22:
368:
95:
At each tribal level, the head was traditionally elected according to the principles of rotation and complementarity: each lineage took turns to occupy the position, but when it was a particular lineage's turn to hold the office, only members of other lineages could choose the candidate. In ordinary
110:
who worked the land were often forbidden from owning it, and needed a protection agreement with an Ait Atta patron; this stratification has considerably receded since
Moroccan independence with the establishment of legal equality.
53:), all said to descend from the forty sons of their common ancestor Dadda Atta: these "fifths" are the Ayt Wallal, Ayt Wahlim, Ayt Isful, Ayt Yazza and Ayt Unbgi. They speak
493:
862:
744:
356:
65:
887:
155:
486:
334:
219:
138:
251:
479:
198:
143:
256:
190:
169:
128:
230:
133:
349:
781:
539:
929:
342:
307:
518:
364:
513:
21:
791:
734:
939:
549:
502:
600:
585:
776:
934:
877:
852:
554:
801:
544:
471:
104:. In the oases they conquered, the Ait Atta originally dominated a stratified society, where the
806:
653:
648:
580:
903:
590:
297:
867:
96:
circumstances, power traditionally rested mainly with local councils of family heads, the
8:
729:
663:
534:
321:"156167417-The-Ait-Atta-of-Southern-Morocco-Daily-Life-and-Recent-History-David-Hart (1)"
796:
786:
88:). They fiercely resisted the French entry into Morocco until 1933 and were the last of
610:
605:
739:
872:
857:
643:
620:
320:
303:
49:, estimated to number about 330,000 as of 1960. They are divided into "five fifths" (
816:
678:
615:
811:
832:
760:
688:
420:
34:
724:
719:
595:
923:
908:
882:
703:
673:
415:
668:
658:
394:
389:
324:
69:
64:
region in the 16th century with the founding of their traditional capital
683:
61:
77:
68:. They subsequently expanded first northwards, becoming rivals of the
559:
54:
455:
435:
430:
264:
73:
501:
698:
564:
460:
450:
445:
425:
399:
367:
106:
89:
85:
46:
42:
440:
81:
299:
Memories of
Absence: How Muslims Remember Jews in Morocco
60:
The Ait Atta originated as a political entity in the
302:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. page 39.
80:. By the 19th century their raids went as far as
921:
100:, who decided cases according to customary law,
503:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
72:, then southwards, taking control of oases in
487:
350:
318:
494:
480:
357:
343:
25:A man and a woman from the Ait Atta tribe.
20:
922:
45:tribal confederation of South eastern
475:
338:
550:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
13:
14:
951:
601:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
586:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
535:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
366:
285:The Ait Atta of Southern Morocco
519:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
540:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
514:French protectorate in Morocco
312:
290:
277:
114:
1:
319:Muhamed Ikiss (August 2020).
270:
888:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
591:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
7:
878:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
868:Algeciras Conference (1906)
545:First Melilla War (1893–94)
10:
956:
792:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
581:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
930:Berber peoples and tribes
896:
845:
825:
769:
753:
735:Joseph-François Poeymirau
712:
636:
629:
611:Battle of El Herri (1914)
606:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
596:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
573:
555:Second Melilla War (1909)
527:
509:
408:
377:
904:Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
873:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
858:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
853:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
621:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
372:Berber tribes of Morocco
41:, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ) are a large
782:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
616:Battle of Annual (1921)
296:see Boum, Aomar (2013)
807:Miguel Primo de Rivera
777:Juan García y Margallo
654:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
649:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
26:
24:
909:Agadir Crisis (1911)
883:Treaty of Fes (1912)
863:Treaty of Fes (1894)
378:Tribal confederation
730:Paul Prosper Henrys
560:Zaian War (1914–21)
940:Berbers in Morocco
802:José Millán-Astray
745:Henry de Bournazel
674:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
27:
917:
916:
841:
840:
644:Mohammed Ameziane
565:Rif War (1921–26)
469:
468:
947:
817:Francisco Franco
797:Dámaso Berenguer
787:José Marina Vega
664:Mhand n'Ifrutant
634:
633:
496:
489:
482:
473:
472:
371:
370:
359:
352:
345:
336:
335:
329:
328:
316:
310:
294:
288:
281:
955:
954:
950:
949:
948:
946:
945:
944:
935:Moroccan tribes
920:
919:
918:
913:
892:
837:
833:Mohamed Meziane
821:
765:
761:Thami El Glaoui
749:
740:Philippe Pétain
708:
689:Assou Oubasslam
625:
569:
523:
505:
500:
470:
465:
421:Ait Seghrouchen
404:
373:
365:
363:
333:
332:
317:
313:
295:
291:
282:
278:
273:
156:Ait Krad Ikhsan
117:
84:(in modern-day
17:
12:
11:
5:
953:
943:
942:
937:
932:
915:
914:
912:
911:
906:
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
847:
843:
842:
839:
838:
836:
835:
829:
827:
826:Spanish allies
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
771:
767:
766:
764:
763:
757:
755:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
725:Hubert Lyautey
722:
720:Charles Mangin
716:
714:
710:
709:
707:
706:
704:Beni Ouryaghel
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
638:
631:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
575:
571:
570:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
529:
525:
524:
522:
521:
516:
510:
507:
506:
499:
498:
491:
484:
476:
467:
466:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
410:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
379:
375:
374:
362:
361:
354:
347:
339:
331:
330:
311:
289:
275:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
262:
259:
254:
249:
246:
237:
236:
235:Ait Su n Afela
233:
228:
225:
222:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
196:
193:
188:
185:
176:
175:
172:
167:
164:
161:
158:
147:
146:
141:
136:
131:
116:
113:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
952:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
844:
834:
831:
830:
828:
824:
818:
815:
813:
812:José Sanjurjo
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
772:
768:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:French allies
752:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Ma al-'Aynayn
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
639:
635:
632:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
530:
526:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
508:
504:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
477:
474:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
416:Ait Ouriaghel
414:
413:
411:
407:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
380:
376:
369:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
340:
337:
326:
322:
315:
309:
308:9780804788519
305:
301:
300:
293:
286:
280:
276:
266:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
234:
232:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
208:
205:
202:
200:
197:
194:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
173:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
124:
120:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Iɣerm Amazdar
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
693:
669:Ali Amhaouch
659:Moha ou Said
390:Ait Yafelman
384:
325:ResearchGate
323:– via
314:
298:
292:
284:
283:David Hart,
279:
248:Ait Buaghrum
239:
238:
220:Ait Butklifa
213:
212:
206:Ait Umerjdin
178:
177:
149:
148:
122:
121:
118:
105:
101:
97:
94:
70:Ait Yafelman
59:
50:
38:
30:
28:
18:
16:Berber tribe
684:Abd el-Krim
166:Ait Butrurt
139:Ait Irjadln
115:Subdivision
62:Jbel Saghro
51:khams khmas
924:Categories
630:Key people
271:References
261:Ait Bafghf
252:Ait Hitlar
214:Ait Wahlim
203:Ait slilal
195:Ait Buskir
78:Draa River
770:Spaniards
637:Moroccans
245:Ait Anzar
240:Ait Isful
227:Ait Masin
224:Ait Huran
199:Ait Mskur
187:Ait Arbse
184:Ait Uzine
160:Ait Gumas
144:Ait Aksil
92:to fall.
55:Tachelhit
39:Ayt Ɛeṭṭa
35:Tashelhit
846:Treaties
694:Aït Atta
456:Tajakant
436:Gzennaya
431:Ghomaras
385:Aït Atta
265:Ait Hani
257:Ait Ichu
209:Ait Arba
191:Ait Ulal
179:Ait Ulal
170:Ait Hamu
150:Ait Yaza
129:Ait Ihya
123:Ait Unbi
119:Source:
76:and the
74:Tafilalt
31:Ait Atta
699:Zayanes
574:Battles
461:Zayanes
451:Regraga
446:Kebdana
426:Chiadma
400:Masmuda
287:, p. 14
231:Imadren
174:Ait Uma
163:Ait Asa
134:Ait Amr
107:haratin
90:Morocco
86:Algeria
47:Morocco
897:Crises
713:French
441:Houara
409:Tribes
306:
43:Berber
102:izerf
98:ajmuɛ
82:Touat
528:Wars
395:Haha
304:ISBN
29:The
926::
57:.
37::
495:e
488:t
481:v
358:e
351:t
344:v
327:.
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
