2120:"The Call And the Response: The Call, The 1991 Open Letter from Federal Judge A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., and the 25 Years of Response from Justice Clarence Thomas"
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named its annual A. Leon Higginbotham Corporate Leadership Award after Judge Higginbotham. Higginbotham was award honorary degrees from 62 different universities.
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After retiring from the federal bench shortly after his 65th birthday (and with nearly three decades of federal judicial service), Higginbotham joined the firm of
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in 1978, which the Oxford University Press reissued in 1980. He also wrote or helped write over 100 law review articles. His second and surviving wife, Dr.
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524:. While in college, Higginbotham successfully convinced the Governor of Ohio to support legislation to lower the voting age to 18. Higginbotham earned his
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1111:, was also a distinguished historian and faculty member of Harvard's History and African American Studies Departments. Judge Higginbotham's second book,
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from Yale in 1952. In 1969, as the first black to become a trustee of Yale, he advocated opening the university's undergraduate program to women.
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749:. Eastland delayed the nomination long enough so that, despite being passed by a subcommittee, Higginbotham's nomination lapsed following the
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Interview with The Honorable A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., for the Historical Society of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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other people there who got that accolade." Higginbotham met with Johnson two weeks before his death in 1973, along with then newly elected
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978:. In his letter, Judge Higginbotham expressed his "concern and sorrow that Justice Thomas would turn his back on a century of struggle."
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to take part in a series of meetings to advise the President on how to respond to King's death. Other notable figures at the meeting were
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Commissioner on the Pennsylvania Human Rights Commission from 1961 to 1962. He was a faculty member of the Rutgers University Law School.
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As a first-year student, Higginbotham worked as a research assistant to a professor, who arranged for him to attend the oral arguments in
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2001:"Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr. 1928– - Dictionary definition of Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr. 1928– - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary"
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Carter, William M. Jr., A. Leon Higginbotham, An Open Letter to Justice Clarence Thomas from a Federal Judicial Colleague, available at
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on the basis of his advocacy on behalf of America's children within the legal profession and his human rights efforts in South Africa.
1239:, who co-authored works with his uncle, and who has published open letters to a number of important figures in his late uncle's voice.
951:, located at 6th and Market. Higginbotham would later describe his judicial philosophy on the appellate bench as being in line with
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1057:. Higginbotham served as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania from 1968 until his death in 1998. He was also a trustee of
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relied on the Higginbotham opinion in part in his 2014 decision not to recuse himself from the trial of Palestinian-American
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for the organization's endorsement for president. Nevertheless, Kennedy appointed Higginbotham to be a commissioner on the
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trip back to the segregated house, International House, I decided that I wanted to go into law and to challenge the system.
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Transcript, A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. Oral History Interview I, 10/7/76, by Joe B. Frantz, Internet Copy, LBJ Library.
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625:, however, he was unable to find work at any of the major firms as a result of his race. He began his career as a
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discounts for good academic performance. Higginbotham was also interested in Purdue because he wanted to be an
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As of 2021, Higginbotham is one of just three African Americans to have served on the FTC. (The other two are
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in a series of voting rights cases before the Supreme Court. In 1996, Higginbotham served as an adviser to
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Statement on the Death of A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., President Clinton, The White House, December 15, 1998.
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was first published by the Oxford University Press in 1996, after his judicial retirement. He also helped
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as a professor of Public Service Jurisprudence. He held both positions for the remainder of his life.
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512:, in 1945. On the day that Higginbotham entered Antioch, one other black student was also admitted,
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described him as "one of our nation's most passionate and steadfast advocates for civil rights."
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2078:"Judge A. Leon Higginbotham: A Lawyer's Lawyer, Judge's Judge and Advocate's Advocate Passes",
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due to a certified disability on January 31, 1991. He retired from the bench on March 5, 1993.
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in 1962, the first African American appointed as a commissioner on any regulatory commission.
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American Bar Association profile of Higginbotham, as published for Black History Month, 2001.
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Oral History Interview with A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library
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concerning the issue of what constituted an impeachable offense, as part of the hearings on
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Transcript of Higginbotham's testimony before the House Judiciary Committee, available at
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On December 1, 1998, two weeks before his death, Higginbotham gave testimony before the
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Minutes of Meeting of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, February 19, 1999
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Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. (February 5, 1998). "Breaking Thurgood Marshall's Promise".
475:. He chose Purdue because it admitted black students; was cheaper, at that time, than
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1810:"Constitutional Court of South Africa – Former Judges – Chief Justice Sandile Ngcobo"
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1742:"Should Jewish Judges Recuse Themselves From Cases Involving Palestinian Terrorism?"
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were to the first half of this century, Judge Higginbotham was to the second half."
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Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
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In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process 1: The Colonial Period
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Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions of the American Legal Process
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Shades of Freedom: Racial Politics and Presumptions in the American Legal Process
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In 1960 Higginbotham, as a delegate at the National NAACP convention, supported
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835:. Higginbotham stayed the night at the White House, attended a service at the
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Judge Higginbotham is seated two seats to the right of Vice President Humphrey
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Judges of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
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After graduation, Higginbotham initially sought employment with law firms in
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1652:"Breaking down barriers: Recruiting and promoting Black antitrust lawyers"
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Race, Gender, and Power in America: The Legacy of the Hill-Thomas Hearings
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At Antioch, Higginbotham served as the head of the college chapter of the
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1910:"Judge A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. To Advise Texaco On Diversity Matters",
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Judge Higginbotham with former law partners at his swearing into the FTC
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He is the uncle of law professor F. Michael (Mike) Higginbotham of the
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was Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals from 1990 to 1991 and assumed
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
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judge appointed in the United States, and the first African-American
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United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
2399:"The Open Mind – A Different View of Our High Court, Part II (1995)"
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2389:"The Open Mind – A Different View of Our High Court, Part I (1995)"
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2302:"The Impeachment Hearings, Dec 01, Afternoon Session: Nine Experts"
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United States district court judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson
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Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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Judge Higginbotham receiving his commission from President Johnson
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President Johnson meeting with civil rights leaders following the
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Leary, Robin, "Judge Higginbotham to be honored by White House",
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Lewis, Neil, "Black Judge's Success Story Begins in Cold Attic",
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United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
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United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
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United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
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1683:"African American Registry: Kerner Commission report finished."
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Judge Higginbotham's chambers on the Third Circuit were in the
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serve as judges on the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, and
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United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
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List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Pennsylvania
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in 1995. In 1996, the NAACP award him its highest honor, the
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In 1991, Judge Higginbotham wrote "An Open Letter to Justice
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Comm. of Pa. v. Local 542, Int'l Union of Operating Engineers
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In 1967 Higginbotham arranged for President Johnson to visit
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1365:"Higginbotham, Aloyisus Leon, Jr. - Federal Judicial Center"
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854:. In 1968 he served as Vice Chairman of President Johnson's
839:, and continued to advise the President into the next days.
571:.) In 1951, Higginbotham competed on a moot court team with
516:, who would later become Coretta Scott King after marrying
1927:"A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr. Biography at Black History Now"
1708:"Commonwealth of Pa. v. Local U. 542, Int. U. of Op. Eng"
1621:"A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., Federal Judge, Is Dead at 70"
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In 1974, Higginbotham issued his influential opinion in
583:. Higginbotham's Yale team competed against a team from
391:(February 25, 1928 – December 14, 1998) was an American
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Higginbotham, Mike. Higginbotham for Congress (ed.).
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1883:, held at the University of Pennsylvania Faculty Club
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From a Federal Judicial Colleague," published in the
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
1314:"African American Federal Judges by Commission Date"
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
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Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison people
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Lawyers Committee Website on the Higginbotham Award
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http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0399/higginbotham.html
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Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence
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1406:In Memoriam: A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.; 1928–1998,
1182:After Higginbotham's death, Clinton said "I shall
1001:(1991-present). One of his clerks for 1986–87 was
600:, which dealt with the admission of blacks to the
1840:"Alumnus/Alumna of the Month | NYU School of Law"
1273:The Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
1210:said of Higginbotham, "hat Thurgood Marshall and
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1953:"Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham - The HistoryMakers"
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557:. (A few years later, Davis would argue against
427:. Higginbotham used the name "Leon" informally.
2065:http://judiciary.house.gov/judiciary/101306.htm
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1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
3735:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3490:
2561:
1730:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1265:Spirit of Raoul Wallenberg Humanitarian Award
1869:
1867:
1865:
1614:
1612:
1596:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1070:Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison
189:October 11, 1977 – January 31, 1991
91:January 15, 1990 – January 31, 1991
2334:In the Matter of Color: The Colonial Period
2050:
1509:
1255:in 1993. President Clinton awarded him the
1194:Higginbotham died on December 14, 1998, in
866:, to discuss Jordan's career in the House.
684:
430:
3497:
3483:
2575:
2568:
2554:
1585:
1413:
462:
244:March 17, 1964 – November 7, 1977
31:
1862:
1618:
1609:
1498:
1496:
1408:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
1387:
1153:Testimony at Clinton impeachment hearings
536:In the fall of 1949 Higginbotham entered
72:January 31, 1991 – March 5, 1993
3750:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
2372:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
2154:
2148:
1891:
1889:
1770:Colin S. Diver, A Tribute, available at
1619:Glaberson, William (December 15, 1998).
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1024:
1017:also clerked during the summer of 1986.
935:on September 19, 1977, to a seat on the
931:Higginbotham was nominated by President
897:
873:
781:
671:
2217:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2117:
2111:
1739:
1680:Kerner Commission Report, available at
1662:from the original on September 10, 2021
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1285:List of African-American federal judges
1131:
987:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
949:James A. Byrne United States Courthouse
797:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
788:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
395:, historian, presidential adviser, and
3745:People from Ewing Township, New Jersey
3657:
2268:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2223:from the original on November 15, 2023
1752:from the original on November 29, 2014
1649:
1493:
1083:Higginbotham served as counsel to the
995:United States House of Representatives
723:
3685:20th-century African-American lawyers
3478:
2549:
1886:
1631:from the original on February 1, 2017
1554:
1552:
1375:from the original on December 8, 2019
1338:
1253:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1237:University of Baltimore School of Law
1142:government draft a new constitution.
761:on January 6, 1964, to a seat on the
2241:Raoul Wallenberg Humanitarian Award
2093:"A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. - OUPblog"
1820:from the original on October 1, 2018
1561:
1242:
1078:John F. Kennedy School of Government
1037:at the Medal of Freedom presentation
1007:Constitutional Court of South Africa
134:May 19, 1979 – May 18, 1986
2136:from the original on March 20, 2020
2118:Kupenda, Angela Mae (Summer 2016).
1933:from the original on April 17, 2016
981:Higginbotham's first law clerk was
716:(who served from 1997 to 2004) and
13:
2312:from the original on June 17, 2017
2193:from the original on July 15, 2022
2163:from the original on June 26, 2020
2099:from the original on June 10, 2016
2011:from the original on June 10, 2016
1850:from the original on June 22, 2020
1643:
1549:
1269:American Swedish Historical Museum
1263:. Higginbotham received the first
869:
848:assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
553:) and renowned appellate advocate
551:Supreme Court of the United States
399:. From 1990 to 1991, he served as
14:
3776:
2360:
1740:Kleiner, Sam (November 5, 2014).
1718:from the original on June 3, 2015
1021:Academic and post-judicial career
799:, Higginbotham was called to the
720:(who served from 2003 to 2009).)
705:administered the oath of office.
667:
581:United States Ambassador to Italy
577:United States Ambassador to Spain
2401:is available for viewing at the
2391:is available for viewing at the
1983:"Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham, Jr"
1791:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1932758
1599:Black Issues in Higher Education
1290:List of African-American jurists
1247:Higginbotham was elected to the
1222:
1186:forget how he spoke up for me."
1123:and Emma Coleman Jordan publish
2327:
2294:
2276:
2235:
2205:
2175:
2085:
2037:
1993:
1975:
1945:
1919:
1904:
1832:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1700:
1674:
1163:President Clinton's impeachment
1098:
1013:president and director-counsel
616:
467:At 16 Higginbotham enrolled in
3715:Harvard Kennedy School faculty
1306:
1249:American Philosophical Society
649:Superior Court of Pennsylvania
389:Aloysius Leon Higginbotham Jr.
299:Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham Jr.
1:
3680:20th-century American lawyers
1300:
1257:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1072:, and accepted a position at
1005:, later Chief Justice of the
837:Washington National Cathedral
531:
425:Presidential Medal of Freedom
43:Presidential Medal of Freedom
3675:20th-century American judges
1053:department and later in the
864:Congresswoman Barbara Jordan
778:Adviser to President Johnson
629:for Judge Curtis Bok of the
585:Temple University Law School
504:Higginbotham transferred to
413:United States district judge
7:
2615:William Stanley Braithwaite
2288:September 29, 2007, at the
1278:
1063:Thomas Jefferson University
575:, who would later serve as
568:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
3781:
3710:Harvard University faculty
1814:constitutionalcourt.org.za
1796:November 15, 2023, at the
1777:December 30, 2006, at the
1230:Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham
1117:University of Pennsylvania
1109:Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham
1085:Congressional Black Caucus
1047:University of Pennsylvania
974:University of Pennsylvania
943:. He was confirmed by the
889:Pennsylvania Supreme Court
751:death of President Kennedy
743:Senate Judiciary Committee
636:. In 1953 he was hired by
623:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
561:on behalf of the State of
349:Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham
3541:
3513:
2584:
2534:
2522:
2514:
2504:
2492:
2484:
2474:
2462:
2454:
2444:
2432:
2424:
2419:
1898:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1879:January 13, 2016, at the
1159:House Judiciary Committee
382:
354:
344:
323:
293:
288:
284:
272:
260:
248:
237:
229:
217:
205:
193:
182:
174:
162:
150:
138:
127:
119:
107:
95:
84:
76:
65:
54:
50:
30:
23:
3695:African-American writers
3255:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
2871:Charles Hamilton Houston
2655:George Washington Carver
2367:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
2125:John Marshall Law Review
1957:www.thehistorymakers.com
1212:Charles Hamilton Houston
1198:, following a series of
1189:
1029:Judge Higginbotham with
1011:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
699:Federal Trade Commission
685:Federal Trade Commission
431:Early life and education
25:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
3690:African-American judges
2495:Presiding Judge on the
2377:Federal Judicial Center
2375:, a publication of the
1103:Higginbotham published
1095:and diversity matters.
805:Vice President Humphrey
473:West Lafayette, Indiana
463:Undergraduate education
120:Presiding Judge of the
3765:Yale Law School alumni
3705:Antioch College alumni
3311:Constance Baker Motley
3191:Frederick D. Patterson
2927:Martin Luther King Jr.
2855:Channing Heggie Tobias
2743:William T. B. Williams
2719:Richard Berry Harrison
2703:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
2458:Francis Lund Van Dusen
2213:"A. Leon Higginbotham"
1172:
1038:
957:strict constructionist
941:Francis Lund Van Dusen
913:
879:
791:
741:, the chairman of the
739:Senator James Eastland
677:
518:Martin Luther King Jr.
502:
212:Francis Lund Van Dusen
3271:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3027:Clarence Mitchell Jr.
2879:Mabel Keaton Staupers
2639:Charles Sidney Gilpin
1901:, September 15, 1995.
1689:on September 30, 2007
1656:mlexmarketinsight.com
1196:Boston, Massachusetts
1167:
1049:for 24 years, in the
1028:
901:
877:
785:
675:
634:Court of Common Pleas
497:
393:civil rights advocate
3375:Frankie Muse Freeman
3139:Benjamin Elijah Mays
2767:Walter Francis White
2671:James Weldon Johnson
2647:Mary Burnett Talbert
2308:. December 2, 1998.
2250:on September 3, 2011
2187:search.amphilsoc.org
2183:"APS Member History"
2095:. January 16, 2009.
2082:, December 30, 1998.
2080:Los Angeles Sentinel
2005:www.encyclopedia.com
1916:, December 16, 1996.
1232:, who survived him.
1177:Luther Standing Bear
1132:Work in South Africa
1041:Higginbotham was an
999:District of Columbia
945:United States Senate
895:phenomenon of age."
771:United States Senate
718:Pamela Jones Harbour
657:Clifford Scott Green
589:Clifford Scott Green
510:Yellow Springs, Ohio
2903:Theodore K. Lawless
2751:Mary McLeod Bethune
2695:Charles W. Chesnutt
2591:Ernest Everett Just
2525:Chief Judge of the
2518:John Joseph Gibbons
2306:The Washington Post
1989:on October 7, 2013.
1410:, January 21, 1999.
885:Robert N.C. Nix Sr.
724:U.S. District Court
714:Mozelle W. Thompson
703:Justice Byron White
644:Richardson Dilworth
638:Philadelphia County
631:Philadelphia County
602:University of Texas
397:federal court judge
102:John Joseph Gibbons
77:Chief Judge of the
3415:Nathaniel R. Jones
3279:Earl G. Graves Sr.
3247:John Hope Franklin
2847:Percy Lavon Julian
2807:A. Philip Randolph
2727:Robert Russa Moton
2428:James Cullen Ganey
2045:Harvard Law Review
1625:The New York Times
1580:Harvard Law Review
1576:Nathaniel R. Jones
1504:The New York Times
1074:Harvard University
1039:
914:
880:
844:North Philadelphia
829:Clifford Alexander
792:
767:James Cullen Ganey
755:recess appointment
678:
573:Richard N. Gardner
477:Rutgers University
267:James Cullen Ganey
37:Higginbotham with
3652:
3651:
3472:
3471:
3455:Cato T. Laurencin
2839:Thurgood Marshall
2815:William H. Hastie
2679:Carter G. Woodson
2544:
2543:
2535:Succeeded by
2505:Succeeded by
2475:Succeeded by
2445:Succeeded by
2043:In Memoriam, 112
1963:on April 25, 2016
1267:in 1994 from the
1243:Awards and honors
1204:President Clinton
1043:adjunct professor
1035:President Clinton
939:vacated by Judge
856:Kerner Commission
825:Clarence Mitchell
765:vacated by Judge
759:Lyndon B. Johnson
732:Robert F. Kennedy
641:District Attorney
606:Thurgood Marshall
597:Sweatt v. Painter
559:Thurgood Marshall
493:Edward C. Elliott
469:Purdue University
386:
385:
359:Purdue University
327:December 14, 1998
310:February 25, 1928
255:Lyndon B. Johnson
3772:
3700:American writers
3499:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3319:Robert L. Carter
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3105:
3097:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2971:Robert C. Weaver
2965:
2963:Kenneth B. Clark
2957:
2949:
2941:
2939:Little Rock Nine
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2895:Paul R. Williams
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2631:W. E. B. Du Bois
2625:
2623:Archibald Grimké
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2538:Dolores Sloviter
2529:
2515:Preceded by
2508:Collins J. Seitz
2499:
2488:Seat established
2485:Preceded by
2469:
2455:Preceded by
2439:
2425:Preceded by
2417:
2416:
2403:Internet Archive
2393:Internet Archive
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2298:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1959:. Archived from
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1929:. May 31, 2014.
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1583:
1572:
1559:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1507:
1506:, July 19, 1991.
1500:
1491:
1488:
1411:
1404:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1361:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1319:. Archived from
1318:
1310:
1251:in 1978 and the
955:, rejecting the
809:Justice Marshall
745:and a committed
729:Attorney General
611:Bachelor of Laws
528:degree in 1949.
526:Bachelor of Arts
451:grammar school.
423:awarded him the
330:
309:
307:
300:
289:Personal details
275:
263:
251:
242:
220:
208:
196:
187:
169:Collins J. Seitz
165:
157:Seat established
153:
145:Warren E. Burger
141:
132:
114:Dolores Sloviter
110:
98:
89:
70:
35:
21:
20:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3537:
3509:
3503:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3439:Patrick Gaspard
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3383:Harry Belafonte
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3108:
3100:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3019:Sammy Davis Jr.
3016:
3008:
3003:John H. Johnson
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2955:Langston Hughes
2952:
2944:
2932:
2924:
2919:Jackie Robinson
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2823:Charles R. Drew
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2791:Louis T. Wright
2788:
2783:Marian Anderson
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2687:Anthony Overton
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2574:
2540:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:Louis H. Pollak
2441:
2434:
2430:
2363:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2290:Wayback Machine
2281:
2277:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2244:"Archived copy"
2242:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1881:Wayback Machine
1872:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1844:www.law.nyu.edu
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1798:Wayback Machine
1788:
1784:
1779:Wayback Machine
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1746:Tablet Magazine
1738:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1617:
1610:
1595:
1586:
1573:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1510:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1414:
1405:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1363:
1362:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1326:on July 4, 2007
1323:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1281:
1245:
1225:
1192:
1155:
1137:consulted with
1134:
1101:
1093:human resources
1059:Yale University
1031:Hillary Clinton
1023:
1015:Sherrilyn Ifill
969:Clarence Thomas
953:Justice Cardozo
872:
870:Judicial career
780:
757:from President
726:
709:assassination.
695:John F. Kennedy
691:Hubert Humphrey
687:
670:
619:
538:Yale Law School
534:
506:Antioch College
465:
433:
372:Yale University
370:
363:Antioch College
361:
332:
328:
311:
305:
303:
302:
301:
298:
279:Louis H. Pollak
273:
261:
249:
243:
238:
218:
206:
194:
188:
183:
163:
151:
139:
133:
128:
108:
96:
90:
85:
71:
66:
46:
45:ceremony, 1995.
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:Judges of the
3502:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3407:Sidney Poitier
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3231:Dorothy Height
3226:
3223:Barbara Jordan
3218:
3210:
3207:Douglas Wilder
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3175:Benjamin Hooks
3170:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3106:
3098:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3035:Jacob Lawrence
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2995:Leontyne Price
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2947:Duke Ellington
2942:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2911:Carl J. Murphy
2906:
2898:
2890:
2887:Harry T. Moore
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2799:Richard Wright
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2607:Harry Burleigh
2602:
2594:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:Spingarn Medal
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:Theodore McKee
2476:
2473:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:Legal offices
2415:
2414:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2362:
2361:External links
2359:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2293:
2275:
2234:
2204:
2174:
2147:
2110:
2084:
2068:
2049:
2036:
2022:
1992:
1974:
1944:
1918:
1903:
1885:
1861:
1831:
1801:
1782:
1763:
1729:
1699:
1685:Archived from
1673:
1642:
1608:
1584:
1560:
1548:
1508:
1492:
1412:
1386:
1337:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1261:Spingarn Medal
1244:
1241:
1224:
1221:
1191:
1188:
1154:
1151:
1146:Nelson Mandela
1139:Nelson Mandela
1133:
1130:
1119:law professor
1100:
1097:
1022:
1019:
1003:Sandile Ngcobo
983:Eleanor Holmes
904:James A. Byrne
871:
868:
821:Andrew Brimmer
779:
776:
747:segregationist
725:
722:
686:
683:
669:
668:Public service
666:
618:
615:
533:
530:
479:; and offered
464:
461:
439:, a suburb of
437:Ewing Township
432:
429:
384:
383:
380:
379:
356:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
331:(aged 70)
325:
321:
320:
313:Ewing Township
297:
295:
291:
290:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
270:
269:
264:
258:
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252:
246:
245:
235:
234:
227:
226:
224:Theodore McKee
221:
215:
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209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
180:
179:
172:
171:
166:
160:
159:
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148:
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142:
136:
135:
125:
124:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
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93:
92:
82:
81:
74:
73:
63:
62:
52:
51:
48:
47:
36:
28:
27:
24:
16:American judge
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3777:
3766:
3763:
3761:
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3756:
3753:
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3681:
3678:
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3668:
3666:
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3660:
3645:
3642:
3640:
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3488:
3486:
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3480:
3477:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3391:Jessye Norman
3387:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3295:Vernon Jordan
3291:
3288:
3287:Oprah Winfrey
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3199:Jesse Jackson
3195:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3131:Coleman Young
3127:
3124:
3123:Rayford Logan
3119:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:Leon Sullivan
3039:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3011:Edward Brooke
3007:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2711:Henry A. Hunt
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2599:Charles Young
2595:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2465:Judge of the
2459:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2435:Judge of the
2429:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2355:0-19-512288-7
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:0-19-502745-0
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2316:September 20,
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
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2287:
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2279:
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2208:
2192:
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2158:
2151:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2047:, 1801, 1810.
2046:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1870:
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1786:
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1776:
1773:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1666:September 10,
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1582:, 1801, 1818.
1581:
1577:
1574:In Memoriam,
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
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1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1223:Personal life
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:Jesse Jackson
1205:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
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1086:
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1079:
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1052:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
975:
970:
965:
963:
962:senior status
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
912:
908:
905:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
876:
867:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
833:Bayard Rustin
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:Whitney Young
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
789:
784:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
730:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
682:
674:
665:
663:
658:
652:
650:
645:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
607:
603:
599:
598:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
555:John W. Davis
552:
548:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Coretta Scott
511:
507:
501:
496:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
460:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
428:
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418:
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410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
381:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
338:Massachusetts
335:
326:
322:
318:
314:
296:
292:
287:
283:
280:
277:
271:
268:
265:
259:
256:
253:
247:
241:
236:
233:
230:Judge of the
228:
225:
222:
216:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
192:
186:
181:
178:
175:Judge of the
173:
170:
167:
161:
158:
155:
149:
146:
143:
137:
131:
126:
123:
118:
115:
112:
106:
103:
100:
94:
88:
83:
80:
75:
69:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3559:Higginbotham
3558:
3520:
3446:
3431:Willie Brown
3422:
3399:Quincy Jones
3367:Cicely Tyson
3343:John Conyers
3254:
3239:Maya Angelou
3215:Colin Powell
3183:Percy Sutton
3154:
3111:Andrew Young
3102:
3074:
3059:Wilson Riles
3051:Gordon Parks
2979:Medgar Evers
2863:Ralph Bunche
2831:Paul Robeson
2774:
2663:Roland Hayes
2523:
2493:
2487:
2463:
2433:
2397:A film clip
2387:A film clip
2370:
2346:
2333:
2328:Bibliography
2314:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2278:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2216:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2129:
2123:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2087:
2079:
2044:
2039:
2013:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1987:the original
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1921:
1913:Jet Magazine
1911:
1906:
1896:
1852:. Retrieved
1843:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1785:
1766:
1756:November 17,
1754:. Retrieved
1745:
1722:February 28,
1720:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:the original
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1655:
1650:LexisNexis.
1645:
1635:February 14,
1633:. Retrieved
1624:
1605:(25): 20–23.
1602:
1598:
1579:
1503:
1407:
1379:December 28,
1377:. Retrieved
1368:
1328:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1308:
1264:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1216:Kweisi Mfume
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1135:
1124:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1099:Publications
1082:
1067:
1040:
980:
972:
966:
933:Jimmy Carter
930:
917:
915:
911:Philadelphia
893:
881:
860:
841:
793:
727:
711:
707:
688:
679:
653:
620:
617:Legal career
595:
593:
566:
547:Tom C. Clark
535:
503:
498:
489:
466:
453:
434:
421:Bill Clinton
388:
387:
329:(1998-12-14)
274:Succeeded by
250:Appointed by
239:
219:Succeeded by
200:Jimmy Carter
195:Appointed by
184:
164:Succeeded by
156:
140:Appointed by
129:
109:Succeeded by
86:
67:
56:Senior Judge
39:Bill Clinton
18:
3670:1998 deaths
3665:1928 births
3463:Jim Clyburn
3359:Julian Bond
3327:Oliver Hill
3163:Tom Bradley
3091:Alvin Ailey
3067:Damon Keith
2987:Roy Wilkins
2935:Daisy Bates
2408:Appearances
2157:"Meet Mike"
1369:www.fjc.gov
926:Rasmea Odeh
922:Paul Borman
813:Roy Wilkins
801:White House
736:Mississippi
409:Article III
401:chief judge
262:Preceded by
207:Preceded by
152:Preceded by
97:Preceded by
3659:Categories
3335:Ben Carson
3303:John Lewis
3263:Carl Rowan
3167:Bill Cosby
3147:Lena Horne
3115:Rosa Parks
3095:Alex Haley
3083:Hank Aaron
2735:Max Yergan
2532:1990–1991
2502:1979–1986
2472:1977–1991
2442:1964–1977
2132:(4): 946.
1824:October 1,
1712:leagle.com
1693:2007-01-27
1301:References
1121:Anita Hill
1055:law school
989:and later
976:Law Review
907:Courthouse
542:moot court
532:Law school
449:segregated
445:New Jersey
317:New Jersey
306:1928-02-25
3594:Silberman
3549:MacKinnon
3533:Tymkovich
3522:Higginson
2759:John Hope
1051:sociology
997:from the
627:law clerk
355:Education
240:In office
185:In office
130:In office
87:In office
68:In office
3639:Sentelle
3629:Cabranes
3569:Northrop
3447:no award
3423:no award
3351:Ruby Dee
3155:no award
3103:no award
3075:no award
2937:and the
2775:no award
2310:Archived
2286:Archived
2264:cite web
2254:April 7,
2227:July 15,
2221:Archived
2197:July 15,
2191:Archived
2167:June 23,
2161:Archived
2140:June 23,
2134:Archived
2097:Archived
2009:Archived
1931:Archived
1877:Archived
1854:June 19,
1848:Archived
1818:Archived
1794:Archived
1775:Archived
1750:Archived
1716:Archived
1660:Archived
1629:Archived
1373:Archived
1279:See also
991:Delegate
579:and the
549:(of the
485:engineer
3634:Tallman
3584:Baldock
3554:Barrett
2579:winners
2369:at the
2349:(1996)
2336:(1978)
2103:May 14,
2015:May 14,
1967:May 14,
1937:May 14,
1330:July 1,
1200:strokes
1061:and of
1045:at the
993:to the
481:tuition
441:Trenton
415:of the
403:of the
58:of the
3644:Miller
3624:Bryson
3619:Arnold
3609:Winter
3579:Warren
3542:Former
3514:Active
3461:2022:
3453:2021:
3445:2020:
3437:2019:
3429:2018:
3421:2017:
3413:2016:
3405:2015:
3397:2014:
3389:2013:
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