A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

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us with 'Hare Krishna', we feel so much warmth and pride. (...) Srila Prabhupada and ISKCON took up this great responsibility of propounding Bhakti Yoga to the world. He worked to connect Bhakti Vedanta with the consciousness of the world. This was no ordinary task. He started a global mission like ISKCON at the age of about 70, when people become inactive. This is a huge inspiration for our society and for every person. (...) Prabhupada Swami remained active for his resolutions from his childhood till his whole life. When Prabhupada ji went to America by sea, he was almost empty-pocket; he had only Gita and Shrimad Bhagwat! During the journey, he suffered heart attacks twice. When he reached New York, he did not have any arrangements for food and no place to stay. But what the world saw in the next 11 years, in the words of revered Atal ji, it was nothing less than a miracle.

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have already retired, he began a whole new phase of his life by coming to the United States and initiating this movement. He began simply, with only a handful of disciples. Eventually he planted this movement deeply in the North American soil, throughout other parts of the European-dominated world, and beyond. Although I didn't know him personally, the fact that we now have in the West a vigorous, disciplined, and seemingly well-organized movement–not merely a philosophical movement or a yoga or meditation movement, but a genuinely religious movement--introducing the form of devotion to God that he taught, is a stunning accomplishment. So when I say “one in a million,” I think that's in some ways an underestimate. Perhaps he was one in a hundred million.

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silent, while others invoke context or argue that Prabhupada is being unfairly quoted due to negative biases. Still, others are willing to differentiate between his statements they deem "absolute" and those they consider "relative", acknowledging that some teachings may be contingent on the circumstances of Prabhupada's life before coming to the US. However, some followers view this approach as "exceedingly risky", questioning who has the authority to determine which teachings are relative and which are not. Therefore, Broo concludes, this issue is "not likely to be resolved soon".

6542:"If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON.... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century". 4934: 4272:, Hopkins says, cannot be done mechanically. The translator has to understand the spirit and the experience that lie behind the text. Where Prabhupada’s translations expand the text, they do so “for the sake of making the meaning more clear, rather than obscuring it”. Hopkins says, “Writing a commentary is not a merely intellectual or academic exercise—it has a practical goal: to engage people with a living spiritual tradition”. Prabhupada, he says, brings the meaning of the text out of the past and into the present, giving it meaning in terms of people’s lives. 6524:, and of Chaitanya’s teachings were the center of his own devotional life and of his education of his new American devotees. His insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and his interpretation of them continues to be a source of unrest within ISKCON, and certainly between ISKCON and its surrounding culture.... In one respect, it was the authenticity of Prabhupada’s Krishna faith and practice that enticed new converts to ISKCON and also caused the society to stand out in contrast, and even opposition, to western religious and cultural values". 1013: 1417: 4570:, the path of Krishna Consciousness, allows transcendence beyond gender distinctions. Knott emphasizes that, according to Prabhupada, women devotees, regardless of their gender, possess equal potential for spiritual advancement and service to Krishna. She further commends Prabhupada for opening up the Hare Krishna movement to women, despite cultural norms and traditional prescriptions. In this way, she writes, Prabhupada took time, place, and circumstance into account and acted in the spirit of Krishna consciousness, “in the manner of 1638: 3775: 4602:

taken from a transcript”. However, Broo concludes that this behavior does not clear Prabhupada from responsibility for his more radical of his politically incorrect statements. Another scholar of religion, Fred Smith, suggests that some of Prabhupada's statements (such as those concerning Hitler) “must be understood in the context of the intellectual and political culture in which he matured” — specifically that of mid-twentieth-century Bengal, brewing with anti-colonialist nationalism championed by such figures as

1133: 3245: 5791: 2098:, in which everything is seen as simultaneously, inconceivably one with the Absolute — that is, with Krishna — and yet different. By way of analogy, Prabhupada gives the example that heat is in one sense identical with the fire from which it emerges and yet the two are different — when sitting in a fire’s warmth, we are not burning in the fire itself. This “oneness and difference” accounts for the oneness of an Absolute Truth that includes limitless varieties. 20446: 3012:). But because of contact with the “inferior energy” since time immemorial, the divine nature of the living beings has been covered, and subjecting the living beings in this world to ignorance, suffering, and repeated birth and death. In each life the living beings struggle against birth and death, disease and old age. While trying to control and enjoy the resources of nature, the living beings increasingly suffer from entanglement in nature’s complexities. 4696:

members, including once-respected former leaders. Concerns have been expressed about the movement's adaptability to modern values, especially concerning gender roles and societal norms. And although ISKCON has benefited from the support and participation of a large and growing number of Indian families in its congregations outside India, the “Hinduization” of ISKCON has in many places tended to diminish the involvement of other audiences.

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take Chaitanya's message seriously, an argument that Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati effectively countered. Convinced by Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Abhay accepted the instruction to spread the message of Chaitanya in English, and it was in pursuing this order from Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati that he later traveled to New York. Many years later he recalled: "I immediately accepted him as spiritual master. Not formally, but in my heart".

4096:, the magazine Prabhupada founded, in multiple languages. Between 1973 and 1977, Prabhupada’s followers distributed several million books and other pieces of Krishna conscious literature every year in shopping malls, airports, and other public locations in the United States and worldwide. As of 2023, his books had been translated into eighty-seven languages. In 2022, the BBT printed more than two million pieces of literature. 2128: 4654:, making these texts accessible to a global audience. His commentaries brought the traditional wisdom of these writings into a contemporary context, making possible a deeper comprehension of their spiritual meaning and its practical application in one’s life. Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Prabhupada's preaching achievements are viewed as the fulfillment of a mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world. 26623: 1740: 26611: 4458:

This prompted Prabhupada to suspend the entire GBC "until further notice", establish direct lines of communication with each temple's leaders, and re-emphasize spiritual purity, the selfless and voluntary nature of devotional life, and the exemplary conduct befitting ISKCON leaders. This, he said, is what he wanted, not corporate bureaucracy and excessive centralization. (He later unsuspended the GBC).

4492:-dominated GBC passed resolutions severely restricting the role of women and families in ISKCON. After hearing from both sides, Prabhupada came down against this type of discrimination, calling it “fanaticism”, and had the GBC undo the resolutions. Prabhupada said, "I cannot discriminate — man, woman, child, rich, poor, educated, or foolish. Let them all come, and let them take Krishna consciousness". 4782: 4281:

and then guide his Governing Body Commission to see to ISKCON's global management. He often had to intervene when clashes and controversies within ISKCON grew out of hand. He had to sort out difficulties faced by individual disciples, ensure a proper understanding of his teachings, and, more broadly, transplant an entire cultural movement. He also faced challenges from the outside world.

4780: 26599: 4785: 4784: 4779: 3529:“Prabhupāda explained that although omnipresent, Kṛṣṇa makes himself perceivable and hence worshipable through material elements which are, after all, his own ‘energies.’ Based on this reasoning one should understand the image of Kṛṣṇa to be ‘Kṛṣṇa personally,’ appearing in a way quite suitable for our vision,’ that is, perceivable by ordinary persons with ordinary powers of sight”. 4786: 26587: 1151: 4783: 4238:, regulating one’s sexual activity, offering food to Krishna, and following a vegetarian diet. And so: “Swami Bhaktivedanta is more interested in expounding the principles of Krishna consciousness than in merely explicating the text at hand”. In one instance cited, “the text recommends one thing and Bhaktivedanta Swami cancels that and offers the 677:). His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, named him Abhay Charan, meaning "one who is fearless, having taken shelter of Lord Krishna's lotus feet". Following Indian tradition, Abhay's father invited an astrologer, who predicted that at the age of seventy, Abhay would cross the ocean, become a famous religious teacher, and open 108 1824:

six thousand letters, many now collected and kept in the Bhaktivedanta Archives. Besides receiving reports of accomplishments, he also had to deal through correspondence with almost daily setbacks, perplexities, quarrels, and failures. He tried to correct or resolve these as much as he could and kept on advancing his movement.

3600:, who had specifically encouraged writing and publishing, at one meeting told Prabhupada: If you ever get money, print books. So regardless of how busy or sometimes unwell Prabhupada might have been, he remained focused on producing books. Prabhupada slept little, waking at 1:00 am every night to translate and comment on the 3897:, written by Prabhupada in Vrindavan in 1961, before he went to the West, but published only after his death. The book is a treatment of one chapter (chapter twenty) of the tenth canto. Prabhupada composed forty-eight commentaries for the chapter’s verses. The book is accordingly illustrated with forty-eight paintings. 4904:), where a residence built to host Prabhupada during his occasional visits evolved into the elaborate Prabhupada's Palace of Gold. After opening to the public in 1979, two years after Prabhupada’s death, the memorial site is now a place of worship and an attraction for pilgrims and tourists, listed in America’s 3040: 3030:

being, Prabhupada taught, is an eternal loving relationship with that Absolute, or Krishna, and when that loving relationship is revived, the living being resumes its natural eternal and joyful life. This eternal service in devotion to Krishna, rendered by one freed from all material designation, is called

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and the Bhaktivedanta Research Center jointly established the "A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award" to commemorate Prabhupada's student years at the college, meant to recognize both the most meritorious student for outstanding academic achievements and a faculty member for exceptional

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Kim Knott writes that scholars describe Prabhupada as a charismatic spiritual leader and emphasize his “humanity” and “uniqueness”. Prabhupada’s missionary successes in such a short period, and at such an advanced age, she writes, are extolled by scholars using terms such as “stunning”, “remarkable”,

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Similarly, scholar of religion Akshay Gupta observes that Prabhupada did not regard his black disciples as lower or "untouchables", displaying to some of them the same or even greater degree of affection than to his followers of other ethnicities. Another scholar of religion Mans Broo adds that when

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But what some scholars might see as faults, others see as virtues. Thomas Hopkins sees Prabhupada’s translations and purports as successfully conveying the meaning of the text precisely because Prabhupada draws upon the commentaries of his predecessors and brings to his work the understandings of his

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Despite the measures Prabhupada took to organize the management of his movement, his death caused a crisis of authority in ISKCON that destabilized the organization and became a turning point in its development. The succession process was beset by conflicts, with disagreements persisting for decades.

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ji saw that potential in him and instructed him to take the thought and philosophy of India to the world. Srila Prabhupada ji made this command of his Guru his mission, and the result of his efforts is visible in every corner of the world today. (...) When we visit any country and when people greet

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Some people say my government is opposed to globalisation. But let me say I am all in favour of the globalisation of the message of the Bhagavad Gita. ... What we need today is the application on a national scale of the work-related ideology of the Bhagavad Gita. This will create a new work culture,

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If today the Bhagavad Gita is printed in millions of copies in scores of Indian languages and distributed in all nooks and corners of the world, the credit for this great sacred service goes chiefly to ISKCON. ... For this one accomplishment alone, Indians should be eternally grateful to the devoted

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praised devotees for their work towards 'the globalisation of the Gita'. He cited the rapid spread of the movement as proof of 'the disillusionment of leading western minds' with 'materialist ideologies that are incapable of satisfying the real needs of man'. For the Hare Krishnas, long dismissed as

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Broo also notes that scholarly analyses attribute some of such statements to Prabhupada's "flair for drama and overstatement" — particularly noting his penchant for making politically incorrect remarks to reporters and adding, “It is difficult to decide how seriously any single remark is meant to be

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In Prabhupada’s efforts to establish and expand Krishna consciousness, some of the difficulties he faced were internal to his new and growing movement. He had to train disciples unaccustomed to Vaishnava culture and philosophy and engage them in furthering his Hare Krishna movement; he had to set up

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As for competing interpretations: “Bhaktivedanta often seeks to show the superiority of the Vaishnava position and the error of other positions”. “The position that is attacked with the most regularity and vigor is that of Advaita Vedanta,” “the system of thought that is commonly used to provide the

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has said, “Making these Vaiṣṇava texts available is one of Śrīla Prabhupāda’s greatest contributions. Apart from the masses, his books have also reached well into academic circles and have spurred academic interest in the Caitanya tradition”. Further, he says, “The significance of making these texts

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to supply an authentic interpretation from an Indian devotional tradition”. It is “by far the most widely distributed of all English Gita translations”. In 2015 Davis wrote, “The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust estimates that twenty-three million copies of Prabhupada’s translation have been sold, including

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Early in the movement, Prabhupada had guided his students personally, but later, as the movement rapidly expanded, he relied more on letters and his secretaries. By giving his students instructions, advice, and encouragement, he ensured a “strong paternal presence” in their lives. He wrote more than

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Broo notes that Prabhupada's followers continue to grapple with his controversial statements — which paint "a picture of a not very pleasant man, one far removed from the Gaudiya Vaishnava ideals described in the classical texts of the tradition" — and respond to them in different ways: Some remain

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Outspoken and uncompromising as he was in the way he presented Krishna’s teachings, in India, as elsewhere, Prabhupada found himself battling with opposing views of all sorts. Therefore another challenge came from Prabhupada’s consistent rejection of the common Hindu notion of caste by birth. Since

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In 1970 Prabhupada established a Governing Body Commission (GBC), then consisting of twelve leading disciples, to oversee ISKCON’s activities around the world and to serve as ISKCON’s ultimate managing authority. In 1977, four months before his death, he appointed eleven senior disciples to perform

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In 1918, while in college, Abhay, as arranged by his father, married Radharani Datta, also from an aristocratic family. They had five children over the course of their marriage. After graduation from college, Abhay began a career in pharmaceuticals and later opened his own pharmaceutical company in

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It is as if millions of minds are bound by one emotion and millions of bodies are connected by one common consciousness! This is the Krishna consciousness which has been spread by Prabhupada Swami ji to the entire world. (...) Prabhupada Swami was not only a supernatural devotee of Krishna, but he

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There aren't many people you can think of who successfully implant a whole religious tradition in a completely alien culture. That's a rare achievement in the history of religion. In his case it's even all the more remarkable for his having done this at such an advanced age. When most people would

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When the meeting took place, Bhaktisiddhanta said to Abhay, "You are an educated young man. Why don't you take the message of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and spread it in English?" However, Abhay, according to his own later account, argued that India first needed to become independent before anyone would

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has written that in the twelve years between Prabhupada’s arrival in America and his demise, Prabhupada “managed to build ISKCON into an institution comprising thousands of dedicated members, establish Caitanya Vaishnava temples in most of the world’s major cities, and publish numerous volumes of

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notes that Prabhupada’s personal example in dealings with his earliest women disciples was "far more important". Their collective personal experiences, Rochford observes, portray Prabhupada’s "respectful attitude and behavior toward his women disciples" and his empowerment for the same rights and

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In 1972, without consulting Prabhupada, eight of the twelve members of the GBC held a meeting in New York aimed at centralizing control of ISKCON's activities and finances. Their plans would have lessened Prabhupada's own oversight and set aside his emphasis on the autonomy of each ISKCON center.

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Until the mid-1970s the attitude of the Western public towards Prabhupada and his movement was cordial. News reports described Hare Krishna devotees, their beliefs, and their religious practices in a spirit of curiosity. By the mid-1970s this changed. The rapidly expanding Hare Krishna movement —

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Nor does Prabhupada only criticize “impersonalists”. Rather, “Scholars in particular come under Swami Bhaktivedanta’s condemnation because they are merely ‘mental speculators’”. In Prabhupada’s view, Baird says, “Since these scholars are not surrendered to Krishna, they are not Krishna conscious;

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commemorative coin on the occasion of Prabhupada's 125th birth anniversary, Prime Minister Modi also praised Prabhupada for his efforts “to give India’s most priceless treasure to the world”, describing Prabhupada's accomplishments in spreading the thought and philosophy of India to the world as

1998:. Though the Absolute Truth is one, he taught, that one Absolute is progressively realized in these three features according to one’s level of spiritual advancement. In the initial stage the Absolute is realized as Brahman, in a more advanced stage as Paramatma, and at the most advanced stage as 4695:

But Prabhupada's legacy also faces scrutiny on various fronts. Criticisms have emerged regarding the movement's organizational structure, controversies have arisen surrounding continuity of leadership after his passing, and misdeeds and even criminal acts have been committed by some ISKCON

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The most detailed critical analysis by a Western, non-Hindu scholar comes from historian of religion Robert D. Baird. Baird takes upon himself the task of not merely seeing Prabhupada as “an authentic proponent of Vaishnavism” but of examining as an academic scholar the way Prabhupada reads the

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contains the words of Krishna, and Krishna is the ‘Supreme Personality of Godhead.’” In Prabhupada’s view, other translations lack authority because the translators use them to express their own opinions rather than the message of Krishna. In contrast, Prabhupada saw his task in presenting what

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Prabhupada taught that the living beings can be freed from illusion, and from their entire material predicament, by recognizing that they are tiny but eternal parts of Krishna and that their natural engagement lies in serving Krishna, just as a hand serves the body. Dormant within every living

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are now part of the culture in ways that the average person couldn't have imagined some 20 or 25 years ago. ... ISKCON communities offer premarital counseling, interfaith activities, social-service programs and baby-sitting—just the kind of institutional structure that many early converts were

6377:(2012) pp 75–76. Goswami leaves Sinha’s critique aside on the grounds that it is “clearly a sectarian polemic rather than an academic study” and for a rebuttal points us to Gerald Surya’s review of Sinha’s "A critique of A.C. Bhaktivedanta" in ISKCON Communications Journal, 7:2, December 1999, 5807:

Various ISKCON-related schools and other institutions have been named after Srila Prabhupada, including the Bhaktivedanta Research Centre in Kolkata, which holds a full collection of the works of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati as well as publications from the first twenty years of the Gaudiya Math.

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Prabhupada’s tradition constantly makes the point that “association with saints inspires saintliness, association with devotees inspires devotion. The association of genuine devotees can exert a powerful effect upon one's consciousness”. And so when Prabhupada incorporated ISKCON, its founding

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his followers had to vow to follow four “regulative principles”: no illicit sex (that is, sex outside of marriage), no eating of meat, fish, or eggs, no intoxicants (including drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, and even coffee and tea), and no gambling. New initiates also vowed to daily chant sixteen

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In India Prabhupada’s movement has become a well-respected institution, with recognition at all levels of Hindu society. ISKCON has large temple complexes active in cities like Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Kolkata. ISKCON’s center in Mayapur has become an Eastern Indian place of

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background, became members of the GBC and found themselves running a worldwide institution. Preaching sometimes started giving way to revenue production; gender issues arose; leaders sometimes fell, and scandals broke out. Bureaucracy intruded on spontaneity, and many members left. As much as

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has inspired generations of artists, dramatists, musicians, poets, singers, writers, dancers, sculptors, architects and temple-patrons across the centuries. Its stories are well known to every Hindu household across the length and breadth of the Indian subcontinent, and celebrated in regional

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and other texts. During the day he would give attention to guiding disciples and seeing to the affairs of his international society and its temples, and very early in the morning, while most people were asleep, he did most of his writing “because even with his age and uncertain health, he was

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but an ancient mantra that awakened spiritual bliss in the hearts of people listening to and repeating it. Seventy thousand copies of the record sold on the first day. It rose to number 11 on the British charts, and Prabhupada’s students performed live four times on the BBC’s popular TV show

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As spiritual beings, belonging to the “superior energy”, the living beings are different from their material bodies: the body may be male or female, young or old, white or black, American or Indian, but the living being within the body is beyond what he called these “material designations”.

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To leave India, Bhaktivedanta Swami had many hurdles to overcome. He needed a sponsor in America, official approvals in India, and a ticket for his travel. After significant difficulties he managed to secure the needed sponsorship and approvals. He then approached one of his well-wishers,

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Two weeks before his death on 1 January 1937, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati wrote a letter to Abhay urging him to teach Gaudiya Vaishnavism in English. After Bhaktisiddhanta passed away, the unified mission of the Gaudiya Math broke down as a battle for power broke out between his senior

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spiritual army of Swami Prabhupada's followers. The voyage of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada to the United States in 1965 and the spectacular popularity his movement gained in a very short spell of twelve years must be regarded as one of the greatest spiritual events of the century.

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say, there is only the Absolute Truth and nothing else, we need some way to account for the existence of living beings, with all their differences, and the world, with all its many colors, forms, sounds, aromas, and so on. Prabhupada responds by referencing a statement from the

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and Ekstrand comment, “Questionable fund-raising tactics, confrontational attitudes to mainstream authorities, and an isolationist mentality, coupled with the excesses of neophyte proselytizing zeal, brought public disapproval” — something that Prabhupada had to deal with too.

4967:. The monument was created in two parts — one depicting Prabhupada’s departure for America, the other his arrival. After the monument was unveiled, the “departure” part was installed at the ISKCON temple in Kolkata, the “arrival” part in front of the ISKCON temple in Boston. 3559:

feast for the public has always been a program at all of ISKCON centers. Prabhupada wrote, “The Hare Krishna Movement is based on the principle: chant Hare Krishna mantra at every moment, both inside and outside of the temples, and, as far as possible, distribute prasadam".

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Prabhupada completed his translation in 1974, within two years, and it was published in seventeen volumes, again with verse-by-verse text, transliteration, word meanings, translation and commentary. He based his commentary on the Bengali commentaries of his predecessors

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After the unification of the Church of Scotland in 1929, the institution became known as Scottish Church College. "Sen, Asit and John Abraham. Glimpses of college history, 2008 (1980). Retrieved on 2009-10-03" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2023.

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before completing full translations and commentaries “expresses both an urgency that Prabhupāda felt in transmitting these works as essential sacred texts and the weightiness that each of these three foundational texts possessed within the tradition that Prabhupāda

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attracted many new adherents and was a turning point in his movement’s history, marking the beginning of rapid growth. To gain attention and raise funds, his disciples organized a two-hour concert with kirtan led by Bhaktivedanta Swami and rock performances by the

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and sought to imitate the West. Therefore, the appearance on Indian soil of American and European Hare Krishna devotees who had rejected Western materialism and embraced Indian spiritual culture “caused nothing less than a sensation among the modernizing (i.e.

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notes, in the 1970s Hare Krishna devotees became increasingly active in selling their literature and collecting donations from the public, so they were sharply criticized for what was seen as harassing people for money at airports and other public places. As

1666: 794:. In 1920, Abhay graduated from college with a specialization in English, philosophy, and economics. He successfully passed the final exams, but as a sign of opposition to British rule he refused to take part in the graduation ceremony and receive a diploma. 4950: 4942: 4436:

disciple openly disregarded Prabhupada’s instructions to him and twisted core tenets of Prabhupada’s teachings. This foreshadowed succession problems and issues of authority that Prabhupada’s movement would face both during Prabhupada’s presence and after.

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Having achieved some success in the West, in 1970 Prabhupada directed his attention especially to India, with the hope of turning India back toward its original spiritual sensibilities. He came back to India with a party of Western disciples — ten American

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In 1972 Prabhupada founded the Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT), which manages the international publishing and distribution of his writings. Apart from his major works, the BBT publishes various paperbacks derived from his lectures. The BBT also publishes

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Prabhupada taught that because Krishna is personally present as the deity (the term Prabhupada used for such a form), worshiping the deity helps one develop loving exchanges with Krishna. Prabhupada installed deities in ISKCON temples around the world.

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While working to establish his movement, Prabhupada had to deal with problems caused even by leading disciples, who, monks or not, could still hold on to intellectual baggage, disdain for authority, and ambitions for power. In 1968 Prabhupada's first

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here is a growing sense that the Hare Krishnas are forming a useful bridge to Britain's Indian community - and at the same time becoming reasonable and articulate exponents to the English of the Vedic way. Perhaps the Hare Krishnas are coming of

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with four pillars holding a canopy took the place of Puri’s three huge ornate wooden vehicles. He would later establish this annual festival in major cities around the world, with big vehicles —“chariots” — and thousands of people taking part.

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and Maria Ekstrand, sought to include in the book “a wide range of voices”, including those not only of well-credentialed academics but also of current ISKCON members and of former members (in the editors’ words, the movement’s “most vocal”

1673:, a twenty-three-year-old Muscovite. Pinyaev, who went on to become the first Soviet Hare Krishna devotee, met Prabhupada through the son of an Indian diplomat stationed in Moscow. Prabhupada’s assistant gave Pinyaev a copy of Prabhupada’s 1240:

Bhaktivedanta Swami had no support or acquaintances in the United States except the Agarwals, an Indian-American family, who, although strangers to him, had agreed to sponsor his visa. Upon reaching New York, he took a bus to the town of

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E. Burke Rochford writes in his Foreword to one volume, “For scholars and students of religion the material presented represents a critically important historical record”. Foreword to A Transcendental Diary: November 1975–April 1976, p.

3589:. Yet with a broader outlook he wrote one disciple, “herever you remain, if you are fully absorbed in your transcendental work in Krishna consciousness, that place is eternally Vrindaban. It is the consciousness that creates Vrindaban”. 16307: 4566:, a religious studies scholar, extensively discusses Prabhupada’s statements about women. Describing her perspective in relation to ISKCON as that of an “outsider” and a “western feminist”, she highlights Prabhupada's firm belief that 894:, lecturing, writing, and bringing others to the Math. At the end of 1936, he visited Vrindavan, where he again met Bhaktisiddhanta, who told him, "If you ever get money, print books", an instruction that would inform his life's work. 1337:

With his small band of followers in a little storefront, he was already sharing a vision of spreading “Krishna consciousness” around the world. He asked them to help, for example, by typing his manuscripts for the second canto of the

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whether it is explicitly mentioned in that verse of the Gītā or not”. In this way, he reads “Krishna consciousness” even into portions of the text where Krishna is not explicitly mentioned. Prabhupada cites later passages in the

3620:. From 1970 on, his literary output slowed only slightly due to the demands of his expanding Hare Krishna movement. His task, as scholars have observed, was not merely to translate the text but to translate an entire tradition. 653:. Decades after his death, Prabhupada's teachings and the Society he established continue to be influential, with some scholars and Indian political leaders calling him one of the most successful propagators of Hinduism abroad. 2979:

Among Krishna’s energies, Prabhupada taught, the ingredients of this world collectively belong to Krishna’s “inferior energy” — inferior in that, being inert matter, it lacks consciousness. But superior to inert matter are the

4392:, many Indians were surprised to see Westerners adopting Indian modes of worship and devotion. Some local people, including even some Indian officials, suspected that the American devotees must be undercover operatives of the 16955:

was also a great devotee of Bharat. (...) Srila Prabhupada Swami always used to say that he is traveling in the countries because he wants to give India's most priceless treasure to the world. (...) Swami ji's revered Guruji

4316:

Prabhupada instructed his disciples to fight these charges, among other ways by entering his books into evidence. Meanwhile, two hundred scholars signed a document defending ISKCON as an authentic Indian missionary movement.

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that is held to be the site of Krishna’s rural “pastimes” on earth and therefore conducive to constant remembrance of Krishna. Prabhupada accordingly brought his disciples on pilgrimage to Vrindavan and there established the

3342:, he had taught, can be done by anyone, anywhere, at any time, and without hard-and-fast rules. Because the names of Krishna are “transcendental sounds”, identical with Krishna himself, the chanting is spiritually uplifting. 3209:

Moreover, devotional qualifications always supersede material ones. Following Chaitanya, who challenged the caste system and undercut hierarchical power structures, Prabhupada taught that anyone could take to the practice of

18700: 1683:

in the Soviet Union. Pinyaev showed a great interest in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, accepted initiation from Prabhupada, and did much to ignite interest in Krishna consciousness in the Soviet Union. Pinyaev was later imprisoned in

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attributes the conflict between Prabhupada's teachings and western cultural values to "'s insistence on the infallibility of the Krishna scriptures and (...) the authenticity of Prabhupada’s Krishna faith and practice".

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In 2013 Rochford wrote, “he fact that ISKCON has survived for nearly 50 years, despite significant change, is a testament to the devotees’ resilience and to the power of Prabhupada’s teachings and vision for ISKCON”.

3078:

Prabhupada crusaded against what he called “impersonalism” — that is, the idea that ultimately the Supreme has no form, qualities, activities, or personal attributes. In this way he stood opposed to the teachings of

1834:

Traveling constantly to lecture and tend to his disciples, Prabhupada circled the world fourteen times in ten years. He opened more than one hundred temples and dozens of farm communities and restaurants, as well as

4268:

entire tradition. Moreover, Hopkins says, Prabhupada does this in such a way that the entire text becomes comprehensible to a modern reader, not only theoretically but practically. Translations of such texts as the

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essential metaphysical misconception”. So Prabhupada strongly opposed impersonalistic views wherever he encountered them and asserted the eternal personal existence of the Absolute and of all living beings. Where

4384:

In India, Prabhupada faced a special set of challenges. He had much to accomplish there, but his American and European disciples were inexperienced in how to get things done in India and even how to live there.

438: 881:

Over the next three years, whenever Abhay was able to visit Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in Calcutta or Vrindavan, Abhay would carefully listen to his spiritual master. In 1935, Abhay moved for business reasons to

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language, it runs to more than 15,000 verses and “is regarded as the most authoritative work on Śrī Caitanya”, a work of “rare merit”, with “no parallel in the whole of Bengali literature”. Scholar of religion

3669:

were barely adequate and very hard to get hold of”. Prabhupada, Hopkins says, “made these and other texts available in a way that they never were before” and “made the tradition itself accessible to the West”.

3348: 711:

Gour Mohan was a middle-income merchant and had his own fabric and clothing store. He was related to the rich and aristocratic Mullik mercantile family, who had been trading in gold and salt for centuries.

4598:

Prabhupada speaks about castes, he referred to an envisioned “ideal society” in which people would be divided into different occupational groups “based not on hereditary but on individual qualifications”.

16548: 1972:, Prabhupada taught that the supreme truth, or Absolute Truth, is the one unlimited, undivided spiritual entity that is the source of all. That Absolute Truth, he taught, is realized in three phases: as 17867: 20682: 4559:

views, asserting that "women cannot properly utilize freedom and it is better for them to be dependent", stating that they are "generally not very intelligent", and "in general should not be trusted".

1539:), and so the group was invited to perform in a number of European countries.The next year, 1970, Harrison produced with Prabhupada’s disciples another hit single, “Govinda”, and in May 1971 the album 4665:(AD 788‒820) and the idea of “the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman”, Prabhupada rejected Advaita Vedanta and coherently argued that the Absolute is ultimately the 496:" to the world. Born as Abhay Charan De and later legally named Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami, he is often referred to as "Bhaktivedanta Swami", "Srila Prabhupada", or simply "Prabhupada". 26673: 1320:

meditative “rounds” of the Hare Krishna 'mantra' (that is, to complete sixteen circuits of chanting the mantra on a 108-bead strand). During the first year in New York, he initiated nineteen people.

1308:

reported the event: “Swami’s Flock Chants in Park to Find Ecstasy; 50 Followers Clap and Sway to Hypnotic Music at East Side Ceremony”. He slowly gained a following, mainly from young people of the

16924: 3019:

When we falsely identify with these bodies, he taught, we are under the influence of maya, or illusion. Only when this illusion is dispelled can the soul become liberated from material existence.

4376:, through mismanagement these schools became like orphanages. After Prabhupada's departure it came to light that physical and sexual abuse occurred within these schools due to lack of oversight. 4052:

of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, is a cause for celebration among both scholars in Indian Studies and lay-people seeking to enrich their knowledge of Indian spirituality”.

4036:

Before Srila Prabhupada’s translation, the work in English was simply unavailable. After Prabhupada’s edition came out, scholar J. Bruce Long wrote, “The appearance of an English translation of

1470:, began singing Hare Krishna regularly on London streets and at once attracted attention. Soon newspapers carried headlines like “Krishna Chant Startles London” and “Happiness is Hare Krishna”. 1115:(Bhagavata Purana), the foundational text of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. With great effort and struggle, he finally succeeded to translate, produce, raise funds for, and print the first of its twelve 955:

presenting the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He single-handedly wrote, edited, financed, published, and distributed the magazine, which is still published and distributed by his followers.

440: 1827:

Wherever he was, he took an hour-long early-morning walk, which became a time for disciples to ask questions and receive personal guidance. On returning from his walk, he lectured daily on the

4634:

By explaining the teachings of bhakti yoga and Gaudiya Vaishnavism and arousing interest in them worldwide, Prabhupada made a lasting contribution. Through his writings and his movement, many

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single-minded and fundamentalist. Sanskrit scholar A.L. Herman concurs. Another scholar, K. P. Sinha, takes exception to Prabhupada’s “misinterpretations and unkind remarks” directed toward

4400:

Prabhupada, like his predecessors, insisted that anyone, from any race or nation, could become spiritually purified and fit to perform the duties of priests, he faced opposition from Hindu

16620: 3089:, had generally provided the framework for Western understandings of Hinduism, and the “steady procession of Hindu swamis” who came to America generally aligned themselves with Shankara’s 1744: 558:

consisting of names of Krishna, and adopting a life of devotional service to Krishna. As part of these practices, Prabhupada required that his initiated students strictly refrain from non-

4246:

structure for Western understandings of ‘Hinduism’”, whose advocates Prabhupada calls Mayavadins, impersonalists, or monists. For Advaita Vedanta he reserves his strongest condemnations.

1902:, spiritual lineages are integral to each tradition, and a teacher is mandated to maintain theological fidelity by transmitting knowledge as given in the lineage. Prabhupada comes in the 16531: 4114:, knowledge, is spread, proper doctrines are made known, people come closer to reality”. Other academics, too, have applauded Prabhupada’s publications as his most significant legacy. 3727:

and word-for-word gloss, followed by his translation and a commentary, or “purport”. Scholar of religion Richard H. Davis comments that this was “the first English translation of the

2084:

that the Absolute Truth has varied energies. As a fire located in one place gives off heat and light throughout a room, the Absolute Truth fills the world with every sort of variety.

6510:

writes: "Perhaps Prabhupada’s piousness centering upon his deep faith in Krishna was both his greatest strength and the source of ISKCON’s most consistent tension in America. As an

5719:

The Bhaktivedanta Archives, in North Carolina, serves as a repository for Srila Prabhupada’s manuscripts and letters, for photographs of Srila Prabhupada, and for audio recordings.

3759:“stands out by reason of its literary excellence, the organization that it brings to its vast material, and the effect that it has had on later writers”. Praising the poetry of the 1890:

Nonetheless, by 2023 nearly one hundred disciples and grand-disciples in succession from Prabhupada were serving as initiating gurus in his branch of the Gaudiya Vaishnava lineage.

15416: 4500:

In the course of his preaching work in the West, Prabhupada made controversial statements that criticized various ideals of modern society or spoke offensively of certain groups.

17824: 6276: 2057:, are “nondifferent” from Krishna; they are the same Personality of Godhead, appearing in different roles. The form of Krishna is the original and the most complete form. In the 4256:

system ”. Prabhupada “seldom engages in the kind of argumentation that scholars are accustomed to when deciding between alternative positions”. Instead he takes a position as a

3890:

Prabhupada himself inspired artists among his disciples to provide the text with profuse full-color illustrations. Such illustrations became a feature of nearly all his books.

4446:, divine appearances of God, Prabhupada from the very beginning of his preaching called himself only a servant or representative of God. But in 1970 four of Prabhupada’s early 19918: 4908:. Other rooms ‌in which Prabhupada stayed while in Vrindavan, Mumbai, Los Angeles, London, Melbourne and several other places around the world have been preserved as museums. 4819:

praised the "compassion that drove Srila Prabhupada to attempt something so brave and so daring to deliver the message of Lord Chaitanya and the Holy Name to all of mankind".

1831:, often reading from the portion of the manuscript he was working on. Every afternoon he met with disciples or with dignitaries and leaders from various parts of his mission. 4206:. Swami Bhaktivedanta not only treats specific texts in a way that would be unusual among Western scholars, but he sees specific texts in the light of the Vedas in general”. 16088:"Birthplace of Gaudiya Mission and Iskcon reopens as a temple-cum-museum: The single-storeyed stucture spread over eight cottahs at Gauribari Lane off Raja Dinendra Street" 16748: 12186:

Brown, Sara Black (2021), "From Meditation to Bliss: Achieving the Heights of Progressive Spiritual Energy through Kirtan Singing in American Gaudiya Vaishnava Hinduism",

4699:

Nonetheless, Prabhupada's influence endures through his writings and ISKCON's ongoing activities. Despite significant setbacks, the movement he started continues to grow.

4306:” to kidnap them and “free them from the cult”. “Deprogrammings” typically involved days or weeks of isolation, browbeating, and intense verbal haranguing and harassment. 1496:. For the recording, the disciples called themselves “The Radha Krishna Temple”. Harrison told a press conference convened by Apple that the Hare Krishna mantra was not a 1183:, to ask for free passage to America on one of her cargo ships. Because of his age, she at first tried to dissuade him. Finally she relented and granted him a ticket on a 16593: 6564:. Claire C. Robison describes the Archives, though not by name, in “ISKCON–Christian Encounters,” Chapter 16 in The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations. p=194 4949:

On August 13, 2015, the fiftieth anniversary of Prabhupada’s departure from Kolkata to the United States, a two-meter-high bronze monument, created by Ukrainian sculptor

20390: 17492: 1260:, where he converted a store-front curiosity shop at 26 Second Avenue with the serendipitous name “Matchless Gifts” into a small temple. There he offered classes on the 4450:

announced at a large ISKCON gathering that Prabhupada’s followers had failed to recognize that Prabhupada was actually Krishna, God himself. Prabhupada expelled those

3658:, Prabhupada made important texts accessible to the Western world that were simply not accessible before. Hopkins says, “hat few English translations there were of the 3468:

Prabhupada required of his followers, as a prerequisite for spiritual initiation, that they promise to follow four “regulative principles”: no illicit sex (that is, no

19956: 16330: 4986:, by Joshua Greene. Both authors are Prabhupada’s disciples. Among memoirs that focus on specific times or places, Ketola mentions several, including Hayagriva Dasa’s 4260:

within the disciplic succession and “merely declares" what is true. And so, Baird says, “The gulf between Swami Bhaktivedanta’s presentation and that of the scholarly

3083:(A.D. 788–820), who held that everything except Brahman is illusory, including the soul, the world, and God. Before Prabhupada, Shankara’s system of thought, known as 1351:

Bhaktivedanta Swami personally taught his first followers to spread Krishna’s message, prepare food to offer to Krishna, collect donations, and chant the Hare Krishna

2045:, or the Supreme Personality of Godhead himself. No one is equal to or greater than Krishna. Brahman and Paramatma are partial realizations of Krishna. The various 902:. Although Abhay continued to serve with other disciples of his spiritual master and wrote articles for their publications, he kept clear of the political struggles. 16244: 16087: 3949:

comes first. Its first verse, “highly regarded as a capsule of Vedic theology”, presents a god-centered view of the universe. The celebrated traditional commentator

13225:

Hopkins, Thomas J. (1989), "The Social and Religious Background for Transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West", in Bromley, David G.; Shinn, Larry D. (eds.),

6245:

Responding to suggestions that his organization be named "International Society for God Consciousness", Bhaktivedanta Swami defended his choice my maintaining that

4975:

In 2008 Ketola wrote that there were more than thirty historical, biographical, and autobiographical works centering on Prabhupada. Since then they have increased.

3792:, set out to present in English, with, once again, the original Sanskrit text, its word-for-word meanings, a translation, and an in-depth commentary. Also known as 1448:” or “Swamiji”. From mid-1968 onwards they called him “Prabhupada”, a respectful epithet that “enjoys currency with devotees and an increasing number of scholars”. 24653: 18175: 4676:

Caitanya Vaishnava texts (in twenty-eight languages), tens of millions of which were distributed throughout the world”. Prabhupada also spread the chanting of the

13452: 1613:

temple in a mainly African area downtown, he ordered the doors opened to invite the local residents. Soon the hall was flooded with African people. Then he held

19846: 719:

that for a century and a half had been supported by the Mullik family. Every day, young Abhay, accompanied by his parents or servants, attended temple services.

1617:

and gave a talk. Prabhupada told his local leaders that they should spread Krishna consciousness among the local African people. Prabhupada also later visited

24981: 17470: 16514: 12423: 16290: 24685: 18655: 12549:

Conversion and Ritualisation: an Analysis of How Westerners Enter the International Society for Krishna Consciousness and Assimilate its Values and Practices

12316:

Burt, Angela (2020), Knott, Kim; Francis, M. (eds.), "An Uncertain Future: The Crisis of Succession in the International Society for Krishna Consciousness",

4562:

Scholars have commented, however, on the contrast between such controversial pronouncements and the full picture of what Prabhupada actually taught and did.

424: 14421:

Naz, S.; Khaliq, A.; Ahmad, R. (2021), "Social Responsibility in Sanatan Dharm (Hinduism) (Four-fold Social Class System and Rejection of Untouchability)",

6533:

Sources that have discussed ISKCON’s post-charismatic crises and disruptions include Bryant and Ekstrand (2004), Dwyer and Cole (2007), and Rochford (2007).

4349:

As ISKCON evolved towards being a worldwide organization, it suffered from the inevitable travails of institutionalization. Young disciples, mostly from an

3229:

Prabhupada also emphasized the importance of self-sufficient farming communities as places where one could live simply and cultivate Krishna consciousness.

23755: 16390: 4688:

pilgrimage for millions every year. Thousands of middle-class Hindus, both in India and elsewhere, have joined ISKCON. And Hindus both in India and in the

3870:

This summary study is “Prabhupada’s own exposition of the story of Krishna as it is told in the Tenth Canto”. It “laid out the account of Krishna from the

1413:, attracted some three thousand people and brought attention to the local Hare Krishna temple. One commentator dubbed it the “ultimate high of that era”. 14199:(1989), "The Attitudes of Americans Toward Hinduism from 1883 to 1983 with special references to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness", in 4594:, writing for ISKCON magazines and publications, personally accompanying and assisting him, and assuming "significant institutional positions in ISKCON". 3953:

wrote, “One who is eager to rid himself of the suffering and delusion of saṁsāra, created by ignorance, and attain Supreme Bliss is entitled to read this

1570:

Once Prabhupada’s disciples had made a start in England, over the years Prabhupada visited England many times and from there traveled to Germany, France,

20482: 19923: 18042: 16429: 4578: 4373: 3525:: figures cast in metal or carved in stone or wood to match descriptions of Krishna given in Vaishnava texts. Scholar of religion Kenneth Valpey writes: 16151: 3503:

of the Krishnaite schools”. It is sometimes described as “the ripened fruit of the Vedic tree”. Accordingly, Prabhupada instituted daily classes on the

860:, where Abhay and his family were living. Abhay became a regular visitor, contributed funds, and brought important people to the lectures of the Math's 21678: 18085: 5123:

The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand by Kurma Dasa (1999),

4797:

In 1998, speaking at the opening ceremony of an ISKCON temple in New Delhi, Prime Minister Vajpayee credited Prabhupada's movement with publishing the

1489: 23942: 16689: 16473: 14034: 16651: 16040:

Zeller, Benjamin E. (2012), "Food Practices, Culture, and Social Dynamics in the Hare Krishna Movement", in Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.),

3112:), his view that personal individuality, indeed all individuality, is illusory. Philosophers in the Gaudiya line such as, in the sixteenth century, 21557: 16497: 6516:

or teacher of the Krishna scriptures and devotional faith, Prabhupada was a “holy man,” a guru whose translations of the Sanskrit scripture of the

16756: 15771:(2005), "Krishna and Culture: What Happens When the Lord of Vrindavana Moves to New York City", in Thomas A. Forsthoefel, Cynthia A. Humes (ed.), 4551:, he called their activities "very great". On other occasions, he made "generally approving remarks about Hitler" and said that Hitler killed the 21745: 20572: 17829: 16816: 6204: 2906: 1589:

of Krishna in ISKCON temples, meeting religious and intellectual leaders and others keen to meet him, and guiding and encouraging his disciples.

1324: 1235: 532: 346: 88: 31: 16678: 1171:, Bhaktivedanta Swami began planning to travel to America to fulfill his spiritual master's desire to spread Chaitanya's teachings in the West. 26678: 22607: 20939: 18401: 15546:

Silva da Silveira, Marcos (2014), "The Universalization of the Bhakti Yoga of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Ethnographic and Historic Considerations",

14327:

Religious Leaders of America: A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies, Churches, and Spiritual Groups in North America

12566: 12243: 4657:

Although the “steady procession of Hindu swamis” who had come to America before Prabhupada had generally aligned their views with the monistic

4328:

religious tradition. Nonetheless, in America and Europe the “cult” label and image persisted for the rest of Prabhupada’s lifetime and beyond.

4181:

generally, into any passage”. It appears “that he considers it legitimate to interpret any verse in the light of the whole system found in the

17733:

Zeller, Benjamin E. (2023), "The Hare Krishna Look: ISKCON Adornment as Religious Activism", in Zeller, Benjamin E.; Dallam, Marie W. (eds.),

16221: 24411: 22320: 22255: 20351: 17230: 16909: 13321:

Vaishnava tradition in Russia: history and current state. Teaching and practice. Social service, charity, cultural and educational activities

173: 15683:

Stewart, Tony (1994), "One Text from Many: Caitanya Caritāmṛta as 'Classic' and 'Commentary'", in Callewaert, Winand; Snell, Rupert (eds.),

6293: 26653: 21780: 17914: 3732:

the English original and secondary translations into fifty-six other languages”. For Prabhupada, Davis says, “the essential fact about the

3451:” because such distribution spreads Krishna consciousness still further. Prabhupada therefore gave great importance to such distribution. 20263: 20026: 15398: 4563: 4517:, thus implying them being inferior to the lighter-complexioned humans. In a recorded room conversation with disciples in 1977, he calls 4302:”. When young adults, supposedly robbed of free will and “programmed” by mind control, became Hare Krishna devotees, some parents hired “ 4290:

distinctive, foreign, highly visible, and vigorous (often over-vigorous) in spreading its message — became an early target for a nascent

3139:

Prabhupada taught that society should ideally be organized in such a way that people have specific duties according to their occupation (

1547: 1485:

had obtained a copy of the maha-mantra recording released by Prabhupada and his students in New York and had begun singing Hare Krishna.

296: 3841:

The cantos were published one by one, as he finished them. He completed nine cantos and thirteen chapters of the tenth. The rest of the

2996:

Because the living beings belong to Krishna’s “superior energy”, Prabhupada taught, they share in Krishna’s divine qualities, including

1252:

After a month in Butler, he returned by bus to New York City. He stayed at various places — sometimes in a windowless room, sometimes a

23952: 19861: 4961: 16103: 4521:"uncultured and drunkards", further stating that after being given freedom and equal rights, they caused disturbance in the society. 3460:

document included as one the Society’s purposes “To bring the members of the Society together with each other and nearer to Krishna”.

3447:(drums), and Prabhupada’s spiritual master and grand spiritual master had said that distribution of Krishna literature was the “great 2854: 26688: 24949: 24773: 20228: 19951: 19656: 4294:. No longer was the Hare Krishna movement seen to represent an authentic spiritual tradition. Rather, it was now one of a myriad of “ 1330:

In December 1966 he made a recording of Krishna kirtan (along with a brief explanatory talk) that took the form of an album entitled

17021: 17001: 16130: 26663: 24599: 23957: 23748: 21501: 20277: 13902: 12446: 9424: 2859: 17: 17346: 4717:, scholar of Hinduism and Indian history, refers to Prabhupada as "probably, the most successful propagator of Hinduism abroad". 4177:, with different themes emphasized in different parts of the book, Prabhupada “reads the complete teaching of the book, indeed of 1334:, released under the “Happening” record label. The record helped the early spread of what he called “the Hare Krishna movement”. 26668: 25186: 20475: 17582:

The Great Transcendental Adventure: Pastimes of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in Australia and New Zealand

16706: 16172: 12374:Čargonja, H. (2022), "Realisations, Arrangements, and Ecstasies: Narratives of Religious Experience in the Hare Kṛṣṇa Movement", 6280: 6233: 6188: 3206:, or occupational standing, should be understood in terms of one’s qualities and the work one actually does, not by one’s birth. 15684: 12000:

Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008), "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement",

740:. For this purpose, Abhay persuaded his father to obtain for him a scaled-down copy of the massive chariot on which the form of 600:

He also wrote and published translations and commentaries for texts celebrated in India but hardly known elsewhere, such as the

26347: 24624: 20328: 17168: 14076: 13177: 12774: 4916: 791: 574:. In contrast to earlier Indian teachers who promoted the idea of an impersonal ultimate truth in the West, he taught that the 17183: 16926:

PM releases a special commemorative coin on the occasion of 125th Birth Anniversary of Srila Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Ji

15174: 4577:

Commenting on the role and degree of responsibility that Prabhupada's statements about women played in their abuse in ISKCON,

24741: 24401: 19814: 19782: 16063: 15499:; Dasa Goswami, Satsvarupa; Cox, Harvey; Hopkins, Thomas J.; Judah, J. Stillson (1983). "Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta". 15410: 14945: 14907: 13414: 13328: 12712:

Dwyer, Graham (2010), "Krishna Prasadam: The Transformative Power of Sanctified Food in the Krishna Consciousness Movement",

12260: 12163:

Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts

11654: 11333: 11302: 11235: 10621: 10491: 10409: 10050: 10005: 9882: 9851: 9500: 9357: 9302: 7859: 7828: 7806: 6808: 5681: 5438: 5378: 5322: 5185: 5104: 5023: 4313:’s Office charged two local Hare Krishna leaders with illegally imprisoning two Hare Krishna followers by brainwashing them. 2966: 1180: 17530: 15254: 637:, in some places the "cult" label and image have persisted. Some of Prabhupada's views or statements have been perceived as 25624: 23265: 21550: 20021: 18791: 18368: 14007: 4905: 3987:

as “a textbook of devotional practice, an exposition on the philosophy of devotion, and a study of devotional psychology”.

886:

and then in 1937 back to Calcutta. In both places he assisted other members of the Gaudiya Math by donating money, leading

20863: 16795: 14538: 9664: 4485:(married men), and grihasthas had a propensity for enjoyment that undermined what should be an austere temple atmosphere. 4388:

When Prabhupada’s young American followers came to India in the early 1970s and began holding festivals, including public

1160:, for five days his diary has no entries. He then writes, "Passed over a great crisis on the struggle for life and death". 25969: 24482: 24324: 23741: 23717: 21663: 19757: 19618: 19228: 16572: 14771: 14726: 14511:

Multiculturalism and Minority Religions in Britain: Krishna Consciousness, Religious Freedom and the Politics of Location

5727: 1853:, the temple he had established in Vrindavan, India. His burial site is located in the courtyard of the temple beneath a 1381: 14744:(1985), "The Devotee and the Deity: Living a Personalistic Theology", in Waghorne, Joanne Punzo; Cutler, Norman (eds.), 5736: 4915:

neighborhood of Kolkata, was inaugurated as a memorial site in 2001, on the 125th anniversary of Prabhupada’s birth, by

1563:, fifteen miles northwest of London. The Hare Krishna devotees converted this into a rural temple-ashram and renamed it 24677: 22600: 21892: 20932: 20468: 19839: 19775: 19750: 19708: 18394: 18258: 17653: 17613: 17327: 16003: 15921: 15778: 15456: 15321: 15162: 15071: 15020: 14869: 14063: 13749: 13711: 13266: 13126: 13004: 12701: 12675: 12629: 12547: 12283: 12228: 11858: 11830: 11790: 11758: 5978: 5668: 5638: 5589: 5506: 5489: 5472: 5455: 5429: 5412: 5395: 5369: 5352: 5300: 5287: 5249: 5219: 5206: 5176: 5159: 5117: 5087: 5074: 5057: 5044: 4420: 13016: 12856:

Farkas, Judit (2021), "Eco Valley or New Vraja Dham? Competing Emic Interpretations of the Hungarian Krishna Valley",

3125:

shares ground with Shankara’s views by teaching that ultimately personality disintegrates, leaving nothing but a void

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monument with his family (standing) and the monument's team (seated, left to right): concept director, manager, and

26362: 25789: 24492: 24359: 21850: 20171: 19807: 18288: 17907: 14654: 14161: 14135: 14085: 4954: 1432:, the festival he had celebrated as a child in imitation of the massive parade held annually in the Indian city of 1073:

given him by Bhaktisiddhanta, as a sign of humility and connection to his spiritual master he kept the initials "A.

373: 17198: 16837: 16200: 4081:, one of Rupa Goswami’s shortest works, which provides concise directions on how to carry out devotional service. 1473:

A further breakthrough came in December 1969 when the disciples managed to meet with members of the rock band the

554:. One does this through various practices, especially through hearing about Krishna from standard texts, chanting 25979: 25548: 24933: 24901: 22147: 21809: 21623: 21543: 20365: 15882:(2003), "Review of Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Kṛṣṇadāsa Kavirāja: A Translation and Commentary by Edward C. Dimock", 14806:

Rochford, E. Burke (1983), "Recruitment Strategies, Ideology, And Organization In The Hare Krishna Movement", in

14397: 13458: 1096: 848:

After meeting Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati in 1922, Abhay had little contact with the Gaudiya Math until 1928, when

15569: 13921:

Lestar, Tamas; Böhm, Steffen (2020), "Ecospirituality and sustainability transitions: agency towards degrowth",

622:, thereby making those texts accessible in English for the first time. In all, he wrote more than eighty books. 26494: 26034: 24584: 24569: 24512: 23255: 23122: 22459: 22376: 21841: 21633: 20192: 18968: 18781: 18341: 17977: 16367: 15884: 15860: 14237: 13380: 12721: 4832: 2037:, and so in Prabhupada’s teachings, Krishna is seen as the original and supreme manifestation of Bhagavan – in 1704:

and twenty other devotees — and for the next seven years focused much of his effort on establishing temples in

1541: 930:

means "the culmination of Vedic knowledge". Thus the honorary title acknowledged his scholarship and devotion.

22585: 4372:, where they would receive education from spiritual teachers. However, as reported by sociologist of religion 4190:

to explain earlier passages. Indeed, he even quotes from other texts in the canon (whether written before the

3907:

In 1969 Prabhupada published, again in his full verse-by-verse format, his translation and commentary for the

870:, and in 1933, when Bhaktisiddhanta came to Allahabad to lay the cornerstone for a new temple, Abhay received 26509: 26433: 26271: 25679: 25114: 25026: 24805: 24669: 24436: 23682: 22593: 21740: 21613: 20925: 20214: 19649: 18387: 16161: 15806: 15706: 15179: 14780:

Robison, Claire C. (2021), "ISKCON-Christian Encounters", in Bauman, Chad M.; Roberts, Michelle Voss (eds.),

14214: 13815: 13766: 13074: 12948: 12591: 12058: 4232:

itself when he makes it the occasion for the inculcation of a Vaishnava lifestyle,” typified by chanting the

3431:

can extend from the public chanting of Hare Krishna to the distribution of books spoken by or about Krishna.

16549:"AC Bhaktivedanta Prabhupada Swami birth anniversary: Krishna devotee who founded the million-strong ISKCON" 4423:

and employed lawyers and even thugs to drive the devotees off, but Prabhupada persisted and eventually won.

1245:, where the Agarwals lived. In Butler he delivered lectures to different groups at venues such as the local 499:

To carry out an order received in his youth from his spiritual teacher to spread "Krishna consciousness" in

24853: 24364: 24073: 23947: 23260: 22670: 22427: 22340: 22306: 21873: 21219: 20611: 20291: 19701: 18786: 18326: 18090: 17668: 15626: 14152:"The Two Lives of John Favors '72: A former political activist becomes a monk in the Hare Krishna movement" 13880: 13794: 13573: 13251:

Hopkins, Thomas J. (2007), "ISKCON's Search for Self Identity", in Dwyer, Graham; Cole, Richard J. (eds.),

13175:

Haddon, Malcolm (2013), "Anthropological proselytism: Reflexive questions for a Hare Krishna ethnography",

12996:

American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation How Indian Spirituality Changed the West

4471:, criss-crossed America, visiting ISKCON temples to extoll renunciation and a missionary spirit — and urge 4213:, Prabhupada gives the structure scant notice, preferring instead to make this point: “In every chapter of 17879: 16774: 11878: 980:(the traditional retired order of life), and went to live in Vrindavan, regarded as the site of Krishna's 629:

by critics in America and some European countries. Although scholars and courts rejected claims of cultic

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Jones notes that Bhaktivedanta Swami became the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of

5565:

Srila Prabhupada is Coming: My Personal Memories of His Divine Grace, A.C. Bhaktivehanta Swami Prabhupada

4993:

Ketola also notes two published diaries kept by direct assistants of Prabhupada: Tamal Krishna Goswami’s

4393: 4118: 3707: 3691: 3680: 1674: 1343: 1309: 764: 595: 288: 17690: 14208: 13426: 12942: 12585: 12052: 11822: 6323:

Hopkins recalls that, when he was working on his doctoral work in the early 1960s, the only copy of the

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Disciples have also undertaken two video projects collecting memories of Srila Prabhupada, one entitled

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Valpey, Kenneth (2004), "Krishna in Mleccha Desh: ISKCON Temple Worship in Historical Perspective", in

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God is not dead, he just changed clothes … A Study of the International Society for Consciousness Kṛṣṇa

14241: 13454:

The Philosophy and Religion of Sri Chaitanya: The Philosophical Background of the Hare Krishna Movement

12758: 12610:

Desai, Krishnakant; Awatramami, Sunil; Madhu Pandit Das (2004), "The No Change in ISKCON Paradigm", in

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neighborhood of Kolkata, the building, known as Bhaktivinode Asan where Prabhupada first met his guru,

4252: 4202:

itself”. And so: “In all, a wide range of texts are used to serve as authorities for understanding the

2225: 1849:

On 14 November 1977, at the age of 81, after a long illness, Prabhupada passed away in his room at the

1642: 899: 802: 542:, distinct from one's temporary material body, and seeks to revive one's dormant relationship with the 35: 15005:(2007), "1965 Was a Very Good Year and 2005 Better Still", in Dwyer, Graham; Cole, Richard J. (eds.), 12798:"Between Heaven and a Hard Place: Inhabiting the Space Between an Enchanted Past and a Utopian Future" 5824:

In 1978 a prominent entrance road into Vrindavan was named Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg after Prabhupada.

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PM's speech at release of commemorative coin on 125th Jayanti of Swami Prabhupada Ji -With Subtitles

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is both the final end to be achieved and the means by which to achieve it. As a spiritual practice,

1032:, where he started "The League of Devotees", only to see the organization collapse two years later. 814:

In 1922, while still in college, Abhay was persuaded by a friend, Narendranath Mullik, to meet with

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Lorenz, Ekkehard (2004), "Race, Monarchy, and Gender: Bhaktivedanta Swami's Social Experiment", in

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significantly contributed to the growth of anti-British sentiments in Bengal and throughout India.

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Prabhupāda Nectar: Anecdotes from the Life of His Divine Grace A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

4858: 4148: 3586: 2557: 2017: 1850: 1601:. Although the disciples he had sent there had settled into doing spiritual programs for the local 484:) (1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977) was a spiritual, philosophical, and religious teacher from 25964: 14446: 4358:

Prabhupada tried to leave management to the GBC, much of this he too had to deal with personally.

3834:

in 1959, and by 1965 he had completed and published the first canto. He worked on translating the

3519:

In accordance with Vaishnava teachings, Prabhupada introduced worship of Krishna in the form of a

1028:

C. Bhaktivedanta attempted to set up organized spiritual activities in the central Indian city of

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Ritts, Penny (22 September 1965), "Devotee of Hindu Cult Explains Commission to Visit the West",

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Whereas other scholars, Baird writes, would give great attention to the overall structure of the

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is a powerful, transformative process that purifies the soul and enables it to see God directly.

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If the Absolute Truth is one, this raises the question of how there can be diversity. If, as the

2058: 760: 332: 17113: 16452: 15856:

New Age, Neopagan, and New Religious Movements: Alternative Spirituality in Contemporary America

14888:

Rochford, E. Burke Jr. (2004), "Family Development and Change in the Hare Krishna Movement", in

14701:"Spiritual Warrior: Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Bhakti Tirtha Swami (John E. Favors '72)" 6297:(1991) cites "diabetes and complications following a stroke" as the cause of Prabhupada's death. 4228:

to present various aspects of Krishna theology. And “he also goes beyond specific texts and the

3368:

When Prabhupada began his efforts to spread Krishna consciousness in the United States, he held

3108:. Those teachers presented strong philosophical arguments criticizing Shankara’s “illusionism” ( 1046:

On 17 September 1959, prompted by a dream of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati calling on him to accept

828:

denotes a monastic or missionary center. Bhaktisiddhanta was continuing the work of his father,

25904: 25804: 25488: 25233: 24885: 24837: 24821: 24384: 24379: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24064: 23906: 23861: 22914: 22444: 21566: 21118: 21108: 20886: 20822: 20817: 20606: 19089: 18725: 18680: 18614: 18584: 18346: 18165: 18160: 16308:"'Hare Krishna!' takes an uncritical look at a controversial spiritual movement and its leader" 15827:

A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

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document controversial Prabhupada’s quotes on a number of subjects. The editors of the volume,

6392:

A Living Theology of Krishna Bhakti: Essential Teachings of A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

4982:(“carefully researched”, Ketola reports) has more recently been joined by a shorter biography, 4813: 4642:

for the first time. He translated and commented on important spiritual texts, particularly the

4321: 3644: 3617: 1949: 1945: 1369: 1001: 744:(Krishna as "Lord of the universe") rides in procession in Puri. Decades later, after going to 617: 408: 336: 279: 167: 26201: 24215: 23530: 17360: 15622:"Book Review of The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant" 14586: 13876:"Book Review of The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant" 13400: 13070:"Book Review of The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant" 11967: 6189:

https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083113/http://scottishchurch.ac.in/College%20History02.pdf

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Mission in the Service of His Divine Grace: Birth of the Hare Krishna Movement in South Africa

3716:

in 1968 in an abridged edition and later, in 1972, in full. For each verse he first gives the

2005: 26539: 26331: 26246: 25999: 25659: 25338: 24965: 24749: 24111: 24096: 24016: 23821: 23433: 22932: 22675: 22551: 22412: 22287: 22222: 22152: 22084: 21938: 21918: 21728: 21594: 21352: 21322: 21224: 21138: 20812: 20671: 20651: 20586: 20516: 20075: 19821: 19722: 19390: 19351: 19340: 19335: 19003: 18998: 18735: 18695: 18635: 18574: 18331: 18300: 18263: 18190: 18105: 17957: 17624: 17219: 17040: 16532:"Iskcon acquires founder's birthplace in Tollygunge, West Bengal CM unveils 'spiritual park'" 16092: 15821: 15802:"The Perils of Succession: Heresies of Authority and Continuity In the Hare Krishna Movement" 15797: 15764: 14741: 13682: 13653: 13535:

The Founder of the Hare Krishnas as Seen by Devotees: A Cognitive Study of Religious Charisma

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and the idea of “the ultimate absorption of the self into an impersonal Reality or Brahman”.

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people, Prabhupada insisted on doing programs meant for Africans. On one notable occasion in

1270: 1210: 1191:

Bhaktivedanta Swami began the 35-day journey to America on 13 August 1965, at the age of 69.

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From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era

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The conflict reached its peak in 1976 in Mayapur at ISKCON’s annual global gathering when a

3270:), in which people musically chant together names of Krishna, especially in the form of the 755:

to study law, his father rejected the idea, fearing Abhay would be negatively influenced by

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Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational Story of Srila Prabhupada Founder-Acharya of Iskcon

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Prophets and Protons: New Religious Movements and Science in Late Twentieth-Century America

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Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West

15338:

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West

14967:"Lotuses in Muddy Water: Fracked Gas and the Hare Krishnas at New Vrindaban, West Virginia" 14704: 13432: 13202:

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West

12471:

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West

11917:

Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West

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duties as his male disciples. Prabhupada encouraged and engaged women in conducting public

4571: 4037: 4005: 3713: 3377: 2952: 2604: 2110: 1907: 1721: 1545:. Also in 1970, Harrison sponsored the publishing of the first volume of Prabhupada’s book 1299: 1291: 1242: 697: 524: 254: 21372: 17512: 17393: 17371: 14862:

Rochford, E. Burke (1995), "Hare Krishna In America: Growth, Decline, and Accommodation",

4933: 4893:(traditional worship) is offered to larger-than-life statues of Prabhupada at both sites. 2505: 8: 26499: 26428: 26231: 25989: 25984: 25974: 25959: 25949: 25879: 25859: 25814: 25468: 25328: 25146: 25009: 24861: 24279: 23962: 23932: 23881: 23697: 23687: 23617: 23413: 23127: 22988: 22449: 22396: 22391: 22329: 22197: 22192: 22182: 22029: 21979: 21790: 21668: 21377: 21367: 21297: 21186: 21113: 21103: 21068: 21018: 20995: 20827: 20786: 20746: 20601: 20511: 20492: 19989: 19598: 19588: 19523: 19114: 18675: 18630: 18411: 18358: 18336: 18150: 18140: 18135: 18115: 18017: 17967: 17952: 17274: 16611:"PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary" 16418: 16312: 15965: 15690: 15111: 15082: 14787: 14074:

Lucia, Amanda (2014), "Innovative Gurus: Tradition and Change in Contemporary Hinduism",

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Dancing White Elephants: Traveling with Srila Prabhupada in India, August 1970—March 1972

4852: 4689: 4672: 4567: 4026: 4009: 3859:, Prabhupada knew he might not live to finish it. So in 1968 he undertook to present the 3301: 3147: 2901: 2734: 2013: 1941: 1564: 1560: 1315:

In contrast to the 1960s countercultural lifestyle, he required that in order to receive

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was to convey intact the message of Krishna as found in core spiritual texts such as the

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Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...

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Wisdom Library; The portal for Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Jainism, Mesopotamia etc...

15057: 14919: 12797: 12440: 3819:” was the word Prabhupada used) comprising more than fourteen thousand verse couplets. “ 1932:, and the writings of Chaitanya’s disciples and their followers. Prabhupada’s extensive 1867: 1841:(boarding schools) for ISKCON's children. He initiated nearly five thousand disciples. 1456:

In 1968, Prabhupada asked three married couples among his disciples to open a temple in

822:, a spiritual institution for spreading the teachings of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. The word 539: 26453: 26443: 26357: 26286: 26221: 26171: 26029: 25734: 25589: 25363: 24869: 24717: 24579: 24549: 24329: 24319: 24101: 24046: 23896: 23567: 23428: 23311: 23137: 23047: 22665: 22525: 22172: 22167: 22109: 22049: 21943: 21880: 21836: 21760: 21673: 21465: 21347: 21229: 21171: 21123: 21088: 21043: 21038: 20899: 20881: 20848: 20781: 20736: 20696: 20591: 20544: 20178: 20137: 20015: 20004: 19999: 19976: 19079: 18715: 18640: 18321: 18211: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18110: 18067: 17997: 17923: 17444: 17231:"NE-BBT Releases 2022 Stats Showing Growth in Distribution, Printing, eBooks, and More" 16694: 16656: 16536: 16519: 16502: 16478: 16434: 16395: 16356: 16295: 16226: 16015: 15959: 15933: 15729: 15721: 15595: 15532: 15524: 15365: 15006: 14971: 14837: 14680: 14674: 14634: 14483: 14371: 14325: 14276: 13896: 13705: 13701: 13676: 13672: 13647: 13643: 13612: 13507: 13374: 13277: 13252: 12994: 12772:

Emmott, D.H. (1965), "Alexander Duff and the Foundation of Modern Education in India",

12733: 12687: 12521: 12495: 12295: 6332: 5701:. In 2017 John Griesser, a Prabhupada disciple, produced an uncritical 91-minute film: 5361: 4760: 4714: 4350: 4291: 3991:“gave access to Gaudiya Vaisnavism’s most important theological treatise on devotion”. 3684: 3316: 3062:, Prabhupada taught, even while in the earliest stages of spiritual life. In this way, 2884: 2749: 2744: 2704: 2654: 2577: 1756:

By the early 1970s, Prabhupada had established his movement’s American headquarters in

1665:. During his five days in Moscow, Prabhupada managed to meet only two Soviet citizens: 1429: 1416: 1304: 20917: 17857: 16731: 16182: 12886:

New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World (in 2 vols.)

4742:

among non-Indians across the world brought him acclaim from Indian political leaders.

4739: 4724:, American theologian and Professor of Divinity Emeritus at Harvard University, said: 4528:"the government of the asses", "nonsense", and "farce", at the same time praising the 3537:

Food prepared and offered to the deity of Krishna with devotion becomes sanctified as

3499:

has been “by far the most important work in the Krishna tradition” and “the scripture

3016:

Prabhupada phrased this understanding in a maxim he often used: “I am not this body”.

1298:

After he and his followers held Hare Krishna kirtan one Sunday under a tree in nearby

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The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966-1969

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Modern Hindu Personalism: The History, Life and Thought of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati

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Innovation, Violence and Paralysis: How do Minority Religions Cope with Uncertainty?

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The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966‒1969

3616:, a summary study of its tenth canto, and a summary volume drawn from the expansive 3392:, and wherever else he went. Following Prabhupada, his disciples soon began holding 3096:

But prominent Vaishnava philosophers from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries like

1914:, and further back, its teachings say, to the beginnings of creation. This lineage ( 61: 26591: 26529: 26519: 26458: 26372: 26321: 26291: 26266: 26226: 26136: 25889: 25869: 25794: 25609: 25443: 25398: 25353: 25318: 25219: 25212: 25162: 25130: 25018: 24797: 24559: 24314: 24227: 24079: 23657: 23474: 22972: 22882: 22422: 22408: 22260: 22104: 22044: 21775: 21658: 21455: 21342: 21307: 21277: 21267: 20985: 20716: 20631: 20626: 20256: 19982: 19900: 19687: 19680: 19563: 19406: 19345: 19284: 18670: 18609: 18562: 18493: 18478: 18273: 18268: 17972: 17871: 17847: 17545: 16892:

Tulsi Gabbard Message for Srila Prabhupada's Journey to USA_ISKCON 50th Anniversary

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New Gods in America. Informal investigation into new religions American youth today

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from his Society (he eventually readmitted them, after they recanted their claim).

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Daycation: Palace of Gold in West Virginia on National Register of Historic Places

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Wolf, David (2004), "Child Abuse and the Hare Krishnas: History and Response", in

14724:(March–April 1998), "'Vedic' in the Terminology of Prabhupāda and His Followers", 13934: 12787: 9673:, p. lx, quoting Ramnarayan Vyas, The Synthetic Philosophy of the Bhāgavata.. 6429:

Two essays by a student of Indology and former ISKCON disciple Ekkehard Lorenz in

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who held that performing such duties was an exclusive birthright of their caste.

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to visitors and soon made it into the movement's major outreach vehicle. A weekly

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Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society

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had continued to argue formidably against impersonalism, which they regarded as

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Later that year, Bhaktivedanta Swami’s followers organized San Francisco’s first

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King, Anna S. (2012a), "Krishna's Cows: ISKCON's Animal Theology and Practice",

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Prabhupada’s travels to and from Europe and his programs there are described in

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Commenting on the underlying causes for such controversies, scholar of religion

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At once a sacred history, a theological treatise, and a philosophical text, the

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ISKCON Centers - World wide directory of official ISKCON Centres & Branches

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King, Anna S. (2012b), "Krishna's prasadam: "Eating our way back to Godhead"",

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Deadwyler, William (1989), "Patterns in ISKCON Historical Self Perception", in

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My Days with Prabhupada: A Young Man’s Path to God in the Hare Krishna Movement

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Prabhupada directed his disciples to train children in boarding schools called

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Kenigsberg, Ben (5 May 2017), "Summer Movie Release Schedule 2017 (English)",

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C. Bhaktivedanta Swami's Preaching in the Context of Gaudiya Vaishnavism", in

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loft — until with the help of early followers he found a place to stay in the

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